THE FUTURE OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SO-VIET QUISLING REGIME IN CUBA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150003-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 27, 2004
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: September 10, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Release 2006/09/2.7: CIA-R DP64B00346R0002..00150003-4 ,
.1.7867
1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Towed walls. Therefore it is, a great
privilege to present our guests:
The Honorable Jacobo ,Schaulsohn,
President of the Chamber of, Deputies
from Santiago, Radical Party. First
elected to the 0 camber in 1949. [Ap-
plause. Senators rising ] ,
The Honorable Umberto ? lSguirre-
'Doolan, Senator from Concepcion, Rad-
ical,Party. First elected to the Chamber
of Deputies in,1949 and to the Senate in
1953. .[Applause.]
The Honorable, Humberto Del' Rio,
Member of the , ,Chamber, of Deputies
from Cauquenes, Liberal Party. Presi-
dent of the Agricultural Committee.
First elected to the Chamber in 1949.
[Applause.]
The Honorable Renan Fuentealba,
Member of the Chamber .of. Deputies
from Coquimbo, Christian Democratic
Party. First elected to, the Chamber
in 1957. President of the Christian
Democratic Party. [Applause.]
The Honorable Victor Golzalez-
Maerteris, Member of the Chamber of
Deputies from Temuco, National Demo-
cratic Party (Padena). First elected to
the Chamber in 1657. [Applause.]
The Honorable Julio Subercaseaux,
Member of the Chamber of Deputies for
the First District of Santiago, United
Conservative Party. First elected to the
Chamber, in 1961.., [Applause.]
Mr,,, President; to our Chilean friends
I wish to say the Senate of the United
were appointed managers on the part of
the House at the conference.
The message also announced that the
House had disagreed to the amendments
of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 10650) to
amend the Internal Revenue Code of
1954 to provide a credit for investment
in certain depreciable property, to elimi-
nate certain defects and inequities, and
for other-purposes; agreed to the con-
ference asked by the Senate on the dis-
agreeing votes of the two Houses there-
on, and that Mr. MILLS, Mr. KING of
California, Mr. BOGGS; Mr. KEOGH, Mr.
MASON, Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin, and
Mr, BAKER were appointed managers on
the part of the House at the conference.
The message further announced that
the House had disagreed to the amend-
ments of the Senate to the bill (H.R.
12870) making appropriations for mili-
tary construction for the Department
of Defense for the fiscal year- ending
June 3Q, 1963, and for other purposes;
agreed to the conference, asked by the
Senate on the disagreeing votes of the
two Houses thereon, and that Mr. SHEP-
PARD, Mr. SIKES, Mr. CANNON, Mr. JONES,
and Mr. TABER were appointed managers
on the part of the House at the con-
ference.
ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESO-
LUTIONS SIGNED
The message also announced that the
welcome, and we hope that they will have - following enrolled bills and joint resolu-
avery profitable and pleasant and en-' tions, and they were signed by the Vice
lightened drip as they go from point President:
to point in this. Republic.. Thank, you 5.167. An act to authorize the Attorney
for coming. [Ap 'lause.] General to compel the production of docu-
The_ PA9SIDING ?OFFICER. The mentary evidence required in civil investiga-
Chair is happy to join in expressing to tionawss
anfor d the enfrrcemen purposes of the antitrust
our distinguished visitors the official H.R.75. Afor ;
n act to amend section 2103 of
welcome of the Senate, The Chair.ap- title 28, United States Code, relating to ap-
preciates the privilege of doing so. peals improvidently taken;
H.R. 8,7. An act to improve due process in
the consideration and final adjudication of
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE disputed claims for veterans' benefits by pro-
A message from theHouse of > epre- viding that the claimant shall be furnished
sentatives, by Mr.Maurer. , one of its a brief statement of the facts and law appli-
reading clerks announced that the cable to the case appealed and afforded an
House had without amendment, opportunity reply thereto;
H.R.860. An n act ct to repeal certain obsolete
the joint resolution (S.J. Res. 222) pro- provisions of title 38, United States Code,
viding for the designation of the period relating to unemployment compensation for
October 1962 through October 1963 as Korean conflict veterans;
"National Safety Council 50th Anniver- II?R.1322, An act for the relief of Georges
sary Year.;, Khoury;
The message also announced that the H.R. 1450. An act for the relief of Maria
Odelia Campos;
House had agreed to the amendments H.R. 1463. An act for the relief of Judy
of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 8038) to Josephine Alcantara;
amend, section 491 of title 18, United H.R. 1678. An act for the relief of Jacques
States Code, prohibiting certain acts in- Tawil;
volving the cruse Of tokens, slugs, disks, H.R.2611. An act for the relief of Charles
devices, papers, or other things which, F. Ward, Jr., and Billy W. Crane, Sr.;
ate similar lp si7,p and Shape to the law- H.R. 4628. An act for the relief of Fotios
f(tl coins or other currency of the United Sakelaropoulos Kaplan;
States.- H.R. 5234. An act to amend title 38, United
The message further, announced that States Code, to provide for the restoration
the House had disagreed to the amend- of certain widows and children to the rolls
meet of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 10) upon annulment of their marriages or re-
to encourage the establishment of Vol- marriages, and for other purposes;
untary pension plans by self-employed H.R. 5317. An act for the relief of Mrs. Sun
Yee (also known as Mrs. Tom Goodyou)
individuals; agreed to the conference
and her children, Nale Har. Yee, Shee Bell
asked by the Senate on the disagreeing Yee, and Male Jean Yee;
votes of the two Houses thereon, and H.R. 7328. An act for the relief of the es-
that Mr. MILLS, Mr. KING Of California, tate of Louis J. Simpson, deceased;
Mr. BOGGS, Mr. ,KEOGH, Mr. MASON, Mr, H.R. 7437. An' act for the relief of Stella
BYRNES of Wisconsin, and Mr. BAKER Rosa Pagano;
H.R. 7900. An act for the relief of Lt. (jg.)
James B. Stewart;
H.R.9775. An act for the relief of Nihat
Ali Ucuncu;
H.R.9834. An act for the relief of Estelle
L. Heard;
H.R. 10195. An act to validate payments of
certain special station per diem allowances
and certain basic allowances for quarters
made in good faith to commissioned officers
of the Public Health Service;
H.R. 10493. An act to amend title 18,
United States Code, section 4163, relating to
discharge of prisoners;
H.R. 11017. An act to amend section 4281,
title 18, of the United States Code to in-
crease from $30 to $100 the amount of
gratuity which may be furnished by the At-
torney General to prisoners discharged from
imprisonment or released on parole;
H.R. 11031. An act for the relief of George
Wm. Rueff, Inc.;
H.R. 11122. An act for the relief of Edward
J. McManus;
H.R. 11863. An act for the relief of Vernon
J. Wlersma;
H.R. 11996. An act to amend the act of
January 30, 1913, to provide that the Ameri-
can Hospital of Paris shall have perpetual
succession;
H.R. 12157. An act to amend the Bank-
ruptcy Act in respect to the salaries of re-
tired referees;
H.J. Res. 627. Joint resolution extending
the duration of copyright protection in cer-
tain cases; and
H.J. Res. 783. Joint resolution granting
consent of Congress to the State of Delaware
and the State of New Jersey to enter into a
compact to establish the Delaware River and
Bay Authority for the development of the
area in both States bordering the Delaware
River and Bay.
THE FUTURE OF LATIN AMERICA
AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SO-
VIET QUISLING REGIME IN CUBA
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, over the
past several weeks, some of our most
distinguished Senators have made state-
ments On the subject of Cuba, expressing
diverse opinions. This is as it should be,
if the Senate is truly to fulfill its advi-
sory fuction in the critical realm of for-
eign affairs.
For my own part, I have hesitated to
speak before today for several reasons.
In the first place, I do not regard the
Cuban situation as one which lends it-
self to a simple one-word or one-action
solution.
I do not believe that the way to deal
with it is to send in the marines tomor-
row.
In the second place, I know how great
the cares of the President are, and how
many different factors must be taken in-
to consideration in establishing our pol-
icy toward Cuba and toward Latin,Amer-
ica as a whole. I do not wish to add to
the great burden he is_carrying. I want
to help our President, and that is why
I speak today.
But, in the course of the current de-
bate on Cuba, there are certain things
that have not yet been said; there are
certain aspects of the situation that have
not been given due consideration.
I speak today in the hope that I can
contribute, at least in small measure, to
the discussion which is essential to the
clarification of our collective thinking on
Cuba.
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17868 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 10
Mr. President, we live in a time when cording to eye witnesses, by Soviet per- `American countries, some of which are
historic retribution is quick to follow up- sonnel.. already openly fielding guerrilla forces.
on each political folly or lapse of judg-_ Fifth. Al; 'least 15. additional ships It poses a distinct threat to the secu-
ment., bringing cargoes from the Communist Irity of the United States in the sense
Three and a half years ago, Fidel Cas- bloc countries are at present on their that it gives Castro the military power
tro and a, band of several thousand guer- way to Cuba. Some of these ships fly to overthrow, or repeat his attempt to
rilla followers were made masters of flags of NATO countries. overthrow, the Government of Panama,
Cuba when the dictatorial. regime of I can understand the State Depart- thus placing the Panama Canal under
Fulgencio Batista crumbled. ment's desire to avoid statements which the direct control of Moscow. In doing
In retrospect, the innocence and gulli- might unnecessarily aggravate the sit- so, Khrushchev and Castro would not
bility of our policymakers at that time uation or alarm the American public. stage a frontal attack on Panama; they
with regard to Castro seem almost in- On the other hand, I believe that in a would attack by proxy, using an indige-
credible. There is strong evidence to situation such as this the American pub- nous extremist movement as a front, and
show that, if the Eisenhower adminis- lic has a right to the unvarnished facts. pretending to the world that the entire
tration misjudged the Cuban situation so From this standpoint I find it difficult action had been initiated by the Pana-
gravely, they did so because vital infor- to understand the assurances that were manian people.
mation was suppressed at desk position initially gi.ven to the American public The Soviet arms buildup in Cuba
and because spurious estimates by pub- that the Communist bloc personnel who poses a threat to the security of the
licly unknown subordinates became the entered Cuba aboard the ships which re- United States in the sense that it places
basis for policy decisions of the gravest cently docked there were technicians in the Soviet Union in control of territories
import for the Western Hemisphere. the nonmilitary sense. President Ken- and of physical facilities which could
Because of these totally misleading nedy did the right thing in his state- prove of the greatest strategic impor-
estimates, for more than a:aother year, ment of last 'Tuesday, when he set the tance in the event of a military show-
despite Castro's daily abuse of America, record straight on this point and spelled down with the Soviets.
the official policy was tc.keep our minds out some of the details about the recent There is a growing feeling in our coun-
open, to give Fidel Castro a chance, to shipments: try, a feeling that cuts across party lines
avoid doing anything that would, so we But I have reason to believe, on the and political labels, that the time has
were warned, drive him into the arms of basis of information from reliable come to face up frankly to these facts.
Moscow. sources, that the situation in Cuba is There is a feeling that we cannot afford
But today, Castro's Cuba is as com- even more grave than has yet been in- to delay much longer, because the longer
pletely communized as the Soviet Union dicated to the American public. we delay, the more difficult it will be to
or Red China. The Iron Curtain has What is more, the recent shipments of cope with the problem.
been rung down 90 miles from our shores. Soviet arms to Cuba are by no means the The existence of this popular convic-
The Cuban peasants are being forced first. It c:an be stated as a matter of tion has been demonstrated by the many
into state farms. The *orkers are ex fact, that the Soviet bloc, prior to July editorials and columns in the American
plotted and oppressed more brutally than of this year,n had already delivered to press. The temper of the American peo-
chattel slaves. An omnipresent secret Cuba 500 tanks of various sizes, 500 to plc on this matter is further demon-
police keeps every Cuban under daily 1,000 artillery pieces, between 50 and 75 strated by the very heavy mail which
surveillance. The land does not pro- Mig jet ;fighters, some 200,000 small Congress is now receiving on the subject
duce, and the shop shelves site bare. arms, and mortars, antiaircraft guns and of Cuba, urging a stronger policy toward
The one thing of which there is a surplus other military hardware in substantial the Castro regime. My own office alone
is Communist literature, designed to help quantity. With these earlier shipments, has received literally hundreds of such
brainwash Cubans of all agea. it goes without saying, had come Soviet letters and telegrams. One of the chief
The economy of Cuba has become com- bloc specialists and instructors to train reasons why I am speaking today is that
pletely slave to the Soviet economy. the Cuban Red army in its use. I consider it my duty to let my con-
And, in recent weeks, there has been IS THE BUILDUP DEFENSIVE? stituents know where I stand on this
ominous news concerning the arrival in
Cuba of massive shipments of Soviet The fantastic buildup of Soviet planes issue.
military equipment and. of thousands of and tanks and missiles and advisory per- HOW OUR POLICY WENT ASTRAY IN CUBA
Soviet military personnel. What this sonnel that has gone on in Cuba over the Three and a half years ago, as 1
adds up to is that Cuba has today be- past year cannot be dismissed as purely pointed out in my opening remarks, the
come a full-fledged military and political -defensive. Castro movement consisted of a mere
satellite of the Soviet Union. As the" distinguished Senator from New handful of guerrillas in the Sierra Maes-
On many points, the recent reports York [Mr. KEATING] pointed out last tra Mountains. At that time we might
have been publicly confirmed by the Wednesday, weapons per se cannot be have prevented the establishment of a
President or else privately confirmed to divided into clearly defined defensive Communist beachhead on our very
the press by the Department of State. and offensive categories. Most weapons Shores if we had listened to_ the warn-
About the following points, I believe can be used for either purpose. It all ins of our Ambassadors in Latin Ameri-
there is no dispute: depends on who wields the weapons and pan ennntrips and of our intelligenu e
First. During the last week of July, on the intent of the wielder. a.gencieS. They warned us that, while
11 Soviet cargo ships and 5 Soviet pas- No quantity of Soviet arms could give there might not be conclusive proof that
senger 'vessels arrived in C'uba. Castro the capability to invade the Castro, personally, was a Communist,
Second. The passenger ships carried United States. But accepting this fact, there was proof that a number of his
approximately 5,000 Soviet personnel, I still say that the massive buildup of chief lieutenants were Moscow-trained
whom the Cuban press described as agri- Soviet arms in Cuba constitutes a threat Communists and that the movement, as
Cultural. and industrial experts who had to the security of the United States and a whole, was to a dangerous degree under
come to Cuba for the humanitarian pur- of the Western Hemisphere, and that Communist influence. There were also
pose of asatstfng the Cuban people. this buildup must be regarded as an act many things in Castro's pex'sonal career,
President Kennedy, himself, has con- of aggression and. as a prelude to further including the leading role he had played
firmed that approximately 3,000 of the aggression. in the Bogota riots of 1948, which at
Soviet experts who have already arrived It is an act of Soviet agression against least strongly suggested that Castro him-
in Cuba, or are on their wa; are, in fact, the people of Cuba, in the sense that it self had ties with the Communist
military experts. endows the quisling tyranny with greater apparatus.
Third. The material unloaded in- military power to keep them in subjec- Had we listened to these warnings, we
eluded tanks, planes, antiaircraft mis- tion. would have striven to bring about an
siles, missile-equipped torpedo boats, and It is a prelude to further aggression orderly transition from the Batista
other military hardware of various kinds, in the sense that the large shipments of regime to a democratic and constitu-
communicatiens equipment and heavy Soviet arms which have already been un- tional regime, directed against Castro
trucks. loaded in Cuba are now being trans- as well as the extreme right. But, un-
. Fourth. All of the ships arrived at shipped, through clandestine routes, to fortunately, there were those in the State
night and were unloaded at night, ' ac Castroite movements in other Latin Department at the time who were, prone
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 196,2
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 17869
to accept as gospel the evaluation of the
Castro movement which found its way
into the staid columns of the New York
Times through the pen of Mr. Herbert
Matthews.
Mr. Matthews. assured the American
public that Castro was not a Communist
and that the Castro movement was not
Communist-dominated; , and Matthews
built up a hero image of Castro in which
all the virtues, of Robin Hood and
Thomas Jefferson,, of George Washing-
ton, and Abraham Lincoln, were com-
bined in a single man.
The-American people were fed more
of the same hokum over the CBS net-
work in a documentary film prepared
by their Cuban correspondent, Mr.
Robert Taber. Mr. Taber, who was dis-
missed by CBS when he was called
before the Senate Subcommittee on In-
ternal Security, later blossomed forth as
director of the Fair Play for Cuba Com-
mittee, a Castro-subsidized front organ-
ization which for some time enjoyed a
considerable vogue in this country. It
also developed that Mr. Taber had a long
criminal record, which included convic-
tions for robbery and kidnaping.
Because we were thus misled as to the
true nature of the Castro movement, be-
cause the reports of our Ambassadors
and of our i ce ~P~, .rv, , , were
minimized or Ignored, because some of
the experts in our Latin American divi-
Sion assured their superiors, in almost
vehement terms, that there was no proof
that Castre was a .Communist or that his
movement was Communist dominated-
because of these things we did nothing to
prevent Castro from coming to power in
Cuba. Indeed, to the extent that our
.diplomacy did intervene in Cuba, it in-
tervened in a manner that was mathe-
matically guaranteed to assure , the in-
stallation of a Castro regime.
The Batista regime crumbled pri-
marily because it was venal and inept
and cruel and had lost popular support.
But it was American policy that was
responsible for the timing of Batista's
downfall and for the fact that when he
fell, the only man that could fill the
vacuum that was thus created was Fidel
Castro.
No effort had been made to encourage
the formation of a middle-of-the-road
alternative to both Batista and Castro.
No -effort was made to explore the pos-
sibility of an election under OAS aus-
pices, which our Ambassador to Cuba
had advocated and believed possible.
As another variant, -we might have
explored the possibility of democratic
reform under a non-Castro regime by
stabilizing the situation until President
Rivero Aguero; who had been elected as
Batista's successor in November 1958,
eDuld be formally installed in an in-
augural ceremony that was scheduled for
February 24, 1959.
But apparently no alternative to a
,Castro takeover was given serious con-
stderatign. Our position was that
Batista had to go and go immediately;
and if Castro -was the only man on the
scene able, to tq~ie over at that time,
then the prudent thing to do was to be
nice,to' Castro and to give him a chance
to prove that he 'was basically a "de-
cent fellow."
Because this was our attitude, no ef-
fort was made to warn the Cuban people,
the overwhelming majority of whom
were anti-Communist, of the dangerous
degree of control which Moscow-trained
Communists exercised in the Castro
movement.
When the Castro regime publicly re-
vealed its true colors, a decision was
made, during the last months of the,
Eisenhower administration, to give ac-
tive assistance to the Cuban opposition
in an effort to overthrow the Castro dic-
tatorship. This effort could have suc-
ceeded, indeed, I am certain it would
have succeeded, had we determined in
advance to support the Cuban freedom
fighters on their beachhead with Ameri-
can air cover, to assure the success of
their undertaking. But in this case,,..
policy which had been rightly and
T ere was, in particular, great concern
that active American involvement in the
Cuban invasion would alienate many of
the Latin American and Afro-Asian na-
tions and further complicate our posi-
tion within the United Nations.
With some advisers pulling one way,
and some advisers pulling the other way,
the Cuban freedom fighters and the
cause of Cuban freedom became the in-
evitable casualties.
The freedom fighters did not receive
the air support which had been consid-
ered essential to the success of the in-
vasion; and the result was the Bay of
Pigs disaster.
THE HIGH COST OF NOT TAKING DECISIVE
MEASURES
To overthrow. the Castro regime to-
day-I have ng illusions on this score
will require a far greater effort than it
would have required 1 year ago.
But the cost of overthrowing it today
would be infinitely smaller than the
price we will have to pay 2 or 3 years
hence, when we may very well be con-
fronted not with a single Castro regime,
but with some half-dozen Castro regimes
scattered through Latin America.
. Each year that we fail to face up to the
danger of Castroism, the cost of con-
fronting it goes up in geometric propor-
tion.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD at the
conclusion of my remarks an article on
Cuba written by the distinguished col-
umnist Roscoe Drummond, which ap-
peared in the August 29 issue of the
Washington Post. I consider it an ar-
ticle of such significance that I hope all
Senators will find the time to read it.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.) -
Mr. DODD. The basic argument of
Mr. Drummond's column is that we can-
not expect the Castro dictatorship to die
on the vine; that while 'there is hunger,
undernourishment and monumental mis-
management under the Castro regime,
Castro, despite all ' this-I quote "is
steadily tightening his grip on the Cu-
ban state and on the Cuban people-
with so much Soviet help that he is both
ally and captive."
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Perhaps the most cogent -argument
against the "let Castro die on the vine"
thesis was made by the internationally
famous liberal historian, Salvador de
Madariaga, one of Europe's most revered
elder statesmen, who for many years
played a distinguished role in the League
of Nations. Professor de Madariaga
makes this statement in his recent book
"Between the Bear and the Eagle":
The argument that Castro had better be
l f+~'~ oven ennngh T s a~+^- hang
himself is worthless. the experience of other
nations fallen into the unscrupulous hands
of the Communist Party allows of no such
optimism. Time could only make of Cuba
an impregnable base for communism to
spread all over Latin America. The Latin
American - governments who shilly-shally
over it are only preparing the rope with
which they will be hanged. Castro must go
soon. -
I concur, wholeheartedly in this opin-
ion. If we permit the Castro regime to
remain on the Latin American vine, in
the hope that it will perish, the chances
are that, instead of perishing of its own
weakness, it will spread its disease to the
rest of the vine.
We have committed ourselves to a
massive program, the Alliance for Prog-
ress, in an effort to rehabilitate and
modernize the economies of the Latin
American countries. But this entire
program is vitiated from the outset by
I the mere exisetnce of the Castro dicta-
torship.
The fact is that we are losing the cold
war in Latin America and we shall con-
tinue to lose it so long as we use foreign
aid, unsupported by vigorous political
action, as the chief instrument of Amer-
ican policy.
I have heard from many sources that,
in most of the Latin American countries,
the Alliance for Progress program is vir-
tually unknown to the man on the
streets. True, the intellectuals do know
about it; but as things are 'today in
Latin America, the majority of the in-
tellectuals are prone to condemn the
Alliance as a device for the enslavement
of Latin America by "American imperial-
ism." -
We put up money to build schools and
combat illiteracy and encourage higher
education. But all too often the teach-
ers in these schools and the professors
in the universities are members of Com-
munist-dominated unions, who use their
American-supported educational facili-
ties to teach their wards to hate America
and despise capitalism, and to admire
everything that bears the Soviet brand-
mark.
A recent survey in Venezuela showed-
that the percentage of Communist teach-
ers in grade schools ranged from a high
of 86 percent in some schools to a low
of 33 percent in other schools. It also
showed. that there were 800 card-
carrying students in the engineering
school of the University of Venezuela.
In Brazil, according to the newspapers,
the Communists also completely domi-
nate the student movement. I quote
from a New York Times dispatch from
Rio de Janeiro, dated July 23:
The leftist-dominated National Students
Union has elected an unopposed list of of-
ficers on a platform including opposition to
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1787 CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD -.SENATE September 10
the Unjted tatcs, sponsored Alliance for Brazil. Stop the Alliance for Progress- great outpouring of "frightened capital,-
Firm ress an
it :
l
t
npw-or else
he revo
d dQ
utionary seeking investment in safer area
s.
In: ex co, according to a detailed re- forces would do it in their own way. And I say that no foreign aid program, no
poi' have reeentiy received., the Corn- he added that he would gladly accept matter how generously conceived, can
E ruzllsts exercfse o,ei the teachers' union leadership of the revolution act as a substitute for private capital.
is egree.o control which is nothing There ace some who say that we can- Foreign aid can render support to a pro-
416A of terrifying. not deal with the problem of Castroism gram of private investment in the de-
-T want to. say a few words about the in Latin America unless we first deal velopment of backward countries. But
altuatIon in Brazil, because the danger, with the problems of poverty and social one of the prime functions of our foreign
,pus turmoil , that today exists in that backwardness and military dictatorship, aid program, as I see it, is to create a
country Is characteristic Di much of I say that the converse is true: That we climate that is hospitable to private in-
Latin Aluerlca--and will, 7: am afraid, cannot properly deal with the problems vestment. No sovereign government can
rain characteristic so :long ,as the of poverty and political instability un- be denied the right to expropriate prop-
firemlim is permitted to maintain an ad- less we first deal with the problem of erty, in return for proper compensation,
vane base for political and military Castroism, In the interim period, we if it considers such action to be in the
subversion on the shores of the Western have no alternative but to endeavor to national interest. On the other hand,
l emispliere. deal with both problems simultaneously, we must endeavor to set forth the facts
President Goulart's government, ac- , It is not. true that communism breeds about expropriation and the role of pri-
curding to all reports, is weak; and di-,,. only on poverty and political tyranny. vate capital to our Latin American
vided, and the Communists are gaining I would point out to my colleagues that friends. We must endeavor to explain to
influence, on many fronts-in the trade the government of Romulo Betancourt them that expropriation, historically, has
union movement, among the unemployed,, in Venezuela is commonly acknowledged weakened the economies of those nations
"among,' the impoverished peasants of to be one of the most democratic and who have practiced it; that it has resulted
northeast Brazil, among the students and socially progressive in Latin America, in an immediate deterioration in the
intellect'aals, in the ranks of government that the people of Venezuela enjoy a management of the expropriated indus-
workers, and even in the top eehelon of higher standard of living than any of tries; that it has, at a later date, retarded
the Brazilian Government. their Latin American neighbors. But their modernization and made it more
Although President Goulart during his despite all these things-or is it precisely difficult for them to compete in the
visit to the United States sought to dis- because of them?--the Communists have world's markets; that it has, in effect,
associate himself from his pro-Comilla- made the Government of Venezuela their killed the goose that lays the golden egg
nist brother-in-law, Leo:nel Brizola, Gov- No, one target in Latin America. by discouraging further capital invest-
ernor of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Under Castroite instigation, Venezuela ment in these countries.
Brizola still remains in office, and his over the past 2 years has been the scene I am convinced that we can get this
popular influence has, If anything, in- of riot after riot and uprising after across to the Latin American peoples be-
creased. He has repeatedly called for uprising. cause reasonable nationalists and true
the expropriation of all U.S property in Let there be no mistake about it: The Progressives have long since come to
Brazil; and on February 16 of this year f mere existence of Castroism makes po- realize that expropriation is self-defeat-
he set an. example for other Brazilians litical stability impossible in Latin ing. They have come to realize that the
by arbitrarily confiscating . all of the America, and makes turmoil an epidemic welfare of their people depends on their
properties of the Internarional Tele- condition. Fidel Castro, under Moscow's ability to foster a spirit of partnership
phone & Telegraph Co., located within direction, has become both the principal between their governments and foreign
his state frontiers, offering only token organizer and charismatic symbol of the investors, perhaps based on the profit-
compensation, political and social chaos that today sharing formula which has now become
It is also significant that the new Prime racks the ::ands of Latin America, so Widespread.
Minister , of Brazil, Dr.. Francisco More than one Latin American politi- Expropriation of foreign enterprises
Brochado da Rocha, was Secretary of cal leader has faced up`to the fact that today remains the policy of only two
Justice and the Interior, in the govern- so long as this turmoil is permitted to groups: the lunatic nationalists like
nient of Brizola at the time when the exist, there can be no way out but total Mossadegh and the Communists. The
International Telephone & Telegraph ,chaos and ultimate communism. Speak- Communist agitation for expropriation
property was expropriated, and, he is ing on Au;ust 16, for example, the Ar- runs parallel to their vicious encourage-
credited by many persons with having gentine Minister of Economics, Alvaro ment of antiwhite terrorism in the coun-
been the actual brain behind the expro- Alsogaray, stated the following: tries of Africa. The latter policy is
priation. If there is no political stability, if every designed to drive the white people physi-
The temper of the statements that the day we are threatened by coups d'etat, if at tally out of Africa in order to create a
Brazilian people are listening to from every moment we are fearful that blood 1s political and social vacuum. The policy
their political leaders offers ;,mall reason to beshed among Argentines * * * if we look of expropriation, similarly, is designed
for encouragement. For example, , on more like a,n anarchical state than an or- to frighten out foreign capital already
May 22 of this year, Governor Brizola ganized country, then this system of modern in the country and to keep away foreign
addressed a group of law students, at a free economy with a social distribution of capital that might have come in, for the
meeting which was generously attended wealth fair. at its base, and cannot work. Purpose of creating an investment
We cannot attract capital under the perma-
by government dignitaries and members nent threat of revolution. vacuum and further aggravating the
of Soviet bloc embassies. In this na- economic hards$ip and social chaos on
ally televised diatribe, that would If the economies of Latin American which communism battens.
w'cne. done credit to Fidel Castro, the countries are to be developed at a tempo I comeback to the point that there
Governo:e,,tQ14,his audience that Brazil adequate for our times, it will require can be no serious program of economic
was being occudedy and sacked by the all the private capital, both domestic rehabilitation in Latin America so long
"imperialistic capitalists of the United and foreign, that can be mobilized and as the Castro tyranny, which is the
States," brought to bear on the problem, through Prime source of the expropriation sick-
He said that Brazilians should have Political encouragement and economic ness and of. political turmoil in, Latin
the courage to take over U,$. firms in inducement. But the. fact is that, since America, is permitted to exist. _
Brazil, to tell Americans to getout un- Castro took power in Cuba, there has I say that the Alliance for Progress
less they bring their families and chil- been a serious flight of capital from vir- and the continued existence of the
dren to Iirazil and become Bi azilians and tually all the Latin American countries,, Castro regime are mutually incompati-
learn Portuguese, a process of disinvestment rather than of ble-that one or the other will have
He also said that one more chance investment. The inroads that Castro- to go.
should be, given democracy in B r , , ism has made in Latin America, the ap- THE NEED FOR A LIBERATION. POLICY
And he served notice on the present gov- parent stabilization of the Castro dic- I believe that the security of the
ernment that it must make all there- tutorship, our failure thus far to take hemisphere demands decisive action to
forms demanded: Change the constitu- any active measures to terminate the put an end to the tyranny that today
tion. Kick the U.S. i:nteriasts out of problem, have all helped to produce a oppresses the Cuban people.
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I cannot, however, agree with those
who are today urging that we invade and
occupy Cuba with American forces.
-' a ca ~3r nrul scan m oc
cupation of Cuba is false -in its emphasis
and lays us open to unnecessary attack
by the Communist and Castroite propa-
ganda apparatus. Because of this, an
American military occupation of Cuba,
even if carried out with 'dispatch and
-efficiency, might very well produce a
worseping of the political situation
throughout Latin America.
The Cuban people must be liberated
from Soviet slavery. The right of self-
determination must be restored to them.
But the task of liberation must be car-
ried out, in the first instance, by the
Cuban people themselves. The role of
the United States and of the other
American nations must be limited to
supporting the forces of Cuban freedom.
There is too great a tendency to ac-
cept Communist revolutions as irreversi-
ble and Communist regimes as perma-
nent.
Indeed, this assumption somehow
seems to have become an essential in-
gredient of our foreign policy.
It is an ingredient which seems to have
had a paralyzing effect on our under-
standing and on our will.
It is not too much to say that unless
we can succeed in shaking off this paral-
ysis, the triumph of the Communist
world, over the free world is inevitable.
Even those who urge conciliation with
communism will not dispute the state-
ment that the Communists seek to sub-
ject the remaining,free governments of
the world by every means at their dis-
posal-by propaganda, by political agi-
tation, by infiltration, by guerrilla action,
and, in certain cases, by direct military
aggression. Nor would they question the
statement that, employing these means,
the Communists since World War II have
annexed or succeeded in taking over the
following roster of countries and terri-
tories: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ru-
mania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania,
East Germany, North Korea, mainland
China, North Vietnam, Tibet, northern
Laos, and Cuba.
Rosters of names, I know, make dreary
reading. But I do not think it would
hurt us to repeat this roster to ourselves
at regular intervals.
True, we did succeed in preventing the
Communists from taking over in Greece,
inGuatem ala and in South Korea. But
the final outcome of the struggle is a
matter of simple arithmetic if the Com-
munists continue to annex new terri-
tories while we limi1t ourselves, at each
juncture, to defending 'sometimes sucv,
cessifully, sometimes unsuccessfully, what
remitins of the free world.
I believe that if Communist counter-
revolutions are possible, revolutions for
freedom are also possible.' I believe that
if Communist regimes can be imposed on
peoples, there are also ways in which
.these regimes can be deposed. I believe
that the entire record of the postwar
period, indeed, underscores the vulnera-
bility of Communist regimes and the
GRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 17871
The Communist regimes are different That the phenomenon of "total revo-
from the orthodox tyrannies of the past lution" is not a freak or historical acci-
in the sense that they are totalitarian, dent is further demonstrated by the fact
that under communism, not merely is that we have had four such uprisings
opposition political activity proscribed, over the past 9 years. This is all the more
but every phase of human activity is remarkable, because in each case these
brought under the control of the all- uprisings took place without foreign
powerful state. support of any kind, without internal
Wherever they have taken power, organization, in the very teeth of the
these regimes have shown themselves to Soviet Army or the Red Chinese army,
be monumentally inefficient. That this and without any hope of intervention or
is so should not be surprising, because military assistance by the free world.
the concept on which they are based The Polish revolution was frozen
runs completely counter to the grain of halfway because of the massive pres-
human nature. Whether it is in the ence of the Soviet Red Army within
Soviet Union or in Czechoslovakia or Poland and on its frontiers. The East
in China or in Cuba, these regimes have German uprising, and the Hungarian
demonstrated an infallible genius for revolution were defeated only by the
undermining agricultural production by open intervention of the Red army
destroying the will to produce of the against the peoples of East Germany and
peasant classes. In the name of creat- of Hungary. The Tibetan uprising, sim-
ing an ultimate utopia, they have in- ilarly, was not put down by any Tibetan
variably subjected their newly, acquired quisling apparatus; it had to be put
peoples to far crueler economic hardship down by the overwhelmingly superior
than they had ever before experienced. military forces of Communist China.
This combination of ineptness and ` If such a total revolution against com-
cynicism, of economic hardship and
religious persecution and total political
tyranny, has, in turn, produced in the
countries subjected by communism a
hatred more violent and more universal
in nature than anything heretofore re-
corded by history. The phenomenon of
total dictatorship has, in fact, produced
the phenomenon of the "total revolu-
tion," in which entire peoples, including
the military forces under supposedly
Communist direction, - have revolted
against their Communist masters. -
The French Revolution was opposed
not merely by the aristocracy, but by
substantial sections of the middle class
and, in certain parts of France, even by
the peasants.
. The American Revolution, in terms of
popular support, was at best a majority
proposition, with substantial portions of
the population remaining loyal to the
British Crown, while other portions re-
mained uncommitted.
The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and
the Communist revolutions that. have
taken place since that time, were dis-
tinctly minority affairs, in which dis-
ciplined conspiratorial parties, number-
ing only a tiny fraction of the total popu-
lation, succeeded in imposing their will
on their peoples by force and by subter-
fuge. -
But there was no such national divi-
sion at the time of the East German up-
rising in 1953, of the Polish uprising of
1956, of the Hungarian revolution of Oc-
tober 1956, of the Tibetan uprising of
March 1959. These national uprisings
against Communist tyranny have been
marked by their universal nature, by
the fact that in each case the armed
forces sided with the people against the
tyrants. The report of the United Na-
tions Committee on Hungary, for ex-
ample, made the point that, when the
Red army invaded Hungary to put down
the revolution, there was not a single
recorded instance of Hungarian fighting
against Hungarian. It was the Hun-
garian people as a whole fighting against
the tanks of the Red army.
munism were to take place in Cuba,
however, its immediate success would be
assured for the simple reason that the
Soviet Union and Communist China
would be in no position to intervene in
Cuba as they did in Hungary and East
Germany and Tibet. -
Against this background, Mr. Presi-
dent, I do not think it unrealistic to
suggest that we should strive to assist
the Cuban freedom movement to build
up its forces and to foster the conditions
for a total anti-Communist revolution,
uniting the Cuban people and the Cuban
armed forces against the quisling ty-
rants who oppress them.
We should not wait for this revolution
to take place accidentally or spontane-
ously. On the contrary, short of open
military intervention by American mili-
tary forces, we should do everything in -
our power to encourage and to assist the
forces of Cuban liberation.
I believe that the proposal of Profes-
sor de Madariaga for collective action by
the Organization of American States in
support of Cuban freedom is the ideal
for which we should strive. But if such
action cannot be organized, if our Latin
American friends continue to shilly-
shally, then, as President Kennedy sug-
gested in his historic speech before the
American Society of Newspaper Editors
after the Bay of Pigs disaster, we must
be prepared to act alone in support of
the Cuban people.
Our patience is not inexhaustible-
Said the President:
Should it every appear that the inter-
American doctrine of noninterference merely
conceals or excuses a policy of nonaction-
then I want it clearly understood that this
Government will not hesitate in meeting its
primary obligations which are to the security
of the Nation. '
Like all of my colleagues, I have given
much thought to the situation in Cuba.
I should like to submit for their consid-
eration a six-point plan of action for the
liberation of Cuba.
I submit this plan with no sense of
finality.
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e
suspension of American law enforcement
1 year of fthe liberation of Cuba. Communist nations combined. If the when it was a matter of "arms for
As a t i and immediate measure- Monroe Doctrine cannot be enforced to- Castro."
In anticipa ion of action by the Organ- day to deal with a situation that more I suggest that it is our moral duty to
izatio:n of American States-I believe we clearly violates its intent than has any give the Cuban freedom fighters of today
should invoke the Monroe Doctrine to other situation since its proclamation, at least the same leeway that we gave
proclaim a total embargo on shipments then I say that the candid thing to do the agents of Castro only several years
of Communist military materials and would be to strike the doctrine from our ago. Indeed, I would urge that we not
military personnel to Cuba. books. only support the resistance movement in
The words of President Monroe never It is, however, my confident expects Cuba, but that we openly support the
had clearer application than they have tion that, with or without the support creation of a "Cuban Freedom Legion"
today in Cuba. of our Latin ,Ame.rican, neighbors, the in exile, whose ranks would be open to
In his message to Co ogress Decem- wisdom of the Monroe Doctrine in its all Latin American nationals.
ber 2, 1823, President Monroe asserted: specific application to Cuba will be rec- To be realistic, we cannot completely
As a,, principle in which the rights and -ognized, and the necessary action will be exclude the possibility of militar
as-
interests of the United States are involved, taken to implement it. h as-
that tae American continents, by the free -In invoking the Monroe Doctrine to But I believe tee Cuban freedom fighters.
and independent condition which they have prevent the shipment of Communist can Bu only be y e that
made at a this a later date decision that
assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to military materials and military person- and
be considered as subjects for future coloniza- nel to Cuba we could, I am certain, make against the background of a plan of
tion by an European power. it abundantly clear that our action was action similar to the one I have here
We owe it therefore to candor, and to the outlined.
aftiibayle relations existini; between the not the against the Cuban people Let us not be deterred from a policy
United :3tates ,and those [European] powers, but against g Soviet quisling regime. of liberation by the fact that the Com-
to declare that we should consider any at- We might even give consideration to
tempt on their part to extend their systems substituting a food ship, loaded with Asian nations
nations will and certain of the top of
to ady portions of this hemisphere, as dan- American surplus food, for every ship- their an n lunations scream at the top m
gerous to our peace and safey- ment ofComiriunist arms of military lungs that American imperialism
contraband that was turned back. is engaging in military aggression.
Monroe said. I ask mycolleagues to F th, I believe that we should It is the Soviet Union which stands
note carefully the wording, of this state- convicted of political and military ag-
ment, to note that President Monroe erect. intensify our entire propaganda gression in Cuba, and which, from its
spoke of extending- Pose with the frankly declared pur- Cuban beachhead, is daily practicing po-
their systems to any portion of, this hems- liberate ate themselves. Cuban must people
ct litical aggression against the countries of
sphere. themsel. We ms
direct
this propaganda not merely to the pee- the Western Hemisphere.
I would also ask them to note with care pie of Cuba, but to all the peoples of Moreover, the Soviets and the Afro-
the words of President Monroe when he the Americas, documenting the facts Asian extremists have long ago forfeited
said further in his statement that the about Castro's communism, about the all right to protest against unilateral
United States would view as an- treachery by which he imposed his Coin- military action.
unfriendly act any interposition for the pur- munist tyranny on the Cuban people, A free Hungary threatened no one;
pose of oppressing them--the Latin American about the abandoned promises for free but, in open defiance of the United
Na-
pora
h
,. action of the group of Cuban
Cubanpeople, ` so that l be whole world any other manner." refugee students who recently bom-
will know that the decision, has been Nor can I understand the legitimacy barded Havana from makeshift craft
made to completely eradicate the malig- Which he accords the Castro government that they had sailed from Miami.
nancy of Castroism. in_his statement,, The Castro govern- According to these editorials, the U.S.
'ond, I believe that we should in- ment was not elected by the people of Government should now take the most
fo m We Cuban exiles in this country Cuba and does not represent them. It is stringent action to -prevent any such
that we, are? prepared to support the not an indigenous government, but a future expeditions by Cuban patriots
establishment of, and grant recognition quisling Soviet regime which has been operating from our shores. I would point
to, a broadly representative, provisional imposed on the Cuban people by decep- out to these editors that none of them,
Cuban government in exile. .If the tion and by fraud and by terror, and to my knowledge, made similar protests
Cuban political leaders cannot achieve which now maintains itself in power only when the Castro movement was seeking
the nunimuni agreement essential to?the thanks to the massive presence of Soviet to overthrow the Batista regime, and
establishment of such a .provisional gov- arms. when agents for the Castro movement
ernment, then I believe that the faculty' At the time President Monroe made were active in this country, raising funds
of the University of Havana, most of his historic declaration, the United for its support and purchasing arms and
which is now in this country, or alter- States was only a minor power com- ammunition which they sent by plane
natively, the several 'hundred members pared with the great nations of Europe, and by ship to the Castro guerrillas from
of the Havana Bar Association who have and its navy was by no means the first Florida ports. Indeed, it is amazing, in
souglit refuge here, should beconstiti.ted in the world. Today we are indisput- retrospect, to realize that there was no
as a provisional government, committed ably the world's greatest power, while public protest over the virtually total
to the holding of free elections within our nary dwarfs the navies of all th
believe that this wording applies izes is regime, about the thousands of
I zeshis regime, about the thousands of
cognize, too, the, infinite complexi- clearly to the situation that exists in Soviet and Chinese experts who are now
s t i t tl q aAmiriistr.ation must take Cuba ;,oday. I cannot understand, in- flooding the country, about the abject
~; Co Sfdtrallon in ctetermiping its . deed, how my good friend, the distin- economic and political tutelage to the
rye o action, guishe3 Senator from California, could Soviet Union into which Castro has led
Yielieve, however,_thet in this critical take the stand that the Monroe Doctrine Cuba.
sltua ti on, a . moral obligation devo)V_es. did no, apply to Cuba because the Soviet a TIQL_ste
, I believe we should be
rite the Senate and es;ecially upon the armaments and Soviet personnel now in prepared, Preferably in concert with the
bers of the Foreign Relatipns,Qoj - that country were there by virtue of an
GAS nations, to impose a total blockade
mittiie, to give this matter their- mnost official request from the Government of on all shipments to Cuba, other than
ealn st, consideration and to set forth Cuba. He stated: shipments of food and consumer goods.
their opinions, and their suggestions in The Monroe Doctrine applies to a situation Sit I believe we should be prepared
t ire ,hope that they can thus be of some in which a foreign power by force overthrows to give open and increasing assistance
assistance to the few meji upon whom, an estailished regime in this hemisphere. to Cuba's heroic freedom fighters, who
re,ts the ultimate responsibility of de- are daily defying Castro's execution
As I read the Monroe Doctrine, it ap- squads.
I believe the first; measure we must plies to "any interposition" for the.pur- I note that there have been some edi-
take is to commit ourselves to a `declara- pose of oppressing the Latin American torials in our country which have de-
'in of independence and freedom for the people:: or controlling their destiny "in 1 t
w,.1 epgni~ze.that other, and l more eifeC-., . republics-or controlling in any other man- !elections, about the catastrophic eco-
tiy e s>]re may conceivably be de- ner, their destiny, by any European power. . n0miC mismanagement that character-
vi '.lo'-,Gaping with the problem.
- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA'T'E S`ette'r hpr i n
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 17873
tions, the Soviet union sent in an army soft on communism, or, even worse, by muIhee ts oublet sat that, whlle the C m-
of 5,000 tanks to crush the Hungarian infiltrees. wage warfare,
Revolution in blood and to impose an in- When the bill was reintroduced in the own conduct is governed by conventional
glorious quisling regime which could not Senate in February 1961, it was referred concepts of war and peace; when there
have mustered a hundred votes in the to the Senate Foreign Relations Com- is no war in the military sense of the
whole of Hungary. mittee for consideration at the specific word, we consider ourselves to be at
Goa threatened no one; but, in viola- request of the committee chairman and peace and we conduct ourselves accord-
tion of the U.N. Charter, India invaded by unanimous consent. I regret to re- ingly.
and annexed the territory of Goa. port that, over the intervening year and The trouble is that, while the Com
West New Guinea, as a colony of the a half, no hearings have been held on this munist training schools every year turn
Netherlands, threatened no one, and the bill, and chances are that it will not be out thousands of professional revolu-
some of the trained specialas conflict
Netherlands Government had already brought to the floor for public debate be- tiona ies, areas,
committed itself to a policy of self- fore the close of the session.
determination for the Papuan people. The establishment of such a training managers, who know how to orchestrate
But Indonesia has now succeeded in fore- academy has been strongly advocated by all the instruments of political warfare,
ing the peaceful surrender of West New nationally recognized authorities in the the free world continues to believe that
Guinea to Sukarno's imperialist am- field of the cold war. For example, the traditional diplomacy and a conven-
bitions, flagrantly violating the two Strausz-Hupe group in their book "A tional foreign service is all that is neces-
cardinal tenets on which the United Na- Forward Strategy for America," pointed sary to deal with the menace of com-
tions is founded-the right of self-de- out that while the United States has munism.
termination of peoples and the repudia- established academies to train men for The trouble is, in short, that, on the
tion of force as an instrument for the war and a Foreign Service Institute to one side in the cold war, there are free
settlement of disputes. train diplomats, no comparable estab- world amateurs who look upon the a Let us not be deterred from our com- lishment trains Americans in the art of nstruggle on that ith h ccomresolvedmunism if we avoid me-
mitment to a free and independent psychological warfare.
Cuba by the hysterical protests of tyrants it is in the field of revolutionary conflict vocattioonthe co duct o rselves a cord-
or opportunists who usurp the name of techniques- century diplomQusbury of
acy; while on the other
in- the Cuban people or hypocritically Said Dr. Strausz-Huge and his col- side there is an international conspir-
voke the United Nations Charter. For I leagues- acy disposing of tens of thousands of
believe that the justice of this policy of that the Communists hold a decisive margin ruthless professionals dedicated to the
liberation will be vindicated by the Cuban of superiority over the western Powers. total destruction of the free world, and
people themselves in free elections, under
I plant to speak tatsa later date on the
OAS auspices, on the morrow after their st t tThe on was also recognized by the so- nothing
liberation. called Sprague committee, which re- theme that our chief trouble is that we
THE NEED FOR A FREEDOM ACADEMY
In concluding my remarks, I wish to ported to President Eisenhower just be- do not know how to win.
urge that instead of endeavoring to cope fore the close of his term. The commit- Meanwhile, I would again point to the
with disasters when they have grown full tee strongly recommended that consider- many ominous signs in the world situa-
bloom, we must in the future find some ation be given to the establishment of a tion as a reminder that the time has
way of anticipating disasters and pre- National Security Institute which "would come for an end to amateurishness and
venting their emergence. provide concentrated exposure to and an end to innocence.
situation in Cuba today and the study of Communist ideology, techniques, We cannot afford any more Cuban
The and operations, worldwide, as well as our disasters, or the luxury of performing
ominous rumblings in so many Latin total governmental informational re- postmortems for the purpose of discov-
American countries, again points up the sources, and the best ways to orchestrate ering how and why these disasters oc-
dismal fact that the Communists know and use them." curred. The politics of hindsight must
how to wage political warfare and we do The need for such ail institute has give way to the politics of foresight.
not-that we have been losing the cold also been recognized and endorsed by the We must accept the fact of fourth-
war because in effect, we have been editors of our greatest national dimensional warfare, or psychological
amateurs figiting against professionals. periodicals, Life magazine, Saturday warfare, and we must equip ourselves
It was precisely to cope with this deft- Evening Post, and Reader's Digest; by with- the knowledge and the means and
clency that the Senate, in the closing the American Federation of Labor, with the trained personnel required to meet
days of the 1960 session, passed a bill its extensive experience in combating the Communist onslaught in this dimen-
calling for the creation of a Freedom communism both in this country and sion.
Academy-where research into the entire abroad; and by organizations like the But above all, we must accept the
spectrum of Communist strategy and Cold War Council, which was founded underlying fact that we are locked in
tactics could be carried out under the by members of the ADA, and the Ameri- a life-and-death struggle with an enemy
direction of the most competent men can Security Council, whose membership of infinite cunning and infinite ruth-
available from overnment and from is primarily conservative and big busi- lessness.
private life; where measures could be de- ness. Because the acceptance of this basic
vised to meet, and contain the Commu- But above all, the need for a Freedom fact is the beginning of all political wis-
nist offensive and to restore the initia- Academy has been underscored by the doMmrin~Aworld in which we live tow 1
tive in the cold war to the free world; events that have taken place, at dizzying
and where Americans called upon to pace and. in so many different parts of the distinguished Senator from Connect-
represent their countries abroad, either the world, since the Freedom Academy icut yield?
In the service of their Government or in bill was first introduced. Mr. DODD. I am happy to yield to
the service of, private business, could be There are those who have accused this the distinguished Senator from New
schooled in the interlocking complexities administration of adhering to a "no York.
of political warfare: win" policy, that is, of not wanting to Mr. KEATING. I am sorry that every
The Senate Judiciary Committee, in 'win the cold war. I believe that this Member of the Senate was not present
reporting this measiure favorably, de- charge is as mischievous as it is false, to hear the analysis of the situation in
that there is Cuba delivered by the distinguished
in fact
inced
,
,
-`-,Scribed the bill as "one of the most im- I am conv
ut. portant measures ever introduced in the no one in this administration who does Senato
The rSenator from Con fnecticuonnecticut has
Congress."' But unfortunately, after be- not want to win the cold war.
ing passed by the Senate, the bill died The trouble is-and this is a trouble advanced a program which does not in-
in the House because of honest but, I be- . that has been true of every American volve armed action against Cuba at this
lieve, misguided fears that the Freedom, administration since the close of World time, action which I think most of us
Academy, if it were ever established, War II-that we do not know how to go would agree would be a mistake; but he
would be taken over by those who are about winning the cold war, does set forth a six-point program,
No. 162=1U
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 Approvg c=r R se 2006Yi`1 127 t: -RC P i4B O.346R00Q2 }0
1QNGRES$IPNAL RE QRD - -SENATE
s.;e. ly after, conside -Ab1g ..stony. There in conjunction with the executive
tiy--,,.a1741it ..lhe Senatar's ad- branch, to support a conclusion and a
1+i is ilibaubiliki~_to add P. word sol
ti
n
u
o
---- vua country. I feel that the Senator
4natRCrRn1 Coxulecticuthas made from Connecticut has today made a sig-
Rf t e naturc..Rlx the weapons- which are nificant contribution to that end.
IL$ located in, the advanced Soviet base Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I am
is is Cul?a, weapons which cannot in deeply grateful to the distinguished
sEnse be considered purel
d
fe
i
y
e
ns
ve. Senator from New York. As usual, he
Wh ether. .a weapon is defensive of offen- is very generous.
save depends entirely upon the trigger- As I have said openly, my intent was
man, or the operator of the particular to make a small contribution to the cur-
weapon and the person or the .nation rent discussion of this subject. I think
against which the weapon is turned. the Senator from New York has himself
True, Mig fighters, tanks, missiles, anti- made a most significant contribution to
aircraft guns, and torpedo boats are de- it. All -we are trying to do is to think
fensive weapons; but they are also offen- things out and set forth our views.
sive if the desire is to use them offen- I am aware that this is a difficult prob-
sively. lem. There is no easy solution of it. It
The other point relates to the analysis is satisfying to know that in this won-
of- the Monroe Doctrine. As the-Senator derful body we can speak our minds, and
has said, it was contended
by the dis-
h
-
per
aps, in that way, help those who
1ngui hed Senator from California [Mr. have the principal responsibility to make
ENGLE, and.has also been ..contended by the right decision.
ptlers--and I venture to, say that the As I have said on many other occa-
Senator from California was enunciating sions, I am glad to have the warm and
the present policy of this administra- comforting words of the great statesman
tion-that the Monroe Doctri
i
ne
s not from New York '[Mr. KEATING].
here, involved because Soviet-Russia was
invoted to Cuba by the existing Govern- FxFIIBIT f
m.ezit of'Cuba. [From the New York Herald Tribune, Aug.
11ghi ?.9,1962)
nk what that reasoning leads to
. ASTRO NOT DYING ON VINE-FIDEL'S FALL
It means that in any Latin American SEEN POSSIBLE, BUT ONLY IF HE Is
dountr'r, all that needs tc.happen is a PUSHED
boup`d'etat, following which the govern- (By Roscoe Drummond)
ment which takes over by force may call .in Soviet Russia or Communist China, PORT-OF-ScaIN, TRINIDAD.-Nowhere in
or Some other Communist country; and port for the wishful America have I thinking in Wng in Wshi h gton
thereby the Monroe Doctrine twill _not that Castro Is going going to die on the vine or
-apply. At present,the ,situation is the that- the Cuban dictatorship will soon fall
Monroe Doctrine minus one country; and from its inner weaknesses.
the next country which has a coup The prevailing view In the Latin American
d'etat will make the ?i4uation the Mon- capitals I have visited is that while condi-
foe Doctrine' minus two. Pretty soon, bons in Cuba are getting steadily worse, the
.all than will be left will bl'.. the Monroe Castro regime itself is becoming steadily
more entrenched.
Doctrine applying to the United States One South American newspaper corre-
of America. spondent, who had spent considerable time
President Monroe made it abundantly in Cuba and left only recently, put it this
clear t1 at if the Monroe Doctrine is to way: "Fidel Castro is proving himself totally
remain in force-and I do not believe incompetent to manage the affairs of his -
lt is the inzion but g extraordinarily o skillful manheta-
policy of the United States to ing the e apparatus of f a a police e -state."
have it junked-it should cover cases in This raises a question of acute importance
the Latin American Republics-had im- rather counting on waking up some morning
posed upon them by force from the out- and finding that Castro has disappeared in
Side the ideologies and the principles of the dust.
a foregiri power, which. they would not QUESTION Is POSED
of their own accord adopt. That is ex- The question is whether any Communist
actly what has happened in Cuba. To- police state, holding all the weapons of ter-
day Cuba is a Communist, state; and eve Abe ve Llittle repression n In its own hands, sing ver
by a Communism was imposed upon Cuba by ermedwithmore han 1stic s riand
the world Communist movement, of stones.
which a .it is now apparent that Fidel
There is no doubt that conditions are de-
G~'astro Is a part, and, admittedly so. teriorating Inside Cuba. There is clearly
Castro and Khrushchev have had the developing an angry, resentful, frustrated
effrontery not only to admit but also to and humiliated people who, while still pas-
boast that they are making a militar are heartsick over er what t " CastroCastro r haas done to
Y the evo
base of Cuba and are increasing military the revoolution,
supplies and military personnel there. The evidence Is mounting that there is
I believe, as does the Senator from hunger and undernourishment. Cuba used
Connecticut, that we in Congress who to produce food for export and now cannot
feel strongly about this situation have supply the needs of its own population.
a duty to speak out on this question and crease e Private their farmers
crops, have and n the pea ieassantants o n on he
crease the
to be certain that the American people state collective farms are wondering when
are fully informed about it. they are going to receive "their land" as
Ours is a government of the people. promised by Castro. They still can't quite
The American, people, if they know all realize that Castro's communist state has
the facts in relation to th s situation, taken over both the land and the peasants
will, in my judgment, be able, through 'to Thwork it.
e situation is so out ofhand that you
their congressional representatives and have the upside-down condition of farmers
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September 10
appealing to the cities to send them food.
Economic aid from the Soviet Union and
Red China is failing to live up to promises-
even as Fidel has failed to live up to his
promises. Castro is finding that'Communist
bloc assistance-except arms-is not only
doled out very carefully, but is also costly.
Cuba's slim reserves of foreign currency are
steadily being drained away, largely because
Cuba no longer has the exports it can sell
to the hard-currency countries.
But Latin American sources on the con-
tinent are convinced that Castro is steadily
tightening his grip on the Cuban state and
on the Cuban people-with so much Soviet
help that he is both ally and captive.
Castro's armed forces seem to be all that
he needs-and more-to prevail over any
opposition.that might develop. The Soviet
Union is stepping up its shipments of arms
and thousands of "technicians." Castro has
recruited the forces in ample volume. There
is every reason to assume that the army
Is loyal to Castro's bidding. While the
regime has been unable to feed his people
properly, it has taken care to see that its
troops are a favored class. This means that
the Castro army is massively armed, well
fed, and heavily disciplined for its duty-
to keep the dictatorship in control at all
costs.
A LIBERAL'S VIEW
A distinguished European liberal who has
recently visited Latin America contends that
Cuba ought to be liberated by the Organi-
zation, of American States. These are the
words of Salvador de Madariaga:
"The argument that Castro had better be
left alone and given enough rope to hang
himself is worthless. The experience of
other nations fallen into the unscrupulous
hands of the Communist Party allows of
no such optimism. Time could only make
of Cuba an impregnable. base for commu-
nism to spread all over Latin America. The
Latin American governments who shilly-
shally over it are only preparing the rope
with which they will be hanged. Castro
must go soon."
But wishful hoping will not free the Cu-
ban people. Castro will fall-only if he is
pushed.
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimus consent to have printed at
this point in the RECORD severalarticles
relating to the Cuban situation.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington Post, Sept. 2, 1962]
RED DECISION To BOOST AID TO CASTRO Is
SEEN
(By Donald May)
The Soviet Union appears to have made
a major policy decision to prop up the Castro
regime in Cuba and draw it closer to the
Communist camp, U.S. observers said yes-
terday,
Administration officials, who a week ago
reported a big increase in Soviet military aid
to Castro, gave this updated account of the
situation :
Military supplies believed to include trans-
portation, electronics, and construction
equipment which had been reported being
unloaded at Cuban ports late July and early
August, apparently are being transported to
sites around the island.
Officials feel it is a pretty safe prediction
that the supplies will turn out to include
Soviet antiaircraft missiles similar to the
U.S. Nike. The prediction is based on other
equipment which has been identified and the
fact that Russia has given such missiles to
Iraq and Indonesia.
A number of small patrol craft arrived as
deck cargo aboard Soviet ships. It is not
clear whether they were torpedo boats, as
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 17875
rection
at Russia Is uner the
Others K ATING Friday by Senator KENNETH . B. willing officials lstill doubt
an all-out aild p ogram in were playingivolley ball-dressed in the same
reported
EATING, Republican, of New egv York. Cuba.g to dark blue trunks and running shoes. Still
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT others were out on an improvised running
There is no evidence yet that Moscow has [From the New York Herald Tribune, Sept. track. -
sent equipment to monitor U.S. rocket 3, 1962] In every field for a couple of miles around
launchings at Cape Canaveral, Fla. The elec- SOVIET CU3A TODAY-INSIDE STORY were military vehicles, including some armed
tronic equipment which appears designed to (By Keith Morfett) cars. Groups of heavily armed Cuban militia
bolster coastal and air defenses. patrolled the camp's perimeter.
It 1s "theoretically possible" that such Thousands of strapping young Russians Many of the Russians at this encampment
equipment could be used to interfere with are moving quietly into tented military en- were billeted in what was the former boys
ground signals that control the Canaveral campments close to the outskirts of Havana reformatory at Torrens, about 14 miles from
rockets. But officials doubt that. Russia or in a vast Soviet buildup that is causing deep Havana. But they had quickly spilled over
Cuba would try this. The United States concern among diplomats in the Cuban into tents.
could retaliate. The result would be a very capital. Still more tents were being erected by the
expensive "rocket-jamming war." From 5,000 to 8,000 Russians have arrived Russians as I drove past. Trucks filled with
It is considered very improbable that sta- so far. - more Russians were rolling in through the
tions located in Cuba could send out signals A Western ambassador in Havana told me bright red dust from the port town of Marcel,
to alter the course of U.S. rockets. This categorically: where a high wall-called "Little Berlin" by
would mean obtaining the exact secret codes "I have reported to my government, de- the locals-is being built to screen off the
by which the rockets are controlled. spite all denials, that many of these men are dock area. Three miles from the Torrens en-
The "most probable" estimate of the num- Soviet troops, that they are arriving in in- campment in the direction of Havana is a
her of Soviet-bloc technicians to arrive in creasing numbers, and that this is all part big Soviet vehicle park.
Cuba recently is 3,000. It could be 5,000. of a carefully planned military operation to More Russian vehicles are packed in neat
There is no good estimate of what percentage underwite the Castro regime." rows near Havana's seafront Malecon Drive,
are military technicians, but probably more Many of the Russians are in their early behind the American memorial commemo-
than half are. twenties. All have reached Cuba aboard rating the sinking of the battleship Maine
Though there are still many rumors that three Soviet passenger liners. during the war against the Spanish. These
the military tchnicians are "troops" orga- At the same time, a continuous armada vehicles are all painted blue and stamped
,nized into combat units, all U.S. information of cargo ships is now stretched out between with the name "Zil."
from "trained observers" indicates the con- Russia's Black Sea ports and Cuba, carrying Down in Havana's dockyards, trucks were
trary. They are not in uniform and appear trucks, jeeps, machinery, food, guns-and leaving the Soviet vessels from early morning
to be limited to installing the new military ground-to-air missiles for Fidel Castro's until late at night piled high with huge, un-
equipment and training Cubans in its use. armed forces. marked wooden crates.
Senator HOMER E. CAPEHART, Republican, of This much is certain from what I have just All dock entrances are heavily guarded.
Indiana, has called for a U.S. invasion of seen in Cuba: Hundreds more military trucks, jeeps, and
Cuba and KEATING has accused President No large-scale attempt to overthrow the command vehicles were lined up five deep
Kennedy of withholding" information about Castro regime could now be launched by the for quarter of a mile along the street called
"Soviet troops" from the American public. United States or Cuban exiles without Rus- San Pedro on the Havana waterfront. These
Much of the U.S. policy thinking on Cuba sian blood being-spilled in the process. vehicles are all marked in Russian "Goris-
recently has centered on the broader trend I watched the Russians in two separate en- kovsky Avtozavod" and are being moved
of Russia's deepening involvement in Castro's campments-after being told they were a quickly to all parts of the island.
affairs. "ghost army" existing only in the imagina- The Soviet liner Gruziya, yellow hammer
The Cuban economy is not thought to be. tion of Americans. and sickle painted on its scarlet funnel, was
on the brink of collapse but it has been They looked pretty healthy ghosts to me. unloading while I was in the dock area.
going steadily downhill. Hefty, athletic, and looking a ' lot better In addition to its Russian passengers, the
SUGAR CROP FAILURE fed than their Cuban hosts, they crowded up Gruziya brought back to Havana hundreds
Cuba's 1962 sugar crop appears to be a to a barbed-wire fence at the first camp 1 of young Cubans who had been on special
failure. The harvest produced 4.8 million found near the village of El Cano. courses in Moscow and Leningrad. All car-
tons against an announced goal of 5.4 mil- They appeared to be members of the kind Tied cheap Russian travel bags which
lion tons, compared with a yearly average of unit usually moved in advance of regular matched their, blue uniforms. They were
of 6 million tons over the ' previous 5 years. fighting. troops to set up camps, establish met at the docks by their families. The next
The coffee harvest now underway ` in communications networks and accomplish day about 2,000 young Cubans boarded the
Oriente Province may also be in trouble. other related chores. Gruziya for the return journey to Russia.
Because of labor, problems, there apparently In the tropical heat they looked unhappy The Cuban Government insists that the
is a large-scale obilization of students be- and homesick. They had cloth caps and young Russians now pouring into Cuba-
ing carried out by the Government to harvest denim trousers and clustered together for yet to be seen on the streets of Havana-
the crop. comfort like sheep on the range in a rain- are all civilians.
storm. The tightest censorship ever imposed since
Cuba's Labor Ministry announced last The contrast between the El Cano crowd Castro came to power is now operating in
week a freeze va wages and curbs on bor and the next lot I looked at was so great the Cuban capital. Extent and scope of the sentee unions and v e cation time; sacrifices Cubes l in the e that it became clear Cuba's Russians fall into Soviet buildup is being deleted from cable
unions have made voluntary distinct categories, dispatches by military censors.
past but this was the first time 'the order The El Cano Russians were recruited into Twenty Soviet ships have reached Havana
came directly from the Government. "labor battalions" rather like the British Harbor in the last 3 weeks. In addition to
FOOD RATIONS CONTINUE Army's Pioneer Corps. ' They will dig the Soviet vessels, a fleet of chartered ships
Food rationing has been in effect since trenches, lay cables, and do all the donkey including some flying the British flag are
March. The economy also is plagued by lack work. under commission for the Cuban buildup.
of consumer goods, inflationary prices, and A few miles away, down a rutted side road Ten more Soviet vessels are at this mo-
low production. Foreign exchange is at a the whole countryside was suddenly swarm- ment Havana-bound on the high seas. They
new low. ing with Soviets. This time they were ob- include the Ustiuzhna, the Ivan Polzunov,
' Russia announced last Tuesday 'that So- viously on different business. Hundreds of the Usoliet, and the Ojotsk. From Soviet
viet shipments of economic aid goods to them moved around among military vehicles ports also now Havana-bound are the East
Cuba in 1962' would be twice that of last parked under trees, in fields, - alongside German Westfalen, the Norwegian Tive
troubles+come-from administrative bungling, colored tents. ' Italian Airone, the West German Atlas, and
somed'6fticials , believe Russian advisers may Nearby, antiaircraft guns. in freshly dug half a dozen ships flying the Liberian flag.
now take an increased role in Government pits were manned by Cuban militiamen. A number of British vessels are on the way
management. Machineguns were mounted at all approach to Russian ports to begin the long haul to
In past years Atissia has made Cuba pay roads into the camp. By the tasks they were the Caribbean.
with sugar for goods delivered. Now, it ap- doing, checking their equipment on radio
pears, the Kremlin is beginning to give aid trucks, command vehicles and signal equip- What the is recent visit behind do it al alll? ? It by began Fidel following
g
on a pay later basis. ment, these Russians appeared to be mili-Castro's
Recent U.S. policy has been aimed at tary technicians such as signal, staff, and brother Raul Castro, who heads the Cuban
armed forces, and Economic Chief Ernesto
Gutting off Cuba economically. The quest electronic engineers. (Che) Guevarra.
tion being analyzed now is whether Russia's Out in open spaces around the camp,
:Substantially increased 'economic aid can dozens of them were dressed in identical I understand the Cuban Government
outfits of the kind troops urged Soviet Premier Khrushchev to provide
inin
h
i
l t
g
ra
ys
ca
counter the isolation policy by keeping the p
Cuban economy on its feet. would wear. They were doing gymnastics the revolution's leaders with some sort of
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17$,76_ O~]GRESSM( MAL: 2ECORD SENATE
September 10
9uai'antee that the now openly Communist [From the?New York Herald Tribune, Sept. 4, ing: "You are in the glorious free territory
Cuban regime would not be allowed to col- 19621 of Cuba. Venceremos [We will win]."
, apse in the face of mounting economic chaos UNCENSORED, EYEWITNESS REPORT No. 2.- This is the lot of Cubans in Havana and
lr ales.. LIFe IN CAsTRo' SOVIETIZED CuBA throughout the island.
iiapS sought similar guarantees
Gins ~l e possibility of direct American (By Keith Morfett) Cut this Soviet lifeline and Cubans must
r exit n o, tQPPle Ce:stro's regime. Forty-three months after the sweep of his starve. Attack this island and Russians
must die. It is now as simple as that.
I e suggested Cuba might join the Warsaw bearded heroes into Havana from the mists Isound Havana a strange city. Its streets
aF of the Sierra Maestra, Fidel Castro has turned
-- --- ---- they had bargained for. "I'll send you Rus- camps beyond the capital has coincided, are dismal, deserted places that you tele-
Mans, he reportedly said. "What better over the last 10 days, with a final, unsecre- phone first to see if they have food to serve
guarantee could you ask than that?" tive, spurt toward total sovietization and at ale.
While . the Russians continue to arrive, the creation of a closed society of 6 million Even the 'fish Morro abound off Cuba's
Castro is anxious to keep his part of the bar- people ba:rely 50 minutes by air from the coasta and the big Morro crabs from Havana
Bay
. The
sin This, is that no incident ofany kind Florida coast. fishing are fleets seldom are on tied sale up in most the the time
nvolving -the Americans shoald be allowed All pretense is now tossed aside. Cubans for i reasons." chances
And the an" are
ito, arise while the Russians are still, settling are at last learning the meaning of the Migs hat if "security
Ernest Hemingway's "Old Man"
in. -- -_,in their skies" and the "big brother" Images out il n at the Gulf put
bafter marlin at Gulf Stream's edge,
This, It is believed 1n Havana, is why no of Lenin c:nd Mao Tse-tung that look down he would d be blasted out of the water by a
$re was returned when an exile group from walls, billboards and banners across the Cuban gunboat.
steamed into Havana Bay 10 days ago and islands towns and cities
pumped cannon shells into a seafront hotel Before a, crowd of Campesinos the other But if Cubans are going short of things
housing Communist technicians. It is also day Fidel Castro, speaking with the sim lic- to eat, there's plenty of "new thought" to
Why,F'id.el Castro not only denied thathis ity of a schoolmaster addressing children, fill their minds. While I was in Havana
ships fired on an American plane last Friday, said: "Put up your hands all those who anew batch of school textbooks, fresh from
but also why he was reported enraged at the think they knew what a revolution was 3 There the printers, was going into the schools. "new trigger-happy gunners who all owed it to hap- years ago?" Not a single hand went up. year-olds. is a author geography book for 7-
schools. The Russians want no rouble, not at Castro said: "Put up your hands, all those n Its Jimenez. Is Castro Cabinet Is My
the moment anyway. who think they know what a revolution is Der, Nunez Jimenez, Its title "This Is My
Country."
An air of anxiety now pervades Havana. now." Suddenly you couldn't seethe heads it is superbly printed and illustrated, but
. It's as though every one knows something big for the waving hands. all the maps of Cuba and its countryside
is about to happen-but no one knows quite Castro was unquestionably correct as Cu- are inset with little pictures of the revolu-
what it will turn out to be. The presence bans are just discovering, the revolution was Lion's leaders. Its first flue pages consist of
dif the lussians has given many Cubans a not the mountain battles against the troops extracts from Castro speeches and under an
sense oP quiet despair. They are convinced of Batista; it was not the heady sense of early chapter heading, you read:
that "the Yanks won't come now-it's too victory at the seizure of Havana, nor the "Imperialism and the exploitation of the
late and they know it." long, bitter- wrangle over taking from Amer- people."
The city itself is almost totally Sovietized. Ica what Cubans considered their own. The first grade learns that "in our schools
The only hint of efficiency anywhere is in the The revolution is now. Even the slight before the triumph of the revolution, Yan-
big bright posters everywhere extolling the degree of cautious gradualism of former kee imperialists taught our children the
glories of the revolution, the _workers, and (lays has gone out the window. The So- theory that our country, 180 kilometers from
ablidarlty with the Soviet , , ,'he posters are 'D'iets have arrived, and. today the curtain United States, would never be able to free it-
superbly painted and lend the duly color to is falling on Cuba with a finality that is self from the tentacles, that imprisoned
the city of drabness and despair.. startling even to many of those once proud Cuba. Today, the struggle of the people
During the last few hours before I left of the name, "Fidelista." destroys the lies of the false geography."
Havana, six more Cubanslwen?tto.the firing From this week on, Cuban citizens in- After this and other glimpses into the
wall. Four hundred Cubans were rounded creasingly will be prisoners in their own "new" geography in thesame vein, it is
up amid rumors of a plot to topple Castro. homeland. Exit permits will be hard to get. no longer surprising to come across columns
Communist newsmen in, thew city-whose Every l emphasis against
country's is set up. of slogan chanting schoolboys, marching like
ources are usually good--say they expect a er the y's future direc- a miniature militia through Havana's streets.
Castro speech soon giving; details of how the tion will be unashamedly Communist. Min- The Castro revolution is creating its own
plot was smashed. aster of Industry Ernesto (Che) Guevarra art, its own music, its own poetry. A new
The militia has been mobilized fora week. was In Moscow to set the final seal on the volume of poetry has also gone into the
The food shortage Is worsening daily. More massive movement into the Caribbean of schools. I have it beside me at this moment.
Cubans are guardedly critical of Castro than Russian personnel, armaments, food and oil Here is a poem written In tribute to Castro
at any time in the past 2 yeast[. They must that will now form the island's lifeline. troops that fought in last year's disastrous
be careful. The "Committee for the Defense In Sloppy Joe's Bar just off the Prado, invasion -attempt by the Florida-based exiles.
of the Revolution'' has its ears on every street where Alec Guinness shot scenes for "Our The poem's title: "Bay of Pigs."
and block'.. Man in Havana," I looked across the world's
"With m useless hands,
Notices I had not seen before in the bare- longest bar at the barman with the world's my
shelved shops say "No dogs here-but we longest face. That know nothing else but how to write,
have teeth to bite those who talk against "No, sencr. No hay beer. No senor. No I wish to gather your heads,
the revolution." hay whiskey. No senor. No hay gin. No My y brothers, compatriots.
senor. No lay orange juice." The heads of those who died under a differ-
All security has been tighi;ened. Every His face brightened-but saddened just as ent sun,
Cuban must now get not only police per- suddenly with an awareness of the bitter The heads that flew to undo the abuses.
mission but also clearance from his local irony And in my being will be your blood,
vigilante committee before he can even apply irony of what he was saying. And the need for avenging
for an exit permit to leave the island. "Senor, solo Cuba Libre," We both Now I do not fear the wors your deaths.
The once elegant splendor of the big hotels laughed. And he made me u the rum
P `Justice'; `liberty'; `bread'."
is no more. Havana Hilton, where I stayed, drink that is known nowadays as "Free
is, dirty, and everything 1..s breaking down Cuba. Or this one-the lines of which will soon
includpg the bathroom taps. Instead of a The bare-shelved shops of Havana are no be known by heart by a million schoolchil.
menu 11 he hotel restaurant, two plates of better. I cannot buy an egg-but I can buy dren,
cold food are carted around on a trolley, and a newly arrived booklet by Mao Tse-tung "I believe in the life that is to come for all,
guests have to point to the plate they prefer. on "Correct.ng Contradictions in the Minds I believe in the life that was born out of
At Havana Airport I watched a pitiful sight. of the People." the fires of hatred,
Clothes. Of all kinds taken from departing I cannot buy a beef sandwich or a tin of I believe in the Communist Party,
Cubans as well as other cheap belongings milk or a pair of shoes-but I can buy a I believe in the revolution,
were piled. into a big heap. I was taken by badge with Lenin's head on it or a dozen I believe in the budding roses,
militiamen to a small room and searched in records of Russian folk songs. And in the peasants of my country." -
case I was taking out anything for Cubans. I can make a telephone call, but I must With this "Orwellian" world, comic con-
Rings, watches, family heirlooms, all these not mind if a vibrant recorded voice comes trasts sit strangely in the sadness of its
must be left behind. on hafnre +.r a ,,,-, -
is-_-- - .
goes
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 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150003-4
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
17877
tions which the military refused to accept on
charges of fraud at the polls.
Peru's economy, compared to that of other
South American countries, is in fair shape.
Yet more than 6 million of its 11 million
people live in poverty, illiteracy, and squalor.
Little has been done to help these people, and
the Communists are busy among them.
Venezuela, Reds' No. 1 target: As a demo-
cratic country which leads all on this con-
tinent in terms of social gains made in re-
cent years, Venezuela's democratic Gov-
ernment has become a prime target for
Communists.
Under President R6mulo Betancourt,
schools are going up, land is being parceled
out to those who farm it; low-cost housing
is rising in city and town. But lingering
recession in some industries keeps the. num-
ber of unemployed at about 300,000-or 12
percent of the work force.
Venezuelan Communists are trying their
best to justify the prediction of Castro of
Cuba that Betancourt would be "gone" by
the year's end. Reds spearhead the op-
position in the Chamber of Deputies, control
young gangsters at the University of Caracas,
stir up revolts in the armed forces, stage
bank and store robberies. Jittery Venezue-
lan businessmen have been exporting their
capital.
Chile, a squeeze: President Jorge Ales-
sandri of Chile is caught in a squeeze be-
tween wealthy landowners who block reform
bills in, congress and a five-party Popular
Front grouping which includes the Com-
munists and which expects to win the pres-
idency in 1964.
One result of the squeeze has been failure
of the government efforts to get more returns
from income taxes. But taxes. on the U.S.-
owned copper companies are rising higher
and higher.
Wealthy Chileans are sending their capital
abroad in such quantities that reserves of
foreign currencies have dropped sharply,
and the value of the Chilean escudo has
fallen too.
All over South America, troubles of a polit-
ical and economic nature appear to be ris-
ing faster than ever in recent years.
Bolivia, the nearly bankrupt welfare state
of the Andes, has been kept going by doses of
U.S. aid doled out as direct gifts. Now
powerful labor unions are resisting changes
in the fantastic featherbedding pratcices of
the nationalized tin mines.
In Ecuador, where the conservatives won
a victory in last spring's elections sitdown
strikes took over all the private banks in
Guayaquil, the country's main port city.
Political rioters had to be dispersed with
tear gas by police. The chances of getting
much-needed measures for land reform
seemed slim.
Missing, dynamism: Through most of the
countries of South America there is a short-
age of dynamism in the democratic systems
of government.
Experts of the. Kennedy government who
surveyed. South America's leadership ap-
parently counted on parties of the "demo-
cratic left" in various countries to supply
the drive to push through reform programs
vital to the Alliance for Progress.
Now, it appears, these parties just are not
strong enough to do the job. In the recent
Peruvian elections, where U.S. officials ap-
peared to hope for a victory by the APRA
Party, much of the "reform" fervor appeared
to have gone out of that group. Landown-
ers had become APRA supporters, and the
relatively moderate APRA program drew less
than 33 percent of the votes.
Military men rising throughout South
America also are turning out to be a varied
lot, no longer predictable. In Argentina the
military leaders have so far shied away from
taking the Presidential post and left it to a
civilian. In Peru, where the military did
Like the stickers on all the buses saying:
"Consume the produce of your country"-
when Cubans would quite happily consume
anything from anywhere to supplement
beans and dry bread.
Like the single island of elegance atop
Havana's highest skyscraper where diplomats
(and an occasional Cuban Cabinet minister)
eat duckling while Cubans far below go
empty bellied to their beds.
Said one Cuban: "It's way up there in the
sky so no one can see what's on their plates."
Like the new tourist literature, superbly
done, that claims in bold letters across the
front of gay brochures: "Cuba has a flavor
all its own."
Like the barmen in the world-famous
"Floridita," who have removed the solid gold
brooches, shaped into their names, from the
lapels of their white jackets.
They stand now before the large letter-
ing along the bar, "Da Cuna del Daiqueri"
[the cradle of the Daiqueril and explain a
little sadly: "It seemed all wrong to keep
wearing the gold brooches-with customers
coming in with open-neck shirts."
Like the , taximan who jerks his thumb
toward the building that housed the U.S.
Embassy and says reassuringly: "I tell you
frankly,, senor, the Yanquis will be back in
there 12 months from now."
But when you hope it will be nice for him
he adds, apologetically: "Ah senior, I am
leaving soon with my family for Florida."
Through all of this the Cubans have re-
tained their infinite capacity for courtesy
and friendliness.
In many visits to Cuba I have never once
been treated with discourtesy-despite being
taken much of the time for an American.
The same applied on this occasion, even
though I tried to buy American magazines.
The shelves were stacked high with Mao
and Lenin, and a flood of Communist-bloc
literature.
From the harbor wall where boys still cast
for snapper, I looked back before leaving on
a city that has worn itself out.
Russians move in by the thousands; but
the heady fervor of rebellion has spent its
force.
For Havana, 3 years and 7 months
later, the "Barbudos" (bearded ones] are but
a memory of what might have been.
Nothing is left now but the soldiers * * *
and the slogans * * * and everywhere the
guns.
[From the U.S. News & World Report,
Sept. 3', 19621
GROWING TURMOIL IN LATIN AMERICA-ARE
REDS WINNING?
(Reported from Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro,
Caracas, and Lima)
The Minister of Economics of Argentina,
Alvaro Alsogaray, gave this gloomy picture of
the outlook for his country on August 16:
"If there is no, political stability, if every
day we are threatened by coups d'etat, if at
every moment we are fearful that blood is to
be shed among Argentines * * * if we look
more like an anarchical state than an or-
ganized country, then this system of modern
free economy with a social distribution of
wealth fails at its base, and cannot work.
"We cannot attract capital under the per-
manent threat of revolutions."
What Alsogaray said of Argentina is basi-
cally the case of virtually every one of the
'South American nations.
,
In country after country in South America, Communists are gaining positions of power
you find the people grumbling about their within labor unions and in the depressed
governments and demanding a change. areas of northeast Brazil.
,
Communists, cashing in on this dissatis-
more active than ever. Old-style military Peru, military moderates: A military junta
faction in many countries, are making gains, that seized power in Peru in July has gained
melt and new-style soldier moderates are considerable acceptance by taking a moderate
pressing for power, seizing it in some cases. position.
Turmoil is rising fast on this continent. The soldier rulers promise new elections
And President Kennedy's plans to modernize within a year to substitute for recent elec-
Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP64B00346R0002001'50003-4
this half of the hemisphere are getting much
of the blame-or credit.
Leaders of some democratic governments,
on the defensive, are blaming Mr. Kennedy's
Alliance for Progress for many of their trou-
bles. They say that the Alliance has raised
false hopes of quick solutions to problems
rooted deep in centuries of backwardness.
Actually, the seeds of change were taking
root in Latin America long before the Ken-
nedy program began, long before Fidel Cas-
tro's Communists took over Cuba and
reached out toward South America.
Whatever the cause, there is no doubt that
the 10 countries of this continent are up
against political turmoil generated deep
down at the grass roots.
A crisis of authority is paralyzing govern-
ments. They are fighting resistance to
change by entrenched cliques of wealthy
landowners and bankers. They are also
fighting off Communists and their allies
who are demanding extreme solutions.
It is now a year since the Alliance for
Progress went into operation. In that year
only 3 of 10 South American countries-
Bolivia, Chile and Colombia-have produced
long-range development plans as agreed.
And there is little sign of the reforms in
education, taxes and land distribution which
are considered essential to the Alliance.
The shape and extent of the challenge
rising from angry people becomes clear in a
survey of what Is happening inside each
country.
Argentine paralysis: Argentina is almost
at a standstill. The most advanced country
on this continent, Argentina is almost para-
lyzed by a running battle among its military
leaders over what to do about a threatened
comeback by the followers of Juan D. Perlin,
the dictator ousted in 1955.
The new Argentine President Josh Maria
Guido, has barely survived a military crisis
that brought his country to the brink of
civil war. It was the second such crisis in
his 5 months of office. More trouble lies
ahead.
Military men took over last March when
President Arturo Frondizi lifted a ban on
the Peronists, who promptly staged a star-
tling comeback in state and congressional
elections. Guido, then Senate President,
succeeded Frondizi. But the real power lies
in the hands of the military men, and they
are divided.
The military promise elections next year,
but Per6n's men, they say, will be barred
from running candidates. Whoever wins will
thus be caught in the same tug of war
between the armed forces and Peronists,
Who dominate labor unions.
In the meantime, things are going from
bad to worse in Argentina. Exports are
crippled by a meat packers' strike. Living
costs are shooting up. The peso is sinking
in value. Communists are making common
cause with Per6n's followers.
Brazil, Reds gaining: The giant among
South America nations, Brazil, is up against
roaring inflation. Communists are making
such gains that many ordinary people in
Brazil are beginning to echo the Reds' anti-
United States line.
President Joao Goulart presides over a
weak and divided Government. He wants to
do away with the present parliamentary
system which weakens presidential powers
by sharing them with a prime minister. But
the political issues are blurred, executive
discontent is rising and
talent is limited
 Approved RBlea e l067Ug27 clA f R.64BOOa46R00O2OO'1 OOO
take power, the soldier leaders show a Will- soothsayers; then the 'infallibility' of kings; In effect, the Kennedy statement attempts
ingnep to break with the wealthy defenders now it is 'infallibility' of numbers, to pull the Cuban question one step back
of things as they are, display an interest in "'Politics .seems to have become an exten- from the cold-war arena, and place respon-
n
qtr reform. . , sion of the theater arts. We can't choose sibility on Cuba for any aggression In the
owdowns, coming: All over South Amer- candidates who haven't the ability to speak hemisphere.
ice,there are signs that showdowns are .tak- or who have the wrong shape of nose."
tug shape in many countries On one side RHETORIC COUNTERED
17$i'8 19ONG4ESSIONAL RECORD SENATE September 10
N - -- - - -
a,re`,t~tie ommvlnist-led or Communist-lxliiu- CHOOSE CANDIDATES This tact is evidently a counter to Soviet
encE supporters of Castro-type dictator-. She painted out that in small groups it rhetoric and oratory, which in effect con-
Ship On the other ex.trem a are .those .whQ was different. There it was easy to choose stitutes a Soviet "Monroe Doctrine" imply-
ca
n
goad
didat
es for
ffi
t
Th
[Front the Christian Science Mcinitor, Sept. reactiof+- hene,rY," she'told me, but this does not against any part of the Western rn Hemi
South America appears, to be whetherdy- "Also, a free leader must have a free press "It continues to be the policy of the United
namic moderates can be found between and other media of communication," Mrs. States," the President said, "that the Castro
these. two extremes to provide a vehicle for Haedo said, adding, "there are many Com- regime will not be allowed to export its
car6in out the reforms which, have been munist papers in Argentina." aggressive purposes by force or by threat of
exj;reirlists,.work together .to. to upset P e ew em and their families, their would be considered a move against all of
goveriinents, experience and their abilities, and voted ac- the Communist brotherhood of comrades and
o
ce.
Wa]4t?
ey were known. ing that any "aggressive" moveagainst Cuba
o turn the, clock back. Often., the Peo
1
k
n
th
ANTI-COMMUNIST ST4rfD- ene sara, not sausIy those who believe Communist
because Bolovia has already gonb so far to aggression and infiltration in the hemisphere
(By Jessie Ash Atrndtl +t o ;ef+ , ..+
..- - - -" ------- ??---- "......, ...",,," aa~w, appeaieu Ior consxaer-
WAS;sINCTON:-Elsie Kasting de Rivero against communism while In- exile, In Ar- at ion of the Cuban question "as part of
(Mrs. Rivero Haedo) of BtenosAires Is-a gentina, for instance, they are not allowed worldwide challenge posed by Communist
dramatist, three 'of whose plays were run- to be vocal. threats to the peace."
ning there at the same 'time this season, a Women have a tremendous opportunity to "It must be dealt with," he said, "as part
novelist-under the pen name of Virginia make the counterinfluence felt, she believes, of the larger issue as well as the context
Carrefio-a lecturer on the history of politics because of the fact that culture at present is of special relationships which have char-
and?of ,the theater, but Above all, she is a the main field of Communist activity in acterized the inter-American system."
militant anti-Communist. Latin America. The President acknowledged the Soviet
This tall, handsome Argentine woman- AGREE ON QUEMOY Union had provided Cuba with some 3,500
as articulate ,in English as In Spanish-is technicians, torpedo boats, and "a number of
convinced that unless the free, world makes Mrs. Haedo was accompanied on her trip antiaircraft defense missiles with slant range
Asia by Irene Silva de Santolalla, who has just st of 25
its influence far more. potently felt than it completed a 6-year term in the Peruvian models miles which are similar to early our has so far, Latin America will be lost to com- senate the ' f We agr e d of she defense for said, "that Quemoy Heaid a obthere was "no evidence of any
niunisrn in less than 2 years, She expressed
this view at the time she attended the con- America. If that were to fall to the Com- organized combat force in Cuba from any
vbntior., of the General Federation of Worn- munists, Taiwan were to go, there would be Soviet-bloc country; of military bases pro bases
Clubs here in June, en route home from only water between us and Red China. vided to Russia; of a violation of the 1934
a trip to Asia. Despite Communist Influence in Argentina, treaty relating to Guantanamo (the U.S.
$he knows the methods of the Commu- there is an extraordinary project in preserve- naval base in Cuba) ; of the presence of
nists (her mother is a native of Latvia) and tion of Baltic culture going on there, said offensive ground-to-ground missiles; or
she sees them being used in,her.own coun- other significant capability in Cuban hands
Mrs. Haeco. Books are being published there
try. "We talk of the possibility of world in the Estonian language. Manuscripts are or under Soviet direction and guidance."
War III; this is it," she says. "It is being sent to Sweden for editing, they are illus-
waged by psychological warfare." trated by an Argentine artist, and the whole [From the Wall Street Journal, Sept. 5, 1962]
Mrs. )Haedo sees evidence of Infiltration and
put together and published in Argentina. THE was 1823. ImperNE
propagitnda all through the cultural_ life of The MONROE DO
Argentina, and in the schools, from the-ele- year was 1823. Imperialist Russia,
[From the Christian Science Monitor, Sept. filled with ambitions to extend its domain,
mentary grades to the universities. 5, 1962
In the universities, many of the auuthori 1 was pushing its power along the northwest
ties are avowed left wingers, she says, "and PRESIDENT STATES POLICY-UNITED STATES
coast of North America. In an alliance with
add to this the infiltration in the arts." DRaws LINE FOR CUBA Austria and Prussia, , whose. territories in-
DOMINATE THEATER (By Bertram B. Johanson) eluded parts of what is now East Germany,
She stated that the Communists dominate President Kennedy 'has, in effect, restated in e t Russian were threatening to intervene
n revolution is Central and South America.
the little theater-and there are 90 or more Monroe Doctrine policy in contemporary In
that situation the U.S. Secretor of
little theaters in Buenos Aires. In the clothing. Y
State, John Quincy Adams, proposed and
cinema, the Soviet Union is supplying films Withou, referring to the doctrine as the President of the United ited States, Mr. . Mon-
free to exhibitors who show these as regular such, but touching on matters involving roe, issued a statement addressed to the
commercial fare to their patrons. The.U.S. U.S. and hemisphere security, he issued a European powers.
producers, of course, cannot do this and, un- special White House statement Tuesday "We owe it therefore to candor," said the
fortunately for the cause of the free world, evening setting unmistakable limits on pos- President of the United States, "and to the
Mrs. Haedo,pointed out, the lilrns they send Bible Cuban aggression in the hemisphere. amicable relations existing between the
to South America and, other countriesuspally The statement was restrained. It was United States and those powers,, to declare
present the worst phases of American. life and firm. It was explanatory in nature, speci- that we should consider any attempt on
give a distorted idea of the United States, fying the nature of Soviet weaponry in Cuba, their part to extend their system to any
With Spanish the language of all the Latin especially the nature of antiaircraft mis- portions of this hemisphere, as dangerous
American Republics except Brazil and Haiti, siles, and had several obvious functions., to our peace and safety."
the distribution of subversive materials is It was Dieant to keep the public informed, The United States, in those days, was a
relatively simple for the Communists. _ allay congressional. clamor for an invasion of weak country. It comprised less than half
In politics, she explained, the Communist Cuba, warn the Castro 'regime, and possibly its present continental expanse; it numbered
aim is to stay in the background but to to temper the type of national hysteria that barely 9 million people; it had only a small
have' tinny candidates, all of whom respond flash-fired In the era of the Spanish- Navy and less Army. It was certainly no
to the same Communist idea running under American War at the turn of the century. such power in the world as Austria, Prussia,
different party labels. This keeps the citi- France, or Imperial Russia. And as a mat-
zens battling against each other for issues CONFERENCE HELD ter of fact, in most of the chancelleries of
that look different but :really are merely a The statement was issued by Press Secre- the world there was contemptuous amuse-
smokescreen for the dangerous national tary iPerre Salinger after the President had ment at President Monroe's bold pretensions.
trend to the left. conferred for an hour with Secretary of State For they were bold. It took considerable
This makes it difficult for good people to Dean Rusk, Defense Secretary Robert JR. Mc- courage for the President to act alone in-
go into politics. They are not going to let Namara, and a bipartisan delegation of stead of waiting for Great Britain, which
themselves be destroyed by political cam- Members of Congress. had suggested a joint statement but some-
paigns, declared Mrs. Haedo. "We must re-:___. Though concerned with Soviet arming of how never got around to acting on it. Nei-
assess democracy, not from the legal aspect Cuba, the operative sections of the Kennedy ther Mr. Adams nor Mr. Monroe were quite
but from that of the spirit We used to statement focused, not on the Soviet Union, sure how they would implement their policy
have in ancient times the '1nr~n;n;)i-
of ...,+,.,...,,,__,_-----
y
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 Approved For Release 2006/09/27: CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150003-4
1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
But believing the step necessary to this coun- Latin America, strengthening hemispheric
try's peace and safety, they did not let un- sinew through the Alliance for Progress (a
certainty paralyze their decision, painfully slow process). Now Moscow has
Those quiet words, shorn of all bombast, countered the United States threat to the
served their purpose for 140 years, through Castro regime with what looks to be massive
many tests, because the world came to be- intervention.
lieve we meant what we said. The Monroe The Soviet Union doesn't care about the
Doctrine did not keep the United States out Monroe Doctrine. Premier Nikita S. Khru-
of wars. It did assure that no foreign power shchev is being bold at Havana as he is at
would come to threaten us upon our own Berlin.
doorstep. "` This isn't the first flouting of the doc-
Or at least, the Monroe Doctrine did so trine. Napoleon III had a whole army op-
uhtil our own day. eating in Maximilian's Mexico. But the
It can hardly be a secret to anyone that a flouting always ceased, in former decades.
new imperialist Russia is extending its sys- What happens this time, after Moscow has
tem, to this hemisphere. The system of the dispatched an armada of ships bearing tech-
- -
present Government of Cuba is the Commu-
nist system. And this week the Castro
regime signed a militafy pact with the Soviet
Union inWhich it is frankly and publicly ac-
knowledged that the Soviet Union will help
train and provide arms to the Cuban army.
But a difference between the centuries is
that today Secretaries of State and Presi-
dents of the United States have reacted dif-
ferently. Both President Eisenhower and
President Kennedy have asserted that the
Monroe Doctrine is not dead. But up to
yesterday neither had chosen to implement
it; both have relied instead upon the so-
called machinery of the inter-American se-
curity system.
That is, the U.S. Government has put its
trust in the hope that others will act rather
than in acting itself. Where once a weak
nation was bold enough to put its shield
over the other nations of the hemisphere, a
strong nation has hoped that its weak neigh-
bors will somehow rise and shield it from a
danger on its own doorstep.
So matters stood until yesterday. Now
President Kennedy has issued a statement
saying that the Castro government of Cuba
will not be permitted to extend its in$uence
further in the Western Hemisphere and
strongly implied that the United States will
stand by its doctrine of 140 years ago.
Just .2 years-in July 1960-Mr. Khru-
shchev said the Monroe Doctrine was dead.
The President of the United States says it is
still alive. Now the problem today, as it
was in the days of Imperial Russia, Is for the
United States to convince the world that it
means exactly what it says.
[From the Christian Science Monitor, Sept.
5"1962]
CUBA AND MONROE DOCTRINE
(By William H. Stringer)
WASHINGTON.-At his last news confer-
ence President Kennedy was asked point-
blank what the Monroe Doctrine meant to
him in the light of world conditions and
Cuba. He replied that it meant the same as
it has since President Monroe and John
Quincy Adams enunciated it.
Yet there have been changes. Originally
the Monroe Doctrine was a unilateral warn-
ing by the United States that European
powers must not "extend their system" to
any portion of the Western Hemisphere.
The doctrine told czarist Russia to stop en-
croaching in the Pacific Northwest. It ad-
vised France to quit Mexico in 1865.
Since the good-neigh or policy, the
United States has sought more and more to
enlist all of the hemisphere's states in the
defense of hemispheric integrity. The Rio
Treaty of 1947 refined encroachments to
include an aggression which is not an
armed attack." At 1962,s Punta del Este
conference the Organization of American
States aimed ,ihe broadened doctrine, albeit
mildly, at Castro's Luba, declaring his re-
gime to be "incompatible" with the Ameri
.can system.
The United States has sought to set in
motion events that will eventually topple
Fidel Castro-embargoing Cuban trade,
talking up the Castro menace throughout
artillery, and communications equipment,
plus supplies for a floundering economy?
The Kremlinologists constantly remind us
that Moscow seldom acts from a single
motive. We have two explanations for the
Soviet move. One is that Moscow cannot
afford, in terms of world prestige, to see its
Cuban ally collapse in economic chaos. This
would be no advertisement for communism.
Ergo, Moscow must sail to the rescue, and
with sufficient military equipment to make
Senor Castro invulnerable to internal revolt
or small-scale amphibious attack.
The other explanation is that Moscow sees
a way to make big trouble, close to home, for
the United States; sees a chance to fortify a
base for revolution that can reach out to
all of Latin America; sees an opportunity to
build a technological redoubt which can even
track U.S. space experiments from Cape
Canaveral.
Actually, the weighty probability is that
both explanations will prove true. Having
moved in to save the Cuban economy, Pre-
mier Khrushchev will exploit his leasehold
to the full.
The question facing President Kennedy is
what Moscow's boosted intervention will do
to the "peace and safety" of the United
States, which the original Monroe Doctrine
was summoned up to protect.
Cuba as a creaking semi-Communist state
was no great menace. Cuba as a Soviet-
bloc state so heavily armed as to shift the
military power balances in Latin America is
a much bigger menace.
But if Cuba ever came to mean, to Pre-
r tier Khrushchev or 'anyone else, that the
United States, for fear of nuclear conse-
quences, would hesitate to act when its
peace and safety" was threatened, then this
would be the biggest peril of all.
This latter prospect was directly implicit
In the reporter's question about the Monroe
Doctrine.
[From the Seafarers Log, August 1962]
NATO GOES CUBAN, MOVES RED CARGO
The current mass shipment of food, arms,
and technical equipment from the Soviet
bloc to Cuba has been accomplished with the
aid of some of the closest allies of the United
States in the North Atlantic Treaty Organ-
ization. Shipowners in Britain, Norway, and
Greece, among other countries supplied
most of the tonnage running to Havana and
other Cuban ports. The "emergency" ship-
ments were made necessary by Cuba's failure
to provide enough of the necessities of life for
her people, under the present Communist
system. President Kennedy disclosed that
the United States had discussed the Cuban
shipping excursions by NATO country ship-
owners and said he would make every effort
to have them curtailed.
.The move by our allies to ship Communist
supplies to Cuba is considered a direct con-
tradiction of NATO policy, which is to stand
firm against the Communist menace. Any
weakening of this structure could have severe
repercussions to the Western World.
Mr. KEATING.- Mr. President, the
continuing issue in Cuba, as Marguerite
17879
Higgins had so succinctly put it in her
latest column "is not whether the So-
viet-supplied missiles are offensive or
defensive or whether Soviet officers are
in Bermuda shorts rather than battle
gear," but whether or not our policy of
hesitation and restraint is not encourag-
ing the Soviets to press harder.
The same sentiments, in effect, were
expresed by Robert Frost on his return
from the Soviet Union, when he said:
Khrushchev said he feared for U.S. mod-
ern liberals. He said we were too liberal to
fight. I suppose he thought we'd stand
there the next hundred years saying, "On
the one hand; but on the other hand."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD the perceptive article by Mar-
guerite Higgins.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
RUFFIANSHIP VERSUS RESTRAINT
(By Marguerite Higgins)
WASHINGTON.-The key issue in Cuba is
not whether the Soviet-supplied missiles are
offensive or defensive or whether Soviet of-
ficers are in Bermuda shorts rather than
battle gear. The issue is whether American
policies of so-called restraint tempt the
Russians into putting on more pressure
everywhere or whether U.S. restraint will be
rewarded by Soviet restraint.
So far, President Kennedy, with, of
course, the most honorable of motives, has
most often taken the advice of those officials
who counseled caution even at the price of
letting the Russians get away with a slice
here and a slice there of the U.S. world
position in areas ranging from the Far East
to central Europe to the Caribbean.
The President himself at a press confer-
ence stated part of the rationale for this
attitude by indicating that America had to
be cautious in Cuba because action against
the Communist incursions there might re-
sult in Soviet counteractions in places like
Berlin.
But what a tragedy if, for example, the
initial slowness of American reaction should
prove one day to be the factor that de-
cided Khrushchev to authorize a new- em of
brinkmanship in Berlin by threatening to
use the missiles newly emplaced along the
Western air corridors to the city.
And with a new crisis boiling up, it seems
important to' bring to the surface what has
been known for several months to insiders in
Washington. This is that Americans of
great stature, both in and out of Govern-
ment, Democrats as well as Republicans, are
now asking whether President Kennedy will
preside over the decline of America as a.great
power.
Perhaps this seems unduly alarmist at
a time when America is so psychologically
attuned that headlines give greater atten-
tion to a "satisfactory conversation" be-
tween the American Secretary of. the In-
terior and the Premier of the Soviet Union
than to dispatches from Berlin saying that
Russians have riddled an American military
car with 40 machinegun bullets.
But nonetheless the question is being
asked and soon, it can be predicted, will be
put on the public record because the men
involved know that the issues are too cru-
cial to go undebated.
Indeed, some of President Kennedy's ad-
visers most closely connected with the Berlin
situation feel that in the coming months
the United States is risking the most seri-
ous-and needless-confrontation with the
Russians in Berlin because this country-
not just in Europe but also in Cuba and
elsewhere-has not faced up to the possi-
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17$$~~ CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD -SENATE
'blilty' that'! hAtion'vis-a-vis the Russians KEATxxc, said "the United States may well
often ux s greater risk than action, be toying with some Soviet deal to link the'
As President Kenn edy-b mself once re- two," adding:
marl,ci atmospherics have their uses, and "In some of his most recent utterances, the
the tixrae to send sharps diplomatic protests President has spoken of the two crises in the
to Moscow, to summon the Soviet Ambassa- same breath and has in effect urged a `wait
dor tox stern confrontations was'at the be- and see' attitude."
ginning: That is, at the moment that he KEATING said the United States must make
first Soviet ship of the recent armada (which clear to the people of'Cuba and the people of
everybody knew was on the way) headed Berlin and to people everywhere, "that no
Cuba. in July. The Yong silence on such deal. is'in the cards."
'toward
this score plus official attemlits'to play down The article was sent out by the Associ-
the importance of it all was an invitatfon,
the argument goes, fox Moscow` to belf ve ated Press, and I assume it was pub-
that America was looking for a way to evade lished in other newspapers throughout
the challenge. the country.
Moscow's reaction, of course, was very un- Mr. President, these references in the
gentlemanly. For instead of playing Wash- morning's press to statements, purport-
ington's game, Moscow threw its challenge edly made by the distinguished Senator
contemptuously in America's teeth by openly from New York [Mr. KEATING], to which
announcing to the world that it was sending
military personnel and supplies to Cuba. I have referred, and which use such
There- is a conviction in many responsible words as "deal" or "a horse trade" be-
quarters that a straight and tough stand tween the United States and Russia over
the beginning would have greatly in- Berlin and Cuba must, I think, be dis-
hibited the Soviets-and still might. None- cussed on the floor of the Senate.
theless, it is a great mistake i;o rule out pub- Mr. President, the Senator from New
licly w'iatever means m ight be necessary to York is a most responsible Member of
curb Soviet intrusion, ilncluiiing a blockade
and all that flows from that. How can this body whose understanding of foreign
promises of any sort of immunity helpbut policy problems is deep and far reaching.
embolden such an opponent'! _ He knows, _for example, the difference
For Robert Frost spoke true and well in between a fact and a rumor in the inter-
Moscow when he described Premier F,hru- national situation. He knows that a
shchev.as both a ruffian and_a great man. sense of discernment between fact and
Ruffian ship has never been inconsistent with rumor is. essential if Senate discussion
greatness, and the gentlemanly approach to
international politics has never impressed of foreign policy is to help to minimize
the Bolsheviks. rather than complicate, the enormous
Indeed, just 18 months ago, Premier,Khiu- burdens which the President' bears in
shchev created a stir in diplomatic circles by these mn;tters. He knows, further, that
this remark on Cuba: ":How am I, to, believe President Kennedy did not create either
that Kennedy is serious about Berlin when the present Berlin situation or the pres-
he permitted the failure of the invasion of
the Bay of Pigs? After all, Cuba is at Amer- ent Cuban situation; that both were in
lea's own back door." This was, of course, 'existence long before he took office. He
a conversational probe and Khrushchevlater knows, too, I am sure, that the President
indicated he did not subscribe entirely to his is doing the best he can to deal with both
own thesis. issues in. a way which safeguards the
But,, here in. Washington, advocates of a Nation and the interests of all of us. He
firm line earnestly warn that nothing less knows, finally, that the President, as we
than, the future of this country is at stake all are, is most concerned that American
unless President Kennedy becomes con- lives not be expended unnecessaril
vinced of this proposition: That the risk of, Y
?counterpressure to Soviet thrusts' is, less through rashness or error in Cuba or
than the risk of doing iaoth.ng because the Berlin.
greatest danger is that the next time lchiu- Knowing how deep is the sense of
shchev says America is afraid he might really responsibility of the Senator from New
believe it. York, and his utter lack of partisan-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, 'in ship where matters of great national
the middle of the front page of the concern are involved, I am somewhat at
Baltimore Sun of today, Monday, Sep- a loss to _understand the news reports
tember 10, 1962, is an article entitled in this morning's press about a deal with
"Russian `Horse Trade' Hinted-KEAT- Russia over Cuba and Berlin.
ING Says United .States May Be Eyeing I am :riot quite sure what kind of a
Cuba-Berlin Deal." deal could ,be. involved; but the Senator
I should like to read excerpts from the must know, since he speaks of it. It
-article, as follows: appears to be a most serious deal. And
Senator KEATING said today "a horse trade" since the Senator from New York has
with Russia, in Cuba and Berlin may be in referred to it, and the Senator is a
the wind and branded It as a betrayal, most responsible man, _I presume that
Further:
KEATING said reports circule,ting here "sug-
gest that the Soviet Union may want to put
Cuba and Berlin up on the auction block
togethe:r for a diplomatic deal that would
make some of our most hard. boiled negotia-
tors blush."
the report has a serious foundation. It
is always possible, of course, that the
Senator was. merely speculating on pos-
sible developments in a grave situation.
The press may have misinterpreted his
speculation. What was the Senator's
fancy may have become fact by the
_And, again: _ peculiar chemistry in which the press
"In brass-tacks language," he said, it But I would. most 'certainly like to
would mean that Premier li:hrushchev has know from the Senator from New York
Berlin, ; we'll lay told ill lK off on ff on Cub i Cub b x. s. lay But off
if you on himself whether such was the case. If
press us in, Berlin, then we will put the he was speculating, that would be an
September 10
But if the Senator from New York
was doing more than speculating, if he
knows of a deal involving a "horse
trade" on Cuba and Berlin, that is a
completely different matter. I am sure
that the Senator from New, 'ork, would
agree that this is critical .inf,'ormation
of the greatest importance to the Na-
tion. I am sure, too, that the Senator
from New York would agree further that
the President should also have access
to this critical information and its
source, since the President, beyond talk-
ing or speculating, has the responsi-
bility for decisions involving the very
lives of Americans with respect both to
Berlin and -Cuba, as well as elsewhere.
So I would ask the Senator from New
York, whether or not he, has specific
information that a deal is being worked
out, or is even being seriously contem-
plated, involving some kind of trade as
between the situations in Berlin and
Cuba; and, if so, can he give the Senate
the details and his source of informa-
tion?
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I ap-
preciate the remarks of the distinguished
Senator from Montana, our majority
leader, whom we all deeply respect.
The news account to which he has re-
ferred, referred to a television program
in Buffalo, in which I was very careful
to say that the linking of Cuba and
Berlin as a deal was a rumor which was
prevalent in Washington; and I am sure
the distinguished majority leader has
not in these remarks for the first time
heard-the rumor that such a deal might
be made.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, at
this point will the Senator from New
York yield?
Mr. KEATING. I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I must admit in all
honesty that I have never heard of a
"deal" being made relative to a combina-
tion of matters affecting Cuba and Berlin.
Of course I have heard the President and
Members on this floor, the present
Speaker included, in discussing the
Cuban situation, mention the fact that
the responsibilities of the President were
worldwide in nature; in addition to hav-
ing to keep an eye on Cuba, he also had
to watch conditions in Berlin, in south-
east Asia, in the Middle East, in Africa,
and in the Far East, in the region of
Formosa, as well. There are other points
which could be mentioned.
But I must admit-and I say this most
sincerely-that I have never heard of any
kind of "deal" which would affect the in-
terrelationship of Berlin and Cuba, inso-
far as the policy of our President is
concerned.
Mr. KEATING. Of course, Mr. Pres-
ident, I accept as a fact the statement of
the majority leader.
If the word "deal" were not used, per-
haps the majority leader has previously
heard the rumor that these were all part
and parcel of one proposal.
Perhaps it would clarify the situation
to include following my remarks excerpts
from such respected publications as U.S.
News & World Report and the North-
ern Virginia Sun which include just such
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CON
9RESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
17881
reports. I ask unanimous consent that
these two articles be printed at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the two ar-
ticles were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD" as follows:
[From V.S. News & World'Iteport]
Wax over Cuba, involving the United States
with Russia, is moving closer, now that the
'Soviets have an advanced military base just
oft the coast of Florida.
President Kennedy, on aeptember 7, asked
Congress for authority to call up to 150,000
reservists. Main reason: The Russians' move
into Cuba.
Soviet submarines, based on Cuba, are ex-
pected soon to lie athwart strategic lifelines
of the United States to the Panama Canal, to
the oil and raw materials of South America,
ready to help Castro's Reds move. to the
mainland.
Missile-carrying Soviet submarines, based
on Cuba, would threaten U.S. cities. Cuba,
military leaders say, is an ideal base for high-
accuracy missiles that can cover the heart of
the United States,
In late 1959,, long before the armed power
of the, Soviet Union moved into Cuba, Sam-
uel Flagg Bemis, professor of diplomatic
history and inter-American relations at Yale
University, wrote an article for U.S. News &
World Report. Professor Bemis, an out-
standing authority in his field, warned that
Communist power established in the Carib-
bean could "tip the balance of power fatally
against the United States in the present
deadly crisis of power and politics which
we call the 'cold war.' "
With Cuba as a Soviet base, the United
States suddenly finds itself engaged with
threats from the four points of the compass-
from Cuba on the s uth and along the Atlan-
tic seaboard, from Russia against Berlin and
Western Europe on the east, from Russia over
the North Pole, from Russia and Red China
to the west. Mr. Bemis warned in 1959 that
"we simply cannot allow that to happen."
Now that it has happened and that the
Soviets are involving the United States on a
fourth front, the' whole problem of Cuba is
taking an a new dimension-one that admit-
tedly is far more dangerous to the security
of the United States than at any time in
,the past.
A POLICY` THAT, FAILED
Soviet power, now firmly planted in the
Caribbean, marks the collapse of a U.S. policy
followed since Cuban exiles were allowed
to invade Castro's Cuba without air cover or
support in 1961.
American policy, up to this month, had
been "to allow Cuba to wither on the vine."
U.S. officials talked until recent days of iso-
lating Cuba.
The idea at the highest level of the Ken-
East. Chinese Communist will move, against
Formosa or prod North Koreans to move into
South Korea.
With Khrushchev of Russia and Mao of
Red China working together during a Cuban
showdown, the United States could find it-
self swinging in all directions.
Cuba under Soviet domination is described
by military men as throwing the United
States off balance.
SOVIET BUILDUP
Armed forces within Cuba are gaining sub-
stantial strength.
President Kennedy himself,, on September
4, reported that the Russians without doubt
have put ground-to-air missiles similar to
the early U.S. Nike-Ajax into Cuba. Mr.
Kennedy also confirmed that there are now
Soviet-made torpedo boats with ship-to-ship
guided missiles in Cuba.
In addition, Castro has at least 60 opera-
tional Mig fighters, Soviet-made tanks and
Russian 122-millimeter artillery plus other
guns in quantity, modern antiaircraft guns,
considerable numbers of Soviet jeeps and
trucks, quantities of radar and other elec-
tronic equipment. Small arms, including
the latest machineguns from Communist
Czechoslovakia and ammunition for such
arms, have been supplied in quantity.
Main factor in Soviet aid, as confirmed by
the President's statement, is a minimum of
3500 Russians, described by British news-
n}en in Cuba who saw them as "brawny
young men * * * tanned * * * fit and
constantly in training." An eyewitness re-
port by one of the British observers set the
number of these Russians at "from 5,000 to
8,000."
, Senator KENNETH B. KEATING, Republican,
of New York, said that there were 5,000 Rus-
sian troops-not technicians-already in
Cuba.
Such doubly confirmed reports, differing
only as to the number which admittedly is
growing day by day as Soviet freighters and
personnel carriers arrive in Cuba, appear to
be in line with earlier reports of Khru-
shchev's personal pledge to Raul Castro,
brother of Fidel, It supposedly was made
to Raill on his visit to Russia some months
ago.
The Cuban, Defense Minister in his broth-
er's dictatorship, asked Khrushchev to take
Cuba into protection of the Warsaw Pact
grouping. Khrushchev is said to have re-
plied: "I will do better than that. I will
send Russians to Cuba."
There are no reliable reports as yet that
nuclear warheads or long-range missiles
capable of delivering them on U.S. cities
have been placed in Cuba. Chances are, ex-
perts say, that Khrushchev would insist on
keeping such weapons aboard Russia's nu-
clear submarines, which, however, could use
Cuban bases.
nedy administration has been to base this 'Dean Rusk, U.S. Secretary of State, sum-
country's Cuban policy on the premise that nioned the Ambassadors of the Latin Amer-
the dictator of Cuba, in the end, would fall lean countries to the State Department on
as the result of an economic breakskown. September 5 to give them information gath-
Soviet boss Nikita Khrushchev, by throw- eyed by the United States on the flow of So-
ing in economic aid to bolster Cuba's econ- ' viet military personnel and materiel to Cuba.
omy and military aid to stiffen its defenses President Kennedy, in his statement of
and give the Reds striking power, has coun- September 4, declared that if there were ag-
tered that lr',S,, policy. Castro, in effect, is gression from Cuba against any other part
covered by a Soviet guarantee against fail- of the western Hemisphere, then the United
ure. States would act. Threat from Cuba, as the
tart' means, appears to the world, is to accept the build-
Here again, however, President Kennedy up of Cuba as a 'Soviet base without using
finds himself bOxedin by Khrushchev, now military force to prevent that buildup.
that Soviet power has been taken to Cuba. Policy now is to avoid shooting.
The box: Let the United States, make a With the Russians thus established on an
move against Castro in Cuba, and Khru- island base within the Western Hemisphere,
schev will heat up the Berlin crisis, move however, there are real chances of serious
into Laos, strike at Iran or into the Middle Incidents. The U.S. base at Guantanamo Is
No. 162-11
in more danger. Trouble for Venezuela,
Guatemala, Panama, and other countries on
the Latin American mainland is more likely
than ever.
WHAT IT WILL TAKE
Congressional leaders, by September 7.
were agreed it might take U.S. military ac-
tion in Cuba to remove the threat to U.S.
security. Republican leaders urged legisla-
tion giving Mr. Kennedy authority to make
what military move he deemed necessary.
It was then that the President asked au-
thority to call 150,000 reservists.
If it comes to a fight to oust Castro's
dictatorship, the conflict may be bloody.
U.S. soldiers in Cuba would find themselves
up against not just Cuban Reds, but Rus-
sians too.
War over Cuba, discounted by administra-
tion leaders until recent weeks, has been
brought closer by Khrushchev's act of mov-
ing Soviet arms and military men into an
island of the Americas.
[From the Northern Virginia Sun]
ALL TRAFFIC HARASSING EXPECTED; 1961 NOTE
WARNED UNITED STATES ON CUBA
(By Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott)
The East Germans are expected to soon be-
gin harrassing the allies' Berlin air traffic
with newly installed electronic counter
equipment.
These electronic devices, similar to those
being installed in Cuba, are showing up
along the three air corridors linking West
Berlin to West Germany.
U.S. Intelligence estimates warn that the
ECE stations are being readied to blockade
the corridors by jamming the guidance con-
trol systems of allied aircraft flying into the
big Templehof Airfield in West Berlin.
By really intensive use of these and other
methods, the East Germans, if backed by the
Soviets, can effectively block the corridors
according to U.S. military experts. Planes
flying these airlanes because of bad weather
in the fall and winter months must depend
about 80 percent of the time on radio
guidance from ground control stations.
Already the Soviet puppet East German
regime is preparing to justify this warlike
takeover by listing the corridors as East
Germbn Republic airlanes in documents
circulated to all countries recognizing the
Communist government.
Copies of these explosive documents, ob-
tained by U.S. intelligence agents are being
carefully examined for their full significance
by State Department experts on East Ger-
man-Soviet affairs.
One opinion of these experts is that Soviet
Premier Khrushchev is planning to use the
East Germans to touch off a brandnew war
of nerves over West Berlin to determine if
the United States will stand firm.
Also that Khrushchev will link the East
German blockade of the corridors closely
with the use of ECE measures against U.S.
planes flying over and around Cuba.
THE SECRET NOTE
Although the communication was never
made public, Khrushchev sent a blunt note
to President Kennedy in April 1961 threat-
ening West Berlin if the United States used
troops against Cuba. This alarming note
was delivered to the White House on the
weekend before the ill-fated Cuban invasion.
A congressional source, who knows the
whole story about the note, says that it
scared McGeorge Bundy, the chief foreign
policy adviser in the White House, into pre-
vailing on the President to call off U.S. air
strikes. planned to help the Cuban rebels
bomb out Castro's air force on the invasion
eve.
This could explain why such a note was
not made public-because it would make
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 17882
NG-R SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE - - September
quo guides our foreign policy. in the same television address, as the
;It, M[ght also shed new light on why first and foremost point:
Khrus chev_ Is ao boldly sending "an esti-
? First and foremost, we must make clear
Viseted op,OO militgvithary "t fear isms" and ad= to the peo;?le of Cuba and the people of
Pisers to Cuba out feftr of U.S, counter Berlin and e
clear to all the peoples
uall
`
q
y
mili
tese action -of Latin America and the peoples of Ger-
These_ehi Soviet threats ase one of the and Europe 'that no such deal is in
rags oM Mb-oh-find ce'Piesident LYNDOx Jol3N= many cards,
?ON's trip to-Turkey, Greece, and Italy. He
Is obtaining assurances from Western lead- The objective of these remarks and
ersof those NATO allies that they will sup- others which the Senator from New York
port U.S. military action. If necessary, to has made has been to stiffen our position
break any -Communist air blockade. with regard to Cuba and to say to the
. Before leaving on this trip, like-President president and the administration that
Joxxsox told a small gathering at his Some
that botl-i President Kennedy and he ex- there Is backing in the Congress for a
pected Hhrushchev to move against West fliore vigorous position, a harder posi-
Berlin last year. -tion, with regard to the Cuban-situation,
He said, this estimate was tY a reason why and, indeed, as regards Berlin.
President Kennedy called up Reserve units to Both Houses of the Congress, in my
buildup U.S. forces in Western Europe. ,udgment, will respond tokeeping Cuba
NEW oarsxs BSEWIML4 . ,and Berlin 'entirely separate and dis-
The Jo"..nt Chiefs of Staff now believe that tinct, and in not making a concession on
'
ushchev may try
1962 is the year that Khr
to force the West out of West Berlin. - This
military evaluation is supported by a
Swedish intelligence report that Khrushchev
is planning to create an incident and use it
as an excuse to send Soviet troops into West
Berlin. _
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, '
the Senator from New York will yield at
this point, I would say `he is correct in
that respect. I`have heard[ mention of
Cuba, Berlin, southeast Asia, the Middle
East, and whatnot, all together: So
mention of them has been made, but
never, to the best of my knowledge, with
the connotation of a deal attached.
Mr. KEATING. The distinguished
Senator from California [hfr. E car
who rep'tied, one day last week: to an'ad
dress which I had previously made about
Cuba, and whose address ifas been chal=
lenged'today by the distinguished Sen
ator from Connecticut [Mr. none] oh
important, vital particulariiL-stated` as
a part of his address, that when Presi-
dent Kennedy was asked about a- State-
ilient made by the Senator from India-
ana[Mr. CAPEHART], calling for'a'.8
invasion of Cuba, to stop; the -flow of
t
d
en
Soviet men and supple a, the Presi
in which he has raised this question,
said and the reassurance-which is the im-
The United states has obligations--- all, portant thing-which I consider implicit
around the world, including West Berlin and in his remark to the effect that no deal
other areas, which are very sensitive, and,
therefore, I think that in considering what -or arrangement has been made, or, in-
appropriate action we should take, we nave deed, will be made, to trade off anything
to consider the totality of our obligations to-do with Berlin against anything to do
and also the responsibilities which we bear with CubE..
in so many different parts of the world- Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, Will
Adding: =- the Senator wield briefly at that point?
In response to your specific question, we--, Mr. KE:ATING. I yield.
do not have information that troops'have; - Mr. MANSFIELD. I am indebted to
come into Cuba. the Senator from New York for his clan-
That was on August 30. f _ 3flcation of the news story. There is no
In the text of the statement which the ideal affecting the interrelationship of
president made on Cuba, this statement these two areas, Cuba and Berlin. I ex-
was made., press the hope that, if anyone ever sug-
The Cuban question must be consider d -Bested such a possibility, he would im-
as a part of the worldwide challenge posed mediately contact the President of the
by Communist threats to the peace. It must -United States, who is, of course, in charge
be dealt with as a part of the larger issue of our foreign policy, and who, I think,
as well 'as. the context oe this special rela would-be most happy to set the record
The fact that the majority ~Teader, who
so ably and so loyally represents the ad-
ministration on this floor, has made the
statement which he has-riamely~, that
there is no relationship' between the
one in order to get a concession on the
other, and in standing abosolutely firm
on Berlin, and at the same time in taking
more vigorous steps than any which have
been taken to date to prevent further
shipping of military equipment and
=Military personnel into Cuba.
The Senator from New York is well
aware of the problems which the Presi-
dent faces, and it is not his desire to
add to these problems.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. KEATING. In just a moment.
The responsibility of the President is
to make the final decisions; and it is an
awesome responsibility in the face of
world events as they exist today.
I thank my- friend and colleague from
Montana for his reference to the fact
that I have tried to be responsible.
I have been critical, but I have tried
to be responsible in such criticism. I
shall cont:.nue to be, but I shall not hes-
itate to speak out at any time when I feel
that additional facts should be brought
out.
I again express my gratitude to the
Senator from Montana for the manner
straight on any occasion when such a
.situation was placed before him.
r. E. i TNG: 'Whe-n'I received a call
from the Secretary of State this morn-
ing, that is exactly what I said to him-
that a statement by the President or the
are not part and parcel of one transac-
tion, to be traded off against each other,
would be the very best way to set the
record straight. I still think it would be.
But the fact that the distinguished ma-
jority leader has made this statement on
the floor gives me great confidence that
that is the situation.
Let me further say that I recollect
when I approached the State Depart-
ment in mid-August asking for a report
on the Soviet landings, I received, after
2 weeks, a reply that was so uninforma-
tive as to be virtually useless.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. KEATING. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. I am pleased that the
Senator from New York has had this
colloquy with the majority leader grow-
ing out of the telecast program that he
has already -explained to the Senate;
but I would like to make these comments,
if he would permit me to do so, apropos
his observations.
I assure the Senator from New York
that President Kennedy does not barter
freedom. Freedom is not for barter, and
It would be unthinkable that President
Kennedy for a moment would relate Ber-
lin and Cuba for negotiating purposes in-
any negotiations with Russia.
As chairman of the Subcommittee on
Latin American Affairs, I want to say
that the President of the United States
has no intention whatsoever of linking
the two in any negotiation, because the
two could not be linked without just
such ugly rumors as the Senator said he
heard arising in Washington-namely,
that the President of the United States
is bartering freedom.
I would have us all remember that in
the very critical situation involving Cuba
there must be complete unity among us
in supporting the right arm of the Pres-
ident of the United States. In the very
delicate and difficult crises that exist
around the world, it is very easy, I think,
in the field of semantics, to link Cuba
and Berlin; but they are urilinkable in
that each crisis involves its own set of
facts.
I say to the Senator from New York
and the American people that they can
rest assured that the President of the
United States does not trade off freedom
in any negotiation in any field of for-
eign policy.
My subcommittee is maintaining very
close contact with this administration.
For example, Monday afternoon at 4:30,
we are to have a conference with the
United States Ambassador to the Or-
ganization of American States, Am-
bassador Morrison. Tomorrow, we will
meet with other State Department offi-
cials on the same subject. As chairman
of the subcommittee, I have taken the
position from the very beginning of this
crisis that we must be kept informed
with regard to what is going on. I think
we are. The Senator from New York
and the American people can rest as-
sured that these crises are being con-
sidered in their separable, individual na-
tures. and they are not being considered
in any negotiating package. Let me as-
sure the Senator from New York of that
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 17883
The Senator will share my point of
view that the time has come when we
must ascertain the position of our as-
sociates in the Western Hemisphere,
members of the Organization of Ameri-
can States, as to what the course of
action should be, if there is to be joint
action, in regard to the threat of the
establishment of a Russian-Communist
beachhead in Cuba. I think there is
grave danger that such a beachhead
might very well be established.
One of the most delicate problems we
have-it is very risky even to comment
on it publicly, but it should be com-
mented on-is the problem involving the
Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine
is not dead, but I do not think the Mon-
roe Doctrine is the doctrine it was when
it was first established by the United
States, or when we enforced it 50 or 75
years ago. In part-and note my lan-
guage-it was established in order to
guarantee to our neighbors to the south
of us that we would protect them, as
well as ourselves, from any possible over-
running of them, or any one of them, by
a foreign power.
We carried that out, although, as we
know, the historians have written that
in the early decades we carried it out
through the British fleet. After all, our
great ally, Great Britain, enforced the
Monroe Doctrine for a good many years,
in that other foreign nations knew if
they sought to exercise any extraterrito-
rial ambitions over Latin America we
would stand firm on the Monroe Doc-
trine but., the Monroe Doctrine would,
in those days, be enforced by the British
fleet.
y A great many changes have occurred
since the initiation of the Monroe Doc-
trine. For example, the section which
declares that we will not become involved
in European affairs is a completely dead
letter. Insofar as it relates to this hem-
isphere, it is a two-pronged doctrine;
and let us never forget it. It is a doc-
trine in which we made clear that from
the standpoint of our Own national se-
curity we did not propose to have for-
eign powers establish extraterritorial
rights in the Western Hemisphere. But
we also said we were opposed to that
because we were going to protect our
neighbors to the south who, in that time
of history, were exceedingly weak na-
tions and could have been easily over-
run if they could not rely upon their
great neighbor to the north to come to
their defense and assistance if necessary.
In our conferences in Latin.America
for some time past we? have found that
the' attitude of. our Latin American
friends today in some instances is not
the attitude they adopted at the time
the Monroe Doctrine was first initiated.
This is a delicate subject, but some of
them have taken the position-and it
is well recognized-that any carrying out
of any policy of the Monroe Doctrine
as originally contemplated by the United
States, so far as Latin American coun-
tries are concerned, would have to be
done with their complete consent, co-
operation, and association. In other,
words the Latin Americans question the
right of the tfinited States to take the
position that It
can say to any foreign
power, ""Your relationships with country
X, Y, or Z in Latin America are going
to be', determined by the United States."
So we enter into areas of conflict,
which require the exercise of very,deli-
cate diplomacy.
During World War II, we negotiated
a series of treaties and declarations by
Western Hemisphere nations which
sought to make incursions by Axis Pow-
ers into the hemisphere the subject of
combined opposition and resistance by
the signatories.
We sought, in other words, to en-
force the Monroe Doctrine not unilater-
ally, but through hemispheric action.
That Is how we changed the concept
of the Monroe Doctrine during World
War II relative to the German-Italian
Japanese axis.
Since then, we have done much the
same', thing relative to communism. We
have held a series of conferences in an
effort to keep communism out of this
hemisphere not simply as U.S. policy and
by U.S. action but as a policy and action
of the OAS.
I do not know of any country which
signed the act of Punta del Este which
would not want to cooperate with us
in stemming the establishment of com-
munism in Latin America by way either
of a beachhead in Cuba or of a Com-
munist taking over of X, Y, or Z country
in ' Latin America, for there is a recog-
nition that if that should happen in
Latin America to one country, or to two
or three, it could very well extend
through the hemisphere.
!'here have been in the press some
rather excited editorials whose writers
have 1 not taken into account that the
Monroe Doctrine today is not the Mon-
roe Doctrine established by President
Monroe, because of these changes in the
attitude of some of our Latin Ameri-
can friends in regard to the applicability
of the Monroe Doctrine to certain types
of facts now. I only mention it in pass-
ing in this discussion, because it ought
to be noted in the RECORD.
So' the senior Senator from Oregon
believes our subcommittee ought to
know what is going on within the
Organization of American States and
within the council of the Organization
of American States. To that end I asked
Ambassador Morrison this morning if he
would make himself available to give us
a very informal executive briefing in re-
gard; to the Organization of American
States, as we have a right to ask. He
has the privilege of giving it or of not
giving it. I am sure he will give it.
We have asked officials of the State
Department-either the Secretary of
State or the Assistant Secretary of State
for Latin American Affairs-to give us a
briefing tomorrow in regard to this whole
issue vis-a-vis Cuba. and other Latin
American states.
I appreciate the generosity of the
Senator from New York in letting me
make these comments at this length. I
am about through. I felt that in the
midst of this colloquy with the majority
leader I owed it to my administration
to in ake the statements I made.
close by saying that I want the
I
American people to know that they have
every reason to place complete faith in
the President of the United States, ir-
respective of their partisanship relative
to this Cuban crisis, for the President
of the United States has not placed Cuba
and Berlin on the barter market.
The President is seeking to defend
freedom both in Cuba and in Berlin on
the basis of the facts involved in each
crisis, and they are different in some re-
spects. The coinmon objective is not
different; it is our policy in both places
that freemen are not to be Overridden by
communism without American support
of freemen. _ We intend to support free-
dom where freemen are willing to stand
up and fight for freedom.
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, it is
very heartening to have this additional
assurance from the distinguished Sen-
ator from Oregon, who acts as the chair-
man of the important subcommittee
dealing, with Latin American affairs of
the Committee on Foreign Relations, and
to hear from his lips the assertion that
no effort will be made to relate Berlin
to Cuba in connection with any negotia-
tions.
I hope that when the President Is
asked again' about the situation he will
make that very clear. If he is going
to say that the United States has obliga-
tions all around the world, including
West Berlin and other areas, and if he
is going to say that the Cuban question
must be considered as a part of the
worldwide challenge posed by Commu-
nist threats to the peace, then the very
delineation which has been made by the
Senator from Oregon might be' added, in
order that it might be made perfectly
clear to the American people-because
I am sure that is what they want-that
there is no negotiation as between these
two situations, and there will be no con-
cessions made on the one issue in order
to get concessions on the other.
I also wish to make it clear, knowing
the President of the United States, hav-
ing served with him, that there is not
one doubt in my mind for a moment as
to his intentions, his patriotism, or his
desire to do the right thing under the
circumstances. If'these colloquies serve
no other purpose, I hope they will serve
the purpose of making it clear to the
President's advisers that the Congress
is behind the President in any decision
which he may make'which is a firm one,
a solid one, one in which interests are
not paired off one against the other.
I commend the Senator from Oregon
for his action in trying to get' from the
members of the Organization of Ameri-
can States some information as to what
their attitude will be. That is very im-
portant. 'We should make every effort to
proceed in concert with our friends of the
Latin American Republics. When I
made four suggestions the other day, the
second- suggestion was that we try to do
that very thing. The Senator from Ore-
gon is on the right track on that point.
I must add one word about the Mon-
roe Doctrine. It is now undergoing a
reinterpretation. Before the Senator
from Oregon came to the Chamber, the
distinguished Senator from Connecticut
(Mr. DODDI was speaking on that sub-'
ject. I think perhaps the Senator from
Oregon did not hear him. The Senator
from Connecticut said that if we say that
the Monroe Doctrine does not apply, per-
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] 7$64 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -.SENATE September 10
hops in all candor we should say that it must k?e ignored. But that has nothing by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting
zoo larger exists., In a colloquy with reP- to do with the Monroe Doctrine, I re-
eir@lil~e to the Monroe Doi tliile.isajd that spectfully point out. That has to do
I thi nk it applies in Cuba . I do not think with J ,4e, responsibility of our Govern-
it is an answer to say That the Cuban nient to, keep America secure from the
Ggve.rnme~t invited in i,he. Soviets, and danger of a Communist beachhead so
ther(fore. the Mouuc'e D~)ctrine does npt close to our shores that our own security
apply in a case in which a country in
may become endangered.
vitas, in a foreign power. If we are ,go- I made that. comment in effect the
lug to accept the Monroe Doctrine as other clay on the floor of the Senate when
President Monroe enunciated it, I point i was dicussing that problem much more
out that he expressly covered such?a briefly with the colleague of the Senator
situation as that. He said? -that soi>}e from New York [Mr. JAVITS7. I say noth-
foreign power might try to impose_u on ing here today that I did not intend to
one' of our southern brethren- ,in
make olear_ the other day, except I did
one of the Latin American Republics-a not go into that detail,
form of government they did not want. If the Senator would permit me, I
That is exactly what has happened in should like to ask unanimous consent to
if we say that Cuba is out, and have printed in the RECORD, after the
lye' i'lo'iv, have a Monroe Senator's comments, that part of a lec-
one, then if there is a -coup d'etat in ture that I gave at the University of
some; other country and that country Arizona at Tucson some months ago, in
calls in Soviet Russia, the Communist which I discussed some of the problems
Chinese, or some other power, then.., we involving the Monroe Doctrine.
will liave a Monroe Doctrine minus to. Taking what I have said here this af-
Are we going to keep the Monroeoc- - ternoon plus the lecture' which I gave
pie alive? Certainly th.e American peo- at the University of Arizona at Tucson,
plc look upon it as a very,importantart
of our policy. If we are going to scrap there could not be any possibility of any-
it, ignore it or completely reinter yet one one misunderstanding the position of
I think we must make clear wa tye the senior Senator from Oregon on this
are doing. I do not think we can ipter- -very delicate subj ect, unless one merely
pret it in such a way as to keep it viable, wishes to misunderstand it.
mid say that it does not apply if a coup Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
try invites in a foreign European power sent to have printed in the RECORD fol-
or an outside power no matter wlwat J11e lowing the speech of the, Senator from,
government is that is e; atils ld- here, New York my lecture at the University
whether it is the will of the people or not. of Arl2;ona at Tucson some months -ago
Mr.' MORSE. Mr. President, will the dealing with the Monroe Doctrine.
Senator yield? The f? SIDING OF..k'ICER (Mr. HART
Mr. KEATING. I yie)~ the chair). Is there objection? The
Mr. MORSE. I am glad the SenatQr Chair hears none, and it is so ordered.
from New York has raised those points, (See exhibit I.)
because I would be calxip[eteTy misund'er- Mr. KEAT[NG, Mr. President, I
stood, or I would have co;npletel failed _ thank the Senator for his contribution.
.to present my view if I read in the REC- I yield the floor.
oRD any statement that iyuld-be subject EXHIBIT I
to the possible interpretation that the
Senator from New 3. rorkmay be maki PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN LATIN AMERICA
ng
of what I have previous'.y said here this (Remarks of Senator WAYNE MORSE at the
1962 International Forum, University of
afternoon.
Certainly Cuba eai[not determine Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., Feb. 22, 1962)
whether or not there is a MonI Oe_ I)oC-_ _ In a despatch to the American Ambassador
trine. Certainly country X, that ma in- in Lonc!on dated July 25, 1895, Secretary of
y--q-State Richard Olney set forth a classic of
vite in Russia, cannot dei;erlmne whether, extreme interpretation of the Monroe Doe-
there is a Monroe Doctrine. I am talky, trine. "Today," he said, "the United States
ing about free nations in. Latin America. _ispartically sovereign on this continent, and
I only wish to point out at we be 0 its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it
be very careful that we do not make an confine:; its interposition."
interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine The basic fact of our relations today with
applicable to them on a unilateral basis, Latin America is that we are abandoning the
for they are very sensitive noww about the "Olney doctrine," and returning to a much
Ntoiiroe Doctrine, as to whether or not more literal and genuine interpretation of the
Monroe Doctrine, at least to that part of it
we are going to speak for countries X, which related to the Western Hemisphere.
I', and Z, which are ire' countries,- and What. after all, did the Monroe Doctrine
not Communist countries That }s .why really si,y? Certainly it scarcely resembled
I have urged that 'if th(-re. is an appli- what the Secretary of State enunciated as our
cation of the Monroe Doctrine, we ought hemispheric policy in 1895. It actually had
to do it in concert through the OAS with two parts, one
covering our relations toward
Europe, and the second covering our rela-
our 'free neighbors to the south of us.
tions with other nations in the Western
I should like to make the point as clear
Hemisphere. Too many Americans have
as I know how to use the English lan-
rather ronventiently forgotten that one part
guage, that, Monroe :Doctrine or. no MQii
of the Monroe Doctrine declared, and I
roe Doctrine, we have a duty to protect quote:
: "Our policy in regard to Europe, which
own security. If. the establishment' was adopted at
an early stage of the wars
which have so long agitated that
of a Russian beachhead in Latin America quarter of
the globe, nevertheless remains the same,
for offensive purposes threatens the se-
which is, not to interfere in the internal con-
curity of the UnitedStates, then no mat-
cerns of any of its powers; to consider the
ter how many nations in Latin America
government de facto as the legitimate gov-
or who in Latin ,America feels. that we
ernmeni for us; to cultivate friendly rela-
should not protect our. own security, they
tions with it, and to preserve those relations
in all instances the just claims of every power,
submitting to injuries from none."
And again: "With the existing colonies or
dependencies of any European power we have
not interfered and shall not interere."
This resolve on our part to refrain from
participating in the affairs of Europe is a
dead letter. But what of that section of the
Monroe Doctrine relating to the Western
Hemisphere? It declared, and I quote:
"That the American continents, by the free
and independent condition which they have
assumed and maintain, are henceforth not
to be considered as subjects for future colon-
ization by any European powers." And
again: "But with the governments who have
declared their independence and maintained
it, and whose independence we have, on
great consideration and just principles, ac-
knowledged, we could not view any inter-
position for the purpose of oppressing them,
or controlling in any other manner their
destiny by any European power in any other
light than as the manifestation of an un-
friendly disposition toward the United
States."
The 1962 Declaration of Punta del Este
was a much better restatement of the Mon-
roe Doctrine than the Olney dispatch of
1895.
The United States is no longer "practically
sovereign" in the Western Hemisphere.
Our relations with Latin America have
been radically altered by two revolutionary
changes since the end of World War IL The
first of these has been the emergence of the
United States from the confines of the Mon-
roe Doctrine than the Olney dispatch of
ening of our foreign policy horizon from
regionalism to globalism. The global com-
mitments incurred by, or thrust upon, the
United States In the late forties constituted
a revolution in American foreign policy-a
revolution, in the words of Prof. Hans Mor-
genthau, that marked "the permanent
assumption by the United States of responsi-
bilities beyond the limits of the Western
Hemisphere."
The second great change has been the
emergence of Latin America into the main-
stream of world history, or, more precisely,
the awakening of the long-quiescent peoples
of Latin America to the great social forces-
communism, democracy, and, above all, na-
tionalism-that in our time have aroused
all the people of the non-European world.
Thus it may be said that while the United
States has emerged from isolation to join
and lead a worldwide community of wealthy
and long-established democratic states, the
nations of Latin America have emerged from
isolation to join the new countries of Asia
and Africa not in a community but in a
common revolution. It is a revolution con-
ceived in economic deprivation and political
humiliator, nurtured by the force of na-
tonalism and soaring hopes of economic ad-
vance, and dedicated to the goal of securing
for themselves decent, dignified, and reward-
ing lives as modern nations.
Both the United States and the Latin
American Republics came into their new
roles with unresolved dilemmas and anoma-
lies. The ambiguity for the United States
was its failure until very recently to adjust
the regionalism of the Monroe Doctrine to
the new globalism of the problems that con-
front W.
While we spent billions to rebuild Europe,
and more billions to help the new nations of
Asia and Africa, we said to Latin America:
"We are not going to help you, and under
the Monroe Doctrine, we are not going to
let anyone else help you, either."
Latin America came into the modern world
afflicted with an even greater dilemma-the
deep contradiction between the language of
democracy and progress, and the reality of
oligarchy and reaction that have conditioned
the political life of Latin America since the
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1962 CONgRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 17885
"Democracy," said Benito Juarez a cen-
tury ago, "is the destiny of future human-
ity." But the history of Latin America has,
with rare exceptions, belied that destiny and
an angry and aroused generation of Latin
Americans now demands an end to the an-
cient hypocrisy and immediate efforts on
the. part of their governments to achieve per-
formances that ,match their promises.
The Mexican writer andl diplomat Octavio
Paz (currently in the Office of External
Affairs, Mexico City), expressed the basic
contradiction incisively in an essay on the
character of his country. "The liberal and
democratic ideology;' he wrote, "far from
expressing our concrete historical situation,
obscured it. The political lie installed itself
almost constitutionally among our coun-
tries. The moral damage has been incal-
culable and reaches into deep layers of our
character. Lies are something we move in
with ease. During more than a hundred
years we have suffered regimes of brute force,
which were at the service of feudal oligar-
chies, but utilized the language of liberty."
Such considerations as these-too briefly
defined-condition the relations between the
United States and Latin America in the
1960's. The problem for' both the United
States and Latin America is to devise a hem-
isphere policy in a global context. I should
like now to examine some of the elements
that might comprise such a policy.
The basic policy of the United States to-
ward Latin America today is to foster both
security and progress in the shortest pos-
sible time. The Alliance for Progress has
belatedly been recognized as a vital modern
implementation of the Monroe Doctrine,
along with the establishment of the Or-
ganization of American States, and the dec-
larations that first ,nazism and later com-
munism have no rightful place in the inter-
American system.
The success of the Alliance for Progress,
given the explosive social forces at work in
Latin America today and our woefully be-
lated willingness to come to grips with them,
is problematical. Its conception and intent,
however, are wisely attuned to the realities
of the 1960's, to the need for a hemisphere
policy in a global context.
The Alliance for Progress represents for
the United States a new form of "interven-
tion," an intervention in depth to cope with
deeply rooted social and economic ills of
Latin America. Before commenting on some
of its problems and prospects, I should like
to reexamine briefly the traditional concepts
of intervention and nonintervention in re-
lation to the new forces at work in Latin
America.
Today's problem of nonintervention, sim-
ply stated, is whether the Organization of
American States can or cannot intervene in
the affairs of one of its member states in
order to forestall intervention from beyond
the American, continents that threatens the
security of the entire hemisphere.
The question is a simple one but any
answer to it is enormously complicated by
the fact that to the Latin Americans "inter-
vention" is not an abstract, concept but an
historical experience deriving principally
from their relations with the United States.
It is not difficult to- understand that, for
deeply rooted historical reasons, the Latin
American reaction,to,Spviet intervention, in
the hemisphere is conditioned, by the ex-
perience of American Intervention,
The attitude of the Latin Americans to-
ward intervention by the United States
is by no means one of unambiguous hos-
tility, as is widely believed. It is rather an
ambivalent attitude,. depending upon the
cause for which intervention is undertaken.
In recent years there has been a steady pro-
cession of Latpg Coming to Washington to
petition for U.S. assistance for overthrowing
Batista or, Castro in Cuba, Trujillo in the
Dominican Republic, or some other Latin
American ruler. To these exiles-of whom
the most conspicuous at present are the large
number of refugees from Communist Cuba-
the doctrine of nonintervention in itself has
no appeal. It is their contention that when
we withhold assistance we are in effect in-
tervening on the side of entrenched regimes.
The ' United States is thus doubly damned,
regardless of its acts or omissions, and I
think that those well-meaning persons who
suffer excessively from fiagellations of con-
science over our deviations from noninter-
vention would do well to face up to the fact
that the United States cannot avoid playing
a major, and often decisive, role in the af-
fairs of the Latin American Republics.
"The moral here," as one perceptive stu-
dent of Latin American affairs recently put
it, "is that a great power such as the United
States necessarily intervenes in the affairs
of'other countries, especially smaller ones,
as much by what it does not do as by what
it does. A policy of nonintervention, if that
term is interpreted in the strictest, most
liberal sense, becomes plainly impossible.
The 'question, therefore, is not one of inter-
vention or nonintervention per se, but of
the ends and means of intervention.'
Latin antipathy to intervention derives
directly from the historical fact that most
of the interventions of the past have been
by the United States and for ends and by
means that most Latins find objectionable.
American interventions, it is widely be-
lieved-and not altogether inaccurately-
have' been designed to protect American busi-
ness interests. Few Latin Americans are
aware of the preeminently strategic consid-
erations centering on the security of the
Panama Canal that motivated the repeated
interventions in Central America and the
Caribbean in the first three decades of the
20th century-the only large-scale sustained
interventions in which the United States has
engaged.
An even more subtle ambivalence charac-
terizes Latin American attitudes toward the
problem of Communist intervention and
subversion. Most Latin American govern-
ments are able at present to deal with the
hard core of Moscow-trained Communists
operating within their own frontiers. Soviet
intervention in Cuba is another matter.
While Castro has proclaimed himself a
Marxist-Leninist, many Latin Americans,
persuaded that he has the support of the
Cuban people, are disposed to accept his open
espousal of Marxism as an alarming but
nonetheless legitimate exercise of the right of
self-determination. This consideration is
coupled with the sensitivity and fear of
many Latin American governments to wide-
spread and volatile fidelista sentiment in
their own countries. One can express satis-
faction, and even surprise, that the Punta del
Este Conference went so far as to deprive
Cuba of participation in the Organization of
American States.
The compelling question at this juncture
is the degree to which the governments of
Latin America are prepared to tolerate the
efforts of the Castro regime to subvert the
legitimate representative governments that
now prevail in most of Latin America. There
can be no question that some progress was
made at Punta del Este when shipments of
arms and other implements of war from
Cuba to subversives in other countries of the
to generate new attitudes toward interven-
tion, more favorable in regard to the United
States, and more realistic in regard to Cuba
and the Soviet Union.
The. Alliance for Progress and the Cuban
revolution represent two forms of revolu-
tion, which are engaged in a sustained con-
test for prevalence throughout Latin Amer-
-Ica. The Cuban revolution aims to im-
pose a new form of tyranny on the peoples
of the American republics, by consent if pos-
sible, by force, demagoguery, or subversion
if necessary. The Alliance aims to generate
the means for creating a decent social and
economic life for all Latin Americans under
free institutions.
It represents a new form of intervention in
depth, designed to cope with ancient so-
cial and economic ills and to recast the so-
cieties of Latin America. I should like, in
the remainder of these remarks, to consider
some of its problems and prospects.
The basic problem of the Alliance for Prog-
ress is to carry out a social revolution with
due process of law.
The social and economic problems that op-
press Latin America are nothing less than
staggering. It is highly unlikely that even
a generation of concerted effort will over-
come Latin America's grievous mismanage-
ment and entrenched selfish interests, its
political factionalism and racial, class, and
national animosities. What is new in Latin
America is not the existence of these an-
cient evils but the eruption in recent years
of massive forces of popular protest and so-
cial discontent.
The social and economic grievances of the
Latins can be indicated by a few facts and
figures:
The fuedal land system created by the
Spanish conquerors has persisted with some
modifications to the present day. Three-
fourths of all of the arable land in the en-
tire continent is owned in the form of vast
latifundia by 2 percent of the people. The
result is the desperate "land hunger" of the
millions of dispossessed.
Industry and commerce, the mines, oil
fields, and other nonagricultural assets,
when not owned by foreign capitalists, are
dominated by a small oligarcy of great
great wealth, some of whom are also owners
of latifundia. Taking all forms of wealth
together, it is estimated that 50 percent of
it is owned by only 2 percent of the people.
Over half of the people of Latin America
are undernourished and over half are illiter-
ate. For lack of schools and teachers, mil-
lions of children are deprived of even rudi-
mentary formal education.
With an average per capita income of only
$289 a year, levels of material consumption
are far below the minimum required for a
decent life by even the lowest income groups
of Western Europe or North America.
In addition, Latin American is beset by a
population explosion, with the result that
per capita production of wealth has not only
stopped growing but appears to be declining.
Latin America's population, now 200 mil-
lion, is increasing at a rate of about 2ii/ per-
cent a year, the highest of any major region
in the world. Over 40 percent of the popula-
tion is under 15 years of age, with the
result that the economically productive por-
tion of the population must support a greater
inactive proportion than those supported in
more advanced countries.
OAS were embargoed. Another measure to The Latin American oligarchies bear a
forestall intervention from Cuba was the heavy burden of responsibility for the grave
setting up of a five-man committee of ex- inequities of Latin American societies, al-
perts on how to combat subversion. though the harshest and most violent ex-
In the past there has been a tendency to pressions of popular wrath are directed
regard intervention by the United States as against foreigners. The latifundia are often
intolerable and Communist intervention with inefficiently run and underproductive and
indifference or only mild concern. The Al- land reform is probably the most explosive
liance for Progress, and the excesses of the issue in Latin America today. Few of the
Castro regime, are bringing about a slow landed oligarchy have shown any willingness
but discernible change in these attitudes. to part with any of their property. Land 1s
In due course these trends may be expected a form of wealth that is virtually tax free;
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 10
by ancient custom the tax rates on land are riding needs in land reform, regardless of we find that Mr. Frost seems to share
very low and by ancient custom even these what form it takes, are efficient operation and the idea of the "evolution" of the two
low taxes are commonly evaded. In fact, tax democratic participation by those who for so systems. Here is the rest of the article:
evasion by the rich, *Ikatevsr their source of long have been deprived and dispossessed.
Bt Ft bht bk fli tht
tht
urosrougac aeenga wealth, is so common as to be regarded al- 1 ace task of the Alliance for Progress in the g
a as a prerogative of their station. face of these staggering problems is, in the both Soviet and United States Governments
_ Another, compelling economic problem- `words of President Kennedy, "to demon- were growing more alike each day-each
aesperatezy needed znve:stment capztai.
Commercial interest rates range from about
11 percent to an illegal but not uncommon
35 percent. While Latins complain, often
VgttiZ;justice, of American companies sending
theiz profits home, a substantial amount of
Latin America's own capital has been sent
abroad-perhaps as much ets $10 billion-by
wealthy Latins who refuse to invest in their
own countries because they &r r-revoiution
and, in their fear, so set au to make revolu-
tion more likely
maladjustment is the heavy dependence of
social j'.estice can be achieved by free men
working within a framework of free institu-
tions."
With an objective of social revolution with-
out violent upheaval, the Alliance exceeds In
scope and design the postwar Marshall plan
for Europe, whose objective was one of
restoration.
modify exports, coupled wtth the fact that CONFERENCE BETWEEN ROBERT
modifies have fallen seriously in recent years. Mr. 'PHURMOND. Mr. President, the
Brazil, for example, derives 58,percent of her
total export earnings fraai coffee. S.... American people should be indebted to
lows: Venezuela, percent from petroleum; observations he has made in a news con-
Colombia, 77 percent from Coffee; Bolivia, Terence on.his return from a recent visit
62 percent from tin; Ecuador, 57_ percent to the Soviet Union and an hour-long
from bananas; Chile, 65 percent from copper. conference with Mr. Khrushchev. In a
Latin American countries are pressing the few brief comments Mr. Frost has
United States to enter agreements for, the -summed up the essence of the U.S. do-
stabilization of raw m.ateri al? export prices,
especially for coffee, and .tcan- bereadiy mestic and foreign policy and has given
seen that such arrangements would con- the American. people a clear under-
stitute a significant form of assistance to standing as to why we are losing the
the Latin American economtles. - . cold war, why we are drifting toward
,Probably the most pressing_ long-term need socialism in our domestic program, and
of Latin America Is educat,Ion, and the ex- why we are trying to force socialism on
pansion of educational facilities and op- foreign. countries through our foreign-
portunities is quite, properly one of thecen-__aid program. He reports that -
gn
tral objectives of the Alliance - for Pr.Qgress.
Fifty-percent of the Children of Latin America Khrushchev thinks we are "too liberal"
proving methods and teacher training and
adapting curricula to the pressing needs of
a continent undergoing social transforma-
tion.
Another focus of effort under the Alliance He [I&. Khrushchev] said he feared for
program must be housing. The majority us because of our lot of liberals. * * * He
of the population.of Latin America still live thought: that. we're too, liberal to fight.. He
in rural areas but ir.L recent years move- thinks we will sit on one hand and then the
ment to the cities has proceeded apace and other.
there now exists a terrific disproportion of Mr. President, is that not exactly what
people living in urban areas. There are
thousands of families in Lima, Peru, for we have been doing in our reactions-
example, some 30 percent of the total popu- some too late--to Communist aggressive
lation. of the city, living ann squatters under acts in the cold war? This is the es-
the most wretched conditions, and the same sence of our ilo-win foreign policy-do
is true of Bogota and of many cities of Brazil. nothing for fear we may cause an ag-
While few of the Latin American Republics gressive Soviet act to escalate into a nu-
can afford to invest great sums in low-cost clear holocaust in which we will all be
housing programs, more can be done_ihan s_ incinerated. We are paralyzed by fear.
now being attempted. There are great num-
bers of unemployed whose only capital is Mr. Frost's remarks, point out that
time--time which, properly utilized and di- Mr. Khrushchev is convinced we will not
rected, can be used for the construction of fight because our "liberal" leaders are
housing, hoping for an accommodation with com-
The most explosive question remains that munisml by heading our country in the
of l
d r
f
the
an
e
orm
reshaping of the vast in
,,-
efiicient latifundia. It Is estimated that per
capita production of food In Latin America
today isslightly lower than it was 25 years
ago-not very much lower but it has got to
be a great deal higher if living standards are
to be raised to a tolerable minimum.
The solution is not necessarily in all in-
stances the breaking up of the latifundia into
tiny parcels. The great estates in Haiti, for
example, were broken up ir.to postage stamp
-plots and in two generations the land be-
came barren because of poor conservation
practices. Both Mexico and Puerto Rico
have had considerable success in operating
large farm units as cooperatives. The over-
Khrusllchev are quite revealing and to
the po:;nt. He is quoted in a UPI dis-
patch from New York this morning as
direction of socialism-which Mr. Frost
is frank to say he feels is best for the
world. I have stated in speech after
speech that the essence of our policy in
the co:!d war is that we will move in
this country toward socialism with the
hope that Messrs. Khrushchev, Castro,
Tito, and Mao Tse-tung will "evolve" in
part toward the western position by In-
stalling: a few incentives and easing re-
strictions on individual freedoms,
Reading on in the UPI dispatch from
New York as published in the Washing-
ton Postofthis morning, Mr. President,
Approved For Release .2006/09/27
moving toward a center ground.
Frost said that he could notice the hu-
manizing of Soviet life in Russian poetry,
"I said to them that you could tell from
their poetry that they were humanizing a
little down from the severity of their idea-
easing off toward democracy. They let me
get away with It," he said.
"I am not a Communist and I feel it quite
hard to strain up to socialism. I go slow
about it. I drag my feet. But I have about
decided that socialism is the only way to
handle the billions being born now." Frost
said.
'I see that ahead, but I'll be dead by
then. I told the Russians that they're eas-
ing down to socialism and we're straining up
to it"
Describing the 10-day visit as "the time
of my life," Frost confirmed that Khrushchev
gave him a message for President Kennedy
during their talk. He declined to say what
it was. Asked when he planned to see Mr.
Kennedy, he said, "I don't plan, I wait for
the President."
Frost said he regretted that he referred
to Khrushchev in a Moscow press conference
as a ruffian.
"I should have modified that a little and
said rough and ready, not ruffian," he said.
"Ruffian is a pretty strong word."
Frost, who continued on by a connecting
airline to his home in Cambridge, Mass., de-
nied that he read his poem, "Mending Wall,"
during his visit to embarrass the Russians
about the wall in Berlin.
"Everybody asks me for the poem," he
explained. "If I don't do it I get blamed."
He did liken the concept of a wall to cur-
rent Soviet-United States relations, how-
ever.
"All life is cellular," Frost said. "Even the
Communists have cells. All cells are a mat-?
ter of walls breaking down and renewing.
"That's what happens after a war-new
boundaries and a danger of new wars," Frost
said.
Frost who said he did not discuss Cuba
with Khrushchev, was asked if he planned
to return to the Soviet Union, where he
went this time at Russian invitation.
"Some day," he answered. "I said I would
be back when I got older and wiser."
Mr. President, our no-win foreign
policy is responsible for our plight today
in Cuba, where a strong Communist mili-
tary arsenal is being built to establish
communism firmly throughout the
Western Hemisphere, and in Berlin,
where we are being constantly squeezed
by the Communists to get out and for-
feit the Western World's greatest outpost
of democracy-and possibly all of Ger-
many.
I have stated over and over again, Mr.
President, that the American people
must demand a change in our foreign
and domestic policies if we are to win in
this struggle which the forces of world
communism have forced on us. Many
in this country-and many in this
body-have bought the so-called so-
phisticated approach to foreign policy
and domestic policy on the basis that
we must be modern in a modern world
and that we must not provoke a nuclear
holocaust in the atomic age. We have
found, however, Mr. President, that the
"sophisticated" policies have brought us
the greatest debt load any nation has
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