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• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200140038-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 22, 2004
• Sequence Number: 38
• Publication Date: May 24, 1961
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved FoEM&sf JQ4#2 3~i~Q pP6tg&02 000200140038-8 May
200,000?" It seems to me it is much
more important for us to want to save
all, but if we can save 1,200, that is a
moral thing to do.
Mr. Castro is a diabolically clever man,
as the majority leader has said, and is
a very cynical man, playing loosely with
the lives of human beings. He released
10 prisoners as hostages conditionally.
They are not here as a part of the Cuban
diplomatic service, negotiating with the
U.S. diplomatic service. They are here
to remind us that there are prisoners in
the prison cells in Cuba that can be let
out if certain things are done. It is not
what we would like. Of course it is not.
In fact, we have been going through
some painful days on this whole Cuban
situation. I have been one of the crit-
ics of the manner in which the situation
was handled. But I do not believe we
answer these arguments by standing up
and yelling "Communist! Blackmail!
Castro!" and then repeating it, "Black-
mail! Castro! Communist!" That is
not the answer. It seems to me the
answer at this moment is to try to find a
way of saving lives. I would say that
even if only one life were involved, pos-
sibly we have an opportunity to do some-
thing. We may save more than 1,200
lives.
The President of the United States
did not say that he was acting as a pri-
vate citizen. Let us keep the record
clear. I have the text of the President's
statement. What he said is in the text
of this statement. The President made
no reference at all to his position as a
private citizen. He is not a private citi-
zen. He is the President of this great
Republic. What the President of the
United States said was this:
The tractors-for-freedom movement is a
wholly private humanitarian movement
aimed at saving the lives of several hundred
men. It is supported by free men and
women throughout the Americas.
My concern was to help make certain that
a single, representative group of citizens
headed this effort in the United States. And
I am grateful to Mrs. Roosevelt, Walter
Reuther and Dr. Milton Eisenhower for their
leadership.
The U.S. Government has not been and
cannot be a party to these negotiations.
But when private citizens seek to help pre-
vent suffering in other lands through volun-
tary contributions-which is a great Ameri-
can tradition-this Government should not
interfere with their humanitarian efforts.
Who said that the President might
have been acting as a private citizen?
It was a press agent at the White House,
Mr. Hatcher. I quote from a United
Press dispatch on the ticker:
Hatcher said Kennedy's connection with
the arrangement was as a private citizen.
A pressman can speak for a President,
as in this instance, but a pressman does
not necessarily speak the words of the
President. The President's words are in
the text. At the conclusion of my re-
marks I will ask that the entire text of
the President's statement be placed in
the RECORD.
Let me say to the eternal credit of the
President of the United States that he
feels a moral obligation. It is a fact that
this Government did train those people.
We know it. The American people will
be respected all the more in the world
if we act responsibly, out of a sense of
humanity, in this unhappy matter. I
suggest to my colleagues that during the
past week we have seen pictures on the
front pages of American newspapers of
another freedom fighter, a young man
with a battered and bloody face, the
victim of brutality, vulgarity, violence,
and disorder. It might not be a bad
news story to go out throughout the
world that the citizenry of this country
was sufficiently concerned with human
life to put forth private contributions
and private efforts, with the endorse-
ment and moral support of the President
of the United States, in an attempt to
save these men in Cuba. I do not want
on my hands the fact that I failed to do
what I could have done when the op-
portunity was given.
I did not have anything to say as a
Senator or as a citizen about the action
that took place when the invasion forces
went to Cuba. However, I have some-
thing to say now about how we can
redeem and remove from the prisons in
Cuba at least some members of that in-
vasion force and bring them back home.
I do not believe that America shows it-
self to be cowardly by doing what is
right. The world needs a little love. It
would not hurt to have some in Congress
too. The world has had a stomach full
of hate, and it has chronic indigestion.
I suggest that the world needs a little
example of compassion and mercy. I
do not believe it makes us look weak.
The man who looks silly and weak, and
the country that looks bad, are the man
and country responsible for incarcerating
these people, and the dictator who im-
prisons these people and plays loosely
with them.
I do not want to be told, when we
stand up like this, that we are appeasing
or paying a blackmailer. I do not con-
sider it to be blackmail at all. I con-
sider this an opportunity to undo a
wrong. This is an opportunity to save
some lives. The Scriptures are filled
with examples of lives being saved. So
is the history book of this Nation.
I heard what was said about prisoners
in China and in Russia. I wish China
would say tonight that we can have our
Americans back for some tractors. Are
we going to go to war for that too? Is
that the only answer some people have?
Is the only answer they have: make
war? I wish we could get some of our
airmen out of Soviet Union prisons for
some tractors. I am frank to tell the
Senate that I would be willing to help
raise the money to bring about that
result.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
entire UPI dispatch, containing the text
of the President's statement, printed in
the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
The tractors-for-freedom movement is a
wholly private humanitarian movement
aimed at saving the lives of several hundred'
men. It is supported by free men and
women throughout the Americas.
When Fidel Castro first made his offer to
exchange-the lives and liberty of 1,200 pris-
oners for 500 agricultural tractors, the Amer-
ican people responded with characteristic
compassion. A number of private commit-
tees were organized to raise the necessary
funds, and many private citizens, in this
country and throughout the hemisphere, in-
quired as to where they could contribute.
My concern was to help make certain that a
single, representative group of citizens head-
ed this effort in the United States. And I am
grateful to Mrs. Roosevelt, Walter Reuther,
and Dr. Milton Eisenhower for their leader-
ship.
The U.S. Government has not been and
cannot be a party to these negotiations. But
when private citizens seek to help prevent
suffering in other lands through voluntary
contributions-which is a great American
tradition-this Government should not in-
terfere with their humanitarian efforts.
Neither law nor equity calls upon us to
impose obstacles in their path as they seek
to save those who fought to restore freedom
in our hemisphere. I am advised that the
Logan Act is not involved, inasmuch as it
covers only negotiations in relation to any
disputes or controversies with the United
States, or to defeat the measures of the
United States; that tax exemption is granted
as a matter of course to any charitable or-
ganizations engaged in the rehabilitation
and assistance of needy refugees; and that
export licenses are routinely granted for
humanitarian reasons, to ship farm produce
and medicines to Cuba, and would thus be
granted for a humanitarian shipment of
farm implements.
While this Government is thus putting
forward neither obstacles nor assistance to
this wholly private effort, I hope that all
citizens will contribute what they can. If
they were our brothers in a totalitarian
prison, every American would want to help.
I happen to feel deeply that all who fight for
freedom-particularly in our hemisphere-
are our brothers.
Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield.
Mr. CAPEHART. I do not want on
my hands the responsibility for giving
Castro 500 construction, tractors with
which to build missile bases and airports
from which to attack the United States.
That is exactly what he wants those
tractors for, and for no other purpose,
because he has designated the model he
wants. He has designated the number
he wants and the manufacturer. Those
designations are big tractors for the pur-
pose of moving earth and for construc-
tion. They are not farm tractors, as
some would like to have people in the
United States believe.
Mr. HUMPHREY. What we are go-
ing to make available to Mr. Castro are
farm tractors. That is the first point.
Whether Mr. Castro will deal on that
basis or not, I do not know.
Mr. CAPEHART. How does the Sen-
ator know that?
Mr. HUMPHREY. I know it because
that is what the President of the United
States has said
Mr. CAPEHART. The President of
the United States has said no such thing.
Mr. HUMPHREY. I am not impressed
by the silly argument that the only way
Castro can get those tractors is to get
them from the United States. I have
the feeling that Russia also has some
tractors. If the Soviet Union is willing
to put MIG's in Cuba, it might be willing
to put some tractors over there also with
which to build military bases. Castro
does not need American tractors with
which to build the bases. I am sure the
Senator is not trying to frighten the
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961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Mr. MANSFIELD. He has never
recognized ,Mr. Castro,
Mr. CAPEHART. Only today the
President admitted that he had called
the three people whose names have been
mentioned and asked them to be mem-
bers of a committee to raise funds in the
United States for 500 tractors to be ex-
changed for prisoners.
Mn' MANSFIELD. That is news to
me, and I do not believe it is an accurate
statement of the facts.
Mr. CAPEHART. That report was
on the tickertape.
Mr. MANSFIELD. His relations with
the committee do not imply recognition
of Castro.
Mr. CAPEHART. It is not recogni-
tion of Castro, but the President asked
private citizens to form a committee to
do business with Mr. Castro. How else
will they get 500 tractors to Cuba to se-
cure the release of the 1,214 prisoners if
they do not do business with Mr. Castro?
I say that if we are going to deal with
Castro, let us have the President of the
United States deal with him, and let us
deal with him in a way in which he ought
to be dealt with. He, as a Communist, is
trying to blackmail us, and he is out to
destroy the American system of govern-
ment. He would build, missile bases that
could kill American boys and girls.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What would the
Senator from Indiana do if he were in
the White House? I should like to have
his suggestions.
.Mr. CAPEHART. First, I certainly
would not agree to the tractor deal. I
would pay no attention to Mr. Castro's
suggestion that 500 tractors be ex-
changed for 1,214 prisoners. Futher,
if I had made this mistake and saw
American people rising up against it, I
would correct it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. 'How?
Mr. CAPEHART. I would dismiss the
committee, and saj! to Mr. Castro, if he
made the request official, that we have
no interest in the proposal.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What would hap-
pen to the 1,214 prisoners?
Mr. CAPEHART. What will happen
to the remaining 198,786 prisoners down
there? Let us take that point into con-
sideration.
Mr. MANSFIELD. :I am talking about
the 1,214 prisoners who are under con-
sideration.
Mr. CAPEHART. I am talking about
198,786 prisoners. I am talking about
the Americans, who are in prison in Red
China and the one who is in prison in
Russia. I am talking about all of them,
and I am thinking in terms of future
generations. Any dictator could steal
from the United States and arrest some
U.S. citizens and say to the United
States, "You give us so many tractors,
or so much of this or that, and we will
release them." I am thinking of future
generations. The Congress had better
start talking and thinking about future
generations.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, 99
other Senators in this body likewise are
thinking about future generations as
well as the present generation. There
are 99 other Senators who are equally
troubled as is the Senator from Indiana
concerning events which are happening
throughout the world.
But again I return to my basic ques-
tion. If the Senator from Indiana hap-
pened W occupy the White House and
this situation arose, what would he do?
What is the alternative which the Presi-
dent faces?
Mr. IRUSKA. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. Let me answer that
question.
First, when Mr. Castro expropriated
$150 million of American property, in-
cluding the Nicaro nickel mine in Cuba,
I would have sent the U.S. forces to re-
cover it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What else would
the Seslator from Indiana do?
Mr. CAPEHART. Let me read this
statement.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I ask the senator
to answer the question and then he can
read the statement. First, he would
send in the Army. Then I suppose he
would send in the Marine Corps, then
the Navy, and the Air Force. What
would be the next step?
Mr. CAPEHART. I would do what-
ever is necessary. If it meant sending
in the Marines, the Navy, or the Army,
I would. do whatever would be neces-
sary to keep Russia from establishing
a satellite nation in Cuba and building
air bases, missile bases, and submarine
bases. I would do whatever was neces-
ary, even if it means going to war, be-
cause if we do not do so, sooner or later
we may be at war. That is exactly what
I would do, and I state it in straight
language.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator is, if
anything, frank. He said very forth-
rightly that on the basis of expropria-
tion, which would include private hold-
ings as well as the Government-operated
Nicaro Nickel mine, he would favor
armed intervention. Is that the answer
to the situation confronted by the free
world in Cuba?
Mr. CAPEHART. What other answer
is there? Are we for communism or are
we against it?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I know of no Sen-
ator who is in favor of communism, but
that is quite beside the point. There
have been resolutions passed in this body
time after time, which express unani-
mously the feeling of the Senate toward
communism. I trust there is no doubt
about that in anyone's mind.
Mr. CAPEHART. I read a statement
from the ticker tape:
WesHINGTON.--President Kennedy today
asked public contributions to the tractors-
for-prisoners exchange with Fidel Castro,
and disclosed he helped organize the pri-
vate citizens committee which is raising
funds for the deal.
Mr. MANSFIELD. What is wrong
with that action?
Mr. '.'ARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield to me?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. CAPEHART. The President of
the United States should be handling
this situuation----
Mr. DOUGLAS, Mr. President, who
has the floor?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Montana has yielded to the
Senator from Texas.
Mr. YARBOROUGH. :Mr. President,
I have a question of the Senator from
Montana. At the present time the Eich-
mann trial is in progress in Israel.. A
great deal of debate has taken place in
that trial concerning whether at one
period during World War II Eichmann
would have saved the lives of many ?Jews
if he could have traded then for trucks.
There is a dispute about whether he
could have traded the trucks or whether
the Allied Nations would trade the trucks.
My question to the distinguished ma-
jority leader is this: Is it not the moral
judgment of the world today that if the
opportunity were offered to trade trucks
for the lives of Jews who were being ex-
terminated by a dictator, even during a
shooting war, the lives of such Jews
should have been saved by the trading
of the trucks? Is that not the moral
judgment of the civilized world today?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I believe such
would be the consensus, and I believe
there is a parallel between the case of
Eichmann and the Jews, and the case of
Castro and the Cuban prisoners of war.
Mr. YARBOROUGH. I ask the dis-
tinguished majority leader this further
question: If we were to stand by while
these 1,214 mme:n, who were armed by the
United States, were stood up against a
wall. and shot, does the majority leader
not think that the moral, judgment of
the world. would be against us for. per-
mitting such shooting if we could have
prevented it?
Mr. MANSFIELD. In view of the dif-
ficult situation in which we find our-
selves, I believe that if something un-
toward should develop in the situation,
we should have something on our con-
sciences to live with.
Mr. YARBOROUGH. I ask the dis-
tinguished majority leader whether he
thinks the moral judgment of the world
will place the blood and lives of these
1,214 men 'in importance above an. in-
ternal domestic tax regulation of the
United States?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I. agree. I thank
the distinguished Senator from Texas.
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. MANS1, LELD. I yield.
Mr. HUMPHREY. I have asked the
distinguished majority leader to yield for
two purposes : First, I wish to commend
him for a splendid, logical, reasonable,
sensible, and compassionate statement.
Second, I wish to say to Senators who
are asking who will defend. the Presi-
dent's actions or will speak up for the
President. that other Senators will do
so, and I am one of those Senators.
Mr. President, it is quite obvious that
it would be the desire of the American
people to save the lives of all prisoners
under all dictators. This is one of the
purposes of our foreign policy-at least
one of them- as well as to liberate these
prisoners in the world who have been
enslaved by, dictators. That is one of
the principal objectives of this Nation.
I do not believe it is a cogent or con-
vincing argument to say, "If we can
save 1,200, what about the other
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V1 V',
Mr. MANSFIELD. When we speak of consistent the President should take of- be merit to the suggestions, although
,240 prisoners, and what our inter- ficial responsibility for it. To say at each presents certain difficulties.
some 1,240
est is, I assume our interest is in the fact this late hour, "It is a personal, private It may well be that instead of a private
that they were a part of an invasion citizen who is now talking, who wants to group of citizens engaging in accumulat-
force, trained either in this country or buy tractors to trade for 1,240 people ling tractors of various kinds to exchange ers
it woul somewhere close to it, and thereby a cer- who are there," it seems to me shows at organization or some sy be better
were ifesome
tain obligation has been created, which least a lack of consistency.
in effect sets them apart. Mr. HUMPHREY and Mr. YAR- lished whereby negotiations could be
carried on to bring about the release of
Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will BOROUGH addressed the Chair.
the Senator yield? Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, in these men through the Organization of
Mr. MANSFIELD. it sets them apart my opinion the Senator from Nebraska American States. I cannot judge, on the
from the 200,000 or 300,000 prisoners. has, in effect, brushed off 1,242 or 1,243 basis of a floor debate, the merits of such of the Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will Cubans who do notithhnnk w eshould treat a All Iecan say is that the President of e the Senator yield? invasion.
them in that fashion. I think we have the United States has been placed by
MrMr.. CAPEHART. MANSFIELD. I We e h hd.ad the word an interest in their welfare. events in a very embarrassing, delicate,
of the President of the United States, in I think what the civilian group is at' and dangerous position.
on humanitarian So far as I am concerned-and I
United interests and desires. edif we forget the e would say this about a Republican P esi-
a
forree this conference that theeeks
s one directly or indirectly, and that we 10 whorcame rto plead say, them-we say President of the United Stat ss will have part in the inva- 1,242
port ted
the
he 10-"To
had nothing to do with it. That is the toI hhe 1242 and ope Senators twill believe me when n tfalonepw th diffiult es neCubanbut
Mr. impression he MANSFIELD. ft IELD. with Mr. me. President--- I say that hundreds in Cuba have already with difficulties all over the world. What o came
ought Mr. CAPEHART. Did he or did he gone
power the 2 wall yearsnand 5 orgy 6 rmon hs unde st ndngo ando tolerance fosense this
not?
Mr. MANSFIELD. He affirmed that ago. man with whom we served, for this man
we would not intervene. Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, will the whom we know, for this man who was
elected by the American people to lead
Mrunders am President, I hope the Senator polit will Senator ?MANSFIELD. I yield. all of us for the next 4 years.
eally. t I th I hink it has not been n speaking admitted that Mr HRUSKA. The Senator from Ne- We can find fault with any man with
undebraska has not said, "To the wall" to at ?s are of pe fectd fault. Even Sen-
under the t previous administration n train-
ing camps were set up for the purpose of these 1,240 men.
training these individuals. Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator has I ask my colleagues to display's little
Mr. CAPEHART. That is correct. referred to them as criminals. tolerance and a little understanding. In-
Mr. MANSFIELD. For the purpose of Mr. HRUSKA. They are criminals in stead of criticizing the President day in
training them to invade Cuba. the eyes of the Cubans. The only thing and day out, give him the support which
Mr. CAPEHART. That is correct. I which sets them apart and makes them he so badly needs at this time. I hope
believe me
doingy that
they will when I
they do will
U their
President is of the acknowledgment the United States Senators
not know why the President of the by interest to us
United States would deny it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I do not know that he takes full responsibility for their country more good than by criticizing
CAPEHART day in and day out.
that he did deny it. All I can go on is being in Cuba. In effect, that is what the President
will Mr. Pr,
the newspaper reports to this effect. I is meant. Mr. think the story i mentioned was given I would not say "To the wall" to them, the Senator yield?
out at Gettysburg a few months ago. but I say that if there is any interven- Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
the I shall fail as
MS HRUSKA. yield? Mr. President, will stion on the part of the hould not be as a private and live to see the day wheno
rsonal official of the Unit ed States, my SState, to ecriticci ey a t hePres dent,
Mr. . MANSFIELD. I yield to the as a
Senator from Nebraska.
Mr. HRUSKA. In response to the as its Chief Executive, in order to get whether he be of my party or of the op-
suggestion that, after all, these 1,240 them in the predicament in which they p Ii e party, if kt i Goulds wring. a
prisoners are in a separate status be- now find themselves. do th we
in America f if U.S. Senators
cause they are in Cu as result of e invasion, we cant h nktback to the advocate recognition of Cuba again?toe democracy representative
th
events of the week before the invasion, Mr. HRUSKA. Not at all. There are were denied the right to criticize the t to
e United
ent of
Presi
America matters isc it d newh.ich It is were the case,hwe would have a dictator-
Sta ca when
not d declaed
that that
would President
would not be guilty of aggression. Then done through the regularly designated she know some people would like to have
came the actual invasion. Following the alternate diplomatic source.
invasion was the official declaration by Mr. MANSFIELD. Through the us refrain from criticism. I have not in
Swiss. the past hesitated to criticize a Repub-
the President that he assumed full Mr. HRUSKA. Those channels are lican President, and I do not today hesi-
esponsibility. resorted to. Why can they not be re- tate to criticize a Democratic President.
The ghattwo way asked a little while sorted to for this purpose? I have made the statement several times
ago, "What wulo you ? if you were in Mr, HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will tonight that the President of the United
the shoudenke to pose a the Senator yield? States is a human being.. He will make
I shoud like to pose a question. The Mr. HRUSKA. Surely. -mistakes. Those around him will make
men who are involved are 1,240 crimf Mr. HUMPHREY. I was asking the mistakes. I think what he is doing is a
calm, Cuban law. These men are majority leader to yield. terrible mistake. I would like to give
triminal s because they shot at Cuban Mr. MANSFIELD. I should like to him an opportunity to correct that mis-
troops. They are oriminals because they reply to the Senator first. take.
jailafor the that. The Cuba. They made, I suppose we could carry on activi- Mr. MANSFIELD. How?
jail e thaa The proposal is made, ties' from this end through the Swiss Mr. CAPEHART. Very simple. In
"Give ee tractors and we will release Embassy or the Swiss Minister, as we the first place, he should never have
these it be said done in the case of other matters, recognized Mr. Castro when he spoke
If ory that those men are i a in getting Americans out of Cuba. about 500 tractors being exchanged for
special category because they are in Cuba
by reason of the invasion, and that the I suppose we could work through the prisoners.
President of the United States took full Organization of American States, as Mr. MANSFIELD. The President has
Senator
per or suggest
recognized hesoccas on theen1Ilsaysinnorderttofbe Or .gone Md r. MOR E1 nI th ink therefmay neMr CAPER RT. r What?o
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
8195
other quarter earlier today, that, in my
judgment; the sooner we get the prob-
lem involving the prisoners, as well as
other problems involving Cuba, into the
forum of the Organization of American
States, the better.
It is of the utmost important that we
recognize before the world that it is
not appropriate for us alone to deter-
mine the solution of the Communist
problem, which has been created by
Fidel Castro in the Western Hemis-
phere. So far as I am concerned,
from:' the standpoint of our national
policy, I suggest that what we ought to
be urging is that our friends in the Or-
ganization of American States convene
in an extraordinary' session of that or-
ganization at once, and that we say we
are perfectly willing to lay this whole
question before the organization of
American States for solution.
I would be perfectly willing to have
this official committee appointed as our
representatives to the Organization of
American States. In what? Oh, it is
an ugly term in the minds of many. In
negotiations, through the Organization
of American States, with Cuba. In my
judgment, we can hope for no possible
success in the honor of our country, or
to the credit of our country, or to peace,
by trying to carry on negotiations with
Castro through a volunteer committee.
now made official.
We do not have diplomatic relations
with Cuba. I do not think they should
have been broken. I said that the other
night. We cannot follow a course of
action, no matter if it is clothed in the
words of humanitarianism, by way of
subterfuge, in connection with at-
tempted negotiation or back-door nego-
tiations with Castro.
It must be done now through the pro-
cedures of a charter on which is found
the signature of the United States, the
signature of Cuba, and the signatures of
19 other members of the Organization of
American States.
As chairman of the Subcommittee on
Latin American Affairs, my suggestion,
for whatever it is worth, is that we bring
this problem before the forum of the
Organization of American States, to see
what that forum can do in regard to the
negotiations for the settlement of the
prisoner problem, and many other prob-
lems. The prisoner problem is only one
of the problems that may arise to plague
the peace of the Western Hemisphere.
I stand, with the majority leader,
shoulder to shoulder with the President.
That does not mean I entirely approve
I have stated my position. I shall
await, with great interest, and with
prayers on my lips, the means of .ar-
riving at a peaceful way to handle this
problem.
Mr. CAPEHART.
the Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. CAPEHART. I should like to re-
view, in an unemotional way, a few facts.
First, is there anyone who believes that
Khrushchev and communism and Castro
are not out to destroy the American sys-
tem of government, to destroy America,
and, if necessary, 'go to war? Is there
anyone who feels any more sorry for
these Cubans who are in prison---the
1,214 of them-than they do for the
American boys who tonight are in prison
in Red China, or the one American boy
who is imprisoned in Russia, and other
Americans who have been imprisoned?
Is there anyone here naive enough to
believe that he wants these tractors-
he specified model and make-for any
other purpose than, in the first place, to
embarrass the United States before the
world, by resorting to blackmailing the
United States, and, in the second place,
to build missile and other types of mili-
tary bases?
Is there anyone here sp naive to be-
lieve for a -moment that Castro is not
taking his orders from Moscow?
Is there any Senator so naive as to
believe Mr. Castro means any good by
these proposals?
Are we against communism or are we
for it?
We are members of the Organization
of American States. We have been say-
ing that we cannot do certain things in
Cuba, that we cannot stop Mr. Castro,
because we are members of the Organi-
zation of American States. We say
that the OAS will object, and that we
have got; to get their permission. Why
did we not invite them in on this
project:!
Is there anyone here naive enough to
believe that the President did not sug-
gest that the committee do this?
The President admitted it in a press re
lease. Is there anyone here naive
enough to believe the President did not
say the' contributions would be tax ex-
empt, and that he would give an export
license to ship these tractors to Cuba,
when we have at the moment a prohi-
bition against shipping to Cuba any-
thing which could be used for war pur-
poses?
Is there anyone who will deny those
facts?
of the course of action which has been Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President_
taken in respect to this problem. I hap- Mr. CAPEHART. Let me finish.
pen to believe that in the beginning the Mr. MANSFIELD. I thought the
President was given bad advice. I think Senator had asked a question, because
he had better take a look at the ad- I wanted to answer some of the allega-
viser. But that stage is behind us now. tions he has made.
The welfare of the country calls on us Mr. CAPEHART. I am taking no
to rally behind our President and to see longer than the Senator from Oregon
what we can do, through the Organiza- took for his remarks.
tion of American States, to devise a Mr. Khrushchev has told us our chil-
program which will make it possible for dren will live under communism. Mr.
all the American nations to join in deal- Castro has told the world that he is a
ing with Castro. The President has in- Communist and that his nation is com-
dicated that we are willing to enter into munistic, He has expropriated billions
negotiations in regard to this subject. of dollars worth of American property.
No. 87-11
He took over a $150 million nickel mine
in Cuba owned by the American Gov-
ernment.
There are those who say we have got
to exchange 500 heavy duty tractors for
1,214 prisoners-not American prison-
ers., but Cuban prisoners.
If I were the President and I were
making the deal, I would say, "All right.
We will give you the 500 tractors if you
will release the 200,000 prisoners you
have." :But why pick out 1,200? Castro
will. reply, "Ihave 1,200 more Cuban na-
tionals who took part in the attempted
revolution. He has told, us that after
the attempted revolution he put 200,000
persons in jail. What is the difference
between the 200,000 he put in jail at
that time and the 1,214 we are talking
about?
I said a moment ago I think the Presi-
dent and. this committee are making a
mistake. I Said they are human beings
and they are entitled to make mistakes.
The only reason why I have been stand-
ing on the floor tonight and the last few
days is that :I think it is a terrible mis-
take. I.think a precedent is being set
that in the years and months to come
will tempt every little dictator and na-
tion to blackmail the United States.
There comes a time in every man's
life, as there does in a nation's life, when
a man must stand up for his honor. I
think honor is at stake. I think this
transaction is 100 percent blackmail. I
think we are violating the law by doing
what we are attempting.
I would be more amenable toward
what; we are doing if the executive
branch would say that we have an obli-
gation to these 1,240 or more people, and
if the executive branch would deal di-
rectly with the Government of Cuba.
But, rather, the President says, "I am
a private individual. I make this recom-
mendation, not as the President of the
United States, but as a private individ-
ual."
Who in the world Is so naive as to be-
lieve that we can handle this problem
with Castro except as one government to
another?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Very well.
Mr, CAPE:EIART. I have the greatest
respect for the able Senator from Mon-
tana.
Mr. MANSFIELD. - I will answer that
question.
Mr. CAPEHART. I do not question
the Senator's motives. I merely want
the Senator to deal in this instance with
facts.
Mr. MANSP:FLD. Very well. May I
ask the Senator if it is not true that
diplomatic relations with the Cuban
Government have been broken?
There is no diplomatic relationship
between the two governments at the
present time. The Swiss are serving as
agents for diplomatic relationships be-
tween the two governments.
So far as Mr. Castro himself is con-
cerned, I have yet to hear a good word
spoken in his behalf on the floor of this
Chamber. '
Mr. CAPEHART. I agree 100 percent
with the able Senator from Montana,,
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L May 2,
humanitarian motives which led them to ress in Cuba for the benefit of the peo- always been very proud of him.
act as they have. pie of Cuba, not just economic progress, gratulate him for the very movin I g con-
and
Castro is willing to trade men for ma- but also social and political progress, as courageous speech he has just made in
chines. Distinguished Americans have well. Tractors are needed to aid in the the Senate. He has raised some issues
invited other Americans to join with economic development of Cuba; and if which we must face in the days imme-
them in trading machines for men, the regime of Fidel Castro had not for- diately ahead.
They value life. Castro obviously val- feited its good will in the United States, As to the question of supporting the
ues machines above life. The commit- it would very likely be receiving eco- President, the President has now made
tee of Americans wishes to save the nomic aid of this nature today. But the official statement of policy, and the
lives of these courageous men. They under the totalitarian system which has President must be supported in carrying
want to prevent the bloody tribunals been instituted in Cuba, tractors will out his policy. This does not mean that
which have been used by the Castro never bring to the people of Cuba the the policy is not subject to further
regime as a substitute for justice. conditions of life which they need and change. But the situation tonight is
I hope Senators will never forget the deserve. So long as they are deprived quite different from the situation this
more than 600 Cubans who were exe- of even the most basic right in a demo- time last night, because some of us were
cuted by being sent to the wall in the cratic society-the right to vote-eco- trying to learn, had a right to try to
early days after the farcical trials of nomic development will not bring the learn, what the official policy of the
the present regime of Mr. Castro. better life which the revolution had White House was. Today the White
The fact that these Americans are promised to produce. House and the State Department have
willing to raise money to buy tractors As was recently said by one of the made clear that the so-called Reuther-
in exchange for redeeming the lives of great democratic liberals of Latin Amer- Roosevelt-Eisenhower committee was
men who otherwise would be exposed ica, Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, of an official committee from the begin-
to the cruel and primitive treatment of Peru: ning, in the sense that from the very be-
the Cuban Government does not reflect We cannot confuse that which was ideal- ginning it was acting with the full knowl-
on them; it reflects on Fidel Castro and istic, authentic, and just in the beginning of edge and approval of the administra-
the Cuban Government, who are willing the Cuban revolution with the surrender, tion. In his usual forthright, honest, and
to trade human beings as commodities submission, and homage to something which courageous way, the President has made
in international commerce. is anti-American and totalitarian and which that clear to the American people.
Questions have also been raised about is opposed to the traditional sense of our That makes quite a difference to me, as
the relationship of the U.S. Government ideal of bread with freedom.
to the action of this committee. The Second. The Cuban revolution has de-
- copared to the derst odto exist as of yesterday; na has made it clear that the voured many of its children. The list that a volunteer committee had ,
pro-
Government should not be involved and of those who have been executed or ceeded to follow a course of action which
is not involved in the action of the com- exiled continues to grow. In its defiance was bound to involve the foreign policy
mittee. This is surely a wise position. of the principles it once espoused, and of our country. There is no way to
At the same time, it would not be de- of the great declarations of Santiago, escape that.
sirable for the Government to seek to San Jose, and the Treaty of Rio, as well Although honest men may differ, in
prevent the private action which is with- as the Charter of the Organization of my judgment, no committee-neither
in the rights of those taking the action. American States, the Cuban Government this committee nor any other commit-
It has been suggested that members of has turned a hope into a threat to the tee-has a right to proceed to form it-
the committee should have consulted whole hemisphere. self into a foreign relations body that in-
with the Department of State in the Third. The United States continues to volves the rights and interests of the
course of organizing the committee. support the fundamental human rights 180 million American people in respect
This is entirely reasonable, and it is to and basic human needs of the Cuban to the relationship of this Republic to
be hoped that such consultations were people, and their legitimate aspirations the rest of the world. That is why I was
held. It has also been suggested, how- for a better life. It shall continue to heard to say before-and I continue to
ever, that unless the Department of work toward an improvement in the sit- stand on that statement-that, in my
State approved, the committee should uation in Cuba, with respect to these judgment, we must not permit volun-
not have been organized. This concept, matters, despite the attempts by the tary committees to follow that course of
if carried to its logical conclusion, would Castro government to turn the Cuban action.
prevent private activities of any sort people against those who have tradition- There is no question about the hu-
which might not be approved by the ally been their friends. Despite the manitarian aspects of the situation;
Government, and sanction only those provocation and denial of human rights there is no question about the high mo-
private activities which had the stamp represented by the proposed exchange, tives of the President of the United
of Government approval. , This would the U.S. Government and the people of States. There is no question that the
be a highly unfortunate and undesirable the United States will remain ready to President, in taking the position he is
condition. renew their association with the people taking, has shown to the world, as the
One of the hazards as well as one of of Cuba on the basis of respect for hu- Senator from Montana has pointed out,
the blessings of democracy is the free- man rights and for common principles the kind of cynic and irresponsible per-
dom of individuals and groups to engage of international law. son in world affairs Fidel Castro is.
in activities relating to our foreign rela- If my colleagues have not already done Now that the situation has been made
tions, so long as they are within the so, I hope they will look at the picture much clearer by the President-and I
legitimate limits set by law. Since in of the 10 Cuban hostages who now are assume that it will be made even clearer
this case there does not seem to be any in this country, speaking in behalf of tomorro`y, when he speaks to the Con-
conflict with the law, it is not reasonable approximately 1,240 of their comrades gress and to the entire Nation--another
or correct to suggest that the committee who are incarcerated in Cuban prisons. question also to be considered is what
should have been approved by the De- I ask my colleagues to examine their we need to do from now on.
partment of State before it was organ- hearts and their consciences. I ask I do not think this problem could pos-
ized. The very nature of its mission them to place themselves in the position sibly be limited to an issue between the
would have made this not only unlikely of the President of the United States; United States and Cuba. Regardless of
but undesirable. It may be that the De- and then, after they do so, to ask them- whether we act now through an official
partment of State has certain reserva- selves this one question: "What would volunteer committee whose humani-
tions about the exchange, but it would I do if the responsibility were mine, and tarian purposes have White House ap-
not be wise for the Government to seek what is the alternative?"
to prevent a legitimate private activity, Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the anproval or y other medium, the Cuban through
even if it does not wholly approve of Senator from Montana yield? problem
such activities. Is no longer a United States problem.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the That has been true from the beginning,
BROADER IMPLICATIONS OF THE CASTRO PRO- Senator from Oregon.
POSAL AND OF OUR RELATIONS WITH CUBA Hemisp, et is a problem of the Western
First. It should be made clear that the jor ty leader that I am more proud of HItlis a problem of the Western Hem-
United States welcomes genuine grog- him now than ever before-and i have isphere. I want to say, as I said in an-
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i'961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
enitted today that he has formed this right with aid from the United States? Government of Cuba. Besides being
t treatment legally, thand
ey
three olicy,n? committee to develop for- r?an om o tribute or blackmail. paying to e'emental
Is thany reason why we should Why should the Government place are also certainly entitled to due corr-
cign there ry
~tot form a Capehart-Goldwater-Mundt any obstacles in the way of the private sideration as Cubans by the present
committee to go to China to exchange committee which is seeking to do some- Government of Cuba. It is important
solid gold Cadillacs for people the Chi- thing of a humanitarian nature, seeking to understand that in the strict sense
aese are holding, or go to Laos to free to perform. a good which will benefit the they are not: prisoners of war; they are
come Lao? To me this is a very United States in the eyes of mankind prisoners of a civil war in which they
serious and dangerous clay in our his- the world over? Who are we to criti- risked their lives to bring it greater
tory. I believe that our children and cize the private citizens who are seek- measure of freedom and democracy to
,grandchildren will rue the day that the ing to raise money for the purpose of their country and, by the same token,
Senate of the United States allowed this doing good by returning the Cuban, had they succeeded, to our other neigh-isphere. to happen without challenging the Pres- prisoners to their freedom and they bors
If th.this heminent of Cuba is afraid What will happen
constitutional powers, fail? What will happen to the 10 to give thane prisoners their freedom;
Mr. CAPEHART. I agree with the Cuban prisoners whom Mr. Castro sent if it is so unsure about the loyalty of the
Senator. I have said repeatedly on the to Florida, and who have 1 week in Cuban people that it is fearful of releas-
floor of the Senate and to the press that which to reach an agreement, at the end ing the prisoners and letting them
returnreturn too Cu ba errw etheue to live they should d remain in exile, is
I believe the President is violating the of which time will they must
Logan Act in this particular instance. WCuba? 'What hat will be the fate of the 1,240 even further proof that the Government
If any Senator can condone what is Cuban prisoners whom they represent? of Cuba is not a government of the
will co rise and what I wish we would think this problem people, by the people, and for the people.
happeso. I wish. he would
is happen any Senator will could do to. what through. I wish we would not become Nothing, in fact, better indicates the be-
The Pof wof he would d ideals of Cuban
they forget facts of trayal f ththae callous tt eatment
The e President resid the United States feemotional
is subject ts. to human error. making inl make life this is an extremely difficult, deli- of human life and human values rep-
cate, and dangerous situation. Instead resented by the proposal of Premier
takes. man cannot help re mis-
sakes. No mcan dendof the of criticizing the President of the Castro to exchange prisoners---men-for
Stateses t the President to thUnited d United States, we should be upholding machines. Nothing demonstrates better
States without molded mistakes. In this his hand, because he is not the Presi- the inhuman, undemocratic nature of
seems t he the mad a mistake. I do, dent of ci political party; he is the Pres- the Castro :regime than the offer to trade
seems
the to me American the best thing tcan world, ident of all the people of the country, fellow Cubans for tractors.
for epeople and the and his burdens are terrible. Why It behoves Premier Castro to recall
and t a leader has the made free a k, is to should we tear this man down? We that his own life was spared early in
vew tMr. hat Castro has made just mistake, regards. and served with him in this Chamber for 8 his career because he was afforded the
view
his js
Mr. . MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Years. We know the kind of man he is. protection of basic human rights, but
have listened with a great deal of in- We know the troubles which beset him. he now seems to have forgotten that
terest this afternoon to the remarks of We know he is doing his very best to making such .a proposal. How far he
the distinguished Senator from Indiana face up to them and to try to bring has departed. from his own promise of
and other Senators. At least a dozen about a solution, not only in the inter- a new life for the Cuban people, which
times the Senator from Indiana has est of the people of the United States, would not only provide public order,
asked for someone to stand up and, in but in the interest of the people of the peace, freedom, and protection of in-
d. He peo- world, dividual rights, but also result in the
effect, be conned m has to asked for same I have heard hardly a word in this fulfillment of international commit-
thioutside the habto the saand Chamber in behalf of the President of ments.
hino. I outside willing to stand up and the United States, a man who has been . In proposing to trade men for ma-
be counted on the side of the President in office less than 5 months, and who chines, he has offered further evidence The t the United States. rg President of already, is beginning to feel the barbs not only of his betrayal of the ideals
the United States it charged under our the and the, arrows of partisan attack. We of the Cuban revolution, but of his un-
fooreeign ignutin policy. with the conduct of oought to be big enough to understand willingness even to abide by the most
f what cc nfronts him. Instead of criti- common rules of civilized Intercourse.
It is true that a sroue of private cizing him, we ought to give him our It has been stated that the response by
A
show up merican citizens has endeavored to Fidel Castro's cynicism. and, wholehearted support. a committee of leading American cit-
s eup has Oh, yes; questions have been raised izens to the exchange offer constitutes
is exactly what it is. . The group gro That
shown him up with great effect through- about the Logan Act. Questions have behavior which is unworthy of Am eri-
out Latin America. If my memory been raised about export licenses. cans. It has been said that they are
serves me correctly, even in the great Questions have been raised about 'tax being blackmailed into making the ex-indirect fit to off Brazil a newspaper
xch for A which ems to Concerning tax exemtion,
favorite topic, tax thatngthe'nGov~ernmebeen nt ofrc1the Untied
fit to offer r one tractor in in exchange for 4
prisoners. I believe that this group of exemptions are always granted to any Statis has been blackmailed into making
private citizens is attempting to do charitable organization engaged in the the exchange. It has even been sug-
something which will save the. Freedom rehabilitation and assistance of needy gested that the members of the commit-
Fighters who were captured by Castro refugees or in other humanitarian work. tee are not within their rights in agree-
in the ill-fated invasion of Cuba. The Why should anyone seek to make an ing to the exchange. Whatever one may
U.S. Government, rightly or wrongly, exception in this case? The lives of think of the wisdom of responding to
did not prevent those men from invad- men are at stake, and what may well be the exchange offer in this fashion, it
ing their homeland in an attempt to re at stake is the future of the United would certainly appear to be within the
gain its freedom. States in this hemisphere. I do not rights of private citizens to organize
The only question facing the Govern- underestimate Mr. Castro. He is one of such a committee and to, arrange with
ment now is: Should we prevent a pri- the shrewdest, most ruthless men in the the prisoners themselves for the ex-
vate group in their humanitarian efforts world today. Do not take my word for change.
to freethese prisoners? Are we to place it. Go back to the record.,, Since he Rather than constituting blackmail, can cynicism above men? Are we we to came power on January 1, 1959, the Cas bro's ac
show just how smart, how of extortionc~wh chbreflectsthe callous
rather than an show criticie how a Are e little w kind- shrewd.. how ruthless, how deadly he is. inhumanity of the Castro regime.
criticize above
criticize
le Every American and every other free Whether ALrrrerican citizens are wise in
Bess, a little understanding, a little
brotherliness toward people who were man is interested in the fate of those taking this course is not for me to pre-
attempting to do what they thought was who are now held as prisoners by the tend to judge, but I am certain of the
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know where they are; and this great
Government does nothing about getting
them back.
Mr. CAPEHART. So far we have
talked only about 1,214 prisoners, while
we know that Castro has in prisons in
Cuba men who were just as much free-
dom fighters as the 1,214. To take Cas-
tro at his own word, they number 200,000.
About 10 days before the so-called in-
vasion the President of the United
States made a statement that we would
have nothing to do with the invasion.
If we had nothing to do with the in-
vasion, then why are we .so concerned
at the moment? Mr. Castro has told us
that he wants the 500 tractors as in-
demnity for the damage that the United
States did during the invasion. That is
Castro's point of view. There is no ques-
tion that in Castro's mind but what he
is representing the communist govern-
ment of Cuba. Yet today the President
of the United States, if I understand the
releases properly, has said-and if I
misunderstood his statement I will be
happy to correct the REcoRD-that he is
acting as a private individual. He said
that he did ask the committee members
to form the committee, and that their
endeavor would be tax exempt. It is
reported in the newspapers that he
would see that an export license is
issued.
On the other hand, we have a prohi-
bition against shipping to Castro any
materials other than some foodstuffs and
medical supplies.
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. MUNDT. The Senator has em-
phasized several times that the Presi-
dent stated in a press release, which has
been read on the floor of the Senate by
the Senator from Indiana, that the
President said he was acting as a pri-
vate individual. Can the Senator from
Indiana tell the Senator from South Da-
kota whether or not it was the Presi-
dent's position that he was acting as a
private individual when he formed a
committee to secure contributions to
this fund, that the money collected
would be tax exempt and, if so, how a
private individual could make such a
wholesale promise?
Mr. CAPEHART. I cannot read the
President's mind in that respect. There
is no way in the world that a President
can act as a private individual, particu-
larly concerning problems that have to
do with two nations, because the Con-
stitution states that the President of the
United States has complete charge of
foreign affairs.
Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield:
Mr. BUTLER. Has the Senator ever
heard of an individual citizen of the
United States granting an export license
on material that can be used for pur-
poses of making war against the United
States?
Mr. CAPEHART. No; I never have.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the body of the
RECORD as part of my remarks an article
published in the Baltimore Sun, issue of
Wednesday morning, May 24, 1961, re-
porting the statement of Dr. Milton S.
Eisenhower.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TRACTOR IDEA Is DEFENDED: BUT DR. EISEN-
HOWER,LIKENS SWAP TO KIDNAP RANSOM
Dr. Milton S. Eisenhower, cochairman of
a drive to raise $18 million for tractors to be
used for repatriation of more than 1,200
Cuban rebels, yesterday likened the exchange
to that of a mother paying ransom to regain
her kidnaped child.
The brother of the former President,
Dwight D. Eisenhower, told a press confer-
ence here he was saddened and surprised at
criticism of the venture expressed by mem-
bers of his own party. Dr. Eisenhower is a
Republican.
A drive to raise money for the tractors
and bulldozers stems from a bid by Cuban
Premier Fidel Castro to exchange 1,214
prisoners which he captured during the re-
cent Cuban invasion for 500 heavy-duty
tractors costing about $84,000 apiece.
CITES CENTRAL PROBLEM
Eisenhower expressed the hope that the
criticism will not impede the committee's
efforts.
"By whatever name you call it," he said,
"the central problem is 1,214 decent people."
The Johns Hopkins University president
said the committee sent telegrams to 50
leaders of industry, labor and cultural life
throughout the country asking their partic-
ipation. He said he had not yet had a
chance to talk to former President Eisen-
hower about contributing to the campaign.
Although he said he appreciated the flood
of telegrams, phone calls, and contributions
which had been sent him, he requested all
contributors to send their money to "Trac-
tors for Freedom." Detroit, Mich. He said
all such contributions would be tax exempt
and that the fundraising was sanctioned by
the Government.
Enumerating his reasons for joining the
group, the Hopkins president said he had
done so for three reasons:
1. It is a bipartisan effort.
2. No matter how angry one may be about
some elements going on there (Cuba), 1,214
human beings are involved and I don't see
how Americans can refuse a call for help.
3. I am absolutely certain that the re-
sponse in Latin America to any such ex-
change will be good.
Mr. CAPEHART. Furthermore, I wish
to say for the RECORD that there is no
question that Milton Eisenhower is a Re-
publican. Hence, I am not playing parti-
san politics with this subject. I am 100
percent opposed to this proposal. It is
morally wrong. I shall fight it as long as
I have breath left in me. What we are,
going will be a preec - nt that will haunt
us for many years to come. Dr. Eisen-
hower compared this transaction with a
mother whose child had been kidnapped.
Those 1,214 men knew what they were
going. They were fighting for their own
country. They are Cubans, not Ameri-
cans. We are talking about a dictator, a
Communist. who has told us that his
nation is a Communist nation and that
he will destroy us.
He has said, "I will release these peo-
ple if you will give us 500 tractors."
He was not referring to farm tractors,
but the kind of tractors that can be used
to build missile bases and to build roads
and do construction work.
Unless we are all wrong about com-
munism-and I have heard about it on
the floor of the Senate for. 17 years-
they are out to destroy us. They are out
to kill us. They did us irreparable harm
in the Korean war. Yet we are saying
to Castro, "We are going to help you."
I want no part of it. I hope the Amer-
ican people will rise up and put a stop
to it. I feel sorry for those who have
advised the President of the United
States on this matter and I am appre-
hensive about what he is doing.
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. MUNDT. The Senator is a dis-
tinguished businessman and a substan-
tial taxpayer. Perhaps he can help me
write an answer to a letter I received
from a South Dakota farmer today, deal-
ing with this subject. He writes that he
noticed that the President had said-or
perhaps it was the Internal Revenue
Service-that a ruling had been made
that contributions to this committee
would be tax exempt, and that the Pres-
ident, acting as a private citizen, said
that he had waived the taxes on this
project, and my constituent would like
to know how a private individual can
waive a magic wand and decide that
the taxes in this case would be waived
because the tractors are to be sent to
Cuba.
Therefore my farmer friend wants to
know whether the President could wave
both wands and make a tractor that the
farmer has to buy tax exempt also, so
that he can use that tractor on his farm
in South Dakota.
Mr. CAPEHART. There would be
more reason for granting a tax exemp-
tion in the case referred to by the
Senator.
Mr. MUNDT. In other words, how
can we make a tractor that is shipped
to a Communist country tax exempt if
a farmer in South Dakota who buys a
tractor to use on his farm must pay
taxes on the money he uses to buy a
tractor for use on his farm? Can the
Senator give me any solace that I can
pass on to the farmer in South Dakota? '
Mr. CAPEHART. No, I cannot help
the Senator on that question. I do not
know.
Mr. MUNDT. Perhaps if we were
sending cash to Castro, the Internal
Revenue Service might consider the cash
as being tax exempt. So far as the trac-
tors are concerned, I cannot see any rea-
son why we should discriminate against
an American farmer in behalf of Castro.
Mr. CAPEHART. The whole thing to
me is ridiculous.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. GOLDWATER. I believe terms
like "silly" and "ridiculous" should not
be used in a case like this. It is much
too serious. The Senate should very
seriously consider the subject. Histor-
ically we have formed foreign policy by
the Executive working with the advice
and consent of the Senate. Yet here we
are forming foreign policy by a personal
committee appointed by the President.
He tells us about it now. I do not know
that he has ever denied it. Perhaps he
was never asked about it. He has ad-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- SENATE 8191
ness with the enemy would likely be shot or
imprisoned as a traitor. We are at war with
Castro's Cuba.
I repeat that statement:
In any war it civilian who did business
with the enemy would likely be shot or im-
prisoned as a traitor. We are at war with
Castro's Cuba.
We paid for a silly invasion in which a
lot o? people were killed. and now we want
to buy back bodies with some lousy tractors
out of private purses so that what currently
passes for a State Department can turn its
head from the deal and disclaim involve-
nient.
We have been blackmailed in various ways
for so long that they do not bother to black-
mail us in terms of countries and billions
of dollars anymore. We have now degen-
erated to peanuts-and-pennies in our deals.
I suppose, in future, if Castro sends us a few
heads or hands, as the Arabsused to, we will
work up a thriving trade in second-hand
cars and old TV sets in return for some-
body's sisters.
I hold in my hand the Baltimore Sun
for Wednesday morning, May 24, 1961,
handed to me by the able Senator from
Maryland [Mr. BUTLER].
The headline on the article is "Tractor
Idea Is Defended, But Dr. Eisenhower
Likens Swap to Kidnap Ransom."
The article states:
Dr. Milton S. Eisenhower, cochairman of
a drive to raise $15 million for tractors to be
used for repatriation of more than 1,200
Cuban rebels, yesterday likened the exchange
to that of a mother paying ransom to regain
her kidnaped child.
I ask Senators to think of that. He
likened the exchange to that of a moth-
er paying ransom to regain her kid-
naped child.
The brother of the former President
Dwight D. Eisenhower, told a press con-
.ference here he was saddened and surprised
at criticism of the venture expressed by
members of his own party. Dr. Eisenhower
is a Republican.
A drive to raise money for the tractors
and bulldozers stems from a bid by Cuban
Premier Fidel Castro to exchange 1,214 pris-
oners which he captured during the recent
Cuban invasion for 500 heavy-duty tractors
costing about $34,000 apiece.
CITES CENTRAL PROBLEM
Eisenhower expressed the hope that the
criticism will not impede the committee's
efforts.
"By whatever name you call it," he said,
'the central problem is 1,214 decent peo-
ple.-Dictator Castro has already told us
that as a result of the so-called invasion
he had imprisoned, not 1,214, but 200,-
000 Cubans. If we are going to be black-
mailed into trading 500 heavy-duty trac-
tors for 1,214 so-called prisoners, why
do we not say to Castro, "Release the en-
tire 200,000." Why do we pick out the
1,214?
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. BENNETT. Has anyone ever told
us how many real American citizens Cas-
tro has in jail?
Mr. CAPEHART\ I do not think any-
one has, but .1 assume he has a number.
Mr. BENNETT. As illustrated in the
story of a mother ransoming her daugh-
ter, should we not be more concerned
with getting Americans out of Castro's
jails than in getting Cubans out of Cas-
tro's Jails?
Mr. CAPEHART. I think so, but noth-
ing has been done about that situation.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, will. the
Senator yield?
Mr.' CAPEHART. Yes, I yield.
Mr. CURTIS. It has been reported
that a, tax deduction will be given for
contributions to this scheme. Can the
distinguished Senator from Indiana tell
the Senate who made that statement?
Mr.' CAPEHART. That a tax deduc-
tion would be given?
Mr. CURTIS. Yes.
Mr.. CAPEHART. According to the
ticker tape, I understand the President
of the United States made that state-
ment today.
Mr. CURTIS. Does the President of
the United States contend that such is
the law now, or is it his contention that
by Presidential edict and announcement
he can term what is taxable and what
is not?
Mr. CAPEHART. I do not think such
is the law. I cannot answer the Sena-
tor's second question. It would amaze
me to learn that through blackmail a
payment of $40 million on tractors for
a Communist country would be tax de-
ductible. When did communism become
a charitable institution?
Mr. CURTIS. Has anything been
published concerning the negotiations
to the effect that Americans will be re-
leased?
Mr. CAPEHART. I cannot answer
that question. I do not know.
Mr. CURTIS. There has been noth-
ing published?
Mr. CAPEHART. I do not know. I
know that Castro has bragged about the
fact that he imprisoned 200,000 people
when the so-called invasion took place.
Mr. CURTIS. How many has Castro
shot without trial?
Mr. CAPEHART. I cannot answer
that question. But he has bragged about
the fact that he has shot many. I wish
I could tell the Senator.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Can the Senator
understand the President when he said
that the U.S. Government is l}ot a party
to the negotiations, in view of the fact
that the President himself set up the
three-person committee and then asked
that tax exemption be given to the pro-
posed blackmail?
Mi. CAPEHART. I can only an: wer
that question by saying, "How naive does
the President think the people cf the
United States and the world are?" The
President has acted. He stated. that he
was going to see that an export license
would be issued. Yet he has stated that
he is: acting as a private individual,
Mn GOLDWATER. The President of
the United States cannot act as a private
individual except in his own church.
Mr;'.. CAPEHART. Of course he can-
not.
Mr.. GOLDWATER. Any more than
the Senator from Indiana or I could any
longer act as private individuals after
we were elected U.S. Senators.
May I Call to the attention of the
Senator from Indiana article II, section
2, paragraphs 2 of the Constitution of
the United States concerning the pow-
ers of the President: -
He shall have power, by and with the ad-
vice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators
present concur,
I: suggest to my friend from Indiana
that if this arrangement is a treaty, it
is a blackmail treaty. The President
has not asked the advice and consent
of the Senate of the United. States and,
so far as I know, he has not conferred
with anyone except Arthur Schlesinger.
Mr. CAPEHART. I am sure he has
conferred with him.
Mr. GOLDWATER. He would have to.
Mr. CAPEHART I agree with the
Senator. Here is a deal between the
United States Government and the
Cuban Government, headed by Castro,
an admitted Communist. Yet the
President o: the United States said that
in recommending that the committee
raise the required $20 million or $40 mil-
lion, whatever the amount is, for 500
tractors, lie is dealing as a private in-
dividual.
Mr. GOLDWWATER. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield further?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. GOLCNVATER. I agree with the
Senator front Indiana that the President
cannot act as a private citizen. When
speaks, he speaks as the President of
the United SStates. When he spoke today,
he committed our Government, our Re-
public, to subject itself' on its humble
knees t0 the blackmail of this bearded
giant Castro.
Mr. C:APE:EIART. I believe the Presi-
dent likewise said that contributions
would be tax deductible, and that he
would like to have an export license to
ship the tractors to Cuba. They are not
farm tractors; they are commercial
tractors, the kind used to move dirt and
perform c:o:astruction work.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield further?
Mr. CAPEHART. Yes, I yield.
Mr. GOLDWATER. :I cio not wish to
detain the Senator, but in his remarks
today the President said.:
If they were our brothers in a totalitarian
prison, every American would want to help
I might suggest to our President that
we have some prisoners in totalitarian
prison camps, and they have been there
for a long time. I have not seen anything
done wit]:i respect to them. I do not
remember the details---I: am looking
them up--but I can recall that on the
floor of: the Senate a number of years
ago a Senator attempted the same kind
of negotiations, and all hell fell on his
shoulders, as a think it should fall on the
shoulders of the President.
Mr. I3t"ILER. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. CAPEHART. I yield.
Mr. BUTLER. The only difference be-
tween the rases is that the boys who are
now in totalitarian prisons are Ameri-
cans drafted under an act of the Con-
gress of the United States. That is the
difference. We know who they are: we
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8190
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
May 24
/ CASTRO, CUBA. TRA ,FORS, AND
j BLACKMAIL
Mr, CAPEHART. Mr. President, I
read an article written by Robert C.
Ruark, published in Miami, Fla., May
24:
Of all the immoral aspects of our fearful
muddling in the Cuban chamber of horrors,
it seems to me the so-called humanitarian
response to Castro's obscene proposition to
trade human flesh for tractors is the most
frightening index yet to what's wrong with
America at the moment.
This independent effort of Bill Pawley
and Mrs. Roosevelt and Milton Eisenhower
and Walter Reuther and Cardinal Spellman
to raise money to cooperate with Castro in
his inhumanely outrageous blackmail
scheme does nothing to mark us noble. It
merely puts us on Castro's level and com-
pounds the felony.
If the State Department does not flatly
forbid the consummation of this deal, it
might as well knock off the sanctions against
Cuba and admit that the bearded buffoon is
no longer a buffoon at all, but a shrewd and
powerful man who has defeated America al-
most without firing a shot.
This how to blackmail is meddling in Gov-
ernment policy, pure and simple. It should
not be legal for private citizens to deal with
a hostile Government which, should be over-
thrown--unless it overthrows us. Charity
and humanitarianism is one thing-weak-
ness and stupidity and meddlesome nul-
lifieation of your country's policy is another,
and I don't care what names are mixed up
in it. It is as morally wrong to accede to
criminal proposition as it is to make the
proposition.
There are seine instances in which
morality takes precedence over softheaded
individual interference with governmental
policy. In any war a civilian who did busi-
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 8124
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ican lives would become a negotiable and the threat communism poses to it,. We
commodity in the cold war, with Com- recently had a 2-day convocation on commu-
munist tyrants rating them in terms of nism participated in by three nationally
man. I say known authorities on the subject and led by
so many electric razors per
ti Fred
this is nothing for any group of Ameri- Schwarz, president of the Chris-
this n Anti-Communist Crusade. We are
cans to rush into blindly-without care- teaching in history courses and America's
fully considering where it might lead. democratic heritage course the principles of
freedom and the necessity for preserving
them. But this is not enough. Americans
WORD FROM CUBA everywhere must face up to the situation.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, I I pray to God that Mario and Jorge Silva
and all other Cuban sons of Culver will live
ask unanimous consent to have printed through this calamity and soon will rejoin
at this point in the RECORD, in connec- us as freemen.
tion with my remarks, a page-from the DELMAR T. SPIVEY,
Culver Alumnus, touching on the experi- Superintendent.
ence of one of the alumni of that school. .~~ There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TRO, BULLDOZERS, AND
PRISONERS
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President,
the morning newspaper tells us that a
committee has been set up to collect
the means for paying Communist Dic-
tator Fidel Castro the blackmail in bull-
dozers which he is demanding as the
price of 1,214 lives. I have no objection
to having the citizens of this country
do whatever they want to do about the
arrogant, insulting demand made by
Castro in an attempt to rub our noses
in the fiasco of an American-directed
invasion failure---so long as it is done
voluntarily, and without government
sanction. However, I do resent the at-
tempt on the part of the leaders of this
bulldozer committee to convince the
American people that yielding to Com-
munist demands is "the way to smash
communism." This is precisely what
has been wrong with our attitude. We
have yielded and yielded and yielded.
We have yielded so much that there is
not-much more to give-at least, not in
terms of freedom's real estate through-
out the world.
There is one important point to re-
member about paying "blackmail," and
that is that it never ends, once it starts,
because the blackmailer is never satis-
fied. Castro is a good example. Even
now he is threatening to change the
terms of his offer. He does not like the
word "exchange," and insists that any
transaction be regarded in the light of
"indemnification" for war damages. He
does not want the Cubans-in-exile to
have any part in the deal. He wants
only a certain type, of bulldozer. This is
only the beginning of his fresh demands.
Undoubtedly there will be more, now
that he knows there is a tendency in
this country to give in. We shall be
lucky if he does not wind up demanding
500 hydrogen bombs, instead of bull-
dozers.
Mr. President, I suggest that there is
something entirely degrading in the pic-
ture of the United States of America re-
duced to the point where she must trade
WORD FROM CUBA
Until recently, Culver has attracted a fairly
large number of students from Cuba in both
the winter and summer schools. The
knowledge and understanding that has
grown for more than a half-century between
cadets of the two countries has been Instru-
mental in the fine relationships between the
United States and Cuba. It also has brought
to most Culver men a particular affection
toward Cuba and Cuban citizens.
We are all aware of the horrible tragedy
that has befallen our Cuban alumni and
patrons in having their country seized by
the Communists. Many of them are giving
their lives in fighting Communist tyranny.
In so doing, they are fighting not only for
their own country but the United States and
all freemen everywhere.
I have received many letters recently from
Cuban alumni and patrons. One of the
most poignant is from Jorge Silva, a 1926
graduate of the summer schools and the
father of two winter school alumni. It is
the most eloquent and passionate statement
I have seen from a tortured man fighting
for freedom. I reprint excerpts from his
April 26 letter because I think it is impor-
tant to all Culver men to know Mr. Silva's
thoughts in this emotion-laden period for
him. .
"This letter is to inform you and the acad-
emy that my two sons Jorge (1959) and
Mario (1961) together with other Culver
men were in the U.S. endorsed invasion at-
tempt on Cuba during the past week. Jorge
is a captive, and Mario is missing.
"It is my firm belief, and this is what I
want you to know and the world to know,
that all of us who once believed in the
greatness of the United States of America
feel that they and all of us have been the
victims of gross high official treason.
"The only reason why I allowed them to go
was that they had an ideal and I could not
stop them and that we were told they would
be backed to the end by the U.S. Government
and its Armed Forces if necessary. We be-
lieved this because we know that this fight
is not for Cuba or the Cubans. It is a fight
for the very life of all Americans.
"I am sure that by the time you read this,
in private or to the corps of cadets, they
will have been executed."
I firmly believe that the United States is in
its most critical period in history. I also
believe we are losing the fight to commu-
nism by our unwillingness as a people to
face up to the situation. The times call for
cool thinking, moral courage, a better un-
derstanding of the implications of commu-
nism, the willingness on the part of each of
us to sacrifice, and dynamic action to save
our country and Western civilization from
succumbing to communism by default.
We at Culver are doing everything in our
material goods for human lives. If that power-which admittedly is small to face up
were carried to its loXWrW1MP6rellf8q~1~~346R000200140038-8
could reach the point Here even Amer- and u ver c e e aw"lare eP
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6166 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
the President of the United States that \aathe ntly important to warrant the
such a contribution is tax deductible: g of an amendment in connection
second, to deny that it is not a violation . So I offer my amendment which
of the Logan Act; third, to maintain desk, and ask that it be stated.
that the President is acting as a private PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
individual in appointing the committee K in the chair). The amendment
and asking it to serve as private individ- offerectN by the Senator from Iowa will
of the United States. The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. It is pro-
I want some Senator to defend that posed to amend title I by adding the
action. I think it is an unpardonable following section:
sin. I think this is a regrettable situa- There is a'Vthorized to be appropriated for
tion and that the Nation will live to administerin6 the provisions of this Act
regret the action which is being taken during the fiscal years beginning July 1,
at the moment. 1961, and for each of the two succeeding
I want Senators to tell us that southern fiscal years, not''\in excess of $1,000,000 for
Florida will not be wrecked as a result of any such year.
May 24
going to hold down the administrative
costs, we should do so in the case of
an aid to education bill.
I cannot support the pending bill; but
if it becomes law, the very least which
I believe should be alone is to assure
to the children who will be benefited
by means of the bill that the least
tration. That
amendment. -
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
believe I have the floor.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will
the the Senator yield for one comment?
Mr. MANSFIELD. For one comment?
Yes.
Mr. HOLLAND. I assure the distin-
guished Senator from Indiana that
Florida has no ghost towns and is not
likely to have any. The Bureau of the
Census advised the Senators from Flor-
ida officially on Saturday that Florida's
population has just passed the 5 million
mark.
As usual, the Senator from Indiana, in
his excitement, has let his extravagance
overshadow the facts. Miami has be-
tween 30,000 and 40,000 Cuban refugees,
which is as close to a quarter of a million
as we can get.
So far as we in Florida are concerned-
and that is the point to which I shall ad-
dress myself-if the Senator from In-
diana is as badly off on all the other
facts which he has recited as he is on his
facts relating to Florida, he is in a hope-
less situation and had better make a
fresh start.
Mr. CAPEHART. Does the able Sen-
ator from Florida deny that the Cuban
exiles are taking the jobs of the citizens
of Florida at much lower wages than they
are entitled to receive?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, in
the interest of expediting the business
at hand, I hope the favor done me by the
Senator from Iowa will be rewarded by
his being recognized, because he was on
his feet befare I was.
Mr. President, in response to what the
Senator from Indiana said, permit me
to state that the President needs no de-
fense from anyone for his actions; but
I: ask for the yeas and nays. zation for the administration of this
The yeas and nays; were ordered. measure.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr.. President, will At this time I am very happy to yield
the Senator from Iowa''Veld? to the Senator from Oregon.
Mr. MILLER. I yield. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask the
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Pr" sident, I have Senate to reject the amendment; and in
discussed this question with, the Senator t4is connection I should like to have the
from Iowa and also with 'the Senator attention of the distinguished Senator
from Oregon. I believe the5X will agree from Alabama [Mr. HILL 1, who is not
to the allowance of 5 minutes to each only a member of the Committee on
side, and then to have the vote taken, Labor and Public Welfare, but also is a
with the yeas and nays, as order d. member of the Appropriations Com-
Therefore, I ask unanimous c nsenV mittee.
that on this amendment, 5 minus s be This amendment seeks-without any
allowed to each side-or a total0 assurance at all in regard to the neces-
minutes. sary administrative expenditures in con-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is th e nection with the act-to say to the Ap-
objection? Without objection, it is 99 propriations Committee, "You cannot
ordered. Pay any attention to the evidence you
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President the ", receive; in any event, you are limited to
reason for offering the amendment is 'k1 million."
that there is always much concern among Certainl under the
the people of the country about the ad- y practices of the
ministrative costs of these measures. I Senate the checks by the A the Appro iriatiors
do not need to remind the Senate that are `tobe applied ied by ppropriations
comes back. _ ----_ "- will hav~ the Senate as a whole invade
Some assurance was given with re- the jurisdiction of the Appropriations
sheet to this measure, by the Secretary Committe&I
of Health, Education, anc Welfare, dur- In connection with the amendment,
ing tha hearings. As appears on page let us consider the record.
157, he said: As first introduced, it was believed that
I have tried to estimate what the cost of the total administrative expenditures of
this program would be administratively, and the measure for the so-called first year-
it is our best estimate * * that it will be which actually Would be only a part of
aboutl one-tenth of 1 percent. the fiscal year-'would be $683,000; in
The distinguished Senator from 1963, $1,022,000; afld in the third year-
Oregon [Mr. Moasxl added to that as- the last year of fulloperations under the
surance, last evening, when he said, as act, unless it is elctended-$1,077,000;
shown at page 8106 of the CONGRESSIONAL and for 1965, when, the operations in
RECORD: connection with the Jot would be cleaned
It is the most economical way of collect- up, after the act went out of existence,
ing taxes so far ad administrative costs are $594,000; and in 1966, $4,000.
concerned for schdol purposes that we could This is no longer a $666 million au-
have provided, That is borne out further thorization. It is an $850 million author-
by the testimony of Secretary Ribicoff, which ization
. %
SCHOOL ASNISTANCE ACT OF 1961 is found at page 157 of the hearings, when On the basis of the $66 million au-
The question w s raised as to what the ad- $6
The Senate Nsumed the consideration mi strative cost of the bill would be. thorization, the figures which were pre-
of the bill (S. 1ig21) to authorize apro- e Secretary said: "So when you con- sented were that in two of, the years
ed
11 (S. 1
er a program such as this where the ad- the administrative costs would be a lit-
gram of
l ancial assistance for s
ministrative cost would be some one-tenth tle more than $1 million-in 1 year, $1,-
education. of 1 percent, I do not believe that that is 077 000
;
on with its adminis-
the reason for this
the subject, rather than applied
During the debate o the pending bill cent of the $850 million a year would be testimony, the Secretary of the Depart-
almost every feature in onnection with $850,000. ' My amendment provides for ment of Health, Education, and Welfare
Federal aid to educatio has been dis- a little leeway; it provides for ti~i t t4f t ~3 question and not
cussed, except one A yo4V?ep1;~reR~eleei dl2tfl> 3/3~3ur(QA?RQ t
~'> '"9M ared statement.
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8186 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE
CASTRO, C ANS, AND TRACTORS
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, last
night in a colloquy with the Senator
from Colorado some question arose
about editorials in New York newspa-
iars concerning what is variously called
Operation Tractors or Operation Res-
ciue, with respect to the Cuban patriots
held by Castro.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD the
editorials to which I referred last night,
as well as other editorials which have
Mince come to hand on this subject. Also
l', ask unanimous consent to have print-
c+d at this ppitltin the RECORD a state-
ment made today on the same subject
by the President of the United States.
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