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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200110006-6
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5272
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2u+
CONGRESSIONAL kOff-MM
ture and penetrating study, which I be-
lieve merits the attention of Members of
Congress.
I ask unanimous consent that this
study, by Robert Yoshioka, Galen Fox,
Stuart Kiang, John Goodbody, and Brian
Lederer, be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
CHAPTER I. FACTORS INFLUENCING RED CHINA'S
ties of food than China can provide in one
yer a It is an axiom in history that where
there is overpopulation and shortage of
food, there is a desire for expansion, Red
China is no exception to this rule.
Closely tied to China's population problem
is her shortage of natural resources. In
agriculture, the needs of the population have
caused a scarcity of available farmland"
Rationing has been in effect since 1954, and
has become progressively more stringent?
While coal and iron deposits are adequate,
China on the whole has few mineral re-
In particular, she depends on the
sources
.
Physical factors Soviet Union for oil and gas, which must
Communist China, including Manchuria, affect her foreign relations with her north-
occupies 3,768,000 square miles in southeast ern neighbor.
In addition China is concerned with eco-
Pacific Ocean, on the west bounded by the
high ranges of the Tien Shan, the Pamirs,
and the Himalayas. On the north China is
separated from Russia by wide desert and
steppe terrain. Solely in the south, through
the valleys leading to Indochina, Burma, and
Thailand, has there been an opening for
Chinese expansion. As the only strong Com-
munist nation in southeast Asia, China
serves as the Communist base in this area.
More than half of the Chinese land fron-
tier lies along the borders of other Com-
munist countries, principally Russia. This
brings China into conflict with her northern
neighbor, for, in her efforts to decrease the
population problem in her central and south-
ern provinces, Red China has been forced
to increase colonization of her northern
border areas, which have long been under
Russian influence? Across the Taiwan
Straits lies Formosa, a constant source of
irritation to Red China.
In addition to these geographic realities,
the factor of Red China's population has a
vital influence on her internal and foreign
policy. Based on the 1954 figure of 583
million, and counting on an average increase
of 12 to 13 million per year, the Chinese
population now approximates 660 million?
According to the Peking People's Daily, this
manpower is China's greatest natural re-
source' Under the Communists this popu- Along with his militant attitude, however,
lation has been organized politically and The Chinese Communists themselves be- he advocates flexibility. In relation to the
economically! It provides them with a lieve that thought determines action. Cer- world struggle for Communist power, he re-
market and labor force of more than half tainly ideology forms the basis or support fined and developed the Marxist doctrine of
a billion men. Moved by the million, they for all of a nation's activities; It is the calculated periods of tension and relaxation.
By this dMao sets up a plan for relaxation.
provide workers all over the country for standard by which a nation governs itself.
re-
farms, mines, and industrial concerns c China is now carrying out a massive pro- teat in order doctrine, make greater as plan ,steps
Another significant advantage of this gram of thought reform-the ideological re- a side to order move further greater an see this
population is its immense military potential. molding of 660 million people. Her leaders em a iahead. ideological as well as
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, in reviewing the are attempting to install communism as the aside milit a ary warfare.
military strength of the Communist bloc, true ideology of the people. To accom-
states that the number of Chinese males plish this, they have found it necessary to The Chinese see the world divided into ons, to
w alone fit for military action is more than attack
ions and the way basis of life that hhave existed Mao's principles are applied.tiThe first group
85 China and Mao Tse-tung has said
China's centuries. Thus, confucianism, taoism, is the "socialist", or Communist bloc, China's
China t outlast a nuclear wax, as China's
population on could still furnish urnish manpower of and buddhiam are being attacked and gradu- ideological allies. The second group is the
several hundred million to take over the ally replaced by communism, with its goal of "imperialist" or capitalist bloc, and the third
world? However, this mass of humanity world revolution. However, certain histori- and largest group, consists of noncommitted
also poses problems for Red China. Foremost cal factors continue to have an effect on colonial and semicolonial nations40 The
among them is overpopulation. In the culti- China's ideology as well as her foreign pol- entire foreign policy of Peking has but one
vated areas the average density of popula.- icy. They take the form of a Chinese na- overall objective: To increase the size and
tion is 1,200 to the square mile. As a tionalism based on two closely related as- influence of China, culminating in the con-
countermeasure, the Communists have re- pects of Chinese history. One of these is quest of the world. The chief enemy of this
cently advocated the universal use of con- the Chinese tradition of hegemony in Asia, goal is the Western bloc, represented most
traceptives 8 Furthermore, this population indeed in the world. powerfully by the United States?1 For that
has needs which China cannot adequately "Complacent Westerners should not for- reason the aims of Communist China are to
meet. There is a demand for more quanti- get that, for many centuries before modern expel America from her position of influence,
iddl kin - to neutralize infiltrate, and eventually. take
e
th
'Dr. A. S. Y. Chen, "Communist China:
Military Aspects of World Political Geog-
raphy," p. 426.
z Gyan Chand, "The New Economy of
China," pp. 370-371.
8 "Jen-Min Jih-pao," Oct. 22, 1960.
4 "Hung-Ch'i," July 1960.
5 "Nan-Fang Jih-pao," Aug. 3, 1960.
8 Maxwell D. Taylor, "The Uncertain Trum-
pet," p. 51.
4 "The Challenge of China," speech by Dr.
John Stoessinger, United Nations radio.
8 Chung-kuo Fu-nu, July 16, 1960.
nomic and technical development. Agricul-
ture is the basis of the Chinese economy;
however, because of China's lack of modern
tools and materials, the chief target of the
"Great Leap Forward" has been industry?s
China is far behind Russia in this respect,
and is dependent on Russia for heavy ma-
chinery of all types: It is evident that China
needs to increase her agricultural as well as
industrial production, and machinery is
vital to both.
In her attempt to build up the economy,
China is conducting a campaign to promote
increasing self-sufficiency at home in order
to lessen her dependence on foreign prod-
ucts. The recent crop failures throughout
China have accentuated this need, and the
communes have been placing emphasis on
local self-sufficiency as well"
Where imports are necessary, there is evi-
dence of Red China's attempt not to rely
on one nation-notably the Soviet Union-
exclusively, but to include even Western na-
tions among her import sources, in order to
avoid the status of a satellite?4
China's geographic location, the size of her
population, her economic needs and re-
sources have a significant bearing on her
foreign policy. The pressure of these factors
t in mind when considering her
k
b
ep
e
must
actions. a _gun; anything can grow out of the barrel
em
g .
times, this giant nation-
dom-excelled all countries in cultural at- over the noncommitted nations within her
Y Alfred Ravenholt, "Red China's Food
Crisis," AUFS report, January 1961.
10 Yuan-li Wu, "An Economic Survey of
China," pp. 22-23.
"Ibid. pp. 171-172, cf. Ravenholt, op. cit.
12 Nan-Fang Jih-pao, August 1960.
is Jen-Min Jih-pao, Sept. 2, 1960.
34 "Nan-Fang Jih-pao," Aug. 3, 1960.
15 Harriet Mills, "Thought Reform: Ideo-
logical Remolding in China," the Atlantic,
p. 71, December 1959.
tainments, political stability, milite y
prowess, and economic wealth." I
Today, aware of their backwardness, the
Chinese are anxious to regain their former
position in the center of the world.
The other historical aspect of Chinese na-
tionalism is a reaction of hostility toward
and suspicion of the West as a result of
nearly a century of exploitation by the West-
tern Powers. Thus, Chinese nationalism ex-
presses itself through a drive toward regain-
ing her former position of preeminence in
the world.
Hardened by the years spent in gaining
control of China, the Communist leaders
feel a strong sense of mission to speed up the
course of an inevitable world revolution. In
April 1960 the editors of Red Flag stated:
"We are living in a great epoch in which
the collapse of the imperialist system is be-
ing further accelerated."
The Chinese are doing all they can to
speed up the course of the world revolution.
They promote constant change with the hope
that each change will further their long-
term aims. Thus, they are willing to make
temporary tactical retreats when necessary
if these retreats will bring closer the world
revolution. The Chinese are not concerned
with freezing the status quo or stabilizing
the situation. This indicates their desire of
using every possible means, formal and in-
formal, overt and covert, to influence social
trends, political opinions, and economic
conditions within foreign countries which
will further revolutionary changes 1' As will
be demonstrated, the Chinese use a variety
of tools in the implementation of their aims
abroad.
Chinese Communist doctrine is based on
orthodox Leninism. The Chinese Commu-
nists attack the "modern revisionists" who
hold that Leninism is outmoded. Building
on the base of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Tse-
Tung has developed a philosophy adopting
a more militant attitude toward the world
struggle, as evinced by his statement: -
le Tillman Durdin, "The Communist Rec-
ord," the Atlantic, December 1959, p. 39.
"A. Doak Barnett, "Red China's Impact
on Asia," the Atlantic, December 1959, p. 49.
18 Mao Tse-tung, "Selected Works," vol. I,
p. 75.
11 Hon. Walter H. Judd, "The Basic
Themes," Free World Forum, August 1960.
20 Jen-Min Jih-pao," June 1958.
21 Interview with Kazushige Hirazawa,
editor, Japan Times, on Feb. 24, 1961.
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 5271
the pages which I have asked to be in-
serted in the RECORD. I would like to
have the whole book appear in the REC-
ORD, but it would be rather costly. If
that is the desire of the Senate, I shall
be glad to include the whole book in the
RECORD at some later time.
Mr. MANSFIELD. In the book is
there some statement made that, ac-
cording to Mr. Welch, the late John
Foster Dulles, one of our great Secre-
taries of State, and his brother, Allen
Dulles, head of the Central Intelligence
Agency, were, likewise, agents or dupes
of the Communists?
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. That
is correct. I wish to read just one para-
graph with reference to President Eisen-
hower. It is one that has not received
much publicity. It appears on page 266
of the book:
For the sake of honesty, however, i want
to confess here my own conviction that
Eisenhower's motivation is more ideological
than opportunistic. Or, to put it bluntly,
I personally think that he has been sympa-
thetic to ultimate Communist aims, realis-
tically willing to use Communist means to
help them achieve their goals, knowingly ac-
cepting and abiding by Communist orders,
and consciously serving the Communist con-
spiracy, for all of his adult life.
That is what he said about President
Eisenhower.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I think every
American would consider as a slur on
our entire country any imputation on
the character of either former President
Eisenhower or his brother Milton Eisen-
hower. The same would apply to the
late great Secretary of State, John Fos-
ter Dulles, and his brother, Allen Dulles.
It is my understanding that this so-
ciety advocates, among other things, the
impeachment of Earl Warren, Chief Jus-
tice of the United States; the repeal of
all income taxes; vigorous opposition to
the NATO alliance, and similar opposi-
tion to the United Nations-all this, and
more, too.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD a
commentary from the Christian Science
Monitor of recent date, under the title
"State of the Nations; Far-Right Goals."
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FAR-RIGHT GOALS
(By William H. Stringer)
WASHINGTON,--Some Americans are under-
standably concerned that the free world,
particularly the United States, is not win-
ning more immediate battles against com-
munism. They may become even more wor-
ried before the rugged Lao crisis is resolved,
though elsewhere new tactics and ap-
proaches by the United States-in Africa and
Latin America, for instance-hold promise
of halting the Communist inroads if every-
one is resolute.
But a question is posed right here, as rad-
ical right-wing organizations such as the
John Birch Society receive an unusual and
perhaps unwarranted amount of publicity.
This is whether the programs and prescrip-
tions of the far right, which are billed as
combating communism, really do this very
effectively and safely.
Everyone must make up his own mind
here. Is a program responsible and percep-
tive; or is it based on a dim comprehension
of what is happening in the world and a
malaise which is, at base, a wish to be living Mr. JAVITS. Madam President, will
in less demanding times?
The John Birch Society reportedly has the Senator from North Dakota yield to
several current aims espoused n its me?
YOtfNG of North Dakota. Yes,
founder. Among them, , impeachment o of Mr. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United but I do not have the floor.
States; repeal of the income tax; vigorous Mr. JAVITS. Is it a fact that the
opposition to the NATO alliance; similar op- John Birch Society is a secret organiza-
position to the United Nations. tion; that it does not tell who runs it,
What of the suggested fate for Mr. Chief or who ats members are, and that it
Justice Warren? It springs from anger with operates Tli a secret way?
the desegregation decision and rulings which
have protected individual rights under the Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. That
first amendment. is correct. It so states in its literature.
In part it discloses an unawareness that The names of the members of the society
the Supreme Court, well before the desegre- are not given to anybody.. The members
gation decision, was moving specifically in of one chapter do not know who the
that direction. The decision, no bolt from members of another chapter are.
the blue., was foreshadowed in such a case as Mr. JAVITS. Does the Senator
that which knocked down the "separate but think we ought to introduce into the
equal doctrine" which required a Negro stu-
dent to forgo attendance at a white law RECORD information which gives lriore
school. publicity to this secret society, which
As for W. Chief Justice Warren and the advocates such extreme, ultra-right
Bill of Rights, the denouncers disclose a doctrines to which the Senator from
careless unwillingness to honor the insti- Montana has referred?
tution of the Court itself, its valid history Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. I
in mitigating injustices, the vast esteem would like to have the whole book
which the American Bill of Rights is ac- printed in the RECORD if that were not
corded In free nations, and the certainty
that as time passes the Court's pendulum so expensive, but the real reason why I
of decision will swing away from any ex- am asking to have part of the book,
tremism, including extreme decisions by the "The Polia:iciari," printed in the RECORD,
tribunal itself. is that many members of the society do
But perhaps we should repeal the income not believe this book was ever written.
tax? Nobody likes to pay taxes, especially Mr. Welch himself admits writing it.
when that April deadline approaches. But
without income tax, how does Washington Most people are not aware of the vicious
collect the revenues to run the Government? charges he makes in the book. I think,
(Currently individual income taxes supply for that reason, they should become
52 percent of the Federal revenue.) The public knowledge.
answer usually is, "Have much less gov- Mr. JAVITS. I am one of those who
ernment." rather hopes that the whole society will
A noble idea indeed, until one analyzes, as be looked into carefully by one of the
some have not, the Federal budget ;for 1961) congressional committees, so the public
and discovers that a whopping 57 percent of may know more about it. If the Sena-
it goes for national security, 12 percent for
merely paying interest on the national debt, tor's intention, therefore, is that more
and 7 percent for the veterans. That leaves light will be thrown on what the society
just 24 ercent of an $80 billion budget is, I have no objection to his request.
that is reducible, unless, of course, someone Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mine
wants to tackle the veterans or out, defense. has been mostly a defensive action. I
No doubt there is waste, and something never heard of the John Birch Society
could be pared from social security, hospi- until it started attacking me in my State
tals, flood control, farm payments? But about 2 months ago. I have been doing
any expectation that the United States can
return to budgets of 20 years ago is wishful what I think is necessary for my
thinking. defense.
But how about quitting the NATO alli- Mr. JAVITS. I would certainly like
ance? Here we really are talking about the to hold up the Senator's hand in defense
shield of Free Europe, that which prevents of himself against that kind of society.
Moscow from overrunnin
t i
g a vas
ndustrial
complex and subduing 200 million free peo-
ple. It will become a device for sharing the RED CHINA'S DRIVE FOR WORLD
foreign aid load and encouraging world POWER
trade. Why scuttle it?
Then perhaps we should get out of the Mr. LONG of Hawaii. Madam Presi-
United Nations? Would this be wise at Just dent,* the new administration has
the moment when the U.N. Is being forged stressed the important role that young
into a promising instrument of executive
action usable directly in a chaotic land such men and women in America can play in
as the Congo or Angola? securing world peace.` Realizing that
There is much unfinished business in this to be effective, students must be well
country. There are covenanted devices for grounded in fundamentals of interna-
handling it. The FBI keeps tabs on Commu- tional relations, the Honolulu Advertiser
nist subversion, and J. Edgar Hoover, Chief and the Pacific and Asian Affairs Council
of the FBI, has just warned against vigi-
parties were meaningful should realize that Forum.
both parties welcome dedicated helpers: in- The. forum was enthusiastically sup-
deed the Republicans are appealing urgently ported by the community, and high
for able candidates and workers. schools in Hawaii contributed a team of
In all sincerity each person must ask him- five members to write a task force report
self: Are not groups which prefer harassing on some problem of international rela-
phone calls and infiltration to the estab- tions.
lashed instruments of political action ap- The winning team, from Punahou
proaching a nihilist solution which would School, wrote on "Red China's Drive for
leave the Nation divided, suspiciious, its
its leaders and its institutions maligned, World Power." All of us In Hawaii are
worse off in the latter case than it was in the proud of the work that was done by these
former? students. Their efforts produced a ma-
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5270 CONGRESSI
behind his investigation, might have been career, stems merely from a deep-rooted ment may have been entirely correct. Just
able to uncover the whole rotten story, and aversion of any American to recognizing the one result of those decisions was that more
except to theefinal logi nist sympathize s we em actually restored to
the wayt with Most
to show that the mu i t ni sted of all Athis the e agenciest of Com- our all horrible
Government. But Eisenhower was able to cal conclusion, appear to have no trouble their positions within our Federal Govern-
instead turn the power of the U.S. Senate whatever in suspecting that Milton Eisen- ment. Other results were equally disastrous
onto the destruction of McCarthy. And hower is an outright Communist. Yet they to the anti-Communist cause; and other
Allen Dulles still goes his slippery way. draw back from attaching the same suspic- decisions by the Supreme Court since then
11. Arthur F. Burns: Off-and-on economic ion to his brother, for no other real reason have been equally bad.
adviser and superadviser to the President. than that one is a professor and the other As to the executive department of our
Born and raised in Russia. Preferred by a President. While I too think that Milton Government, it has become, to a large ex-
Eisenhower to an American adviser on the Eisenhower is a Communist, and has been tent, an active agency for the promotion of
American economy. Typical of the kind for 30 years, this opinion is based largely Communist aims-as the preceding 200 pages
of economic advice Burns hands out were on general circumstances of his conduct. of this book have tried to show. It is cer-
his statements in 1955 that "our system of But my firm belief that Dwight Eisenhower tain that the situation must grow worse,
free and competitive enterprise is on trial" is a dedicated, conscious agent of the Com- under present circumstances, even if and
and that Government "must be ready to munist conspiracy is based on an accumu- when Eisenhower ceases to be President,
take vigorous steps to help maintain a lation of detailed evidence so extensive and unless we can understand and undo so
stable prosperity." It is quite probable that so palpable that it seems to me to put this much that he has accomplished. There is
the job of economic adviser has been merely conviction beyond any reasonable doubt. one important reason for this which most
a coverup for Burns' liaison work between This inevitably prompts the third ques- Americans have not stopped to notice. We
Eisenhower and, some of his Communist tion, as to how a man born in the Ameri- still see and read about hearings of the
bosses. can Midwest, who went through the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee
12. John J. Corson: Appointed to head a Military Academy, could ever become a con- and the Senate Internal Security Subcom-
panel of advisers to the President on higher vert to communism (or even to the service mittee, although so much of the steam has
education, especially as to recommendations of communism for personal glory). The now been let out of their boilers. And we
to the President, for him in turn to make answer, of course, is that very few could, or take for granted that these patriotic Legis-
to Congress, on Federal aid to education. do. That's why there are probably not more lators are looking for flagrantly dangerous
This appointment was not subject to ap- than 25,000 American-born actual Commu- Communists wherever they can find them.
proval by Congress, because the "briefing nist traitors in the United States today- But this is not the case. They are looking
panel" was set up and paid under the Presi- out of a population of 160 million, for such Communists everywhere except in
dent's "emergency funds," for which he does Those converts are most likely to occur Government.
not have to account. Mr. Corson's general You may discover either committee in-
among warped but brilliant minds, which vestigating, or seeking to expose, Commu-
point of view can be shown by this pars- have acquired either by inheritance or cir- nists in labor, or in education, or in the
graph from a paper which he wrote for "The cumstances a mentality of fanaticism. And
Social Welfare Forum": entertainment world-though their efforts
Government alone it should be no surprise to anybody that are pathetically small and brutally handi-
"As things stand today, Eisenhower was raised with this mentality capped in proportion to the size and power
can provide the security that families, of fanaticism, for as recently as 1942 his
churches, and charitable agencies did in the mother was arrested for participating in a of the enemy. But no longer do you ever
past. The pension programs provided by forbidden parade of Jehovah's witnesses, see such a committee even questioning a
employers and labor will constitute nothing But whereas in most historical cases fanatic- suspected Communist in Government. For
field
more than the frosting on the cake. Gov- ism takes the form of outspoken promotion of Government Eisenhower's gag out rules have bounds to made such the their
ernment must provide basic security, and of the fanatic's cause, at whatever personal mittees, and d have made utterly useless their
this means a frank guarantee of a mini- cost, s, , the Communists have sold their con attempting to investigate Communists
mum of well-being for every individual, not vents the fundamental principle that the even the in Government agencies. In fact, these
alone for a fifth of the people at the bottom goals of their fanaticism can best be committees cannot even get answers from
of the scale." achieved by cunning deception. Everything anybody inside Government to any ques-
? ` ? ` " Eisenhower has done for the past 18 years tions they might ask concerning suspected
For the sake of honesty, however, I want can be fitted into the explanation based on Communists outside of Government. For
to confess here my own conviction that that type of mentality. And I do not be- those same gag rules, issued and enforced
Eisenhower's motivation is more ideological lieve that the events of his personal story by Eisenhower, prohibit agencies of the ex-
than opportunistic. Or, to put it bluntly, during those 18 years can be satisfactorily ecutive branch from giving these congres-
I personally think that he has been sym- explained in any other way. sional committees any Information whatso.
pathetic, to ultimate Communist aims The Communists can now use 'all the ever, about anything. So both Communists
realistically willing to use Communist means power and prestige of the Presidency of the and their activities, in Departments like
to help them achieve their goals, knowingly United States to implement their plans, just State and Treasury and Commerce, are as
accepting and abiding by Communist orders, as fully and even openly as they dare. They free to multiply as rabbits on a farm grown
and consciously serving the Communist con- have arrived at this point by three stages. to weeds.
spiracy, for all of his adult life. In the first stage, Roosevelt thought he was
The role he has played, as described above, using the Communists to promote his per- Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
would fit just as well Into one theory as the sonal ambitions and grandiose schemes. Of I listened with interest to what the dis-
other; that he is a mere stooge, or that he course, instead, the Communists were using tinguished senior Senator from North
is a Communist assigned the specific job of him; but without his knowledge or under- Dakota said.
being a political front man. In either case standing of his place in their game. In the Did I understand him correctly to
the Communists are so powerfully en- second stage, Truman was used by the Com- state that he was putting in the RECORD
trenched by now that, even if Eisenhower munists, with his knowledge and acquies-
disappeared from the scene, all the momen- cence, as the price he consciously paid for certain parts of a book known as "The
tum and strength of the forces we have their making him President. In the third Politician," which was supposedly either
seen at work would still have to be over- stage, in my own firm opinion, the Com- published or distributed to friends of Mr.
come before we would be reasonably out of munists have one of their own actually in Welch some years ago?
danger. The firm grip on our Government, the Presidency. For this third man, Eisen- Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. That
of the forces that have worked through Ei- hower, there is only one possible word to is correct. The book was admittedly
senhower, is more important than Eisen- describe his purposes and his actions. That
hower himself. And so long as I can make written by Mr. Welch. He admits this.
word is "treason." The book was completed, as I under-
clear the power and pervasiveness of the
conspiracy, as it reaches right inside the ` ? ? stand, in 1956. It was written by him,
White House, I have no wish to quarrel The legislative branch of our Government but never published. Some copies were
with any reader who finds it easier to believe has been brought so far in line that it will to certain interested
that Eisenhower is a more personable Harry rafty an Austrian Peace Treaty without made de available
ofvailathe blable tSoto c but most to hem
Truman than that he is a more highly placed debate, approve the appointment of a Zel-
Alger Hiss. For such an interpretation of lerbach without a question, and listen to the were withdrawn from circulation.
his conduct brings us out at almost exactly speech of a Sukarno with applause. Mr. MANSFIELD. Was it in that book
the same point as my own, so far as the Our Supreme Court is now so strongly that statements were made relative to
disastrous effects on the present and future and almost completely under Communist our great former President, Dwight D.
of our country are concerned. influence that it shatters its own precedents Eisenhower, and his distinguished
At this stage of the manuscript, however, and rips gaping holes in our Constitution, in brother, Milton S. Eisenhower, being
perhaps it is permissible for me to take just order to favor Communist purposes, its Communist agents, or Communist dupes,
a couple of paragraphs to support my own "Red Monday" decisions in 1957 were de- something of that dbelief. And it seems to me that the ex- scribed by a notorious Communist in Cali- or Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. description?
That
planation of sheer political opportunism, to fornia as the greatest victory the Commu-
account for Eisenhower's Communist-aiding nist Party ever had. This gloating com- is correct. Those statements appear in
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196j CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 5269
,fiber of the first meeting of the World Council the appointment, so early in Eisenhower's Indeed. And the total of these "relatively
of Churches, at Amsterdam in 1948, when first acministration, to which the adjective minor matters not worth fighting over"
that body officially declared capitalism to be incredible really should have been applied. added up to a very clear revelation of the
just as bad as communism. Dulles neither He was able to get away with it, even by the game Eisenhower was playing. But nobody,
protested nor disavowed the statement, use of a great deal of White House pressure or very few indeed, even wanted to look.
which was fully in accord with his own ex- and insistence, only because the victory 9. Arthur H. Dean: Chief American nego-
pressed convictions, and which was given so happy real Republicans, ecstatically gloating tiator in the truce with the Communists at
much publicity in this country that I actu- over their supposed return to power, were Panmunjom. Already mentioned far earlier
ally heard it, being loudly bleated over a willing to look the other way while their new in these pages, so we'll add little more about
radio from the clubhouse, while I was play- standard bearer Indulged himself with 'what him here. His sympathies can readily be
Ing golf. seemed to be a blind and peculiar vagary. seen iron the fact that early in 19:54 he
For many reasons and after a lot of study, Philip C. Jessup had been one of the .most stated publicly, with the prestige of an
I personally believe Dulles to be a Commu- important men in the IPR during all the American "Ambassador," that we should take
nist agent who has had one clearly defined years of its most important treasonous activ- a "new look" at Red China and "be prepared
role to play; namely, always to say the right ities. Working hand in glove with his close to admit them to the family of nations."
things and always to do the wrong ones. friend, Frederick Vanderbilt Field, he had Had already given Red China at Panmunjom
The Japanese Peace Treaty, the Austrian done everything he could to turn China everything they could think of to ask for
Peace Treaty, and his very definite double- over to the Communists and, after the main- except the White House dome. Longtime
crossing of the British Government in the land was lost, to see that both Korea and law partner of John Foster Dulles. Arthur
Suez affair are all cases In point. In speeches Formosa were abandoned to the Communists Dean was the one man who, more than any
and public statements Dulles is always the as well. Jessup had been officially listed as other, had blocked every effort to clean up
proponent of the real American position, the the sponsor of several Communist fronts. the Institute of Pacific Relations from the
man who announces the policies and inten- He was a protege of Dean Acheson. He was inside, and had kept it firmly and aggres-
tions which the American people want to a great friend of Alger Hiss, arLd had ap- sively on its pro-Communist course. In
hear, and which they recognize as right. He peared as a character witness for Hiss at addition to all of which he is, right on the
thus serves to convince the American Con- Hiss' trial. He was a vigorous supporter of plain written record, one of the most brazen
gress and people that the administration is Owen Lattimore. In hearings before the Mc- and incorrigible liars that ever competed in
trying to do the right thing. Then Dulles Carran committee, in November 1949, he had that category with Alger Hiss.
backs down, or is overruled, or appears to be been caught deliberately lying under oath 10. Allen. W. Dulles: Head of the CIA.
forced by circumstances and pressures he about his previous attitude toward our rec- Brother of John Foster Dulles. (They have
can't control to reverse himself; the Gov- ognition of Red China. His reappointment a sister in the State Department whose pro-
ernment does exactly the opposite of what by Truman, to represent the United States Communi.;t slant Is less disguised). Law
he has said it would do; and the defeat of in the U.N. General Assembly, had been re- partner of Arthur Dean. Allen Dulles is the
our side is worse than if he had never spoken fused recommendation by the Senate For- most protected and untouchable supporter of
at all. But the American people simply do sign Relations Subcommittee, because of his communism, next to Eisenhower himself, in
not grasp that it was all planned that way Communist associations and leanings, less Washington.
in the first place, than 1 year before Eisenhower was elected. How many millions of dollars of American
Although it certainly will not strengthen The evidence of Jessup's pro-Communist taxpayers' money Allen Dulles has turned
my argument any, it may perhaps be worth sympathies, and of his unceasing and ener- over to Walter Reuther's stooge, Irving
while, just to give the reader a break from getic efforts on behalf of the Communist Brown, to promote communism in fact while
so much monotonously respectable lan- cause, was-and is--overwhelming, Equally pretending to fight it (through building up
guage. to quote somebody else's summation important for this discussion, those sympa- the leftwing labor unions of Europe), ho-
of Dulles' character. Once, in a small group, thies and actions were fully known to body will never know. How many millions
I asked a good friend of mine and prominent Eisenhower. But he brazened out the ap- he has tu.:'ned over to David Dubinsky and
American, whose name at least is well known pointment, because he and his fellow Com- Jay Lovesone, both admitted Communists
to every reader of this document but who munists well knew the American people to but claiming; to be anti-Stalinist C'brnmu-
has never held any political office, what he be extremely short as to memory and long nists, on the specious excuse that it is best
thought of Dulles. After a moment of as to complacency, to fight the Kremlin through such o
hesitation he replied, so that everybody could 7. Chester Bowles: Ambassador to India.
nobody will g many millio s,
hear: "I think John Foster Dulles is a This appointment was much easier for Eisen- he has supplied to never know. How many million.-
sanctimonious, psalm-singing hypocritical hower to get away with, because Bowles' sian refugee e a has i Cot the hemmNTS, un munist the phony Rus-
and I know him very well." sympathies had not been so well exposed. to enable its Worldwide organization,
If Syngman Rhee, Chiang Kai-shek, Nuri es- But it was equally revealing of Eisenhower's real inist branches to wreck
Said, and other real anti-Communists in the purposes, to anybody who really looked be-. will is e ever Commu know. obodzaIso al, nollowe de y
hind the scenes. FortunateiY' thwe can put the uNobody is by
governments of our allies throughout the Eisenhower nadministration to et close
world, could be persuaded to voice their real Bowles in his proper niche here with just g
thoughts, I am sure they would agree with one simple fact: He was one of the principal regarded enough and to ask. When as man as highly
,
owners of the Director placed ar MIj General
that sentiment, if not with its phrasing. pro-Communist publication For it is certain beyond dispute that Dulles PM- Trudeau, oMilitary Intelligence,
even began ' to suggest that the CIA under
(or our State Department as run by Dulles), 8. Charles E. Bohlen: Ambassador to Rus- Allen Dulles was of no help in safeguarding
g
has been selling them and their countries sia. This appointment, also made so early America against communism, Trudeau found
down the river into Communist hands, as in the Eisenhower administration., was de- himself quickly removed from office as head
cleverly as he knew how and as rapidly as he clared even then by a discerning few to be of Military Intelligence and sent to routine
dared. a portent of things to come. Senator Mc- duty in the Far East. When Senator Mc-
4. Martin Durkin: First Secretary of Carthy claimed that there were 16 pages of Carthy, at the very height of his popularity
Labor. Robert Taft said his appointment derogatory material about Bohlen in the with the American people, began casting even
was incredible. It was-so incredible and FBI security file on him. Senator Wayne
random glances at the CIA, his days were
so revealing that even Eisenhower couldn't Morse, ardently pro-Bohlen, referred at first immediately numbered.
make that one stick. But his aims are to "2 or 3," then to "6 or 7," and finally ad- When a patriotic young American goes
shown by the fact that he made it at all. mitted 15 such derogatory reports. ;-11 -
newly independent U.S. Information other close friend of Alger Hiss. Even at the knows s that an lie riskas the life. H Communists knows ing Agency. Announced at the beginning of his hearings on his confirmation he still brazenly that knows must c he
cunt o his life. He ra e,
term that under him the Voice of America supported the Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam count on his own courage,
would avoid "going violently anti-Soviet." Conferences and agreements, in each of right and r to resourcefulness.
expecct t loyalty ss. But America has every
right is own the
It certainly has. He also stated that "where which he had participated in a minor capac- part of those above him in his own agency.
there are two sides to a question here we ity. He was vigorously endorsed by Sen- One month before that shuttlecock defec-
shall be sure to give both sides." Taking ators HUMPHREY and Lehman. He was con- tor, Otto John, went over to the East Ger-
American taxpayers' money to present, to firmed, despite his record, because most of man Communists, however. he spent a
the people of the satellite nations, the So- the Republican Senators put peace in the whole day 'in. Allen Dulles' headquarters in
viet side of the phony issues they stir up, Republican Party at this stage above an Washington.. Then, immediately after
would be bad enough. Streibert's choice of honest foreign affairs policy, and shared the John's defection., our agents in central Eu-
agents to present the American side, over feeling expressed by Senator Taft that the rope began losing their lives. The inside
Voice of America, has been even worse. appointment of Bohlen was a relatively report is that more than 160 were exposed
Eisenhower could get away with so brazen minor question, not worth fighting over. and killed within the next several weeks.
an appointment even then, simply because They were wrong. For Eisenhower was edg- The inference that Otto John took with
it seemed to the American people too minor ing Communist sympathizers, right out of him from Washington the information that
for them to give any of their attention. the old Acheson-Hiss coterie, into every posi- made this possible is clear. Of course there
6. Philip C. Jessup: Reappointed by Eisen- tion of importance that he dared. The total is no way to prove it. McCarthy, If he had
hower as an Ambassador at Large. This is impact of this program was very Important been given the full power of the U.S. Senate
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENAT April 12
John Birch Society pamphlet entitled, "ap-
preciation and encouragement," which I
quote: "Neither the list of our members of
either local chapters or the home chapter,
nor their number, is ever given out to any-
body." This secret manner in which the
John Birch Society operates makes it im-
possible to know who the members are.
Most of the people who I believe are mem-
bers of the organization are honestly and
sincerely trying to combat the Communist
menace-and it is a real one. I have only
commendation for this objective.
You condemn me for inserting in the
RECORD a sermon by the Reverend John A.
Crane. This was a part of a series of articles
printed in the Santa Barbara News-Press. I
might say that the News-Press is not a left-
wing publication. It is a very reputable
newspaper. Incidentally, its managing ed-
itor, Mr. Veblen, is a former North Dakotan.
Your statement, "Wittingly or unwittingly
you are serving the cause of communism"
is typical of many of the letters I am re-
ceiving from people I suspect are members
of the John Birch Society. Apparently this
is part of your doctrine. You label every-
one who disagrees with you on any subject
a Communist or pro-Communist. Am I to
believe that irresponsible accusations such
as this are symbolic of the lofty objectives
of the John Birch Society of more respon-
sibility and a better world?
Very truly yours,
MILTON R. YOUNG.
[From the Washington Post, Apr. 8, 1961]
BIRCHERS "OUT OF Focus," CATHOLIC PAPER
SAYS
BOSTON, April 7.-The Pilot, official organ
of the Boston Roman Catholic Archdiocese,
today said that the John Birch Society move-
ment "with all kinds of good intentions al-
lowed, is unbalanced, excited and definitely
out of focus."
On page 1 of the same issue, the Pilot
printed a story on Richard Cardinal Cush-
ing's speech Wednesday at North Easton. At
that time, the cardinal described Robert
Welch, founder of the Birch Society, as "a
sincere and dedicated man."
In its lead editorial, titled "The Unbal-
anced View," the newspaper said:
"In a world as complex as ours, simplifica-
tion can be a vice and sincerity is no excuse
for exaggeration. Nothing discredits a good
cause quicker than supporting it by misrep-
resentation. When we feed the cause of
genuine anticommunism with overstatement,
we err just as badly as those who nourish
communism itself by understatement * * *."
The Pilot said that the lessons that can
be profitably drawn from such an endeavor-
"a good thing gone wrong"-are many and
should not be lost on thoughtful observers.
"In protecting ourselves against commu-
nism," the Pilot said, "We should be careful
that we do not fall into evils almost as bad.
It is possible to escape the dogs only to
perish in the swamp.
"Moreover, we must remember that we
cannot rewrite history; it is fatuous to speak
of returning to the simplicity of earlier
times or to suggest carrying out the respon-
sibilities of present-day Government with
the machinery of the 18th century.
"We live in a real world with real prob-
lems which we must meet realistically; there
is no place for hysteria, exaggeration, accusa-
tion or misrepresentation in an authentic
anti-Communist effort."
good thing that the American public be fully nism against President Eisenhower and
informed on the John Birch Society, just as other great, patriotic leaders of our
it should be informed on the activities of all Nation.
persons who, through concerted action, There being no objection, the excerpts
lif
e or
would work important changes in the
government of the republic.
All we know about the John Birch Society
is what we read in the papers. It is quite
enough to draw some conclusions. It is quite
enough to be reminded that a patent-medi-
cine cure for evil can often be just about as
bad as the evil itself. The founder of the
John Birch Society, Robert Welch, of Bel-
mont, Mass., quite candidly condones mean
and dirty tactics in opposition to the mean
and dirty Communists and presumably
against all the other things the society and
its members oppose.
These are the publicized characteristics of
the John Birchers that strike us most forci-
bly: They are againsters, and they eschew
the tools of reason and democracy in their
assault on those things they are against.
Although Mr. Welch calls his society
"monolithic," his againsters have their own
peeves. All, by the very mature of their asso-
ciation, are against Communists-and, if that
was as far as it went, the society would be
the mosp popular in the country. But the
record shows that they are also against those
who just anybody says may be a Communist
or a Communist sympathizer. They are
against liberals. They are against taxes in
any amount necessary to mount a real de-
fense against the real Communists.
Some are against the public schools as
being dominated by radicals. Some are
against newspapers, the Communist press, to
use a phrase popular among the John
Birchers.
On the local front, some are against school
consolidation. Some, not only in the South,
are against integration of the races in the
schools and elsewhere. Some are against
textbooks that appear to them to be obscene
or radical.
Most members, it appears, are against Re-
publicans Dwight Eisenhower, Earl Warren,
and Nelson Rockefeller. and against John
Kennedy (Reuther's stooge) and Harry Tru-
man.
We mean no blanket indictment of the
John Birch Society. There is a place in our
society for organizations that are against
the things the John Birchers are against.
There should be a place in such organiza-
tions for positive as well as negative
principles.
The John Birch Society publicity will serve
a good purpose if it alerts some of the
society's members to the dangers of a pro-
gram overburdened with ill will, and if it
alerts men of good will to their own respon-
sibilities for action on matters of public con-
cern. The citizen who refuses to take an
active role in determining the policies of his
schools, his Government and other public
affairs is in no position to be critical of the
active role pursued by the extremists. It is
no public service, for example, just to be
against the John Birch Society.
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
The political affiliations of some of Eisen-
hower's appointees, however, are as vague
and mysterious as were his own. Also, the
categories above do sometimes overlap with
regard to a particular individual; that is,
he may appear to be a leftwing Democrat,
for instance, and actually be a Communist.
So we are going to list below some 40 ap-
pointments made by Eisenhower, or which
could not have been made by department
heads under him, if he disapproved, with-
out trying to separate them into the three
classifications. But we shall try, in most
cases, to make clear the place of the appoint-
ment in this whole story, by at least a brief
word of comment.
1. Milton Eisenhower: Presidential ad-
viser. At least in appearance. Had always
been an ardent New Dealer, to put it mildly,
and still is. Proof of at least pro-Commu-
nist leanings is implicit in his support of
Owen Lattimore, and of others like him, at
Johns Hopkins. In my opinion the chances
are very strong that Milton Eisenhower is
actually Dwight Eisenhower's superior and
boss within the Communist Party. For one
thing he is obviously a great deal smarter.
2. Maxwell E. Rabb: Presidential adviser,
and assistant for relations with minority
groups: First official title, "associate coun-
sel" for the President; then "Secretary to
the Cabinet." Now in private law practice.
Drew a salary all during 1952, while helping
to run the Eisenhower campaign, for a post
he never filled with the Democratic-con-
trolled Senate Judiciary Committee. The
staff director of this committee did not even
know him.
Max Rabb is a very clever and cagey man.
Proof that he is a Communist would not be
easy, except as a logical deduction from his
overall actions and visible purposes. In
masterminding the steal of the Republican
nomination at Chicago in 1952, however, he
followed so faithfully and cleverly the exact
Communist technique, of always accusing
your enemy, first and loudly, of the very
crime which you yourself are committing,
that the long arm of coincidence would be
strained in reaching so far.
3. John Foster Dulles: Secretary of State.
America's case against Secretary Dulles and
company was presented by Senator William
E. Jenner in an article in the April 1956
issue of the American Mercury. We cov-
ered a certain amount of additional ground
on pages 23 to 28 of the June 1958 issue of
American Opinion. We'll try to summarize
these and other appraisals here as briefly
as we can.
John Foster Dulles is the man who chiefly
persuaded Thomas E. Dewey and the Re-
publican opposition, in 1944 and 1948, to
go along with, instead of fighting, the pro-
Communist foreign policies of the Roose-
velt and Truman administrations. Dulles
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. has at all times been a close friend, admirer,
President, there has been a great deal associate, consultant, and political protege
of interest in the book entitled "The of Dean Acheson. Senator Jenner says that
Politician," written by the head of the "Mr. Dulles Is Mr. Acheson's identical twin."
John Birch Society, Robert Welch, but Dulles became officially a right-hand man
never published. Copies of this book are of Acheson, in 1950; and was so completely
a part of the Communist-dominated Tru-
very difficult to obtain. Very few mem- man foreign-policy menagerie that he no
bers of the John Birch Society or others longer gave Who's Who in America his ad-
have ever read it. Some members of the dress as 18 Wall Street, New York, which was
society even doubt its existence. his law office, but as "Office: Department
Mr. President, because of the consid- of State, Washington."
erable interest in this book, I ask unan- Certainly his appointment was a strange
and disillusioning
consent to have 13 of its pages kind oto be made by en-
kind of Republican which President Eisen-
printed in the RECORD, as a part Of my hower was pretending to be in 1952. Among
remarks. These are the pages dealing other visible parts of his record, Dulles had
primarily with accusations of Commu- been a prominent and much publicized mem-
[From the Oregonian, Apr. 5, 1961]
THE AGAINSTERS
A nationwide organization whose members
appear to have at least one thing in com-
mon-malcontent-has been receiving reams
of publicity recently, probably much more
than its significance warrants. Yet it is a
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
"' "There are about 200,000 ministers, and
only about 7,000 of them could be called
'comsymps.'
"Nobody is accusing the other 97 percent
of anything except the gullibility and apathy
with which Americans as a whole are
afflicted."
He defined a "comsymp" as a "Communist
or a symphathizer with Communist pur-
poses."
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Madam
President, for many weeks I have been
receiving a considerable number of let-
ters condemning me for being opposed
to the John Birch Society. Since it is
a secret organization, there is no way to
know for certain whether the writers of
these letters are members of the John
Birch Society. A small percentage will
admit they are members. Most of the
letters follow the same pattern, however,
that is, if one is opposed to anything the
head of this organization, Mr. Welch,
does or says, one is assumed to be some
kind of a Communist or Communist dupe.
Typical of the type of letters I am
receiving is one from Mr. Thomas E.
Woods, an attorney from Wichita, Kans.
In his letter, he states:
Wittingly or unwittingly you are serving
the cause of communism.
Madam President, I ask unanimous
consent to have printed at this point in
the RECORD, as parts of my remarks,
the letter from. Mr. Woods, and my reply
to his letter; an article entitled "Birch-
ers 'Out of Focus' Catholic Paper Says,"
published in the Washington Post for
April 8, 1961, and based on an editorial
appearing in the Pilot, the official organ
of the Boston Roman Catholic arch-
diocese; and an editorial entitled "The
Againsters," published in the Oregonian,
of Portland, Oreg., of April 5, 1961.
There being no objection, the letters,
article, and editorial were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
WICHITA, KANS., April 6, 1961.
Hon. MILTON R. YOUNG,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR YOUNG: For many years it
has been my privilege to receive the CoN-
GRESSIONAL RECORD. Over the years I have
experienced humor, pleasure, displeasure, and
the whole gantlet of emotions concerning
the contents thereof. Of course I can appre-
ciate that all Congressmen are politicians,
and perhaps it Is sometimes with tongue in
cheek that certain activities, letters, and arti-
cles are included in the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD. However, recently I am appalled at
what I read. I have reference to the items
you have chosen to place in the RECORD
regarding the John Birch Society.
Lest there be any misunderstanding let
me say that I am a member of the John
Birch Society-and proud to be one. Of
course I did not join the society until I had
satisfied all my doubts regarding its purpose,
scope, and the dedication of the members I
knew. Of course this is not a problem for
anyone having the slightest interest in the
organization either with a view of joining
or out of curiosity. We have open meetings
and all of our material is available at the city
library.
Apparently it is the purpose of the society,
its increasing membership, and effectiveness
which is causing the press to rise in anguish
and question everything about us. Of
course there is no such anguished beating
of breasts over the continuing Communist
success throughout the world. And it is
apparently due to our increasing effective-
ness against Communist subversion that has
caused the homegrown Communists to
honor us with the proclamation that the
John Birch Society must be destroyed at all
costs. Wittingly or unwittingly you are
serving the cause of communism.
Please do not misunderstand me. It is
not my purpose to attempt to prevent your
criticism of the society-provided it is
valid. That Is your privilege and mine as
citizens of this great. country to express our
opinions on any and all subjects, subject
only to the legal rights of others.
The misinformed and the uninformed are
the greatest dangers that any society faces.
With all themarvelous means of communi-
cation, transportation, and the masses of
information available to us today we must
be even more vigilant. And here is where
I take Issue with you. It is my opinion. that
if you had a sincere interest in the society
and it's purpose, you would not have adopted
the course you have.
Perhaps you are not aware of the fact
that the article in Time magazine which
you read into the RECORD on March 8, 1961,
is largely based on an article in the Peoples
World, dated February 25, 1961. For your
information the Peoples World is a publica-
tion of the Communist Party U.S.A. as listed
by the House Un-American Activities Com-
mittee.
Another facet to this whole matter that
disturbs me is the fact that among the
items placed in the RECORD on. March 20,
1961, is a sermon by John A. Crane, a Uni-
tarian minister. Coincidentally, a John A,
Crane, who is also a Unitarian minister, is
one of the signers of an appeal for the recog-
nition of Red China in the Worker dated
December 8, 1957, at paragraph four and
nine. Do you not make any independent
investigation of the items you read into the
RECORD?
The attacks on the society seem to be
largely based on the fact that we are a secret
organization, whatever that means. There
is no question about It-we are a private
organization. But so are the Knights of
Columbus, Masons, Elks, etc. Does this fact
in and of itself militate against us?
Another fact that seems to concern many
is that Robert Welch has said or written
many things about Eisenhower, Dulles, etc.
I am not familiar with any of the material
he has allegedly written for it is not a part
of the socitey material. Reference is made
to a letter he wrote 4 years or so before the
society was organized. The contents of this
letter, if it did exist, were never published
until the society started to become effective
and then our critics started the publication
of this alleged letter. Also for whatever
it may be worth, you might examine into
the fact that the ghostwriter for Eisen-
hower's book was identified by Louis Budenz,
Chambers, and others, as a Communist. I
do not imply that the general knew this at
the time the book was written, but it is a
fact nevertheless.
Needless to say this letter will probably
have little effect on your future activity,
but as a representative of the people it
would seem that you might make a little
investigation into the facts before you place
articles such as you have in the RECORD.
And even a little investigation would have
given you all the information you were look-
ing for-if that was the purpose of the in-
sertion of the articles in the RECORD.
Very truly yours,
U.S. SENATE,
COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY,
Mr. THOMAS E. WOODS,
Attorney at Law,
Wichita, Kans.
DEAR MR. WOODS: This will acknowledge
your letter of April 6.
Your letter is typical of what is wrong
with the John Birch Society. Your leader,
5267
Robert Welch, is unwilling or does not have
the decency to apologize for the Communist
accusations he leveled against President
Eisenhower and a host of other patriotic
American leaders. If I were to make such
charges as this, I certainly' would have been
run out of the Republican Party and prob-
ably out of my State.
All through Mr. Welch's book, "The: Poli-
tician," lie accuses President Eisenhower, his
brother Milton Eisenhower, Allen Dulles, Di-
rector of the CIA, and many others of being
Communists or following the Communist
line. On page 267 of "The Politician", Mr.
Welch states "that Milton Eisenhower is a
Communist, and has been for 30 years." On
page 210 he also says of Milton Eisenhower,
"In my opinion the chances are very strong
that Milton Eisenhower is actually Dwight
Eisenhower's superior and boss within the
Communist Party."
One of the most damnable of gal his accu-
sations against President Eisenhower-and
one that has not been carried in the news-
papers-,appears on page 266 of "The Poli-
tician:" "F'or the sake of honesty, however,
I want to confess here my own convictions
that Eisenhower's motivation is more ideo-
logical than opportunistic. Or, to put it
bluntly, I personally think that he has been
sympathetic to ultimate Communist aims,
realistically willing to use Communist means
to help them achieve their goals, knowingly
accepting a. id abiding by Communist orders,
and consciously serving the Communist con-
spiracy, for all of his adult life." If per-
chance you should call yourself a Republican
and are a member of the John Birch Society,
whose leader has made such outrageous
charges and is unwilling to either retract
them or apologize for them, then you are not
my kind of a Republican.
It is understandable why you folks in the
organization are doing nothing about these
charge. You probably dont dare. In your
application for membership in the John
Birch Society, you "agree that my member-
ship may be revoked at anytime, by a duly
appointed officer of the society, without the
reason being stated, on refund of the pro
rata part of my dues paid in advance."
This means that Mr. Welch can remain
the head of the John Birch Society so long
as he desires, regardless of' his beliefs, ac-
cusations, or conduct. If any effort ever
should be made to depose Mr. Welch as head
of this organization, the membership of such
individuals, chapters, or even the entire
State organization could be revoked by Mr.
Welch without the reason being stated.
In the February 29, 1960, bulletin for
March written by Robert Welch and sent to
all members of the John Birch Society, and
contained in the white book of the John
Birch Society for 1960, there is this state-
ment: "Report to me all of the horrible
things you will increasingly be hearing about
your founder, if you think it is worthwhile,
but put no credence in them, no matter the
source from which they come-or resign
from the society if you do."' There is noth-
ing very democratic about such a procedure.
No wonc!er Mr. Welch calls democracy "a
perennial fraud."
You state that the organization is no more
secret than the Knights of Columbus, Ma-
sons, Elks, or others. Many organizations
refuse to give a list of their membership
to any agency or other persons for various
reasons, but :mainly beca'txse they do not
like to have them become subjected to pro-
miscuous mailings by oftentimes disreput-
able sources. You can go into any commu-
nity in the United States, however, and
contact the heads of these organizations and
I think you will find that invariably they
will tell you who their members are. Cer-
tainly no person who Is a member of the
organizations you mentioned will ever deny
such membership. Usually they are very
proud of their membership. They have no
provision such as the one appearing in the
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
be full exploration of the potential use
of a wide variety of modern teaching
aides and rapid teacher training pro-
grams.
PEACE CORPS
The new Peace Corps can play a very
important part in meeting the need for
primary education in the newly devel-
oping nations.
Peace Corps members can perform
vitally needed education functions, de-
veloping and introducing new teaching
systems, and training the teachers who
will teach millions of new rural school-
teachers.
I believe that other countries have the
right and the duty to develop their own
education systems, according to their,
own national needs and their own na-
tional tional goals-without outside interfer-
ence.
But I also believe that American sup-
port for education in these lands-
whether through the Peace Corps or
through such private efforts as the lit-
eracy campaign of Dr. Frank Laubach-
can make a powerful contribution to
peaceful transformation and moderniza-
tion in the emerging countries of Asia,
Africa and Latin America.
I am not suggesting that education
for peace efforts must come only from
our Federal Government.
WIDE SUPPORT NEEDED
On the contrary, I believe this effort
must have the support of many differ-
ent groups. We must enlist the support
of the general public, the great educa-
tional institutions of America, and the
experience, the advice, and the support
of American teachers and those who are
experimenting with new teaching
techniques.
The dramatic, enthusiastic response
of the American people to the Peace
Corps proposal gives convincing evidence
that our people are eager to extend a
helping hand in a spirit of brotherhood
to conquer those ancient enemies-pov-
erty, hunger, disease, ignorance,. and
illiteracy.
As the world-famous historian, Arnold
Toynbee, points out:
The Peace Corps can give America a
chance to recapture her birthright-nothing
less than the leadership of the world revo-
lution that she started in April 1776 when
her embattled farmers fired the shot heard
round the world.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
In line with this spirit, a growing num-
ber of responsible people believe that an
opportunity for a significant new foreign
policy initiative is to be found in a pro-
gram for cooperation with other nations
in the field of education. The Presi-
dent's recent message on foreign aid sup-
ports this view. As the President noted:
A large infusion of development capital
cannot now be absorbed by many nations
newly emerging from a wholly underdevel-
oped condition. Their primary need at first
will be the development of human resources,
education, technical assistance, and the
groundwork of basic facilities and institu-
tions necessary for further growth.
To speed this development, to help es-
tablish this groundwork, I am submit-
ting a concurrent resolution designed to
create an International Educational De-
velopment Foundation.
VALUE OF PROGRAM
Such a program for educational co-
operation with other countries through
this foundation would have several im-
portant values.
First, it would help restore the image
of America with respect for intellectual
and cultural values. It would symbolize
our dedication to the development of the
individual human personality.
Second, newly emerging independent
nations will see tangible symbols of
friendship and progress, symbols of
America's goodwill, in the schools, uni-
versities, libraries and laboratories,
which we help establish through this
foundation.
Third, the importance of educational
development to longrun economic de-
velopment is increasingly clear. The
lack of literate, educated manpower is a
major obstacle to effective use of avail-
able capital and technology in the
emerging underdeveloped nations.
And fourth, a major effort to speed
international educational development
can help to counteract and overcome the
lure of rapid progress in education within
the Sino-Soviet Communist world. Edu-
cational development in the free world is
essential to create the conditions for
progress and to maintain the opportuni-
ties for freedom.
Thus, educational development in the
free world will serve our national in-
terests and the objectives of our foreign
policy. Furthermore, it serves deeper
spiritual purposes. It indicates the
American belief in universal education as
a fundamental condition of personal
liberty, representative government, and
a democratic way of life.
The concurrent resolution which I am
submitting today is a statement of in-
tention that our Government should
launch a full-scale program of coopera-
tion with other nations to develop their
educational resources.
FOOD FOR PEACE AID
This resolution also expresses the hope
that suitable organizational machinery
will be established to assure vigorous
leadership and coordination for interna-
tional educational activities by our Gov-
ernment as well as help and support for
private efforts in the field of interna-
tional education.
As to financing educational coopera-
tion with other countries, we should look
to the great pool of local foreign cur-
rencies-more than $2 billion-owned or
controlled by the United States and ac-
cumulated largely through sales of agri-
cultural surpluses under Public Law 480.
I am convinced that our food for peace
program can furnish sound, continuing
financing procedures for American par-
ticipation in this education-for-peace
program.
AMERICA'S OPPORTUNITY
The revolution of rising expectations
is under way. We have an opportunity
to help guide this revolution in the
emerging nations of Asia, Africa, and
Latin America into the paths of peaceful
progress which enhance personal free-
5265
dom and human dignity. I am confident
that America will rise to this op-
portunity.
Madam President, I submit my educa
tion-for-peace concurrent resolution for
appropriate reference.
The concurrent resolution (S. Con.
Res. 19) submitted by Mr. HUMPHREY,
was referred to the Committee on For-
eign Relations, as follows:
Whereas the American people believe that
sound education is a fundamental condition
of personal liberty, representative govern-
ment and a democratic way of life; and
Whereas, in an age of science and tech-
nology, education, especially higher educa-
tion, is essential to social progress; and
Whereas education and training of talented
individuals is indispensable to the economic
development of underdeveloped countries,
whose chief resource is human beings; and
Whereas education and truth, its vital
spirit, are powerful instruments of interna-
tional understanding and peace; and
Whereas the exchange of students and
teachers under the Fulbright and Smith-
Mundt Acts has demonstrated the value of
international cooperation in educational
matters to friendly relations between the
United States and other countries: Now,
therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Rep-
resentatives concurring), That it shall be
the policy of the United States to assist other
nations to establish, improve, and develop
their educational systems, to assist in bring-
ing the benefits of education to all their
citizens, and to encourage and help make
possible higher education and advanced
training for deserving students; and be it
further
Resolved, That the United States Congress
recognizes and affirms the inalienable right
of other nations to establish their educa-
tional institutions in accordance with their
own national aspirations and cultural herit-
age, and pledges itself to adopt suitable
measures to assist other nations which seek
the aid of the United States to establish or
improve their educational systems accord-
ing to their own values and traditions; and
be it further
Resolved, That the Congress hereby en-
courages the enlistment of all appropriate
agencies for this purpose, including United
States educational institutions, corporations,
foundations, and other private organizations,
departments and agencies of United States
Government, and the United Nations Organi-
zation and its specialized agencies; and, more
specifically, be it further
Resolved, That the United States stands
ready-
(1) to assist other nations in the efforts
they are making to improve their own edu-
cational system by enabling them to train
teachers and instructors and by assisting
them to obtain teachers and instructors from
other countries; by helping them to obtain
books, materials and equipment essential to
education, training, and research; by assist-
ing them to establish, enlarge, or alter phys-
ical facilities for education, training, and
research; by encouraging and assisting them
to obtain expert guidance with respect to
modern methods of educational development
and administration;
(2) to encourage and support measures to
bring the benefits of higher education and
advanced training within the reach of quali-
fied and deserving students of other coun-
tries without regard to their personal eco-
nomic condition;
(3) to promote mutual assistance among
nations in matters of education, training,
and research;
(4) to help remove barriers to, and to en-
courage and support, the free exchange of
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,15266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
educational, scientific, and cultural mate-
rials, and the interchange among nations of
students, teachers, and persons of special
skills and learning; and be it further
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Con-
gress that there should be established in the
executive branch of the Government an In-
ternational Educational Development Foun-
dation, or other suitable organizational en-
tity, with sufficient stature and independent
authority to assure a vigorous program to
accomplish the purposes of this resolution
and to coordinate the international educa-
tional activities of the United States Gov-
ernment, and the Congress declares its will-
ingness to provide suitable financing for the
accomplishment of this program, including
but not limited to provisions for the use of
foreign currencies available to the United
States for such purposes.
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS ON
GOVERNMENT PATENT POLICY
AND S. 1084 AND S. 1176
Mr. McCLELLAN. Madam President,
as chairman of the Standing Subcommit-
tee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copy-
rights of the Committee on the Judiciary,
I wish to announce that the subcommit-
tee has scheduled public hearings on S.
1084 and E3. 1176, dealing with Govern-
ment patent policy, to commence on
Tuesday, April 18, 1961.
The hearings, set for 10 a.m., are
to be held in room 2228, New Senate Of-
fice Building.
Anyone wishing to testify or file a
statement for the record should com-
municate immediately with the office of
the Senate Patents, Trademarks, and
Copyrights Subcommittee, room 349A,
Senate Office Building, Washington.25,
D.C.; telephone CA 4-3121 or Govern-
ment Code 180, extension 2268.
The subcommittee consists of the sen-
ior Senator from South Carolina [Mr.
JOHNSTON], the junior Senator from
Michigan [Mr. IIARTI, the senior Sena-
tor from Tennessee [Mr. KEFAUVERI, the
senior - Senator from Wisconsin [Mr.
WILEY], the junior Senator from New
Hampshire [Mr. COTTON], and myself,
as chairman.
NOTICE CONCERNING CERTAIN
NOMINATIONS BEFORE COMMIT-
TEE ON THE JUDICIARY
Mr. EASTLAND. Madam President,
the following nominations have been re-
ferred to and are now pending before the
Committee on the Judiciary:
Anton T. Skoro, of Idaho, to be U.S.
marshal, district of Idaho, term of 4
years, vice Saul H. Clark.
Paul D. Sossamon, of North Carolina,
to be U.S.. marshal, western district of
North Carolina, term of 4 years, vice Roy
A. Harmon.
E. Herman Burrows, of North Caro-
lina, to be U.S. marshal, middle district
of North Carolina, term of 4 years, vice
James H. Somers.
James J. P. McShane, of Virginia, to be
U.S. marshal, term of 4 years, vice Dud-
ley G. Skinker.
Lawrence M. Henry, of Colorado, to
be U.S. attorney, district of Colorado,
term of 4 years, vice Donald G. Brotz-
man.
On behalf of the Committee on the Ju-
diciary, notice is hereby given to all per-
sons interested in these nominations to
file with the Committee, in writing, on
or before Wednesday, April 19, 1961, any
representations or objections they may
wish to present concerning the above
nominations, with a further statement
whether it is their intention to appear
at any hearings which may be scheduled.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. KEFAUVER:
Jefferson-Jackson Day address delivered by
the Vice President, at Nashville, Tenn., on
April 8, 1961.
By Mr. LAUSCHE:
Statement entitled "Canada and the United
States-A Traditional Friendship," prepared
by him.
By Mr. METCALF:
Address by Orville L. Freeman, Secretary
of Agriculture, delivered before the National
Water Research Symposium, Washington,
D.C., on March 29, 1961.
By Mr. JAVITS:
Address delivered by Dore Schary on the
subject of standards for movies.
Article entitled "What's Wrong With Ur-
ban Renewal?" written by James William
Gaynor, New York State housing commis-
sioner, and published in the Mortgage
Banker for March 1961.
By Mr. CARLSON:
Article entitled "The Sod-Busting Sena-
tor," written by Lew Muenz and published
in the 1961 spring issue of the Co-op Grain
Quarterly of the National Federation of
Grain Cooperatives.
By Mr. CASE of South Dakota:
Keynote address delivered by Bob Ruddy
at the 1961 annual State convention of the
South Dakota Young GOP College Federa-
tion.
By Mr. CAPEHART:
Editorial entitled "We Knock Ourselves
Out," written by Eugene C. Pulliam and
published in the Indianapolis Star of April
9, 1961, relating to United Nations: military
aggression against the Katanga state gov-
ernment in the Congo.
Editorial entitled "We Arm Our Enemies,"
written by Eugene C. Pulliam and published
in the Indianapolis Star of April 9, 1961.
Article entitled "A Special Report on Rail-
road Mergers," being an excerpt from the
New York Central 1960 annual report.
By Mr. PROXMIRE :
Article entitled "You're Richer Than You
Think," written by Sylvia Porter and pub-
lished in a recent issue of Vogue magazine.
Article entitled "There Is an Empty Space
in the Gallery," written by Ed Koterba and
published in the Washington Daily News of
April 4, 1961.
Article entitled "Wisconsin Backs Re-
sources Plan," written by Austin C. Wehrwein
and published in the New York Times of
April 2, 1961.
By Mr. SCOTT:
Article entitled "Michael J. Wargovich-
Noted American Slovac Fraternalist," written
by John C. Sciranka and published in the
Good Shepherd, official publication of the
Slovac Catholic Federation of America.
By Mr. MUNDT:
Article entitled "Bober Discusses Future
Role of Agriculture," being excerpts from an
address delivered by Sam H. Bober on March
Ai ril 12
23. 1961, at the Soil Conservation Award
Dinner in. Buffalo, N.Y.
By Mr. KEATING
Article entitled "A New Rule for Investi-
gating Committees?" written by Ralph De-
Tolevan:o and published by King Features
Syndicate on March 31, 1961.
By Mr. HUMPHREY:
Article entitled "Food To Save 300,000 Sent
Conga by United States," published in the
Washington Post of April 10, 1961.
By Mr. CHURCH:
Letter dated. March 15, 1961, from D. L.
Feathers, vice president-secretary, the Bun-
ker Hill. Co., to Senator CHURCH relating to
the proposed transfer of silver bullion from
the ITS. Treasury to private users.
TE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY
Mr. M:cGEE. Madam President, I
ish to refer to a news-ticker item in
regard to a speech delivered last night,
in Los Angeles, by Robert Welch, of the
John ]3irch Society. According to the
news ticker, Mr. Welch said in the
course of that speech:
Protestant ministers do not become Com-
munists--but Communists do become
Protestant ministers.
Madam. President, that is another kind
of reckless slur and smear that this
man and the spokesmen for this slurring
society are visiting upon various re-
spectable sentiments of American so-
ciety. Nothing could be more ridiculous
than to believe that the students of
theology, the ministers of the Gospel,
could be handmaidens of the cause of
the Communists, who believe in any-
thin.:; but God; arid I suggest that
nothing could suit the Communists pur-
pose more completely than the sugges-
tion that the Protestant ministry is be-
ing infiltrated by communism.
Furthermore, I raise serious question
about the motives of Mr. Welch and
whatever inspires those who join his
society, if they attack with that kind of
invective the segments of our own com-
munities.
I believe it is time that we bring
squarely to the mat the issues between
our society and these twisted, distorted,
sick people who seek to charge with con-
spiracy all who differ with them.
These people are afraid of trusting
others, they are afraid of America, and
they are afraid of freedom; and for that
reason they seek to pull down those
around them by using the smear and the
invective in which DIMr. Welch has once
again indulged in the course of his
speech. in Los Angeles.
I ask unanimous consent that the item
from the news ticker be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the item
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Los ANGELES.-Robert Welch, founder of
the John Birch Society, says:
"Protestant ministers do not become Com-
munists--but Communists do become
Protestant ministers."
He told a capacity audience of 6,000 at the
Shri:o.e Auditorium last night that Com-
munists and their sympathizers are infil-
trating the Protestant. ministry--because it
is the last place where Americans would ex-
pect to find them. However, he added:
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bellied politicians, pacifist preachers, addle-
pated professors and all the rest of that sorry
claque which responds so supinely to de-
mands of the enemy.
Your statement * * * tops all efforts of
those seeking to curry Kremlin favor through
utterances of puerile pettishness and pturid
pettifoggery. Moreover, you display abysmal
ignorance of the form and nature of the
Federal Government and the Constitution
which it operates. * *
By your asinine remarks you have shamed
the loyal citizens of Wisconsin, and most
particularly the citizens of the district who
elected you to represent them. I am sure
that only a tiny fraction of them wish to be
represented by a man who rushes too quickly
to obey Communists pleasure that he does
not stop to take time to read the Constitu-
tion, and who is willing to vilify those of
this constituents and all other Americans
who seek to repeal the advance of our enemy,
the Communist hordes.
Very sincerely,
VERNE P. KAUR.
I have attempted to outline, Mr.
Speaker, what I consider to be the seven
deadly parallels between the Nazi move-
ment and the John Birch Society. I have
shown that:
First, both detest the principles and
institutions of democracy;
Second, both seek to destroy the es-
tablished government, by fraud if pos-
sible, by force if necessary;
Third, both espouse the Fuehrerprin-
zip, whereby total control is exercised by
the leader;
Fourth, both rely for their primary
organization on a small elite corps of
zealots;
Fifth, both use front organizations to
augment their strength with persons in-
terested in limited parts of their pro-
gram but who could not swallow the
whole thing;
Sixth, both draw significant support
from wealthy industrialists who should
know better; and
Seventh, both profess militant anti-
communism, but they adopt with relish
the dirty methods of the Communists.
Let me be very clear. I would not for
one moment restrict in any way the right
of the John Birch Society to its freedom
of speech. Nor would I allow the plot-
ting of these pipsqueak Hitlers to make
us hysterical.
But the Birch Society cannot be
laughed out of existence nor ignored out
of existence. Its organized propaganda
must be challenged, fairly and vigor-
ously, wherever it appears.
For&1MgQJO kfi~bRBPq4p
I April 12
Inasmuch as it appears you are anti-anti-
Communist, the natural conclusion is that
you are pro-Communist and a Soviet
sympathizer.
Part of our activities are those of keeping
files on such people in case of an attack on
this country by the Soviet; a list of po-
tentially dangerous people who may col-
laborate with the enemy.
With the above in mind we would ap-
preciate a statement of your position if
you care to make it. Otherwise the classi-
fication will be made on the basis of the
data we have.
Yours very truly,
GEO. E. DEATHERAGE,
Director.
LONGVIEW, TEx., March 30, 1961.
Hon. HENRY S. REUSS,
.House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: I would like to write this letter
concerning your stand on the John Birch
Society. Many people have said we are
subversive. We will be subversive when a
dog becomes president. We are fighting for
the principles that made our country great.
We have done this in the past and will do
it in the future.
Several people have Mr. Welch called Eisen-
hower a Communist. In all the official pub-
lications I have received he has never said
this. He has said the last three presidents
were deceived by the Communists. In clos-
ing I would like to assure you we are a
patriotic group, doing things that would
help our country. Thank you.
Sincerely,
LEE SHIVLEY, Jr.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.
Representative HENRY S. REUSS,
Congressman, Fifth Congressional District,
State of Wisconsin, Washington, D.C.
Mr. REUSS: As one of your constituents,
let me say that I am not a member of the
John Birch Society, but I heartily endorse
its program. Maybe a verbal war such as
they are wajing [sic] will serve to make
people aware of what really has downgraded
America in the last half century. President
Wilson (at the suggestion of'Paul Warburg,
who was probably a Communist) started the
decline of this country's position by estab-
lishing the Federal Reserve which took the
right to coin the peoples' money away from
the people (their representatives in Con-
gress), and gave that right to a private cor-
poration which was controlled by foreigners.
Paul Warburg was an Eastern European.
If we in this country ever have a run on
the banks, I will do my best to gather all the
1$ bills [sic] that I can, because they are
silver certificates with silver to back them
up. Federal Reserve money is a figment of
someone's imagination, because nothing
exists to back it up except "the credit of the
United States" upon which a bunch of for-
iegners [sic] could foreclose (and our own
laws would protect them).
I heartily urge the repeal of our Federal
income tax and urge the restoration of gov-
ernment under our Constitution in fact,
instead of just supposedly.
MADISON, Wis., April 3, 1961.
Mr. HENRY REUSS,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR MR. REUSS: Dismal failure of the
Kremlin-motivated project for destruction of
HCUAA (often improperly designated as
HUAC) has been followed by frenzied efforts
to deactivate one of the House committee's
most sturdy and effective supporters, The
John Birch Society.
Zany statements besmirching the society
and its founder have gushed forth in dizzy
torrents from pens and tongues of Coman-
chean commentators, ignoble idietors, pot-
MICHIGAN'S REPUBLICAN PARTY
NOT QUITE DESTITUTE
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Michigan [Mr. HOFFMAN] is recognized
for 5 minutes.
Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr.
Speaker, in Sunday's issue of the De-
troit Free Press, Judd Arnett recalls he
"wrote a piece pointing out the Demo-
cratic Party of Michigan is loaded with
'charmers'," thus leaving the impres-
sion that, to win an election, Republi-
cans of Michigan must come up with
candidates who have "charm."
He further comments that, "Once
again the Republicans have snatched
defeat out of the jaws of victory."
Michigan taxpayers do retail the
Democrats' chief charmer, Soapy Wil-
liams, who more recently has been hold-
ing forth in Africa. Nor have they for-
gotten that, while Soapy was a real
charmer, Walter Reuther and Emil
Mazey, using union money illegally, did
finally leave Michigan bankrupt, many
unemployed, and several so-called dis-
tressed areas.
It is quite true that Republicans in
Michigan, defeated at several elections,
have lost control of the State and that,
under the leadership and direction of
Soapy, and the policies of Reuther and
Mazey and their political union aides.,
we have unemployment and distressed
areas, and the Democrats are now beg-
ging,the taxpayers to bail them out.
However, Republicans were defeated,
Democrats won, not necessarily because
of the charmers, but because, lacking in
political honesty many candidates prom-
ised more for nothing than did the Re-
publicans who, strange as it may be in
this day and age, seemed to have a sense
of honesty and responsibility.
Unfortunately, Michigan's voters are
now learning the hard way and ulti-
mately will accept the truth that even
rich as is Michigan, it cannot forever
yield to the demands of any special pres-
sure group without bringing hardship to
the majority.
Fortunately, the Republican Party not
only has a few charmers of its own, but,
in addition to the charm, these gentle-
men have ability, integrity, and a reali-
zation of their responsibility to all of the
poeple of the State, wear no man's collar,
serve exclusively no particular interest,
have in mind the welfare of the State as
a whole.
The Free Press prints a likeness of one
of Michigan's outstanding charmers who
possesses in ample measure the qualities
which go into the makeup of a statesman
and a patriot, our colleague from the
Fifth District, JERRY FORD, who, because
of his outstanding ability and industry,
has won the respect and admiration of
House Members.
Arnett's piece reads:
[From the Detroit Free Press, Apr. 9, 19611
GOP GLAMOR
A few days ago I wrote a piece pointing
out the Democratic Party of Michigan is
loaded with "charmers," not the least of
whom are Gov. John Swainson, Senator PHIL
HART and Highway Commissioner John
Mackie.
It was suggested that the Republicans had
better groom a few "glamor boys" if they
want to get back into serious contention.
(What was it someone said after Monday's
election? "Once again the Republicans have
snatched defeat out of the jaws of vic-
tory * + + ?)
Anyhow, since then there have been letters
and calls, with rather indignant partisans
contending that the Grand Old Party already
has some handsome, uppen atem young
stalwarts.
Advanced were such names as Thomas B.
Adams, the Detroit advertising executive;
Jack McDonald, elected supervisor of Med-
ford Township; and John S. Pingel, also of
the world of advertising, who ran well but
fell short of election to the Michigan State
University Board of Trustees.
Perhaps significantly, every caller and
writer mentiond one other Republican, Rep-
resentative JERRY FORD of the Grand Rapids
district.
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5327
keep strict and careful control on what
every chapter is doing, and even every mem-
ber of every chapter so far as the effective
work of the John. Birch Society is concerned
("Blue Book," p. 165).
Continuous control is necessary ac-
cording to Welch because:
The biggest of all organizational mistakes
is to set up a local group for some contin-
uing purpose, exhort them to do a good job,
and then leave them alone to do It ("Blue
Book," p. 86).
Welch makes it abundantly clear that
the "information" received by local
chapters, the orders that they will be
required to act upon, and the views that
they will be expected to express, will all
reflect the views of the leader:
Only if the members of these groups de-
clared allegiance to, came to feel an un-
shakable loyalty for, and thus accepted
direction from, a dynamic personal leader;
only under these conditions would there
be any possibility of the members of these
groups, and of all other Americans who feel
basically as they do, supplying what is
needed ("Blue Book," pp. 115-116).
4. THEY BOTH RELY FOR THEM PRIMARY ORGAN-
IZATION ON A SMALL ELITE CORPS OF ZEALOTS
In "Mein Karnpf," book 2, chapter 11,
Hitler states that propaganda attempts
to influence a whole people, while the
party organization is designed to incor-
porate only a small portion of the more
militant members of the total public.
He distinguishes between the "radical
people" who were capable of accepting
the rigorous demands of membership in
the party, and the thousands of sym-
pathizers who were "too cowardly" to
make the required sacrifices.
Hitler's belief that a minority com-
prised the elite formation of the party
organization, is paralleled by Welch in
his discussions in the Blue Book of the
Birch Society's membership:
And while there will be some of us, an
increasing number, but still a small minor-
ity, who will actually be giving practically
the whole of our lives to this cause, we
neither ask nor expect so much from the
vast majority of our members. I think that
a million members is all we would want, at
least in the United States. For we need
disciplined pullers at the oars, and not pas-
sengers in the boat ("Blue Book," pp. 165,
166).
Welch also emphasizes the demands
that will be made on members:
Let me point out and emphasize that we
are expecting far more work and dedication,
and far more sacrifice of other interests, on
the part of those who do become members
of the John Birch Society, than you ever
thought of giving to any other organization
whcih you joined or even considered joining
("Blue Book," p. 166).
8. THEY BOTH USE FRONT ORGANIZATIONS TO
INVOLVE PERSONS INTERESTED IN LIMITED
PARTS OF THEIR PROGRAM, BUT WHO COULD
NOT SWALLOW THE WHOLE THING
One of the unique organizational de-
vices of the Nazi movement was the
"front" organization. Hitler discovered
the value of creating such "fronts,"
realizing that they could serve a dual
purpose. They provided a mechanism
through which the Nazi movement could
attract sympathizers and supporters
among the public, and at the same time,
limit the number of active, participat-
ing members. Secondly, they acted as
a buffer between the public and the
membership, protecting the party itself
from attack, and at the same time dis-
seminating its views.
Welch also makes use of front organi-
zations i
We would organize fronts-little fronts,
big fronts, temporary fronts, permanent
fronts, all kinds of fronts. One of the great-
est weaknesses and mistakes on the conser-
vative side has been that almost all of the
organizations, real ones or just letterhead
outfits, have been put together for general
purposes. The Communists have been far
smarter. They would never think of setting
up publicly, for instance, a committee to
promote communism.
It Is too general. Yet we have several
leagues against communism, and others just
as vague in the fronts they present.
The most effective fronts, on either side,
are ad hoc committees, aimed to accom-
plish, or at least publicize, one particular
purpose.
Of course fronts alone aren't going to
stop the Communists either. But enough
of then:[ being constantly organized-for
this purpose, that purpose, and every kind
of purpose-some fading out and new ones
coming an all of the time, can bother the
Communists, can occasionally put them on
the defensive, can bring more of the unin-
formed and previously indifferent but patri-
otic Americans into the fight, and can help
our cause in many ways. Again, let me try
to make my point clearer, and to make it
more easily, by suggesting a few examples.
With such fronts as "A Petition To Im-
peach Earl Warren" (and I think we could
get the names of a hundred outstanding
leaders from the South and many from the
North on the letterhead right now) ; a "Com-
mittee To Investigate Communist Influences
At Vassar College" (headed by Vassar gradu-
ates, of Course); and "Women Against Labor
Union Hoodlumism" (which would pick up
the individual stories of husbands injured,
cars wrecked, houses damaged, families ter-
rified, in the strike at Kohler and others
like it, tell those stories from the women's
point of view and show the suffering they
caused wives and mothers); with these and
dozens of new fronts popping up to attack
the Communists-or persons, institutions,
and movements giving aid and comfort to
the Communists---we can certainly keep this
whole front operation from being so one-
sided, as it has been. We can stop letting
the Communists have the whole effective use
of this weapon practically by default, and
what's more, we can use the noise and tur-
moil to help to wake up a lot of people to
the fact that there is a deadly fight going
on of which they had been blissfully un-
aware ("Blue Book," pp. 86-91.)
8. THEY BOTH DRAW SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT
FROM VVEALTHY INDUSTRIALISTS WHO SHOULD
KNOW BETTER
Hitler's principal sources of funds for
his drive to power in the period 1930-33
were such leadingindustrialists as Fritz
Thyssen of steel, Emil Kirdorf of coal,
Von Schnitzler of the chemical industry,
and Von- Schroeder of banking.
Similarly playing on fears of com-
munism, the Birch Society has studded
its ranks with corporation presidents,
board chairmen, and two past presidents
of the National Association of Manufac-
turers. To its credit, the National As-
sociation of Manufacturers has officially
repudiated the Birch Society.
7. THEY BOTH PROFESS MILITANT ANTICOM-
MUNISSLI, BUT THEY ADOPT WITH RELISH THE
DIRTY METHODS OF THE COMMUNISTS
In his drive to attain power in Ger-
many Hitler followed a policy that the
end justifies the means. The big lie, the
use of scrapegoats, smear campaigns,
witch hunts, and total disregard - for
fair play were synonymous with nazism.
So it is with the Birch Society mem-
bers are "to play rough":
It isn't numbers we have to worry about in
this connection, but the courage on the part
of our followers to stick their necks out and
play rough--the same as the Communists
do all of the time--and that courage will
come too with gathering strength ("Blue
Book," p. !)7).
Letterwriting is encouraged:
Letterwriti:ng of a different order of planned
Continuity and volume than anything
attempted before--except o:n a somewhat
more sporadic scale by the Communists
themselves--letterwriting of the kind that
builds opinion exactly the way single grains
of sand build a whole barricade; this is only
one but a still important one, of the dis-
ciplined activities by which we would keep
a million men working eve:ry day, adding
small increments of strength to the anti-
Communist ride, for every bit of the time
and energj they could devote to the cause
("Blue Book," p. 87).
The Communists boast that they can now
land 50,000 individually written letters in
Washington, on either side of any subject,
within 72 hours. Actually that is not too
startling an accomplishment. We could
make it look like peanuts, with the million
truly dedicated and controlled supporters
who constitute the hypothesis-though
merely a hypothesis-of this part of this
discussion. There should be a continuous
overwhelming flood of letters, not just to
legislators or the executive departments in
Washington, but to newspaper editors, tele-
vision and radio sponsors, educators, lec-
turers, State :Legislators and politicians,
foundation heads and everybody else whose
opinions, actions, and decisions count for
anything in the ultimate total actions and
decisions. Such an outpouring of mall
would give more courage to a lot of people
who would prefer to be more clearly on our
side, and would at least slow down the
brazen advance of some of those on the other
side. Let me give you an illustration.
A few months ago United Airlines started
a movement, which could have had tre-
mendous psychological and propaganda
value for the internationalist leftwingers, by
putting the Insignia of the 'United Nations
on their planes, with the words "We believe"
under the Insignia. And In this case a spon-
taneous letterwriting campaign, with the
only organization or inspiration of the
campaign coming without any coordination
whatsoever from a few small rightwing
groups and individuals, was able to force
United Airlines to back down completely
and publicly admit that they had made a
mistake. This in itself would have been
significant enough, but there was one angle
to it, completely unpublicized, which made
the results more striking. This was that
United Airlines backed down, and took the
U.N. Insignia off their planes, despite the
fact that Paul Hoffman, Gardiner Cowles,
and Eric Johnston are all members of United
Airlines board of directors. This shows what
letterwriting can do, even against deter-
mined and entrenched opposition ("Blue
Book," pp. 94-85).
Since making public my criticism of
the Birch Society, I have been receiving
a swarm of letters which bear the ear-
marks of society tactics. For example:
AMER:[CA FIRST,
April 1, 1961.
Hon. HENRY S. REUSS,
House Off ne Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR We have noted your activities
in attacking the ultraconservative and anti-
Communist John Birch Society.
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Since Robert Welch demands that his
members "accept direction from their
leader"-`Blue Book," page 116-it is
hard to see how the word from Welch can
be anything other than John Birch So-
the idea of a majority, but upon the idea
of a single personality.
During the years that followed he bru-
tally attacked democracy and the
Weimar Republic in general, and the
Republic's office holders in particular.
Although the antidemocratic ideas
propounded by the Birch Society are
somewhat obscured by its fervent and
vitriolic attacks on individuals who are
alleged to be Communists, its philosophy,
as recorded in the speech delivered by
its founder Robert Welch, Jr., in In-
dianapolis in 1958, parrots Hitler's dis-
dain for the principles and institutions
of democracy:
A Republican form of government
lends itself too readily to infiltration, dis-
tortion, and disruption. And democracy, of
course, is merely a deceptive phrase, a
weapon of demagoguery, and a perennial
fraud ("Blue Book," p. 159).
Welch aims his attack not only at the
Government in general, but at all three
of its branches and the individuals in
them.
First. Of the Supreme Court he says:
It is now so strongly and almost completely
under Communist influence that it shatters
its own precedents and rips gaping holes in
our Constitution in order to favor Com-
munist purposes ("Politician," pp. 272-273).
And, of course, the drive to impeach
Chief Justice Warren is one of the So-
ciety's main aims.
Second. Of the Congress Welch says:
The legislative branch of our Government
has been-brought so far in line (with Com-
munist objectives) that it will ratify an
Austrian peace treaty without debate, ap-
prove the appointment of a Zellerbach with-
out a question, and listen to the speech of a
Sukarno with applause ("Politician," p. 272).
Third. Of the executive branch,
Welch says:
The executive department of our Govern-
ment * * * has become * * * to a large
extent, an active agency for the promotion
of Communist aims ("Politician," p. 273).
He called former President Eisenhower
an agent of the Communist Party and
accuses him of being guilty of treason:
My firm belief that Dwight Eisenhower is
a dedicated, conscious agent of the Commu-
nist conspiracy is based upon an accumula-
tion of detailed evidence so extensive and so
palpable that it seems to me to put this
conviction beyond any reasonable doubt
("Politician," p. 267).
There is only one possible word to de-
scribe his purposes and actions. That word
is "treason" ("Politician," p. 210).
Further:
ciety doctrine.
2. BOTH SEEK TO DESTROY
GOVERNMENT, BY FRAUD
FORCE IF NECESSARY
THE ESTABLISHED
IF POSSIBLE, BY
While still in prison in 1924, Hitler
said:
When I resume active work it will be
necessary to pursue a new policy. Instead
of working to achieve power by armed coup,
we shall have to hold our noses and enter
the Reichstag against the Catholic and
Marxist deputies. If outvoting them takes
longer than outshooting them, at least the
result will be guaranteed by their own con-
stitution. Any lawful process is slow * * *.
Sooner or later we shall have a majority-
and after that, Germany.
However, on February 27, 1925, after
identifying the republican regime as the
enemy to be defeated, he shouted:
To this struggle of ours there are only two
possible issues: either the enemy passes over
our bodies or we pass over theirs (William
L. Shirer, "The Rise and Fall of the Third
Reich," p. 119).
Like Hitler, the Birch Society recog-
nizes the convenience of seizing power
through established constitutional pro-
cedure:
We would put our weight into the politi-
cal scales in this country just as fast and
far as we could. For unless we can even-
tually, and in time, reverse by political ac-
tion the gradual surrender of the United
States to communism, the ultimate alterna-
tive of reversal by military uprising is fear-
ful to contemplate ("Blue Book," p. 111).
I would like to emphasize this point,
Mr. Speaker. it is among the views of
this organization that a change in the
existing order by military uprising is an
acceptable-even if fearful-alternative.
Fortunately, the war that the Birch-
ites are fighting, is, as they see it,
"still political and educational rather
than military"-"Blue Book" page 76-
but in appraising the danger which this
society presents we must consider what
they view as the immediate manifesta-
tions of the "surrender of the United
States to communism": social security,
foreign aid, income taxes, American
participation in the United Nations and
in the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion. These are the things which the
Birch Society seeks to reverse. Since
such a reversal by conventional politi-
cal action seems most unlikely, how long
must we wait for the "reversal by mili-
tary uprising" which they accept as
"the ultimate alternative"?
The Birch Society might also be de-
scribed, as was the Nazi Party, as a "se-
cret society established in broad day-
light." Unlike the traditional secret so-
ciety which operated in a wholly con-
The Communists are so firmly entrenched
by now, that even if Eisenhower disappeared
from the scene all the momentum and
strength of the forces we have .seen at work
would still have to be overcome. * * * The
firm grip on our Government of the forces
that have worked through Eisenhower is
more important than Eisenhower himself
("Politician," p. 266).
There has been some disposition for
the leaders of the Birch Society to dis-
avow these statements of Welch on the
ground that they were in a private
"letter." I have seen the "letter," Mr.
Speaker. It is a black, paperbound,
loose-leaf book of 302 pages, reproduced
by photo offset.
spiratorial manner in its effort to "over- continuous contact with his or her members
throw" the established government, the to whatever extent may be necessary in order
Nazi Party and the Birch Society estab- to pass on or receive information and to
lished themselves openly. Both groups carry out various concerted efforts as re-
contended that the established govern- quested from headquarters ("Blue Book," p.
ment was in the hands of conspirators 164
who could be routed out only by a coup-
terconspiracy Coordinators at every local level, and
.
Thus the Birch Society was founded supervisors or "major coordinators"
in December 1958, openly, by Robert above them, police a system designed
Welch and 11 other men whose identi- to-
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ties have not been revealed. The society
does not disclose the size of its total
membership. It closely guards the
names of its members. It does not make
public the source or the extent of its
financial support. It does not reveal how
its funds are used. All of the ritual of
the secret society is observed, even
though the necessity for secrecy is ob-
viated by the fact that their "subver-
sive" purpose is openly proclaimed:
Our determination to overthrow an en-
trenched tyranny is the very stuff of which
revolutions are made ("Blue Book," p. 169).
3. BOTH ESPOUSE THE FUEHRERPRINZIP, WHERE-
BY TOTAL CONTROL IS EXERCISED BY THE
LEADER
Hitler adopted the principle that the
will of the leader is law, stating:
I alone lead the movement and no one
can impose conditions on me so long as I
personally bear the responsibility for every-
thing that occurs in the movement.
Welch expresses similar views in the
Blue Book where he states:
The men who join the Birch Society * *
will be doing so primarily because they be-
lieve in me and what I am doing and are
willing to accept my leadership anyway.
Whenever that loyalty ceases to be sufficient
to keep some fragment in line, we are not
going to be in the position of having the
society's work weakened by raging debates.
We are not going to have factions develop-
ing on the two-sides-to-every question theme
("Blue Book," p. 161).
The intricate party organization that
Hitler built consisted in party chapters
corresponding to the political and geo-
graphic subdivisions of Germany, with
chapter leaders appointed by and wholly
responsible to Hitler himself.
The actual structure of the Birch
Society closely parallels this. Although
in the "Blue Book," Welch suggests that
the organization which he proposes to
establish, will be of "an entirely different
nature from anything that the word
[organization] might bring to mind"-
"Blue Book," page 157-as soon as he be-
gins to describe the structure of this
wholly "different" organization it be-
comes very clear that, while it is certainly
unlike any organization existing in the
pluralistic society of f. democratic coun-
try, it is not unlike the complex network
of organizations that brought Adolf
Hitler into power.
As set up by Welch :
The John Birch Society will function al-
most entirely through small local chapters,
usually of from 10 to 20 dedicated patriots,
although some chapters. may occasionally,
and for a while, be larger. Each will have
a chapter leader, appointed by headquarters,
which is in Belmont, Mass., or appointed
through officers of the society, in the field,
who have themselves been duly appointed by
headquarters ("Blue Book," p. 163).
According to Welch, he expects:
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. tY RESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5325
bankers university professors, and rep- ganda to the effect that each is the foremost know who is behind these activities, how
resentatives of foundations," and a opponent of the other is undoubtedly a they are financed, and how they are carried
Presidential pressure group in Congress, major contributor to whatever support each on.
has been able to muster in our population
d
i
. Sincerely,
an
aga
n, if this is the result of super
The Special Committee on Un-American
intelligence and high level brainpower, Activities warned in 1940 that the danger Member of Congress.
then I confess to being devoid of both. to American .,, t
_-._L
so
In
frontal attack by Fascists and Communists in On March 28, 1961, I received this
iFG pact its ranxs will succeed in convincing a vnn eKE:LNTATIVES,
iV The SPEAKER. Under previous or- really substantial number of people that COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES,
d
f th
H
er o
e
ouse, the gentleman from their only defense against violence from the Alarch 28, 1961.
Wisconsin [Mr. Rzussl is recognized opposite extreme is to accept the violence Hon. HENRY S,. REUSS,
of the one they and least objectionable ." 'Washington, D.C.
for 30 minutes. This committee is agreed that subversion DEAR COLLEAGUE: This is in reply to your
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, like many cannot be combated by subversion. Those letter of March 21, 1961.
Members, I have been disturbed by the who would support the extreme :right today The committee has received numerous let-
activities of the so-called John Birch do as great a violence to our national insti- ters regatrding: the Joh
Bi
h
.
rc
Society.
Society. What the Society is up to tutions as do those on the extreme left. Mostof them contain the general complaint
sounds ominously like what the Nazis Futhermore, the appearance of neo-Fascist that the organization is "un-American" and
once were up to in Germany. organizations and methods in the postwar the specific complaint that the leader of the
As Thomas Jefferson said in his first period serve only to Impede the intelligent, society has made charges impugning the
inaugural, "Error of opinion may be united effort necessary in the current life patriotism and loyalty of certain individuals.
and death struggle with communism. As to the general complaint, we have re-
tolerated where reason is left free to The hate groups appeal to the unwary by ceived no material information which indi-
combat it." But for reason to take a cynical use of concepts having a deep cates that an investigation of the subject
hold, the people need to know the facts. emotional appeal to the majority of decent organization should, or could, be made by us
THE PUBLIC NEEDS THE FACTS citizens-love of God, country, home? or under existing statute defining the author-
antipathy to communism * * *, They use ity of the committee. The specific com-
The press, the other means of Com- the divisive tactics of the Communists whom plaint alleges wrongs against individuals--
munication, and men in public life such they deplore. Depending upon the type of whose recourse would be action in the civil
as Members of Congress, share the re- audience to be reached, this propaganda Is courts.
sponsibility to making these facts known couched in language ranging from violent The press indicates that a State group is
to the public. vituperation to subtle innuendoes. calling for an investigation by the U.S. At-
Under the allocation of congressional The committee is continuing its inves- torney General. Perhaps this will result in
tigation and exposure of Communist con- some official statement clarifying the matter.
functions to committees made by the spirators wherever they may be found. The Incidentally, I note that the society itself is
House rules, it seemed to me that the committee is convinced, however, that there reportedly demanding an immediate investi-
activities of the John Birch Society were is a concurrent need for continuous inves- gation. It is not the function of this com-
a proper concern of the House Commit- tigation, exposure, and, where necessary, mittee, of course, to serve as a "sounding
tee on Un-American Activities. Rule prosecution, to the end that no activity of board"-either for an organization against
17(b) authorizes the committee: a pro-Fascist nature will ever be permitted individuals, or for individuals against an
To make from time to time investigations to gain substantial stature or influence in organization.
of (1) the extent, character, and objects of the United States.
With very best regards, I am,
un-American propaganda activities in the Accordingly, on March 21, 1961, I ad- Sincerely yours,
United States; and (2) the diffusion within dressed the following letter to the FRANCIS E, WALTER,
the United States of subversive and un- chairman of the House Committee on ' Chairman.
American propaganda that is instigated from Un-American Activities:
foreign countries or of a domestic origin Thus, apparently, there is to be no
and attacks the principle of the form of MARCH 21, 1961. investigation of the John Birch Society
government as guaranteed by our Consti- Chairman FRANCIS E. WALTER,
Un-American by the House Committee on Un-Ameri-
tution. Activities Committee,
Washington, D.C. can Activities.
Propaganda, whether it came from the MY DEAR COLLEAGUE: Recently my office But as an individual Member of the
Communist left or the totalitarian right, has been flooded with letters from through- House, Mr. Speaker, I believe It my re-
seemed to me within the jurisdiction of out the country suggesting that Chief Jus- sponsibility to call the public's attention
the House Committee on Un-American tice Warren is a traitor and demanding his to what I believe are the real dangers
impeachment. Many of the letters are of the John Birch Society.
Activities. This view is supported by mimeographed, are similarly worded or bear
the document, "Preliminary Report on other evidence of an organized campaign. An official of the West German Gov-
Neo-Fascist and Hate Groups," Decem- Matter recently Inserted in the CONGRES- ernment was recently reported as deeply
ber 7, 1954, by the House Committee on SIONAL RECORD by the Senator from North concerned over the activities of the Birch
Un-American Activities. The commit- Dakota [Mr. YOUNG] (Mar. 8, pp. 3214 at Society, suggesting that "it was in some-
tee's discussion of the danger exerted by seq., Mar. 20, pp. 4017 et seq.) indicates what the same manner that national
the radical right on the institutions of that these activities may be conducted by socialism came into, being" in Germany.
an our democracy seemed applicable to the Society, , which h organization is reported known the to John have stig- Birch As I recall the history of the Nazi move -
wh ~'
John Birch Society: matized as Communists such patriotic ment on its way to power, and as I read
THE 1954 REPORT Americans as former President Eisenhower, the John Birch Society literature--the
Communism's present threat to the very former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, "Blue Book" and the "Politician"-I am
survival of the United States and the rest of and Central Intelligence Agency Director struck at the deadly parallel between
the free world has placed heavy burdens on Allen Dulles. the two.
the defenders of human freedom and dig- It would be hard to imagine more un-
nity. The Committee on Un-American Ac- American propaganda activities than these Let me document the parallel between
tivities is concerned to observe that -this which are directly attacking both the execu- the two movements:
burden is being aggravated by certain indi- tive and the judicial branches of our 1. BOTH DETEST THE PRINCIPLES AND INSTITU-
viduals and organizations unscrupulously Government. TIONS OF DEMOCRACY
exploiting the menace of communism to I call these propaganda activities to your Adolf Hitler forthrightly attacked the
promote other activities equally subversive attention in the hope that they will be the general principles of.democratic govern-
and equally un-American. Such activities subject of a thoroughgoing investigation by meet, the institutions formed to imple-
would destroy the very foundation work of the House Committee on Un-American
the American Republic, if permitted to op- Activities. ment the principles, and the office hold-
erate unnoticed or unchallenged. Propaganda organizations have the right ers in those institutions. From his
Despite the similarities between com- to free speech and the right to have any prison cell in 1924, Hitler wrote in "Mein
munism and fascism-so dramatically dem- investigation of their activities Conducted Kampf," f avoring:
onstrated to the world during the infamous with due process of law and full regard for - A philosophy which endeavors to reject
Hitler-)Stalin pact of 1939--41-their props- Yairplay, but the public, has the right to the democratic idea, which builds not upon
No. 81--13
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 5004
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viled by some members of this organiza-
tion.
There are many good but mistaken
people who belong to the John Birch
Society, but there are some others who
are neither good nor mistaken, and they
are its leaders. Speaking for myself, I
suggest to the Senate that a proper func-
tion of the Senate Government Opera-
tions Committee would be to call before
it Mr. Welch of Massachusetts and ask
him the basis upon which he makes
these fantastic charges. Since he will be
unable to document them, he should be
made to apologize in public not alone to
Eisenhower, not alone to Warren, but
also to the people of the country.
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr.
President, I deeply appreciate the kind
comments concerning me made by the
distinguished Senator from Connecticut
with respect to the John Birch Society
and charges which have been leveled
against me by its members.
I have been the subject of a barrage of
letters written to every newspaper in my
State which will carry them, which
insinuate, at times, that I may be op-
posed to any movement which would
contain communism and which charge
me with all manner of things.
I believe that in my State the great
majority of the members of the society
are very good people, but they have been
unaware of the type of person they have
as a leader and the accusations he has
been making. No one knows for sure ex-
actly who are the members of the so-
ciety; that is one of the difficult things
in dealing with the organization. I do
not know of more than a half dozen
people in my State who will admit they
belong to the organization.
Those who are members of the organi-
zation, for the most part, are very fine
people. I believe they are honestly and
sincerely trying to. combat communism,
and that one day they will repudiate the
charges made by their leader, Robert
Welch, against President Eisenhower and
other fine patriotic citizens and leaders
of our Nation.
HURRICANE MESA
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, in the
special message on the defense budget
which President Kennedy submitted to
the Congress Tuesday, the President an-
nounced that he had directed the Sec-
retary of Defense to take steps to inacti-
vate and discontinue 21 oversea bases
and 52 military installations in the
United States, thought by the new ad-
ministration to be excess to the defense
needs of our country. Although not on
the official list, one of the facilities to
be closed by the Kennedy administra-
tion is the Hurricane supersonic re-
search site, located at Hurricane, Utah.
This is an Air Force installation op-
erated under contract by the Coleman
Engineering Co., Inc., of Torrance, Calif.
At this site, high speed rocket sled tests
and aircraft crew escape systems are
tested under the direction of the Air
Force Flight Test Center, Air Research
Development Command, Edwards Air
Force Base, Calif.
The Hurricane test track is a com-
paratively new installation, first acti-
vated in 1954 and formerly referred to
by the Air Force as Project Smart. The
track is unique in many ways. It is lo-
cated on a high plateau in southwestern
Utah near Zion National Park and ap-
proximately 75 miles north of Grand
Canyon National Park. HSRS provides
the only known facility in the world on
which a test item can be guided at su-
personic speed over a 12,000-foot track,
launched from a precipice 1,500 feet
above the surrounding terrain, and then
closely observed through a relatively
horizontal free-flight path. The Air
Force has two other test tracks, one at
Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., and one
at Holloman Air Force Base, N. Mex.,
and the Navy operates a track at the U.S.
Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern,
Calif., All three of these installations
have flat tracks, whereas the facility at
Hurricane has the only elevated launch
track.
The concept of an elevated launch fa-
cility was originated by the Wright Air
Development Division as a means to pro-
vide an extended period of free-flight
testing for aircraft escape systems. A
comparable period of free flight before
ground impact is not available to test
items launched upwards from moving
vehicles on flat tracks. Flight char-
acteristics can be more fully studied at
the Hurricane track, because the free-
flight feature provides designers and en-
gineers time to study and evaluate sta-
bilization and parachute recovery sys-
tems under conditions similar to those
experienced in actual flight.
The Hurricane track was designed
and originally constructed at a cost of
$2.4 million. The present value of fa-
cilities and equipment at HSRS is $5.6
million. Approximately 3,508 acres
have been utilized for this test facility.
Of this total 2,851 acres were obtained
under permit from the Department of
Interior, 643 acres were leased from the
State of Utah and 14 acres were leased
from private individuals.
Mr. President, the Air Force has stated
its reason for discontinuance of the
Hurricane Track, as follows:
The Hurricane Supersonic Research Site
(HSRS) was constructed primarily to test
aircraft crew escape systems. At the pres-
ent time the major use of this facility is
divided between tests of conventional air-
craft escape systems and aircraft capsule
escape systems. With the decline of em-
phasis on new manned aircraft, the re-
quirement for escape systems tests has ac-
cordingly been diminishing. We have re-
cently completed a study of our require-
ments for future sled track operations, and
have considered in this study a request by
the Atomic Energy Commission to conduct
certain tests on Air Force tracks. We have
concluded that Air Force and AEC testing
can be accomplished on two tracks instead
of three. Accordingly, we plan to discon-
tinue operations at Hurricane Mesa at the
expiration of the present contract on June
30, 1961.
I cannot quarrel with the principle of
economy and the need for elimination of
duplication wherever it may exist in our
Defense Departments or other govern-
mental agencies. However, I do ques-
tion whether the correct decision has
been made as to which track should be
discontinued and which kept in opera-
tion. It is significant that the Hurri-
cane Track has unique features not
available at any of the other tracks and
that future testing of aircraft escape
systems will be seriously hampered by
the closing of HSRS. In this regard, I
ask unanimous consent to place in the
RECORD at the end of my speech, five
communications testifying as to the con-
tinuing need for the Hurricane facility
and showing that this track has particu-
lar advantages over the flat tracks which
will be kept in operation. These com-
munications are as follows: Lockheed
Aircraft Corp., Vought Aeronautics,
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.,
Convair, Department of Navy Airborne
Division.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from Utah? The Chair hears none,
and it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President,
another significant fact which I think
should be taken into account is that
the Hurricane Track is the only one of
the four now in operation which is op-
erated by a private company under an
Air Force contract. The decision to close
this track is another body blow at pri-
vate industry and runs contrary to the
recommendations of the Hoover Com-
mission of getting the Government out
of all business-type activities. In this
regard, this project is of particular im-
portance to Washington County, Utah,
because it constitutes the only industrial
type activity in this area of the State.
At present there are 65 permanently
employed technicians at the site and
the annual payroll is approximately half
a million dollars. Although this may
appear to be an insignificant amount, it
is of major. importance to this remote
area of Utah, and its closing will create
a real hardship, because there is no
other industry to provide jobs or take
up the slack when the testing track is
closed.
Mr. President, I have sent a letter to
the chairman of the Senate Armed
Services Committee, asking that the
Preparedness Subcommittee make a
thorough study of the four existing
tracks to determine whether, in the best
interest of our Nation's defenses, the
Hurricane Track should be kept on op-
erational status.
I ask unanimous consent that the let-
ter be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
JANUARY 16, 1981.
Hon. RICHARD B. RUSSELL,
Chairman, Armed Services Committee,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR DICK: I am writing to request that
the Senate Armed Services Committee make
an investigation into the administration and
operation of the four existing supersonic re-
search track sites presently being operated
by the Defense Establishment, Of the four,
three are so-called flat tracks, the first at the
Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air
Force Base, Calif.; the second at the Air Force
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THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIET`
r. DODD. Mr. P
rgdaent;`It is un-
~
fortu1ate--fee-aur- c1S'6 iety that opinions
about communism frequently tend to
polarize to extreme positions.
On the one hand, there have always
been naive or softheaded people, ultra-
liberals who refuse to believe.that com-
munism can be all evil; who insist that
the Communists are like ourselves and
that, if we are prepared to be reasonable,
coexistence with them is possible; who
close their eyes to all the massive evi-
dence that communism is an interna-
tional conspiracy committed to the de-
struction of freedom and religion; who
cry `witch-hunt" or McCarthyism at
every effort to investigate Communist
front operations and Communist infil-
tration of government positions; who are
not pro-Communist, but react with far
greater emotion against every manifes-
tation of anticommunism than they
ever seem capable of displaying against
communism.
At the other extreme, there are those
who are sincerely anti-Communist but
who believe that everyone who dis-
agrees with them is either a Communist
or a dupe of the Communists, that every
political figure who has been guilty of
an error in judgment or a policy that
failed, is ipso facto, a member of the
Communist conspiracy.
These extreme positions beget and
encourage each other. The ultraliberal
extremist becomes more extreme every
time he is presented with evidence that
someone has been the target of unjust
or exaggerated accusations.
The ultraconservative extremist be-
comes more extreme, more set in his
views, with every new manifestation of
ultraliberal tolerance toward Communist
and Communist-front operations.
For these reasons, Mr. President, I be-
lieve that the distinguished senior Sena-
tor from North Dakota performed a real
service when he brought certain facts
about the John Birch Society to the at-
tention of this body on March 8.
Here is an organization which many
thousands of sincere, dedicated citizens
have joined because they are concerned
over the Communist successes in recent
years and would like to know more and
to do something about it.
The evidence, however, suggests that
many of those who joined the John
Birch Society did so in ignorance of the
real views of the leadership of the organ-
ization.
Mr. Robert Welch, the head of the John
Birch Society, is certainly opposed to
communism. But how does he oppose
communism? Approximately 4 years ago
he brought out a book entitled "The
Politician," which was given limited
circulation. In this book. Mr. Welch
assailed Presidents Roosevelt, Truman
and Eisenhower, the late Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles, Mr. Allen
Dulles, head of the Central Intelligence
Agency, Chief Justice Warren, Dr. Mil-
ton Eisenhower and many others, as
Communists or Communist agents.
To accuse people like President Eisen-
hower and John Foster Dulles and the
others of being Communist agents is an
affront to both decency and intelligence.
It brings our leaders and our institutions
into disrepute, it sows division, it makes
it easier for the Communists and the
ultraliberals to equate opposition to
communism with political lunacy.
I believe, Mr. President, that the ex-
treme views of Mr. Welch are not shared
by the great majority of the sincere
Americans who have joined the John
Birch Society because of their genuine
concern over communism. But these
views cannot be dismissed out of hand as
the individual views of one man. Mr.
Welch happens to be the head of the
organization. The views in question
moreover are recent views, which Mr.
Welch has never repudiated.
Quite inevitably, Mr. Welch's extrem-
ism has infected some of his more im-
pressionable followers. It has come to
my attention, for example, that the
senior Senator from North Dakota and
the senior Senator from California have
been the targets of vicious, organized
campaigns of letterwriting. The gist of
these letters, some of them addressed
directly to the Senators, some of them
sent to local newspapers, is that the Sen-
ators in question are soft on communism
or are dupes of the Communists. Some-
times these charges are made openly;
sometimes they are made by innuendo
and implication. The people who write
these letters do not identify themselves
as members of the John Birch Society,
but no knowledgeable person has any
doubts about the origins of this despic-
able campaign of harassment.
But I want to tell the people of Amer-
ica and, in particular, I want to tell the
members of the John Birch Society, that
there are no more stanch anti-Commu-
nists in our country than the senior Sen-
ator from North Dakota and the senior
Senator from California. I consider the
attacks on them to be beneath contempt.
I agree with the opinion expressed by
the conservative Los Angeles Times in its
editorial of March 12:
If the John Sirchers follow the program of
their leader, they will bring our institutions
into question exactly as the Communists try
to do. They will sow distrust, and aggravate
disputes, and they will weaken the very
strong case for conservatism.
I believe that it weakens the anti-
Communist cause and it plays into the
hands of the Communists, when anti-
communism can be associated with this
kind of sweeping, irresponsible, and re-
pugnant charges made against so many
distinguished Americans.
Few men have held high public office
without committing their quotas of
blunders and miscalculations. For my
own part, I believe that the free world
has been guilty of many grave blunders
in the postwar period-blunders com-
mitted because we failed to understand
the true nature of communism. But it
is the worst kind of madness to charge
that all of these blunders were perpe-
trated under the direction of the Com-
munist conspiracy by men who hold or
have held the highest offices our country_
has to offer.
I want to commend the American press
for bringing this situation to light. I
welcome this evidence of vigor and in-
itiative on the part of the press.
The press has a tremendous weapon
for public good in the power of exposure.
It has used it effectively in the case of
the John Birch Society. But for some
reason which I cannot understand it has
not used this weapon anywhere near as
effectively against the Fair Play for Cuba
Committee, the various offshoots of the
Communist peace offensive, and the
other Communist-front operations in
this country.
There is a job of political balancing to
be done. For my own part, I would be
more than satisfied if our press devoted
as much column space in coming months
to exposing the subterranean operations
of the Communist Party in this country
as they have in recent weeks to exposing
the excesses of the John Birch Society.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I am
more grateful than I can say for the
comments made by the distinguished
Senator from Connecticut CMr. Dona].
Mr. President, international commu-
nism has been and will continue to be
an evil, dangerous worldwide conspiracy.
Its intent continues to be to destroy free-
dom. It is the very anthithesis of free-
dom. Everything which .Americans hold
dear is directly, completely opposite to
international, communism.
This country, under Democratic ad-
ministrations and under Republican ad-
ministrations, has demonstrated a cour-
age and a zeal to maintain freedom, to
deter Communist aggression, and, if nec-
essary, to combat it.
We have in this country, regretably,
some few people who are guilty of
treason. I suppose that is always the
case in any society. There are some who
would pull down the pillars and try to
destroy the very freedom under which
they are .able to engage in their kind
of ugly and reprehensible activity.
But there is an equal danger in this
country from those who take shocking
and unbelievable positions, who continue
an extreme philosophy of objecting to
every kind of progress, who point the
finger at, those who disagree with them,
and say, "There walks a Communist."
It is a fantastic and incredible libel
upon one of the world's great exponents
of freedom. when the head of this society
accuses Dwight Eisenhower of being "a
card-carrying Communist." Should the
American people and the.American Gov-
ernment let that kind of vile spleen be
poured upon one who has given his
whole life to dedicated service to
America, through participation in the
world's greatest war, as the top com-
mander, in which his armies emerged
victorious, and through 3 years of un-
selfishly serving the American people as
their Chief Executive?
Mr. President, I denounce anyone who
makes that kind of false and contempt-
ible charge.
Across the street sits the Chief Justice
of the United States, another great
American. People in this society be-
smirch his character.
Many of us in Government have been
denounced and our names have been re-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX April 14
However, there is no inherent inconsist-
ency between demanding competition and
prescribing the rules by which it may be
conducted. It is true that some antitrust
laws forbid the use of certain competitive
weapons and techniques. This does not,
however, indicate that these laws require
what their detractors derisively call "soft
competition," or, indeed, that they are in
any degree anticompetitive. There is no
sport or contest conducted in civilized so-
ciety without its rules. These rules invari-
ably permit certain forms of rivalry and pro-
hibit certain other types of action as means
of winning the sport, game, or contest. Of
course, there are always those who decry
any limitation on the mayhem or bloodshed
that is permitted by the prevailing rules of
organized sport. The Marquis of Queens-
bury rules, I am informed, were once re-
garded as wholly destroying the noble sport
of manly combat in the ring. There will al-
ways be those who proclaim that any new
rule takes all the fun and most of the com-
petition out of a game. However, civilized
society lives by its laws, and competition
within civilized society is always inhibited by
authoritative standards of acceptable social
behavior. Were it otherwise, we would not
have civilization but anarchy, and life would
be quite intolerable.
There may well be reasonable debate as
to whether or not a particular rule is de-
sirable in organized sports, other games or
contests, or in application to the economy
by the antitrust laws. However, such an is-
sue cannot be determined by the dogmatic
assertion that all regulatory rules are incon-
sistent with the basic principle of competi-
tion. it is not necessary to hit below the
belt in order to fight as hard as you can.
The rules that prescribe the mode and weap-
ons of competition are not anticompetitive,
but, on the contrary, are quite consistent
with free and vigorous competition in a
civilized society.
Finally, let me express my profound con-
viction that competition is neither incom-
patible with nor a limitation upon efficiency.
Indeed, competition is likely to be the stim-
ulus which engenders efficiency. It is sig-
nificant that the greatest industrial and eco-
nomic development has taken place in those
countries which have had the greatest degree
of economic freedom and competition. Al-
though there is not the time to offer the
evidence now, I believe that an analysis of
history suggests that the antitrust laws
have not only permitted but have substan-
tially contributed to the tremendous eco-
nomic and polititcal development of the
United States. However, we must now bear
in mind that the future is not foreordained;
and that it will be determined not by our
past history but by our present character and
future conduct.
The great issue of this age is whether this
Nation, or any nation, can achieve full eco-
nomic development, the satisfaction of all
material needs, and the provision of adequate
economic opportunities for all, together with
political and civil liberty. We believe that
these goals are compatible, and that the
method by which they will be achieved is
by observance of the principles embodied in
the antitrust laws. The diffusion of eco-
nomic power and the freedom which en-
genders competition are expressions in the
economic realm of the basic faith of our
culture that the individual human spirit rep-
resents the highest social value. Thus, we
in the Antitrust Division are and will be
dedicated to the faith that liberty, equality,
and prosperity are consistent social objec-
tives. We are and will be devoted to the ef-
fort to achieve these. goals by a vigorous and
uncompromising enforcement of the laws
prescribing competition as our basic eco-
nomic condition that we may protect and
preserve economic freedom in this country.
Hospital Ship "Hope"
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. WILLIAM B. WIDNALL
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 13, 1961
Mr. WIDNALL. Mr. Speaker, a pri-
vately sponsored humanitarian effort of
the American people that has had alto-
gether too little publicity in relation to
its accomplishments is Project Hope.
Hope means Health Opportunity for
People Everywhere. Its chief instru-
ment is a floating medical training cen-
ter, the SS Hope I, a 15,000-ton vessel
owned and loaned by the U.S. Govern-
ment. Primarily a teaching program,
Project Hope combines both instruction
and treatment in countries visited by
SS Hope I.
Project Hope as a mercy mission is not
a governmental operation. In fact, the
Government does nothing more than
lend the ship. It is a free expression of
a free people. It should be encouraged,
and, since it is financed by contributions
from private individuals and groups, it
deserves general public support.
An article on this subject by Charles
J. Munzinger appeared on April 6 in the
Oakland Bulletin, the Pompton Bulletin,
the Riverdale Bulletin, and the Lincoln
Park Herald.
The story of Project Hope follows:
HOSPITAL SmP "HOPE"
(By Charles J. Munzinger)
The following is a brief background on
Project Hope.
This is a privately sponsored program of
help and relief to share our country's mod-
ern medical knowledge and skills with all
those in need thruout the world. It is a
floating medical training center for South-
east Asia, and is on loan from the U.S.
Government.
Project Hope has the most modern medi-
cal equipment and supplies, together with
training aids. This ship, formerly the SS
Consolation, is a 15,00-ton vessel, with 230
beds, constructed during World War II.
The permanent medical staff on this ves-
sel includes 15 physicians, two dentists, 25
nurses, and 30 auxilitary personnel. Volun-
teer teams of up to 35 physicians will be
flown to the ship on a rotating basis for
tours of 4 months. The medical staff in-
cludes top specialists in the key fields of
medicine.
Hope is essentially a teaching program,
although necessarily there will be treat-
ment involved. American members of the
medical staff will be assigned to work in
small teams with their local counterparts.
This will enable the American staff to pass
along modern techniques and the latest
medical knowledge under working condi-
tions.
Part of the medical staff will work on
shipboard; part will be in mobile units, on
duty inland. They will work with special-
ists, nurses, midwives, and technicians.
Training will also be conducted through
classroom lectures and discussions, -movies
and film strips.
Teaching is stressed because this will en-
able Hope to have a more enduring effect on
local health conditions, than would at-
tempts at widespread treatment. Concen-
tration on training will enable Hope to
help upgrade the local medical staff in their
ability to diagnose and treat. In this *ay,
these people will in turn be able to teach
others. Thus, Hope's impact will grow and
spread.
The SS Hope will visit only those countries
to which it has been invited by the local
medical professions. It is just completing
a 6 months stay at Indonesia. Vietnam will
be next, for a stay of 4 months, after which
Hope will return to the United States. In-
vitations have also been received from Korea,
Okinawa and Pakistan.
Hope's program is geared to the specific
needs of the countries visited. Activities
are worked out in advance with local doctors.
This will enable Hope to concentrate on the
most serious and -pressing problems of each
country.
A recent study conducted by the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare
shows that the construction costs of a
260-bed hospital total $5,720,000, while an-
nual operating costs amount to $2,982,700,
for a total of $8,702,700.
In comparison, the total cost of operating
the 15,000-ton, 230-bed SS Hope -as a medi-
ical training center and hospital will come
to less than $3.5 million a year.
The funds to operate Hope are coming
from private contributions, also from busi-
ness, industry, labor unions, and other-pri-
vate groups and individual contributions.
The government's only role in this endeavor
is the loan of the hospital ship.
Support for Project Hope is widespread.
It has been endorsed by the American Medi-
cal and Dental Associations, and many other
medical agencies. It had the personal back-
ing of ex-President Eisenhower and has the
wholehearted support of President Kennedy.
The American President Lines are operat-
ing the SS Hope at cost. Drug and phar-
maceutical companies of our country are
supplying drugs and medicines when needed.
The American petroleum industry has un-
derwritten fuel costs to operate Hope. The
Pure-Pak Division of Ex-Cell-O Corp. is
sponsoring a major motion picture project
to raise funds for Hope.
Poverty, disease and malnutrition are com-
mon in Southeast Asia. Millions of people
there are caught up in a catastrophe-they
have to pr-.)duce to survive, but unhealthy
men cannot produce. -
Hope is an experiment in international
cooperation. Hope's backers believe that
better understanding among the people of
the world can be achieved on a personal level,
through friendship, the sharing of knowl-
edge and helping others to help themselves.
Hope's medical staff will benefit greatly,
in newfound knowledge. Information will
flow both ways. The experience to be gained
in diagnosis and treatment of tropical di-
seases couldn't be gained anywhere in the
United States.
These people to people contacts can help
form the basis of a lasting peace and under-
standing. Hope means-Health Opportu-
nity for People Everywhere.
The need for Hope is great. In much of
Southeast Asia, there just aren't enough
doctors to go around. In Indonesia, there
is one doctor for every 71,000 persons.
With such a condition, the medical men
are so busy that they find it difficult to keep
up with modern techniques and develop-
ments. This means they can't get away to
the United States or Europe to gain advanced
training.
Project Hope will, in effect, bring the
medical school to these physicians.
Nurses aboard the good ship Hope, now on
a training and teaching mission to the Re-
public of Indonesia, where the religion is
chiefly Moslem, report that patients coming
aboard the ship carry small compasses, to
show them the direction of Mecca.
Project Hope is headed by Dr. William B.
Walsh, heart specialist at Washington, D.C.
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11 don't think anybody should really pay
too much attention to them. I think they
make no contribution to the fight against
communism here in the United States and,
in fact, I think if anything they are a hin-
drance. It seems to me It is an organization
in the area of the humorous and I don't
think so much attention should be taken."
We can agree: that they make no contribu-
tion to the fight against communism. But
we cannot agree that they should be ignored.
These people need to be exposed because
they weaken our democratic fabric when it
Is in mortal combat with communism and,
in that respect:, they serve the cause of com-
munism. They breed distrust of democracy.
They have members who are men of great
wealth and influence in the country. Three
former heads of the National Association
of Manufacturers are members. A former
head of the Internal Revenue Service is a
member. Their governing council includes
prominent industrialists across the country.
Their founder, Robert Welch, is a suc-
cessful businessman, whose public speaking
appearances are attracting capacity audi-
ences. The membership of this organization
has grown rapidly In the few years of its
existence.
Its methods of operation-anonymous
telephone calls and mail to public officials-
are calculated to frighten timid officehold-
ers with being smeared with the Communist
label.
They are masters at exploiting the deep-
rooted fear of communism among our
people. Fear-ridden people believe a lot
of ridiculous things. They might even be-
lieve that our last three Presidents were
part of the Communist conspiracy, particu-
larly if the charges are Ignored. Remember
what Hitler said about the "big lie."
There is only one way to deal with people
like this-make them prove their charges.
McCarthy was finished when he went before
the country to try and prove his charges
against the Army.
Recent Developments in Antitrust
Enforcement
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Friday, April 14, 1961
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the Appendix of the RECORD the text
of the speech delivered by Lee Loevinger,
Assistant Attorney General in charge of
the Antitrust Division, U.S. Department
of Justice, before the American Bar As-
sociation at Washington on April 7,
1961.
I am sure that all Senators will find
the speech very informative. Mr.
Loevinger is considered to be an out-
standing authority in the field of anti-
trust law.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ANTITRUST
ENFORCEMENT
(Speech by Lee Loevinger to Antitrust Sec-
tion, American Bar Association, Washing-
ton, D.C., April 7, 1961)
One year ago I appeared before this dis-
tinguished and elite group to deliver what
was then expected to be a "swan song" with
relation to my active antitrust participation.
The curious surprises that fate has in store
for us and the verity of Bobby Burns' sage
observation on the plans of men and the
lower animals could not be better illustrated
than by the events that have happened to
me since then. Indeed, the circumstances
that have thus drastically affected my own
life may well be relevant to the assigned
topic of this speech which is "Recent De-
velopments in Antitrust Enforcement."
The conventional approach to this topic
is to review carefully and in detail the de-
cisions of appellate courts that have been
rendered since the last such discussion.
This seems unnecessary on this occasion.
All of you follow the development of anti-
trust law in the courts; and it would be fu-
tile and foolish to attempt to improve upon
either the reporting service of Law Week,
C.C.H., and the advance sheets, or the analy-
ses and discussion available to you both in
publications and in your own offices. It may
be more relevant and important to indicate
what I consider to be the most important de-
velopment in antitrust, as in other law en-
forcement, during the past year.
The most important development in the
enforcement of the antitrust laws since your
last meeting has undoubtedly been the elec-
tion of John F. Kennedy as President of the
United States. This has resulted in the in-
fusion of a new spirit of energy and dedica-
tion throughout the public service. Beyond
this that historic event has brought to the
highest levels of Government administra-
tion and law enforcement a new understand-
ing and a firmer faith in the principles upon
which antitrust is founded than there has
previously been for many years.
This may most usefully be illustrated for
you by suggesting some of my own views.
Perhaps these may also serve to lay at rest
a few ancient shibboleths of the antitrust
bar. The first is the notion that violation of
the antitrust laws, whether intentional or
not, is merely a normal business risk and
really quite respectable. This is related to
the feeling that has heretofore been tacit but
pervasive that it is inappropriate to have
criminal sanctions in the antitrust laws, and
that, In any event, these were to be applied
only to corporations and not to individuals.
In this view even deliberate violations of the
antitrust laws were, at worst, venial offenses
of no more moral significance than a park-
ing ticket.
It may be hoped that the Philadelphia
electric cases, for which the preceding ad-
ministration of the Antitrust Division is to
be given all due credit, have helped to dispel
this misapprehension. In any event, it
should now be clear that a deliberate or con-
scious violation of the antitrust laws is not
a mere personal pecadillo or economic eccen-
tricity, but a serious offense against society
which is as immoral as any other act that
injures many in order to profit a few. Con-
spiracy to violate the antitrust laws is eco-
nomic racketeering which gains no respect-
ability by virtue of the fact that the loot
is secured by stealth rather than by force.
Those who are apprehended in such acts are,
and will be treated as, criminals and will
personally be subjected to as severe a punish-
ment as we can persuade the courts to
impose. -
In the second place, the Antitrust Division
is not receptive to pleas for exceptions, ex-
emptions or special treatment of any com-
pany or Industry. We have been told fre-
quently and are quite well aware that every
industry and situation is unique, that every
company is most exceptional and that every
case is quite extraordinary. We are also well
aware that Congress and the courts have re-
peatedly and emphatically declared that
competition, rather than collusion or mo-
nopoly, shall be the basic rule of commerce.
This rule springs from the conviction that
competition is the counterpart and corollary
of economic freedom, and that a free econ-
omy is necessarily a competitive economy.
Therefore, in general we will oppose excep-
tions to or exemptions from the antitrust
laws, sought by way of departmental policy
or judicial. rulings. When asked for com-
ment on a legislative proposal for antitrust
exemption;, we will take a long, hard look.
With exceptions already covered by existing
laws, we have seen no persuasive case for
compromising any antitrust principles in
special cases.
That the necessity for complying with
high standards of business conduct required
by the moral principles inherent in our legal
codes may sometimes cause concern to busi-
nessmen and lawyers is inevitable. This is
not a difficulty unique to the antitrust laws.
The temptation to get rich quickly by dis-
honest Ineans abounds in private life. Some
succumb, but we do not listen sympathet-
ically to the plea that theft or embezzlement,
for example, should be legalized because it
is no difficult to acquire wealth by other
means. While the antitrust laws are, in
some respects, complex, they are also flexible
and reasonable. The burden of proof rest-
ing on those: who seek exceptions or ex-
emptions is not borne by the showing that
it is more profitable or convenient to have
no such Inhibiting standards of conduct.
In the third place, the argument that the
laws are basically sound but that they must
be made more acceptable to business by
modifications to make them both more flexi-
ble and more certain is either disingenuous
sophistry or compounded confusion. To
seek both flexiblity and certainty in the
same laws is a logical contradiction. It is
equivalent to a demand that we simul-
taneously institute both higher and lower
prices for a commodity. It is easy enough
to write laws that are certain in their op-
eration. In the antitrust field, the per se
violations are examples of rules that pro-
vide certainty. These could well be extended
by either judicial or legislative adoption of
more per se rules. Conversely, it is easy
enough to write principles that are flexible.
In the antitrust field the rule of reason is
an example. But it should be clear to any
reasonable man that a rule which is cer-
tain is, by virtue of that very fact, not flexi-
ble. A rule which is flexible cannot be
certain in prospective application.
As applied to the interpretation of law,
the demand for certainty and flexibility in-
volves polar concepts which must be recon-
ciled and compromised. The difficult task
is to write a law which provides a reason-
able certainty and a reasonable flexibility
respecting a single subject matter. No
doubt judgments may differ as to the precise
balance between flexibility and certainty
that is desirable in a given instance. There
is no objective or absolute standard that
can provide a clear determination of the
proper balance between these competing
considerations. However, it is futile and logi-
cally absurd to demand more of both flexi-
bility and certainty from the same law at
the same time.
The antitrust laws combine both flexibility
and certainty to a degree that has been
thought appropriate to their subject matter
by several generations of legislators and
judges. Perhaps they are imperfect; true
perfection is probably beyond human attain-
ment. improvement may be possible; but
it is possible only when the demand is for
consistent objectives.
In the fourth place, aside from the inevita-
ble compromise between flexibility and cer-
tainty, the antitrust laws themselves appear
to me to embody a consistent conception
and system. The argument is sometimes
made that while the basic mandate of the
antitrust laws is for competition, other parts
of the laws, such as those against price dis-
crimination, Inhibit competition.
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All bills for raising revenue shall originate
in the House of Representatives; but the
Senate may propose or concur with amend-
ments as on other bills.
That is what the Constitution says.
The House shall originate the revenue
measures, not any committee of the
House.
How about money to be drawn from
the Treasury? Section I, article 9 pro-
vides: ,
No money shall be drawn from the Treas-
ury, but in consequence of appropriations
made by law.
Note that the appropriations are to be
made by law, not by the Appropriations
Committee.
Who shall make the laws? Article VI
of the Constitution states:
This Constitution, and the laws of the
United States which shall be made in pur-
suance thereof * * * shall be the supreme
law of the land.
Every bill that has been referred to by
those who talk about back-door spend-
ing has been passed by the Congress, the
duly elected representatives of the peo-
ple. A part of that Congress are the
members of the House Committee on
Appropriations. If they do not like any
bill that is being presented it is their
prerogative and duty to stand here in
the well of the House to oppose it and by
their vote show their disapproval.
Congress in its wisdom decided that
for good management we should have
various committees in the House, but
there is no committee of the House that
is superior to the Congress itself. When
Congress decides that there shall be a
call upon the Treasury, that is the su-
preme law of the land. There is no veto
power placed in any committee of the
House or Senate. That is what the
Founding Fathers said. If we want to
change it, it is within our prerogative,,
but until that times comes this bill is
perfectly legitimate. There is nothing
in it that is illegal. There is no back-
door spending. It is spending by Con-
gress as authorized by Congress, and
should be approved.
The Economics of Hospital Care
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLINTON P. ANDERSON
OF NEW MEXICO
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Friday, April 14, 1961
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, the
April edition of the Progressive carries
an article by a highly regarded writer
on medical problems, Selig Greenberg,
of the Providence, R.I., Journal and
Evening Bulletin. It is an exceptionally
clear presentation of the economics of
hospital care. Mr. Greenberg expresses
a view with which many of us in Con-
gress have long been in sympathy, which
is that what happens in medicine affects
each and every American; therefore the
business of medicine is the public's
business.
I commend this article to everyone in-
terested in a concise analysis of a rather
complex problem, and ask unanimous
consent that it be printed in the Appen-
dix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CRISIS IN TILT: HOSPITALS
(By Sel,ig Greenberg)
The Nation's hospitals-the outposts of
our phenomenal medical progress-are now
confronted with a profound crisis, at the
very time they are advancing toward ever
greater miracles of healing and lifesaving.
Soaring hospital costs and hospitalization
insurance rates have brought a rising tide
of public concern, expressed in demands for
greater efficiency in hospital operation, and
for reforms in the prevailing patterns of
health insurance. Across the country labor
unions, business firms, citizens' groups, and
public officials are calling for controls on
skyrocketing costs, curbs on services which
are either wholly unnecessary or could be
furnished less expensively, and a more ra-
tional and coherent system that will get
the most out of the medical care dollar. In-
creasingly, warnings are heard from respon-
sible sources that the squeeze of spiraling
costs may price voluntary insurance out of
the market and force full Government con-
trol of our whole complex of health services.
There is probably no more explosive issue
in the entire controversial field of medical
economics than that of hospital costs. For
it is here, more than in any other area of
medical care, that the problems of the tech-
nological revolution in medicine are rapidly
coming to a head.
Hospital services now not only account for
the largest single portion of the Nation's
health care bill, but they are at the heart
of our system of medical practice. As med-
icine grows more intricate and its tools more
elaborate, the trend inevitably is toward
increasing concentration of medical services
within the hospital. And it is the very
triumphs of medicine which are catapulting
costs. Nowhere is this more evident than
in the hospitals, which have become a large-
scale and complex business requiring the
coordination of a great array of professional
skills and huge capital investment in ex-
pensive facilities and equipment.
Basically, the crisis of hospital function
and financing stems from the fact that we
are both the beneficiaries and the victims
of the remarkable progress of medicine
which has brought us better health and
longer life but also has enormously com-
plicated the rendering of medical services
and raised their costs. The resolution in
medicine is far from over, and hospitals have
yet to fulfill their growing potential. Fur-
ther scientific advances will unavoidably
mean still costlier diagnostic and treatment
procedures, more elaborate, and expensive
equipment, and an even greater need for
technical personnel. A continued rise in
hospital costs thus appears inescapable. So
it is all the more vital to eliminate the waste,
duplication, and lack of integrated planning
now common in the hospital field. If there
are ways of operating hospitals more ef-
ficiently and economically-as many author-
ities believe there are-the public certainly
has the right to insist an getting full value
at the lowest possible price consistent with
high quality.
Good hospital care clearly cannot be pro-
duced cheaply. But if costs are to be kept
within acceptable bounds and quality im-
proved, we will need a much higher degree
of self-discipline by the medical profession
and a far greater readiness on the part of
hospitals to yield some of the privileges of
their cherished autonomy than have so far
been evident. It is no exaggeration to sn,j
that the future of the organization of medi-
cal care and practice in the United States
depends on the extent to which the doctors
and the hospitals can be prevailed upon to
recognize that their business is the public's
business.
The statistics of rising hospital costs and
utilization are instructive and soberjng.
For a number of years, hospital room
charges have been advancing at a much
faster rate than any other item in the
United States Department of Labor's con-
sumer price index. The overall index, which
is pegged at 100 for the 1947-49 period, had
risen to 124.6 by the end of 1959. At that
time the index for all medical care services
put together stood at 150.8. But for hospi-
tal room rates it was 208.9.
In 1946, the average cost per patient-day
in voluntary hospitals was $9.39. By 1959,
it had jumped to $30.19, an increase of more
than 220 percent. Nor is the end of the
spiral anywhere in sight. Experts are gen-
erally agreed that hospital costs will continue
to rise at the rate of 5 to 10 percent a year.
A spokesman for the American Hospital As-
sociation has predicted that the average cost
per patient-day may reach $50 by 1968.
Of equal Importance in contributing to the
steady climb of the Nation's hospital bill is
the striking increase In the rate of hos-
pitalization. Thirty years ago, 37 out of
every 1,000 Americans were admitted to gen-
eral hospitals in the course of a year. Since
then the ratio of hospital admissions has
zoomed to 124. A variety of factors has
figured in this upward trend. For one thing,
hospitals can do much more for the sick
than they could two or three decades ago.
Widespread insurance coverage has removed
much of the economic deterrent to hospital
care for those In the middle- and low-income
groups. In the Nation's population there
has been a steady increase in the numbers
and in the proportion of older people, who
have a higher incidence of chronic diseases
requiring more frequent hospitalization.
Many conditions of modern city living make
for significantly higher hospital use than in
rural areas. The large proportion of work-
ing wives means that often there is no one
at home to take care of a sick husband or
child. The high price of household or nurs-
ing help to care for the sick at home and
the limited size of city apartments also force
up the hospitalization rate.
The net effect of higher costs of hospital
care and its much greater frequency has
been a tripling of expenditures for hospital
services in the United States in the past 15
years. Out of a total private medical care
outlay of $18.3 billion in 1959, payments to
hospitals were $5.5 billion, the biggest single
share, and $500 million more than the
amount paid to physicians. The latest avail-
able breakdown shows that 30 cents out of
every medical care dollar now goes to hos-
pitals, 27 cents to doctors, 26 cents for drugs
and appliances, 11 cents to dentists, and the
remaining 6 cents for other professional
services.
There are many sound reasons for the
continued rise in hospital operating costs.
A U.S. Public Health Service official has
summed them up with the cogent observa-
tion that "when we talk about the cost of
medical care today as compared to the past,
we're talking about the price of an electric
washer-dryer compared to a washtub."
There is no ready solution for the costli-
ness of new and more effective medical pro-
cedures, more elaborate surgery, and more
potent drugs. Such dramatic advances as
open-heart surgery, artificial kidneys, heart
pacemaker units, cobalt radiation treatment,
and radioisotopes to pinpoint internal ab-
normalities are restoring patients to health
sooner and more completely, and, frequently,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX April 14
as saving lives which otherwise would be lower cost. On the other hand, hospital
lost. But some of these miraculous proce- facilities are not utilized as efficiently as they
dures are enormously expensive, requiring should be, with the result that about one
dozens of physicians and technicians for a bed out of four is usually empty, and in some
single patient. institutions the average occupancy rate is
As productivity has gone up, industry has even lower. Lower occupancy means a corre-
been able to shorten Its work week. But spondingly heavier proportion of overhead
hopsitals cannot shorten their week. They in daily per-patient costs.
must remain open 188 hours a week, 52 weeks Much wider use of hospital services and
a year. To keep pace with the standard 40- their greater costliness have been reflected,
hour week in the community, hospitals have inevitabily, in steadily climbing hospitaliza-
been forced to hire many new employees to tion insurance rates. As Blue Cross and
fill each around-the-clock job. They also other plans throughout the country have re-
have been obliged to bring their lagging peatedly been forced to seek premium hikes,
wage scales closer to those of private indus- growing attention has been focused on the
try. While raising its wage level, industry urgent need for eliminating hospital Inef-
has often managed to cut its labor costs ficiencies and needless use of expensive fa-
through automation. But hospitals cannot cilities. An Importantpoint to bear in mind
substitute machines for people. On the is that hospital costs are no longer solely the
contrary, as available life-saving services pro- concern of patients and their families. With
liferate and newly developed equipment is the phenomenal spread of health insurance,
constantly added, more rather than fewer which now covers more than two out of every
people are required to operate them. In 1946 three Americans, the hospital bill is being
voluntary hospitals in the United States had, underwritten by the healthy as well as the
on the average, 156 employees for every 100 sick. This means that the public is more
patients. By now the ratio of employees for and more looking upon hospital costs not
each 100 patients has risen to 225. Whereas only in terms of charges for services rendered
in the automobile industry wages currently but also in terms of the monthly cost of in-
account for only about one-third of produc- surance.
tion costs, payroll expenditures have shot Rate hearings before State insurance com-
up to 70 percent of hospital budgets. missioners have increasingly provided a plat-
New medical sophistication has made hos- form for the critics of hospital efficiency and
pital care an accepted component of the av- of the effect which the present health insur-
erage American's standard of living. The ance system has upon it.
public learns quickly these days of new med- Such hearings in New York, Pennsylvania,
ical discoveries through the press, radio, and and a number of other States have produced
television. The more people learn about charges that the prevailing insurance ap-
medical progress, the more they are likely proach lays too much emphasis on hospital-
to go to the hospital, where the latest ad- ization, Ignoring possibilities for, more eco-
vances can be most effectively applied. The nomical treatment of many conditions in the
rising standard of living also has brought doctor's office or in outpatient clinics; that
a demand for more attractive hospital facili- Blue Cross-and Blue Shield, its companion
ties. Hospitals are expected to match the surgical-medical insurance program--have
comforts of motels by way of air condition- builtin incientives for getting between hos-
ing, piped-in radio, perhaps television, and pital sheets merely to take advantage of in-
certainly window draperies. The new stand- surance benefits; that hospitals could do
ards also call for a telephone at the bedside considerably more than they have been doing
and some choice of menu. While the effect to keep down their operating costs; that be-
of these niceties on the patient's recovery cause of the general lack of overall com-
is debatable, tlaeir effect on the hospital's munity planning and integration in the hos-
unit costs is obvious. pital field there is duplication and over-
Another element in the picture has been lapping of personnel, equipment, and serv-
the sharp increase in new hospital construc- ices; that much of the present organization
tion throughout the country. This expan- of hospital services, revolving around the
sion has been, in general, a laudable develop- doctor as a private entrepreneur, has become
ment. Antiquated buildings have in many inefficient in the context of the growing
places been replaced, and additional bed complexity of medicine and must be dras-
space has been provided to keep pace with tically revamped to take advantage of op-
the forward march of medical science. But portunities for greater productivity and lower
we have lagged in developing more eco- costs; and that the public is not adequately
nomical facilities such as hospitaloutpatient represented in the management of the volun-
clinics and adequate nursing and con- tary hospitals and the insurance plans.
valescent homes for chronic patients. Con- The adverse effect of health insurance,
centratioil upon the expansion of costly hos- which now provides the greatest share of
pital bed capacity designed primarily for the hospital income, in relaxing many of the
acutely ill is wasteful. Competent opinion pressures for economy in hospital operations
is that the more hospital beds are available, is emphasized in the report of the commis-
the greater is the tendency toward admis- sion on financing of hospital care, The
sions for relatively trivial ailments and for commission, sponsored by the American
longer-than-necessary stays, particularly Hospital Association and made up of a dis-
when such abuse is encouraged by the bene- tinguished group of authorities, concluded
fit structure of hospitalization insurance. after a lengthy study that the emergence
The fact that; patients now go home much of insurance as a major factor in medical
sooner than they used to-the average length economics has to some degree reduced, if not
of hospital stay has been cut in the past 30 removed, incentives that would otherwise
years from 15.3 to 7.8 days-is In itself far operate to encourage maintenance of hos-
from an unmixed blessing. pital operating costs at the lowest level
The shorter stay means that more inten- practicable.
sive treatment is concentrated within a The commission's report points out that
shorter period of time, so that daily costs prior to the extensive use of insurance, when
are higher. An additional cost factor in people were required to pay the full bill
more rapid patient turnover is that chances directly to the hospital, there were natural
are greater there will be vacant beds which economic restraints on costs and lower cost
have to be staffed but produce no income. institutions providing services of equally
One of the paradoxes of the hospital cost good quality enjoyed a competitive advan-
problem is that it is the result of both over- tage in attracting more patients. But with
use and insufficient use of facilities. On the the introduction through insurance of a new
one hand, hospital beds are sometimes used element in the relationship between cost and
needlessly for patients who could just as use of services, the report says Blue Cross, as
well be taken care of elsewhere at much the intermediary between the purchaser of
hospital care and the hospital, must in-
evitably assume some functions previously
the direct responsibility of patient or
hospital.
One of those holding that genuine econ-
omies can be made by hospitals without
lessening quality of service, and that Blue
Cross should insist on such economies in-
stead of merely acting as a collection agency
for the hospitals, is Francis R. Smith, Penn-
sylvania' dynamic State insurance commis-
sioner.
Smith, who feels that his authority to pass
on Blue Cross premium rates goes much
further than the checking of actuarial tables
and extends to the things which pyramid
costs, has for several years been preaching
the doctrine that neither the hospitals nor
Blue Cross have done all they can and should
to control such abuses as unnecessary admis-
sions and excessively protracted stays and
to put into effect other efficiency measures.
And the commissioner has used his legal
powers to enforce his views. In a series of
trail-blazing decisions, he has ordered Blue
Cross and the hospitals in Philadelphia and
other cities to adopt certain economy meas-
ures before any further insurance rate boosts
would be granted. Among the economy pos-
sibilities he has advocated are wider use of
opportunities for outpatient diagnosis and
treatment, tighter controls on the schedul-
ing of admissions and discharges and on
length of stay, better scheduling of medical
procedures to avoid needless delays, more
effective use of technicians and nurses, shar-
ing of specialized equipment among hos-
pitals, and greater standardization of sup-
plies along with joint purchasing.
Considerable progress has been achieved
in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and other Penn-
sylvania communities under Smith's prod-
ding during the past 2 years. Blue Cross
plans have developed medical review teams
to ferret out abuse of insurance contracts.
They have expanded their coverage of diag-
nostic services and home nursing visits, in
order to cut down hospitalization. Hos-
pitals have organized medical utilization
committees to check on needless admissions
and excessive stays. They also are moving
to achieve greater management efficiencies
and to coordinate expansion through joint
planning.
While hospitals are a big enterprise but
not a business in the ordinary sense of that
term, Smith said in a recent speech, "This
does not mean that hospitals cannot be busi-
nesslike. More needs to be done in applying
commonsense business practices and methods
to hospitals-wherever they will apply."
Birch Society Mast Be Exposed
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HENRY S. REUSS
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wedrnesday, April 12, 1961
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, in the re-
cent controversy over the John Birch
Society those who oppose its noxious
doctrines have split into two camps.
Those who favor exposing and opposing
it vigorously instead of laughing at it
have support from the Madison Capital
Times. I include in the RECORD their
recent editorial on the subject:
SHOULD THE BIRCH CULT BE IGNORED OR
ExPOsED?
Attorney General Robert Kennedy recently
said of the John Birch Society:
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A2586 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
about the significance of this group, and
I hope that my colleagues in the Con-
gress will take time to read it. I ask
unanimous consent that it be printed in
the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Pine Bluff Commercial, Apr. 1,
- 1961]
THE NEW PERIL
We have been trying to work up a proper
degree of concern and Indignation about
the John Birch society, and have not so far
made the grade.
The society may well be the menace it is
being painted to be. We remember a fellow
who laughed at Joe McCarthy.
But the Republic has stood off the Soviet
Union since 1945 and, with considerable
help, whipped two sets of Fascists plus Mus-
solini's legions more or less simultaneously
in the period immediately preceding.
It lived through the know-nothings, the
Klan, the silver shirts, and the afore-
mentioned McCarthy, and will, from all in-
dications, also survive the citizens councils.
We are experienced, as a Nation, with
crackpots and authoritarians. If the John
Birch Society is not about the nearest to im-
potent of the lot we are, as a newspaper, a
good way wide of the mark.
It has been alleged that the John Birch
Society is a hate group, hence dangerous.
Certainly it is made up of people who know
how to hate, and who enjoy the sport. But
they are also, and more profoundly, people
shaken to their being by fear.
Whether the founder (who girded for his
present large responsibilities in his brother's
candy factory) knows it or not, the John
Birch Society is built upon the proposition
that mankind is doomed, and that there is
now time only for a desperate rearguard
action.
The society is convinced that all forces of
change are exclusively in the service of the
Kremlin, and that they threaten the civi-
lized world at every point of contact.
What we have here is a fellowship of fear.
In its articles of faith, the society resembles
nothing so much as one of those sects which
have from time to time taken to the base-
ment and sealed up the cracks around the
door in the conviction that the world would
end at 5:27 a.m. a week from Thursday.
Consider the men and things which the
John Birchers or their founder have already
conceded to the Communists: They include
the Preisdent and his predecessor; the Su-
preme Court ; the Nation's city managers;
the urban renewal advocates; the proponents
of fluoridation; the United Nations.
These people don't need condemnation.
They need help.
They need, each of them, a quick course in
American history, a heart-to-heart talk with
a trustworthy friend and then, perhaps, a
good long rest.
The evidence is that John Birchism is in-
curable, but we can try.
Nor does John Birchism seem to us to be
contagious. The presumption on which the
organization has been viewed so generally
with alarm, is that it is a virus likely to in-
fect innocent people.
All of the evidence we've seen indicates
that the people already had the virus, and
have simply gotten together to share its
miseries.
We suppose that there may be people in
meaningful numbers willing to take the
oath of allegiance to an outfit which is will-
ing to forfeit the American system of Gov-
ernment for something the John Birchers
call, quite gratuitously, "the American way
of life."
But we doubt that there are many men
of sound mind willing to accept the col-
lateral dictum that Dwight Eisenhower is a
Communist.
To the extent that they have done any-
thing, except to each other and themselves,
the John Birchers seem to us to have per-
formed a substantial public service.
They have alerted their fellow Americans
to the existence on the far, far right of the
political spectrum of people every bit as
confused, troubled and willing to be led
around by the nose as their opposite num-
bers on the far, far left.
The society also has provided an inter-
esting litmus test for some of our noisier
politicians.
Senator EASTLAND, for example, has just
spoken well of them.
Until they move beyond their present ac-
tivities, which appear to consist pretty ex-
clusively of whipping up each others' hysteria
and of occasionally slandering men so em-
inent as to be substantially invulnerable to
such attacks, we think the John Birchers
more a nuisance than a peril.
If we must have people willing to believe
in the things the society stands for, we may
as well have the society.
The existence of such a group is bound
to cut down on the number of Birchists run-
ning around unencumbered by the label,
and thus likely to be mistaken for respon-
sible citizens.
"Wisconsin Agriculturalist" Writer Ralph
Yohe Describes Vocational Training
Outlook for Rural Youth
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM PROXMIRE
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
outstanding farm paper, the Wisconsin
Agriculturalist, has been carrying a
series of fine articles on the theme
"Rural Education on Trial." They
have been written by a distinguished
Wisconsin farm writer, Mr. Ralph S.
Yohe. The most recent two articles in
this series describe recent developments
in vocational schools and technical
training.
Mr. Yohe notes that Wisconsin has
one of the better vocational training
programs in the Nation, established 50
years ago. Sixty-two cities in Wiscon-
sin offer vocational and adult education
courses. As of last year, well over 5,000
students were enrolled in these programs.
Mr. Yohe asks:
How does farm youth fit into this picture?
Only 20 to 30 percent of the youth growing
up on farms will be able to find good farm-
ing opportunities. This means that 70 to
80 percent must eventually find jobs in
factories and offices.
Yet a smaller percentage of farm youth
take training in the State's vocational schools
than city youth.
The writer goes on to examine the
reasons for this. He suggests in conclu-
sion that vocational training schools be
expanded and upgraded, to meet the
needs of both city and rural young pea-
Apxil 18
ple. To better accomplish this he rec-
ommends that area vocational schools
be established in various parts of the
State.
In view of the great interest in voca-
tional training that has arisen in con-
nection with the area redevelopment bill,
I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
Yoke's articles and the accompanying
table be printed in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
How Do WE STAND WITH VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS?
(By Ralph S. Yoke)
Wisconsin has one of the better vocational
training programs in the Nation. The Wis-
consin Legislature established vocational and
adult education in 1911-50 years ago.
The program was set up to furn[sh voca-
tional and industrial training for people in
the growing towns and cities of Wisconsin.
At that time, there was little thought that
such training might someday be desirable
for rural youth.
"The growth of the schools has been cor-
related with the growth of the communities
in which they exist; and as the communities
have grown and expanded, greater demands
have been placed upon the schools for broad-
ened and more comprehensive service," says
C. L. Greiber, director of the State board of
vocational and adult education.
LAW ALLOWS AREAWIDE SCHOOLS
The original law set up the program as in-
dividual community activities. The courses
are approved, the schools supervised and co-
ordinated by the State board of vocational
and adult education.
In 1955, the legislature passed a law to al-
low areawide vocational schools. Any county
or area with 20,000 or more people can set up
an area vocational school to meet their needs.
So far no such area schools have been
established. Why?
Such schools must be built and run largely
through local tax money. The areas that
need them most are the least able to build
and support them.
Most of the areas that are able to run and
support vocational schools already have voca-
tional schools in one or more of the cities.
Wisconsin's present vocational schools get
most of their support from the local towns
and cities where they are located. The
State's vocational schools' income in 1960
came from: 75 percent, local property tax
base; 4 percent, State funds; 3 percent, Fed-
eral Government; 7 percent, fees and tui-
tion; 11 percent, other sources.
Last year the State's part of the $10 mil-
lion for running vocational schools in Wis-
consin amounted to $420,000. This yeas it
will be upped to $1,785,000.
The Wisconsin program is quite in con-
trast to States like Connecticut, where voca-
tional schools get nearly 100 percent of their
help from the State.
The 62 vocational schools scattered over
the State offer a variety of training-trade
and business extension education, general
adult education, training for apprentices,
and instruction for high school age youth.
Wisconsin laws require youngsters to go
to' school until they are 16 or have gradu-
ated from high school. Where vocational
training is available, youngsters under 16
who have graduated from grade school can
take full-time vocational work instead of
high school.
The law also requires that town and city
youth from 16 to 18 who are not enrolled
or have not graduated from high school
must attend vocational school 1 day a week.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2585
Welt Behlen, laid off from the cornfields
by mechanization, became an inventor of
improved farm equipment. He started with
nothing and his company now does $14 to
$16 million volume annually. He is the
town's most famous success story, but there
are dozens of others. And now Columbus is
known through the Plains States as a little
hub of technology for the farm. Population
has climbed to 13,000.
EXUDE CONFIDENCE
"If Columbus can catch up, so can the
country's scientists," says a pipe-smoking
store owner. "We're doing all right with our
missiles, and it won't be long before we show
the Russians something. Funny thing about
Americans-once they wake up they usually
go to town. Some people don't believe that,
but I do."
William Floyd is 45 years old and he has
been principal of Columbus Senior High
School for 6 years.. In those years the num-
ber of students taking advanced science
courses has almost; trebled, and he attributes
this to the effect of the East-West space race
on the popular imagination. He thinks
Gagarin's flight should be kept in perspec-
tive.
"I don't lie awake nights about it. Re-
member Russia has really concentrated on
this project to the exclusion of many other
fields of inquiry. The United States is well
ahead in the overall picture, and in time
we'll overtake the Communists in space ex-
ploration. It would be a mistake, I think,
for the country to become alarmed because
the first man to orbit the earth was a Rus-
sian.
"It's overall balance that counts, don't
forget. Why we've had outstanding hurdlers
from time to time and still had lousy track
teams."
Columbus High is a sprawling buff-colored
structure situated just north of U.S. Route
30, a major transcontinental highway. The
school is 3 years old and impressively
equipped. In one room, a laboratory, stu-
dents not entirely unhappy about an inter-
ruption in their work gave a visitor their
views about Gagarin's flight.
"I don't think of it as a space race," says
Bert Aerni, an 18-year-old senior, as he
throws aside his rubber apron. Bert, who
wants to be an electrical engineer, adds,
"It's all human achievement no matter who
does it. The Russians will make propaganda
gains, but I don't think we're very far be-
hind them."
After a pause Bert says softly, "Even so,
I guess I am disappointed we didn't do it
first."
Anita Mueller, 17, a senior who plans to
be a math teacher, isn't especially impressed
with the Soviet feat. "Really," she remarks
with it twinkle, "what's the difference be-
tween a man and a monkey?"
Back downtown Ben B. McNair, president
of the Citizens Bank, leans back in his chair
and rubs his chin. Mr. McNair, at 63, has
been a banker all his life, but it was only
.2 years ago that he helped found Citizens.
The institution has grown rapidly and now
has deposits exceeding $2 million. Mr. Mc-
Nair doesn't think "we should be down on
ourselves."
"The Government's going about this space
business in a logical way," he says. "We're
not shooting a man up there just for the
sake of trying.
"The sad thing is that some foreign na-
tions are so impressionable. When I was in
Italy a while ago, some people over there
told me communism has more to offer than
democracy. They tried to support this no-
tion by pointing to Russia's superior ath-
letes. What sense does this make? But un-
doubtedly many people will be impressed in
the same way by the Soviet space man."
The idea that many of the peoples of the
world use vulnerable criteria in judging ide-
ologies was echoed heatedly by Peter Haas, a
young farm-equipment salesman.
"Answer me this, will you? Why should
we get in a scientific vaudeville show with
the Russians? So what if all the banana
countries start doing a rain dance every
time somebody shoots off a rocket. Sure,
putting that guy up there was a great stunt,
but does anybody doubt next year at this
time we'll. have guys doing the same thing?
I'm tired of all this moaning and wailing."
But Alice Micek, a bookkeeper, was un-
willing to pass off the Soviet success so
lightly. "This is a serious setback for the
United States. It will provide a lot of propa-
ganda for the Reds. I think the Russians
are ahead of us because we give away too
many secrets. Television and newspapers
report about our missiles in such detail, it's
no wonder the Communists have the advan-
tage. Now something should be done about
it."
OTHER PROBLEMS
Joe Justice, an auto mechanic, doesn't see
the sense of space experiments in the first
place. "The Government is having a hell of
a time making ends meet on earth without
going someplace else," he declares.
Mike Kincaid, owner of KJSK, the local
1,000-watt radio station, believes interservice
squabbling is still holding up the U.S. mis-
sile program. He thinks it's time we got
busy and got a man up there too. And he's
confident we will eventually outstrip the
Russians in space.
Expressing similar confidence were three
workers at the Behlen Manufacturing Co., a
farmer and his helper who were repairing a
corn crib, two housewives browsing in the
J. C. Penney store, a pharmacist, and James
Preston, manager of the Columbus Chamber
of Commerce.
And if a casual traveler through the pleas-
ant streets of Columbus, Nebr., can claim a
total impression it must be that confidence
in America's ability to cope with this chal-
lenge in space is both strong and deep,
It could be, of course, that Columbus,
which found out how to make such a strong
comeback itself, could be an exception. Or
it could be that the climate that permitted
the ingenuity of its citizens full play is not
much different from the climate in Liver-
more, Calif., and Waterville, Maine.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM M. McCULLOCH
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. McCULLOCH. Mr. Speaker,
each year the American Legion of Ohio
promotes as essay contest among the
high school students in Ohio.
The subject assigned always has some
connection with civic or governmental
responsibility.
This year the subject assigned was
"The Constitution and What It Means."
I am proud that the Fourth Congres-
sional :District of Ohio is represented
among the 12 winners selected this year.
Miss Diana Dietrich of Laura, Ohio,
is one of the ninth grade winners. Her
prize winning essay is as follows:
THE CONSTITUTION AND WHAT IT MEANS
To fully develop your own character you
.must know your country's character. There-
fore it is necessary to understand our Con-
stitution of the United States. The Con-
stitution of our country provides for the
form of government, limits the Govern-
ment's powers, and assures the rights and
liberties of the citizens. First, let's con-
sider the history of our Constitution.
The signing of the Declaration of Inde-
pedence marked the birth of a new nation.
In the period between the signing of the two
documents, America had no centralized gov-
ernment. In 1778 the Articles of Confedera-
tion were drawn. up by the Second Continen-
tal Congress. These articles left much to be
desired. There was no President, Vice Presi-
dent, or Supreme Court. Congress could
make laws, but had no means of enforcing
them. In September 1786, commissioners
from five States met at Annapolis. This im-
portant meeting soon led to the ratification
of the Constitution by nine States on June 21,
1778. From this time on the Constitution
became the supreme law of the United
States. Many people agree this was the
most important document made in our
history.
What I like best about the Constitution is
the soul and heart of it. Unless our Con-
stitution satisfies the feelings of our heart,
unless it feeds the human soul, unless it.
stirs our emotions, it cannot be regarded as
an expression of the American spirit. The
most precious expression, next to the Bible,
is the Constitution. In the Bible we find our
relationship to God. In the Constitution
we find liberty, the next important thing in.
life. In studying the Constitution every
American can say with pride: "When danger
threatens my life and liberty neither the
President r..or Congress nor armies can enter
and take away my life and liberty." The
soul of the Constitution is in every para-
graph. All the parts are mighty links that
hind the people in an unbreakable chain of
the Union.
You need not be a a scholar to under-
stand the basic principle of the Constitu-
tion. Yes, it is important to know the laws
and regulations, but not as much as know-
ing it gives the three God-given rights: life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Let's consider the Preamble to the Con-
stitution. We do not know from whose
brain it came. It is a great voice of the peo-
ple, giving expression to their souls' desire.
Summed up, the Preamble declares that our
forefathers sought union, justice, tranqual-
lity, safety, welfare, and liberty. You should
read the Preamble again and again. As you
read it, the words are most ardent hopes
and the holiest feelings of the human heart.
Times does not wear down nor eat away
the truths of the Constitution. War can-
not overturn our liberty as long as Ameri-
cans are worthy of their forefathers. In-
stead of fading with age, the glory of the
Constitution will remain through the ages.
May we guard our birthright and hand it
down to our future generations as the "jewel
of their soul.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. J. W. o FULRRIGHT
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. FLLBRIGHT. Mr. President, an
excellent editorial concerning the John
Birch Society appeared in the Pine
Bluff Commercial, a rather small daily
newspaper in my State. I think that
this editorial hits the nail on the head
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was reaffirmed 100 years ago during the great
crisis that threatened to destroy the Nation.
On September 22, 1862, President Lincoln
issued the Emancipation Proclamation free-
ing the slaves from the bondage that had
long been a glaring gap between the lofty
idealism of America as the land of the free
and the actual reality of everyday life in the
young Republic. It is small wonder that in
the great world beyond our shores Abraham
Lincoln is the best known President of the
19th century; he was the man who reaf-
firmed our basic American, belief in the
equality of mankind and man's natural right
to freedom.
In our own days, 100 years after Lincoln's
stirring proclamation, there still exists a
glaring gap between the political idealism
we profess and the reality of American so-
ciety. In deflaIce of clear and precise orders
from the highest court in the land, a large
segment of our population is still denied
basic civil liberties and rights, thereby cre-
ating a scandal in the world and giving our
enemies ammunition to use against us.
Anyone who has traveled beyond our fron-
tiers, well knows that tie first question a
foreigner asks about the United States of
America deals with the problem of discrim-
ination. And we do not need to travel
abroad to know that we have a desperate
need to strengthen our heritage and to bol-
ster our self-respect as a nation by closing
the gap between our lofty aspirations and
the political reality that so humiliates us.
Our national mystique is as lofty and noble
as any ever conceived by any people, but we
must live up to these ideals if we are to be
true to our destiny.
The American Religious Town Hall of the
Air represents a program of action committed
to the proposition that Americans can best
be educated to fulfill their responsibilities
if they can have and hear free and frank
discussions of the issues before the Nation.
As an interreligious institution, including
within its scope all facets of religious life
in our land, the Religious Town Hall of the
Air has brought to the radio and television
audiences discussions of all sorts of religious,
political, social, and economic issues, with
emphasis upon the moral problems that are
involved, and with ample opportunity for
all points of view to ventilate opinions. We
believe that in this program we are helping
to strengthen the determination of our fel-
low citizens to defend and protect the ideals
of civil and religious freedoms of our Nation.
With this in mind we would like to suggest
that it would be fitting for the Nation to
pause for a review of the problems of equal
rights for all citizens during the 100th anni-
versary of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Therefore, we of the Religious Town Hall
of the Air urge other Americans interested
in maintaining the moral tone of our Na-
tion to join us in an appeal to the President
of the United States for the proclamation
of a new national frontier of freedom and
equality during the centenary of the
Emancipation Proclamation. Let us join to-
gether to expel the remnants of intolerance,
tyranny and oppression, and let us renew
our faith in our national mystique that
honors liberty, equality, and opportunity for
all by declaring the period from July 4 to
September 22, 1962 as a national jubilee
commemorating the liberation of the in-
alienable rights of all men.
Bishop A. A. Leiske of the Seventh-day
Adventist Church and President of
the American Religious Town Hall
Meeting, Inc.; Bishop T. Otto Nall,
Minnesota Methodist Conference and
Vice President of the American Reli-
gious Town Hall Meeting, Inc.;
Donald G. Paterson, Secretary; Mar-
tin E. Nriesel, Treasurer; Jane P.
Power; Violet G. Culbertson; James J.
Dalglish; Doreen Wendland.
"Hope" Comes to Indonesia
EX 1 NSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM S. MAILLIARD
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. MAILLIARD. Mr. Speaker, I
know many of my colleagues share my
great personal interest in project Hope.
Accordingly, I call their attention to the
following article appearing in the San
Francisco News-Call Bulletin on April 1,
1961:
"HOPE" COMES TO INDONESIA-NATIVES HAIL
CHAPLAIN OF HOSPITAL SHIP
(By the Reverend William P. Anna, Jr.,
rector of Zion parish, diocese of Washing-
ton)
(The Reverend William P. Anna, Jr., an
Episcopal priest, is Protestant chaplain
aboard the steamship Hope. This San Fran-
cisco-based hospital ship, financed by pub-
lic contributions and Government help, is
spending a year in the South Seas. It treats
native patients aboard and ashore; its staff
teaches nurses and doctors. How the Hope
has become a symbol of international hope
is told in Father Anna's article.)
ABOARD SS "HOPE."-The first greeting I got
in Indonesia was from a 10-year-old boy.
The Hope had been at sea almost 3 weeks
out from Honolulu. It was Sunday. She
was docking at Balikpappan in Borneo,
during the 7 o'clock communion service.
After the service, I went ashore. As I
stepped onto the dock, the boy came up. I
greeted him in what I believed was idomatic
Indonesian we had studied evenings on the
voyage. "Salamat pagi," I said. "Good
morning."
In very intelligible English, the lad re-
plied: "Good morning, Pastor. Thank you
very much. Welcome to Indonesia. We are
glad to see you. We like to practice our
American."
The language barrier, I discovered, is not
at all impossible. Ours is studied in their
high schools and universities, their second
language.
Indonesian contains no conjugation or de-
clensions. Man is "orang"; men, "orang-
orang."
By the time we reached Djakarta, the
ship's hospital was in order, ready for busi-
ness.
Twenty nurses from the training center at
Bandoeng were with us, and 30 other nurses
are with us for 6 months. They will form
the nucleus of the teaching staff for the new
Thu Sukarno Hospital in Djakarta, where a
nursing ,academy will be established.
I went out to the theological seminary to
talk with the student body. The faculty is
American, Dutch, Filipino and Indonesian.
I learned quickly, I hope, never to preach
to them nor lecture them. Just answer their
questions. And the questions about the
Hope and its purpose were sharp.
"Tell us about your church in America?"
they asked. "Tell us about your home and
family?" In the end, I told them almost
every detail, even about our dogs.
"We like you," they said. "We like Amer-
ican people. We like America. We do not
understand American policy."
I certainly learned more about Indonesia
than I have been able to tell them about
America.
The most unexpected call of the first half
of our tour was Sumbawa, a primitive and
sparsely populated island, but seemingly rich
in resources.
We stopped in a well-protected anchorage
to go ashore.
There is only one doctor on the whole
island, a German from Stuttgart who came
here after his retirement to spend the rest
of his medical career working in a place that
otherwise would be without a physician.
Our work was well organized. Soon the
hospital was full. A clinic, set up ashore in
a warehouse, operated at full capacity.
Ninety-eight operations were performed by
our surgeons in 2 weeks. A German surgeon
aboard did a fantastic number of cataract
operations, and for these he is especially well
qualified.
The gratitude of one old man surpassed
anything I have seen, and it was rather a
symbol of what makes our medical project
real.
He came on the first day. Constantly, he
asked, "Am I next?" All he was praying for
was to be able to see the outline of his
family.
I was going down the aisle in the ward
just before he was to go to the operating
room. He pulled my shirt. "They say I am
next," he said; and they rolled him off the
cart, rejoicing.
The last day in Sumbawa they had a final
reception and lunch for the staff.
There he was, standing at the edge of
the crowd, and repeating again and again,
"Thank you. Thank you. Thank you."
A Responsible Study To Advance Free-
dom-Against Communism
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. WILLIAM PROXMIRE
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
problem of alerting the American people
to the significance of freedom and the
danger of communism is far too impor-
tant to be left to the crackpots.
The fact is that communism is on the
march in the world. Freedom has been
on the defensive. Too few Americans
care deeply about freedom. The op-
pressive nature of communism is far too
little understood.
For these reasons, it was heartening
to read of a responsible and constructive
attempt to meet this need. An article
in a recent issue of the Milwaukee Jour-
nal reports on the efforts of a group
sponsored by corporations, and several
foundations, to do this. Educational
and Federal Government leaders met
and worked with this group.
I ask unanimous consent that this
article be printed in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
IMPROVED STUDY OF REDS IS URGED-EDUCA-
TORS, MILITARY CALL INSTRUCTION ON COM-
MUNISM SAFETY MEASURE FOR UNITED
STATES
(By Edmund B. Lambeth)
CHICAGO, ILL.-An organized effort to ex-
pand and improve instruction about com-
munism in the Nation's schools and colleges
was urged Wednesday by more than 700 par-
ticipants in a national military, industrial,
and educational conference.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2571
lir'dve this editorial printed in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
IT IS NOT CONSERVATISM
(By Raymond Moley)
Five weeks ago I noted in this space the
rapid growth of conservative groups on many
college campuses. That manifestation of
dissent from prevailing liberal thinking, to-
gether with the evidence that conservatism
is growing among older people as well, is a
wholesome sign. It offers a promise that
our two-party system and our national elec-
tions will be real contests of opposing polit-
ical philosophies. And the fact that so
many young people are in the movement
indicates that the coming generation real-
izes more than ever the burdens and debts
which it will inherit :from the altogether
too spendthrift governments we have had
since the war.
The perils that threaten this growth of
conservatism will come, not from its liberal
opposition but from those who in the name
of conservatism would bring discredit by
igniting passions against their neighbors,
besmirching good Americans as friends and
dupes of communism, and by adopting
methods of organization which should be
alien in this country. One such threat is
the John Birch Society and the utterances
and activities of its founder, Robert Welch,
and some of the leaders in the group.
I have watched the growth of this society
with the deepest regret and misgivings es-
pecially because so many sincere people have
become members of it and risk their good
names through association with its more
radical spokesmen. Those who are devoted
to sound conservative principles owe it to
themselves and their true objectives to re-
pudiate the John Birch Society and methods
as I do here.
COMMUNISM AND CRIME
As I have noted the writings of Robert
Welch over the past decade I have seen
the transformation of a man who in the
beginning spoke out against a certain blind-
ness in our foreign policies to the real nature
of the international Communist conspiracy
and the danger embodied in the presence
in our Government and society of elements
of communism. Well before Welch appeared
on the scene I advocated in this space and
before a congressional committee the out-
lawing of the Communist party in the
United States. That objective has substan-
tially been accomplished although it must
be recognized that elements of that con-
spiracy still lurk in our midst. It is the
responsibility of our Government and indeed
of all of us to expose and eliminate such
elements by due process of law, just as we
would deal with the criminally inclined ele-
ments of other sorts.
But opposition to communism as a crim-
inal activity is not confined solely to con-
servatives. Individuals of all shades of
ideology share the conservative's fear of
communism. In fact, it was to a degree
due to the warnings of American socialists
that this Nation was sharply made aware
of the danger. Because Norman Thomas
and I agree that communism is our enemy
at home and abroad does not make us ideo-
logical brothers.
UNFORTUNATE METHODS
The evidence is now before us through
the enterprise of the press and the state.
ments of Members of Congress that the
John Birch Society, has so concentrated
its attention on communism and has become
so vehement in its pursuit of that one issue
that it has adopted methods and has made
statements which must bring it into general
disrepute. Specifically, Americans do not
like the terms "monolithic" or "authoritar-
ian" as applied to any American group or
society. They resent loose and inaccurate
name calling especially when applied to
Presidents and other high officials who are
charged by the people with responsibility
for their protection. They don't like the
idea of "infiltrating" various worthy organ-
izations in our society.
I need not elaborate upon these facts.
They were documented by Senator MILTON
YOUNG of North Dakota in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD of March 20.
For a good many years I have specified
those mistaken policies of Government under
the name liberal which tend to limit the
liberty of the individual, weaken the fiber
of America and its institutions, and endan-
ger national solvency. A belief in dynamic
growth through individual enterprise con-
stitutes a true conservatism. It is endan-
gered by those who assume the livery of
conservatism, but adopt radical methods.
Peace Corps Relationship With the Selec-
tive Service System Explained by Lt.
Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, Director of the
Selective Service System
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD BOLLING
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, the fol-
lowing article appeared on page 1 of the
April 1961 issue of Selective Service, the
official publication of the Selective Serv-
ice System:
PEACE CORPS RELATIONSHIP WITH SELECTIVE
SERVICE SYSTEM EXPLAINED
(By Lt. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, Director,
Selective Service System)
The Peace Corps has been established by
Executive order of the President. Legisla-
tion has been requested to continue this
organization. The activities of the Peace
Corps have been covered rather completely
by the press, radio, and television. Its rela-
tionship with the Selective Service System
has been indicated but a statement of this
relationship seems advisable.
The Universal Military Training and Serv-
ice Act, as amended, is flexible enough to
provide deferment for members of the Peace
Corps without amendment of any kind. In
other words the relationship of the Selective
Service System with registrants who become
members of the Peace Corps can be han-
dled administratively.
The power to defer registrants who per-
form functions in the national health,
safety, or interest now exists. The estab-
lishment and operation of the Peace Corps
is in the national interest. So the classifi-
cation of registrants in the Peace Corps can
be handled as any other registrant engaged
in activities in the national health, safety,
or interest. They will, of course, enjoy the
right to appeal shared by all registrants of
the Selective Service System.
These statements presuppose the continu-
ance of the present situation of the United
States in relations with other nations'of the
world.
The question has been raised as to the
status of registrants who enroll in the Peace
Corps, after their return from this assign-
ment. This requires the assumption as to
the situation of this Nation in the world,
the age of the registrant when he returns,
the physical co d-lion of the registrant with
reference to his acceptability for military
service, his marital status, and the regula-
tions which apply in existence at the time
of his release from the Peace Corps, and
whether or not the registrant on his return
from service with the Peace Corps engages
in an activity which permits him to be de-
ferred in the national health, safety, or
interest.
The fact that the registrant has been a
member of the Peace Corps will not prevent
him from qualifying for :further deferment,
the same as any other registrant who is en-
gaged in- activities vital to the national
health, safety, or interest.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. HUMPHREY, Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that a declara-
tion by the American Religious Town
Hall Meeting, Inc., calling on the Presi-
dent of the United States to proclaim
a "new national frontier of freedom and
equality," be printed in. the Appendix of
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the declara-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
A DECLARATION BY THE AMERICAN RELIGIOUS
TOWN HALL MEETING, INC., CALLING ON THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES To PRO-
CLAIM A "NEW FRONTIER OF FREEDOM," A
NATIONAL JUBILEE COMMEMORATING THE
INALIENABLE RIGHTS OF ALL MEN DURING
THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF PRESIDENT
LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
At this time when our liberal-democratic
society is confronted by dangerous enemies
abroad whose intention is to destroy our
way of life and to dominate the course of
human history, it well behooves America
to look closely to the springs of her culture,
to the sources of her liberty. Every society
expresses its highest aspirations, its con-
ception of civilized man and his destiny, and
its hopes for the future, in the idealism of
its founders. These goals, aspirations, hopes
and ideals can be called the mystique of the
society; ours has been boldly expressed in
great documents, stirring orations and
beautiful poetry that has warmed the hearts
of millions. We all known only too well
that it is difficult to realize all these social
goals in actual practice; nonetheless, a
society is judged by the gap that exists be-
tween the ideals of constitutional govern-
ment it proclaims, and the political. reality
of everyday life. It is on this level that our
enemies attack us in the forum of the world;
they compare our lofty idealism with some
of the sordid problems that mar our every-
day life. It is to be noted also that they
compare our problems, particularly the
questions of civil equality and economic
opportunity, with the idealism, that is, the
mystiques of communism: They carefully
avoid comparing the realities of social life
in the United States of America with that of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Our liberal-democratic political idealism
has been proclaimed for the world to hear
by Franklin, Paine, Jefferson, Hamilton,
Adams, Jackson, and a host of other states-
men and philosophers who assisted in the
founding of the Republic. That mystique
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2569
Higher Postal Rates Are Needed
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. FRANK J. LAUSCHE
OF OHIO
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, is it
not worth a nickel to mail ii- letter to
your old Aunt Hepsibah in California?
Is it not worth 8 cents to fly a letter to
Maine? These two questions have been
raised and other comments have been
made in an editorial supporting the
Postmaster General's recommendation
for postal increases in order to help re-
duce the annual $800 million deficit.
This editorial appeared in the April 15,
1961, edition of the Cleveland, Ohio,
Plain Dealer. I ask unanimous consent
that the editorial be printed in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
HIGHER POSTAL RATES, ARE NEEDED
When the total U.S. postal deficit amounts
to more than $800 million a year, Postmaster
General J. Edward Day has every reason to
seek to reduce this deficit, and every Ameri-
can ought to be willing to accept the re-
quested rate increases in good spirit. The
$741 million a year increase requested of Con-
gress will not permit the postal service to
break even, but it will cut down the loss to
a great extent.
After all, where can you buy so much serv-
ice for your money? Isn't it worth a nickel
to mail a letter to your old Aunt Hepsibah in
California? Isn't it worth 8 cents to fly a
letter to Maine? Isn't it worth 4 cents to
send a surface postcard or 6 cents to send a
postcard by airmail?
It will be noted by those who study the
new rates that books and publishers' second-
class matter, which includes newspapers and
magazines, are in for some sort of increase,
for, according to the Associated Press, the
proposal would increase the rates of "all
other classes of mail." This, at any rate,
should preclude the receipt of letters saying.
"Naturally you're for higher postal rates-
you won't be affected." To what extent we
shall be affected we do not know at this
moment, but we have said before-and we
repeat: We are perfectly willing to pay any
increase in postal rates the Government
thinks we should pay.
Actually, the larger the newspaper, the
smaller the percentage of its mail circula-
tion. American Newspaper Publishers As-
sociation figures show that of papers over
100,000 circulation, only 5.7 percent of this
circulation uses the mails, whereas in papers
under 5,000 circulation, 28.2 percent goes
through the mails.
Perhaps one reason Uncle Sam has been
moderate in increasing mail rates for news-
papers (outside of the perfectly obvious one
that he thinks it valuable to have citizens
well-informed) is that the newspapers,
themselves, give him a lot of help, even
though paying full rates for services not
rendered. Some 83.3 percent of all copies
of daily newspapers in second-class mail are
sorted by the newspapers, arranged in sacks
or packages by the newspapers, delivered
to railroad stations or post offices by the
newspapers, thus eliminating sorting or
other handling by postal employees.
Since we too shall be affected, we can, in
good conscience, applaud the Postmaster
General's wise plan to put the Post Office
Department on a more businesslike basis-
and we hope Congress will give him what
he asks.
Moral Principles Have To Be Revived
HON. WILLIAM H. BATES
OF.MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 18, 1961
Mr. BATES. Mr. Speaker, Dr. Julius
Szygowski, representative of the Polish
Government in exile, has written a time-
ly letter under the heading of "Moral
Principles Have To Be Revived." I be-
lieve the cause of liberty will be
strengthened by calling nationwide at-
tention to this excellent document, and
under leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I submit the following state-
ment by Dr. Szygowski:
The disquieting turn of events upon the
international arena makes it ever more
urgent to reassess western policy with regard
to Russia and her ruthless methods. The
truth must be faced and the admission made
that so far the behavior of the Western
Powers towards Russia and her political aims
has ben marked by vacillation and mistakes,
even by moral shortcomings. As an out-
come, public opinion has the deeply rooted
impression that the Western World cannot
cope with Russia and is defenseless against
the progressive expansion of international
communism.
The process which has brought about
these pernicious consequences is not of re-
cent origin.
It cannot be denied that many lofty ideals
proclaimed by the Western Powers were
abandoned. Many agreements for assuring
the fate of minor nations were not honored,
and many war aims were jettisoned.
All this took place gradually, until the
Western World's moral position offered
rather gloomy perspectives before the sub-
jugated and other countries.
There is a small wonder that in this moral
and political climate, Russian affirmations
that the Western World will gradually be
forced by pacific means to submit to the
Communist world, superior to it in every
field, are beginning to acquire an air of prob-
ability especially in the eyes of various
masses of Asian and African populations.
On the other hand, the memory of vari-
ous accomplished facts so detrimental to
different nations lives forever in the minds
of people and in the pages of history, serv-
ing us a warning not to believe in the words
of those who once have broken them.
The elevated and equitable principles for-
mulated for the postwar world in the At-
lantic Charter and later incorporated within
the Charter of the United Nations Organiza-
tion remained only upon paper.
Soviet Russia understands well this moral
weakness of the West and takes proper ad-
vantage of it. And so, Khrushchev's obvi-
ous aim is to undermine the authority and
prestige of the governments, systems, and
ideologies of the Western democracies. He
tries to destroy this not only among the
Western peoples, not only among the captive
nations living in hope that the West will
help to liberate them, but also among the
people of the newly formed African and
Asian state entities.
CASE OF POLAND
Lack of broadly conceived political vision,
a decline in morality with regard to other
countries and in the sense of obligation to
honor agreements on the part of the West
are nowhere more evident than in its atti-
tude to Poland, its most loyal ally and holder
of a prime key position in Europe.
The Ribbentrop-Molotov agreement of
August 1939 for a new partition of Poland
should have helped the West to see through
Russia, while the latter's invasion of Poll d
on September 17 of the same year should
have opened eyes to Russia's chief purpose,
i.e., to the spreading of communism west-
wards.
Immediately after the Germans attacked
her on June 22, 1941, and she had to seek
salvation in Western aid, Russia was obliged
to conclude agreement (signed on July 30
and December 4, 1941) with the Polish Gov-
ernment, then in London. She announced
in this that the German-Soviet treaties for
the partition of Poland (of 1939) were con-
sidered null and void.
Yet Russia did not for a single moment
hold up efforts to undermine the Polish
Republic from within and from without, nor
cease to lay insistent claim to Poland's east-
ern provinces. The Western Powers failed at
the time to assess the danger facing the
whole democratic world, they gave Poland no
proper support against Soviet designs, thus
opening the way for the Communist west-
ward drive.
It was in October 1943 that Great Britain,
the United States, Russia, and China agreed
under paragraph 6 of their security decla-
ration drawn up at a conference in Moscow
that a Soviet administration would take over
Polish territories in measure as war opera-
tions proceeded. Here it must be stressed
that the Polish Government in London,
though an ally in good standing and obvi-
ously a party most directly affected, was
neither invited to the conference nor in-
formed of this decision.
On Stalin's demand and chiefly with the
support of President F. D. Roosevelt, it was
definitively decided at the Teheran Confer-
ence in November 1943-again without the
knowledge of the allied Polish Government
in London-that in the allocation of occupa-
tion zones, i.e., future spheres of influence,
Russia's share would embrace all Poland and
Hungary, a large part of Germany, and part
of Austria.
It was only later, at the Yalta Con-
ference held on 4-11 February, 1945, that
formal agreement was reached between
Great Britain, the United States, and the
Soviet Union regarding the annexation of
nearly half of Poland's territory by Russia
who would also have absolute control over
the rest of Poland.
It can be safely stated that most of the
world perturbations and the menace to se-
curity in general undoubtedly stem from
this hardly creditable transaction. It de-
cisively helped to shift the balance of power
between the two incompatible worlds in
favor of the Russian communistic impe-
rialism.
All this could have been avoided but not
being so, the Western World had to pay
dearly for the subsequent consequences.
KATYN WOOD MASSACRE
As mentioned before, Russia on July 30,
1941, declared the Ribbentrop-Molotov
agreement of 1939 null and void and in the
same time concluded the treaty with the
Polish Government in London, whereby dip-
lomatic relations were resumed. This, how-
ever, did not hinder Russia from continuing
to prepare Communist administrative and
military cadres which were to seize in a
proper time all civil and military authority
in Poland.
But after 21 months, Soviet Russia broke
off (on April 26, 1943) relations with the
Polish Government in London as a first step
to securing a free hand. The pretext for
this unusual step toward an ally in time
of war was an exceedingly flimsy one:
namely, Poland had requested an inves-
tigation into the massacre of several thou-
sands of Polish officers in the Soviet Union,
in Katyn Wood near Smolensk.
On April 15, 1943, the Polish Government
applied to the International Committee of
the Red Cross asking it to appoint a dele-
gation to investigate the case on the spot.
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A25 i! CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
S in thereupon wrote personal letters to
President Roosevelt and to Mr. Churchill
on April 21, 1943, accusing the Germans of
this mass murder of Polish officers. The
Western Powers ostensibly accepted the So-
viet version and, judging by the documents
published to date, refrained from alluding
to this crime at any major international
conference, at Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam, or
on any latter occasion.
In the U.S. House of Representatives a
resolution was passed on May 18, 1951,
whereby a Committee for the Investigation
of the Katyn Murder was set up with Hon,
RAY J. MADDEN as chairman. Detailed evi-
dence was collected and the committee filed
its final report on December 22, 1952, with
the following recommendations: (1) that
the U.S. President issue instructions to the
U.S. Delegate at the United Nations Organ-
ization to present the Katyn case to the
General Assembly; (2) that the President
request that the General Assembly seek ac-
tion before the International Court of Jus-
tice against the U.S.S.R. for committing the
massacre; and (3) that the President Instruct
the U.S. delegation to seek the establish-
ment of a temporary U.N. Commission which
would investigate mass murders and crimes
against humanity.
Since then, however, nothing has been
done. It can be safely stated that the atti-
tude of the Western Powers with regard to
the Katyn massacre does not reflect credit
upon them nor raise their prestige.
The rupture of diplomatic relations with
Poland, because Polish Government re-
quested the International Red Cross to in-
vestigate the Katyn massacre, was deemed
necessary by Stalin not only for the realiza-
tion of his underhand plans against that
country but also for his longer designs
against the whole democratic world.
FOREIGN OCCUPATION OF POLAND
This whole unfriendly attitude of Western
Powers toward Poland and disregard of the
international law, allowed Stalin to realize
his plans. In measure as Germans evacu-
ated Polish soil before the advancing So-
viet forces, Stalin handed over the civil ad-
ministration of Poland to his stooge organi-
zation, the so-called "Polish Committee of
National Liberation" very soon proclaimed as
the government of the country. It cannot
be too strongly stressed that this alleged
government could not be and was not a
Polish government in the legal and Con-
stitutional sense. It was nothing but a po-
litical tool in the hands of the Kremlin.
The German administration of rump Po-
land during the occupation (1939-45) was
directed by a German governor-general in
Cracow. Craftier Communist Russia has
camouflaged her occupation of Poland by
ruling through "the Government of the Po-
lish People's Republic" in Warsaw but com-
posed for the most part of Communist
graduates of the Moscow school. Both sys-
tems, of course, can be regarded merely as
the administrative organs of a foreign oc-
cupation. The only difference, that the
German occupation never claimed to be any-
thing else whilst that of the Russians is
more skillfully and cunningly devised.
Stalin succeeded even to obtain the re-
spectability for his administration in Poland
by assuring its legal status upon the in-
ternational forum. And again, this success
will be found to derive from the weakness
and imprudence of the representative of
Anglo-American policy at the Yalta Confer-
ence. Thus, Poland has been given, against
her will, the status of a Russian satellite.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT OF
POLAND-IN EXILE
In virtue of the Polish constitution and,
hence, of the International law, there ex-
ists the legal and constitutional Polish
Government (in exile) in London, England.
It works and acts abroad for the reestab-
lishment of Poland's freedom and inde-
pendence. Realizing that in our times the
liberation of Poland has to be based upon
a broader scheme which would help other
eastern-central European nations to regain
their freedom, the Polish Government (in
exile) deems that the following points ob-
viously merit an examination: (The be-
low described plan has been repeatedly pre-
sented to the Governments of Western de-
mocracies by the Polish Government in
exile since October 1955; however there has
been no favorable reaction at this time.)
1. It is an essential condition for security
in Europe and (owing to this continent's
key position) to the whole world to estab-
lish such a state of affairs that could elimi-
nate or at least seriously hinder any direct
clash of the war potentials. This could be
attained by linking together the countries
of Europe within a United States of Europe.
Until nations of Europe become ripe for
this, it is necessary to seek some inter-
mediate solution.
2. The solution of this problem should be
sought in the creation of a neutral zone be-
tween East and West. It would embrace
countries neighboring with Russia and now
subjected by her: Estonia, Latvia, Lithu-
ania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and
Rumania. The setting up of such a neutral
zone on sound political, economic and mili-
tary foundations would produce a favorable
basis for a durable arrangement of peaceful
relations in Europe.
3. This neutral zone in east-central. Eu-
rope should be created on the basis of an ac-
cord concluded on the one hand by all the
member-countries as sovereign states, free
of any foreign military occupation and for-
eign-imposed governments, and on the other
hand, by all the powers interested in the
maintenance of world peace. The countries
of the neutral zone should bind themselves
not to join any warlike blocs and not to
conclude any military alliances with coun-
tries outside the neutral zone. The powers
not belonging to the neutral zone and inter-
ested in maintaining world peace, including
a united Germany and Soviet Russia, would
jointly guarantee the frontiers of the neu-
tral zone countries so that, in case of ag-
gression from East or West, all the guarantors
would automatically become the allies of the
neutral-zone lands in defense against such
an aggression. Such a situation would un-
doubtedly become an element arresting any
kind of aggressive design from whichever
direction it may come.
4. The neutral zone so conceived would
not act as a barrier separating East from
West, but would preeminently serve as an
intermediary and liaison between them in
the ideological, cultural and economic fields.
Those member countries of the neutral zone
who have for centuries past been so wronged
by both Russia and Germany, would grad-
ually lose memory of this painful past, the
bitterness felt toward these neighbors would
die out little by little and could in the fu-
ture become transformed into a loyalinter-
national collaboration based on sincere, nat-
ural amity.
5. The relations between the member-
states of the neutral zone in east-central
Europe would best be based on a, sun generis
confederate agreement. Such a union of in-
dependent states, adequately armed for the
defense of its neutrality and guaranteed by
the other powers, would provide full assur-
ance for the maintenance of peace in Europe
and hence facilitate this in the whole world.
Only under such conditions would the ques-
tion of disarmament acquire current signifi-
cance, and only then could the huge sums
now uneconomically expanded be devoted to
the good of humanity.
6. The problem of the unification of Ger-
many can really be reduced to that of lib-
eration of East Germany from Soviet occu-
pation. Once such a zone of neutral
April 18
countries is created between Russia and
Germany, with East Germany west of ' this
zone, unification of the two German repub-
lics would probably be immediate and auto-
matic. Hence, it can be said that the prob-
lem of the unification of Germany is a
function of the general problem of security.
7. In order to accomplish this, the West-
ern Powers should regain the political ini-
tiative at all. costs. Under the present cir-
cumstances, this could be achieved solely
by presenting Russia with the demand for
a far-reaching revision of the situation she
has brought about by dint of violence, un-
derhand methods and the violation of in-
ternational. agreements. Russia's acts to
the plain detriment of the weaker nations
should be disavowed and denounced forth-
with. It is necessary firmly to demand the
immediate and unconditional liberation of
the captive nations, and the righting of all
the wrongs inflicted upon them. But again
at this point it should be cited that the
Western democracies failed (a) to guaran-
tee the existing frontiers between Germany
and Poland (b) to initiate talks about the
organization of eastern-central Europe, thus
giving Mr. Khrushchev an opportunity to
bring up these two problems at the U.N.
General Assembly in September 1960 In such
a way as to further his own interests. The
hypocritical and brutal ideology of the
Communist world should be countered by a
clearly formulated, broadly conceived ideol-
ogy based upon the moral, principle of the
truth that equal rights are due both to
strong and to weak nations.
It is worthwhile to mention that the re-
cent "14 points accord" of Gov. N. A.
Rockefeller and Vice President Richard
Nixon st_.,essed the necessity "of leading and
inspiring the formation in all great regions
of the free world of confederations, large
enough and strong enough to meet modern
problems and. challenges," and suggested
that "we fthe United States] should
promptly lead toward the formation of such
confederations in the North Atlantic Com-
munity sand in the Western Hemisphere."
In applauding this idea, such remarks
seem to be proper: the more precise and
definite are the plans of the Western de-
mocracies, the greater the determination
they show in. the realization of these plans,
the greater their pressure toward this end
and the greater their solidarity in such
action, the sooner and the more certainly
will it be possible to establish a system of
relations that will enable mankind to enter
upon the road of lasting peaceful develop-
ment, and assure Europe the possibility of
real unification.
And this must be done---before it is too
late. A two-power world can never be at
gence.~
'The John Birch Society
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MILTON R.. YOUNG
OF NORTH DAKOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, April 13, 1961
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr.
President, one of the best editorials that
has come to my attention with reference
to Robeil; 'Welch and the John Birch So-
ciety is one appearing in the April 17
issue of Newsweek written by its con-
tributing editor, Raymond Moley en-
titled "It is Not Conservatism."
Mr. Mo)ley present a powerful argu-
ment to every thinking American. Mr.
President, I ask unanimous consent to
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Facts Pave the Way to Truth
The need for Federal FEPC legislation is
President Kennedy Rightly Urges Creative
painfully evident. The 17 States which have
such legislation on their books (and Penn- Thinking by TVA
Sylvania since 1955 is one) are hopelessly
hamstrung in obtaining adequate enforce-
ment where interstate commerce is involved,
as it is in such a large percentage of com-
mercial employment situations. Thirty-
three States with almost 80 million people
are outside the coverage of any FEPC legis-
lation today.
With unemployment in the United States
at about 7 percent of the total labor force
in February, nonwhite unemployment stood
at a staggering 15 percent, a rate that would
never be tolerated if it applied across the
board. But this discrepancy is not limited to
recessions. Unemployment among non-
whites runs just about double the rate for
whites at all times according to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
Among the employed, the pattern of dis-
crimination is less apparent, but no less real.
In the occupational structure of our society,
positions as managers, officials, executives
and proprietors are held at 14 percent of all
white male workers, but only 2 percent of all
Negro male workers. Over 10 percent of all
white male workers are in professional and
technical occupations; less than 3 percent of
all Negro male workers. Over 33 percent of
all white female workers are in clerical oc-
cupations. Only 8 percent of all Negro fe-
male workers have gained access to clerical
work.
The difference in wage rates is' no less
startling. The Department of Commerce re-
ports that in 1957 the average wage or sal-
ary of a white person was $3,775; of a non-
white $1,845. This deficiency in earnings
for Negroes as a class is said to total a stag-
gering $12 billion per year. Granting exist-
ing differences in educational opportunities
and trained skills these statistics still estab-
lish a substantial differential based on racial
prejudice.
The bill which Congressman Celler and I
have drafted would make racial discrimina-
tion in hiring, promotion, and firing, an un-
fair labor practice for which administrative
and ultimately judicial sanctions would be
available. The proposed law, which would
be administered by a 5-man Fair Employ-
ment, Practices Commission, would apply to
all employers, business or labor organiza-
tions, who are engaged in interstate com-
merce or operations affecting such commerce
and employ more than 50 persons.
While the roadblocks to such legislation
in the Congress under our archaic and un-
democratic rules of procedure are substan-
tial, we are hopeful that this bill will pass
the 87th Congress before it finally adjourns
in 196. I am confident that these meas-
ures will ultimately have the all-out support
of the administration. The only question
is one of timing.
It was President Kennedy who stated last
fall that "Freedom Is indivisible, in all its
aspects. To provide equal rights for all re-
quires that we respect the liberties of speech
and belief and assembly, guaranteed by the
Constitution, and these liberties in turn are
hollow mockeries unless they are maintained
also by a decent economic life. Those who
are unemployed, or too poor, uninformed, or
too uneducated to enjoy their constitutional
freedoms of choice, do not really possess
those freedoms."
The unending task to Insure the enjoy-
b
l
jo
ment of equal rights, including equa
opportunity, by all citizens of the United power alone, necessary though this might be.
States is a goal worthy of the best efforts of The regional problems are not the same
all of us. If this high goal is to be achieved today, of course. Industrial development
In our lifetimes or those of our children, the has become a major need, and therefore an
active efforts of all men of good will both in abundant supply of electrical energy remains
and out of government must be dedicated a major concern. But recreational and navi-
to the end. The work of your commission gational demands have also grown and the
is designed to bring that goal closer to possibility of constructing tributary dams
reality. I salute you in your all-important to meet these and other needs is worth ex-
assignment and wish you every success. ploring.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS -
OF
HON. LEONARD FARBSTEIN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 13, 1961
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, Mr.
John Crosby, columnist of the New York
Herald Tribune, recently in one of his
articles referred to the fight against the
program "The Untouchables" in a man-
ner which was interpreted as maligning
persons of Italian origin. Representing
as I do the 19th Congressional District
in which there are a great number of
persons of Italian origin who are con-
tributing to the success of the great city
of New York and to the development of
our country, I can attest to the contribu-
tions made by this segment of our popu-
lation.
I deplore the references by Mr. Crosby
and believe that his statements are
divisive. The Americans of Italian
origin are aroused by this column, and
an indication of the resentment of per-
sons of Italian origin to the unfair refer-
ences can be gleaned by an article pub-
lished in the Il Progresso on Sunday,
March 26, 1961. The resentment of the
Italian-Americans has been manifested
against the program "The Untouch-
ables" by pickets, boycotts, and concili-
atory conferences. The leading organi-
zations in this fight to eliminate the un-
fair stereotyping of Americans of Italian
origin were the Federation of the Itali-
an-American Democratic Organizations
of the State of New York, Inc., the Sons
of Italy, the Columbian Association, and
the National Italian-American League
to Combat Defamation.
The column published by the Il Pro-
gresso sets forth the contributions by
persons of Italian origin through the
years, during the wars and defense of our
country, and in the promotion of our
economy and our country. This article
answers fully any statements made by
Mr. Crosby and any unfair inferences
which might be derived from a reading
of his article. The open letter to Mr.
Crosby which was published on Sunday,
March 26, 1961, follows. I am certain
that the reading public will draw the
proper conclusions after reading this
open letter:
AN OPEN LETTER TO A COLUMNIST OF THE
NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE
DEAR JOHN CROSBY: In your column in
the New York Herald Tribune, last Wednes-
day, you deplored the fact that an agree-
ment was reached between the National
Italian-American League to Combat De-
famation and Desilu which produces "The
Untouchables" on the basis of which future
episodes of the television series would re-
frain from using Italian names for its fic-
tional characters of hoodlums and delin-
quents. And you decry that "one more na-
tional group removes itself forcibly from
the ranks of villainy." Of course your feel-
ings are completely at variance with those
of the great majority of Americans who re-
sent the slurs on whole ethnic segments of
the people who have caused "Able" the
merchant, "Paddy" the drunk, the dutch-
man "Schultz" and "Black Face" to be ban-
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EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOE L. EVINS
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 11, 1961
Mr. EVINS. Mr. Speaker, under
unanimous consent, I include in the
Appendix of the RECORD an editorial en-
titled "President Rightly Urges Creative
Thinking by TVA," which appeared in
the Nashville Tennessean of March 29,
last.
The editorial follows:
PRESIDENT RIGHTLY URGES CREATIVE
THINKING BY TVA
If any member of the Tennessee Valley
Authority Board of Directors had any doubts
concerning what the President of the United
States feels this Independent agency's role
is, Mr. Kennedy's latest letter should have
dispelled those doubts.
The President wrote; "The TVA is in the
business of resource development and I
want to feel that in your future thinking on
the continuing problems of the valley re-
gion, you will be giving thought to the
problems which go beyond the production
and sale of power.
"We need much creative thinking in this
area and the TVA has stood in the past for
original and bold thinking. This vigorous
and imaginative momentum must be
continued."
This was President Kennedy's reaction to
the Board's decision to locate its newest
steam plant on the Clinch River in east Ten-
nessee. The President had suggested fav-
orable consideration of a site in southeast
Kentucky, a seriously depressed region with
idle coal fields.
Never did President Kennedy presume to
dictate policy decisions to TVA, an inde-
pendent agency, and it Is in keeping with
this approach that he has termed the Board's
steam plant decision the proper one. A dif-
ference in capital outlay of $30 million he
deemed complete justification for selecting
the Clinch River site.
Nevertheless, the reminder Mr. Kennedy
has given the Board is one which was needed.
Since TVA constructed its first steam plant
at New Johnsonville, its underlying philoso-
phy has seemed to shift slowly away from
the emphasis on "the business of resource
development." Its "production and sale of
power- role, a legitimate one, has received
increasing attention.
This newspaper has called attention to
this situation. It has suggested that the
slide rule Is a magnificent instrument, but
that it should not entirely replace TVA's
department of vision and farsightedness.
When TVA came to this valley it thought in
terms of river navigation, flood control,
recreation, forest protection, improved agri-
cultural methods, and saving eroding soil,
as well as cheap electrical energy.
It dreamed of lifting a region by the in-
telligent use of all its resources, not by the
coldly efficient and economic development of
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A2460 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
ished from the American scene and feel It
is high time to do likewise with "Tony"
the gangster.
Your statement "that it would be ex-
tremely difficult to write a history of or-
ganized crime in this country * * * without
filling it almost exclusively with Italian
names", is more indicative of prejudice than
of accuracy. You offer no statistical proof
of your wholly gratuitious assertion. Let us
offer you the survey of the U.S. Bureau of
Prisons, Department of Justice, which indi-
cates that the Federal prison population
with Italian names is less than 3 percent.
This means that 97 percent of all Federal
prisoners are of ethnic origin other than
Italian. This despite the fact that Ameri-
cans of Italian origin constitute about 10
percent of the national population. You
describe the use of Italianate names or Si-
cillanate types in "The Untouchables" as
one of the few admirable things" about it,
thus revealing an instinctive approval of the
very sore point which Desilu recognized and
promised to remove in the interests of bet-
ter intergroup ;relations to which you are
obviously opposed.
And when finally you reluctantly concede
that Italians have produced "Toscanini too"
* * * it is apparent that you have not
gasped the significance or import of our
contribution to the greatness of America
in every field of human endeavor since its
discovery by Christopher Columbus. Yes,
the history of our country, which was
named for Americus Vespucci, is replete
with Italians like Marco da Nizza, who ex-
plored what is Arizona today and Francesco
Chino who laid the foundation for the great
cattle industry in the Southwest; and En-
rico Tonti, who founded the first trading
post in Chicago and was one of the founders
of the colony of Louisiana. And his brother
Alfonso Tonti who helped Cadillac found
the city of Detroit and Umberto Beltrami
who discovered the sources of the Missis-
sippi. And Filippo Mazzei, physician and
counselor to Thomas Jefferson, who Incor-
porated the philosophy of Mazzeiin the De-
claration of Independence with the immor-
tal words "That all men are created free and
equal."
And wasn't it an American patriot of
Italian origin who made possible the vic-
tory of Gen. George Rogers Clark which en-
abled him to open up the great North-
west? Yes, it was Col. Francis Vigo who
financed the expedition and also furnished
the military information which brought
about the defeat of the Indians in this cru-
cial period in American history.
And it might Interest you to know that
in the Capitol in Washington 90 percent
of the art work, frescos, paintings, sculp-
tures are the work of Italian artists such as
Costantino Brumidi, Joseph Franzoni, John
Andrei. And even the silver dollar was de-
signed by the Italian DeFrancisci.
In the field of science, how can we evalu-
ate the contributions to America and the
world, of the genius and wizardry of Mar-
coni? What is the impact on history of Dr.
Enrico Fermi, who made nuclear fission a
reality? And Drs. Ghiorso and Rossi of the
University of California who discovered ele-
ment 100 used in the hydrogen bomb?
And Dr. Failla who designed the world's
largest radium therapy apparatus?
Great educators like Angelo Patri, con
gist; Dr. Rettaghata, president of the Illi-
nois Institute of Technology; Dean Emeri-
tus Cosenza, of Brooklyn College; Dr. Edward
Mortola, president of Pace College; Mario
Pei, world-renowned philologist, whom
George Bernard Shaw cited as a master of
the English language; Dr. Francis Verdi,
professor of surgery at Yale University, have
left an indelible imprint on the minds of
American students.
Many great captains of Industry contrib-
Ute to the daily enrichment of the Nation.
Men like Giannini, who founded the great-
est bank in the world; the Vaccaros of
Louisiana, and the DiGiorgios, the fruit
kings of America; the Cuneo brothers, opera-
tors of the great printing establishment in
the world; Amedeo Obici, who founded the
Planters peanut empire; Crespi, the cotton
king of Waco; Ross Siracusa, head of Admiral
television; Martino, president of National
Lead Co.; Salvatore Giordano, head of Fed-
ders air conditioning; Riggio, who was presi-
dent of the board of American Tobacco Co.;
our own Pope brothers, of the Colonial Sand
& Stone Co., and countless others.
And builders of roads, tunnels, airports,
and skyscrapers, engineers and architects
* * * men like the Gulls, DiNapoli, Rizzi,
Corbetta, DelBalso, Paterno, Petrillo, Lou
Perini, at al.
In the field of labor we have such out-
standing leaders as Luigi Antonini, first
vice president of the International Ladies
Garment Workers Union; August Bellanca,
vice president of the Amalgamated Cloth-
ing Workers of America; Howard Molisani,
Vincent LaCapria, George Baldanzi.
And in the entertainment field: theater,
movies, television, and night clubs we give
you just a few of the outstanding pers9nali-
ties such as Alfred Drake, Don Ameche, Ann
Bancroft, Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,
Jimmy Durante, Frankie Larne, Dean Mar-
tin, Frank Capra, Vincent Minnelii, Anthony
Franciosa, Connie Francis, Joni James,
Tony Arden, Dennis James, Ernest Borgnine,
and Guy Lombardo,
And In baseball men like DiMaggio, Berra,
Rizzuto, Colavito. And in boxing the un-
defeated champion of champions, Rocky
Marciano. And the All-America football
hero of Navy's gallant squad, Bellino; the
great Columbia Coach Lou Little and a host
of others.
We have produced outstanding men In
other fields: the food industry; vintners,
restaurateurs, and politics where space will
permit us, in passing, to mention men like
Senator Pastore and Governor DiSalle of
Ohio; Rosellini of Washington, Volpe of
Massachusetts, and Notts of Rhode Island,
and the incomparable Fiorello LaGuardia.
But we are proudest of our contribution to
the defense of our country in all the wars
America has fought. We recall the story
of Francis Spinola, who though he de-
nounced. Lincoln's fratricidal war which di-
vided the country, nevertheless formed a
brigade of volunteers to defend the Republic.
He was wounded in battle, leading his men,
was given the Congressional Medal of Honor
and was promoted to brigadier general by
President Lincoln himself. Since then the
number of our Medal of Honor winners has
become :legion.
These are the kind of Americans, Mr.
Crosby, who-many millions strong-have
made and are making their proud contribu-
tion to the greatness of America and who
justly denounce discriminatory presentations
such as "The Untouchables" for their dis-
tortion of the true Image of the devoted
American of Italian origin.
The John Birch Society
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. VANCE HARTKE
OF INDIANA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, April 13, 1961
Mr. HARTKE. Madam President,
much has been written and said recently
April 13
about the John Birch Society. My good
friend, Marsee Cox, the editor of the
Terre Haute, Ind., Tribune, made a very
candid analysis of the situation, I be-
lieve, in a recent editorial entitled
"Doctrine of Hatred." I ask unanimous
consent that the editorial be printed in
the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DOCTRINE OF HATRED
Senator BARRY GOLDWATER, who has be-
come known as the spokesman of Republi-
can conservatism, is of two minds about the
controversial John Birch Society. Recently
he told newsmen that while he disagrees
with its far-right theories he Is "impressed
by the type of people in it." They are, he
thinks, "the kind we need i.n politics."
They are also either remarkably naive or
reactionary in the nth degree. And in fair-
ness it should be noted at cnce that though
GOLDWATEn is "'impressed" by those attracted
to the group he has specifically disavowed
some of its more extreme contentions.
Among these are the claims that ours is not
a fit form of government with which to fight
communism., that Communists have influ-
enced Supreme Court decrees, that recent
Presidents from Roosevelt through Eisen-
hower have been Commur.L:,sts or Commu-
nist tools, that; Chief Justice Warren should
be impeached, and so on.
The John Birch Society', founded by a
wealthy retired candy maker named Robert
Welch, poses a familiar dilemma. GOLD-
WATER expressed a common. attitude when
he said, "They, are anti-Communist and I
don't see how we can be against that." Of
course no responsible American can be
"against" anticommunism. But the ques-
tion is: Should not Americans be against
communism by being vigorously for the
principles which have made this Nation a
great citadel of freedom?
We say "Yes." We say being for those prin-
ciples, and working actively to preserve and
strengthen them, is far and away the most
effective way to fight communism. That is
something the members of the John Birch
Society have yet to learn. The society's per-
verted appeal resorts to tactics of both com-
munism and. fascism. Whatever may be said
of the people attracted to It, its doctrine of
hatred is emphatically not the kind of doc-
trine we :o.eed in American politics.
Visit to Washington by Students and
Chaperones From Metairie Park Coun-
try Day School, New Orleans, La.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RUSSELL R. LONG
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, April 13, 1961
Mr, LONG of Louisiana.' Mr. Presi-
dent, on April 12 it was my pleasure to
have as my guests the senior class of the
Metairie Park Country Day School.
This fine institution, which is located in
Metairie on the outskirts of New Orleans,
has one of the loveliest settings of any
school I have ever seen.
The school is dedicated to the pursuit
of higher education and to the develop-
ment of the kind of individual who will
become a valuable citizen in this great
country.
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5986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
and also of the acting minority leader
[Mr. GOLDWATER].
Mr. President, I wish to make it plain
why I shall vote for H.R. 3935 on its final
passage, notwithstanding my absolute
disapproval of the false definition of
interstate commerce and the arbitrary
classification of various enterprises set
out in paragraph (s) of section 2, which
appears on pages 14 and 15 of the bill,
and which is designed to add a new par-
agraph (s) to section 3 of the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938. For clarity and
convenience, I shall hereafter call this
paragraph 3(s).
I wish to state at the outset that de-
spite my emphatic disapproval of para-
graph 3(s), I am of the opinion that
H.R. 3935 is a vast improvement in at
least two respects over the similar bill
which the Senate debated at is post-
convention session last August. In the
first place, most of the provisions of
H.R. 3935 are consistent with the con-
stitutional definition of interstate com-
merce; and in the second place, H.R.
3935 expressly excludes from its coverage
certain local enterprises which the other
bill attempted to bring into the maw of
Federal regulations.
Most major pieces of Federal legisla-
tion are not all good or all bad. It
Is inevitable that this should be so.
Such legislation is obtainable only
through compromise of the varying
views of a majority of the 100 Members
of the Senate and a majority of the 435
Members of the House.
A Senator is at liberty to seek to im-
prove any bill by amendments until such
bill is read the third time and the ques-
tion of its final passage arises. When
these events occur, however, the Senator
must vote the completed bill up or down.
If the bill contains both good and bad
provisions, the Senator must base his
vote on final passage upon his conclusion
as to whether the good or the bad provi-
sions predominate. Under article I of
the Constitution, Congress has the power
to regulate interstate commerce, which
Is defined in clause 3 of section 8 as com-
merce "among the several States." Un-
der the 10th amendment to the Consti-
tution, the power is reserved to each
State to regulate intrastate commerce,
which is commerce within such State.
As one who shares Gladstone's belief
that the Constitution of the United
States is the most wonderful work ever
struck off at a given time by the brain
and purpose of man, I believe that the
power of the Congress to regulate in-
terstate commerce and the power of the
State to regulate intrastate commerce
should be preserved. Indeed, in my
opinion, the preservation of these two
separate powers is essential to the pres-
ervation of our federal system.
For this reason, I have always favored
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,
which constituted a valid exercise of the
power of Congress to regulate inter-
state commerce because it restricted its
coverage .to the employees of industries
engaged in interstate commerce or in
the production of goods for interstate
commerce.
For a like reason, I favor the mini-
mum wage law of North Carolina,
which establishes a minimum wage of
75 cents an hour for the employees of
most industries engaged in intrastate
commerce, that is, commerce within
North Carolina. I am confident that
the North Carolina Legislature will in-
crease the coverage of this law and the
minimum wage thereby established as
soon as it finds such action on its part
to be feasible.
H.R. 3935, which is to be cited as the
"Fair Labor Standards Amendments of
1961," has two objects in view. The first
is to increase the minimum wages of
employees now covered by the Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938 from $1
to $1.25 an hour over a period of 2 years
and 4 months; and the second is to ex-
tend the coverage of the act to em-
ployees of certain enterprises not now
covered.
While I am conscious of the possibility
that the proposed increase in the mini-
mum wages of those already covered by
the act may work severe hardships in
the case of some industries, I am satis-
fied that the overwhelming majority of
industries employing persons now cov-
ered by the act will be able to adjust
their compensation rates to the in-
creased minimum wages without too
much difficulty, and thereby enable their
employees to share more fully in the
fruits of their labor.
For this reason, I favor the first object
of H.R. 3935 and wish to vote for its
provisions increasing the minimum
wages of employees already covered by
the Fair Labor Standards Act from $1
to $1.25 an hour over a period of 2 years
and 4 months.
I would favor any reasonable exten-
sion of the benefits of the Fair Labor
Standards Act to persons not now cov-
ered if such extension of coverage were
confined to employees of enterprises en-,
gaged in interstate commerce or in the
production of goods for Interstate com-
merce as these terms are defined in
clause 3 of section 8 of article I of the
Constitution and section 3 of the Fair
Labor Standards Act itself.
But I am opposed to that portion of
the second object of H.R. 3935 which Is
embodied in paragraph 3(s).
The opening clause of this paragraph
reads as follows:
Enterprise engaged in commerce or in the
production of goods for commerce means
any of the following in the activities of
which employees are so engaged, including
employees handling, selling, or otherwise
working on goods that have been moved in
or produced for commerce by any person.
When this opening clause is translated
from legal gobbledygook into plain Eng-
lish, it asserts, in substance, that an en-
terprise is engaged in interstate com-
merce or in the production of goods for
interstate commerce if those employed
in it handle, or sell, or work on goods
that have been moved in times past in
interstate commerce or have been pro-
duced in times past for interstate com-
merce by any person.
This attempted new definition of when
.an enterprise is engaged in interstate
commerce or in the production of goods
for interstate commerce is absolutely in-
consistent with the constitutional provi-
April 20
sion granting Congress the power to reg-
ulate commerce "among the several
States," and with the constitutionally
sound definitions of these same terms in
section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. Moreover, it asserts to be true
something which is obviously false.
A sale made or a service rendered
within the boundaries of a single State
constitutes intrastate commerce, even
though the sale or the service may in-
volve goods made in another State and
shipped in interstate commerce. Both
the English language and the decisions
of the courts declare this to be so, and
Congress cannot make it otherwise by
uttering a legislative lie.
If Congress can expand its powers un-
der the Constitution by giving false
meanings to such constitutional terms
as "commerce among the several States,"
then ordered government under a writ-
ten Constitution has perished in Amer-
ica.
Before H.R. 3935 was read a third time
and the question of its final passage
arose, I did everything within my power
to remove from the bill by appropriate
amendments the provisions of paragraph
3 (s). To this end I voted for the Hol-
land amendment, the Monroney amend-
ment, and the Russell amendment. Any
one of these amendments would have re-
moved the constitutional objections to
the bill. Each of these amendments
suffered defeat.
Notwithstanding this fact, I will vote
for the bill on final passage for these
reasons.
The conference committee will have
an opportunity to remove the objection-
able features from the bill. If this
should not occur, then in my judgment
the courts will be compelled to declare
that the attempt to expand the powers
of Congress over retail and service estab-
lishments engaged solely in intrastate
commerce by the false definitions em-
bodied in paragraph 3 (s) are void under
article I and the 10th amendment, and
that the second object of H.R. 3935 is
valid only insofar as it undertakes to ex-
tend the coverage of the Fair Labor
Standards Act to uncovered employees
of enterprises actually engaged in inter-
state commerce or actually engaged in
the production of goods for interstate
commerce.
The courts are expressly empowered to
take such action and at the same time
to uphold the validity of the first ob-
ject of H.R. 3935 by section 19 of the Fair
Labor Standards Act, which reads as
follows:
If any provision of this chapter or the ap-
plication of such provision to any person
or circumstance is held invalid, the remain-
der of this chapter and the application of
such provision to other persons or circum-
stances shall not be affected thereby.
While I do not desire to belabor the
point, I have misgivings concerning the
classification embodied in subsections
(1) to (6) of paragraph 3(s) as to the
enterprises to be embraced within the
additional coverage. The classification
appears to be without legal or economic
rhyme or reason and might well be ad-
judged by the courts to constitute an
arbitrary classification within the pur-
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 They all deserve our sincere thanks for
an excellent job.
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I
yield 10 minutes to the Senator from
Ohio [Mr. YouNG).
J
Mr. Y1
for morE
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
OHN BIRCH SOCIETY
sional committees have vigorously con-
centrated their fire on internal com-
munism. Ignored in recent years has
been the development of fascism in
America in the worm of a secretive or-
ganization known as the John Birch
Society. This fascist group numbers in
its ranks former officials of the National
Association of Manufacturers, retired
military leaders and a wide assortment
of out-and-out crackpots. Its leader, a
former candy manufacturer from Mas-
sachusetts, has written his equivalent to
Hitler's "Mein Kampf," in which he
ridicules democracy. He charges that
former President Eisenhower is a Com-
munist sympathizer, and he maligns
many other highly respected American
leaders.
Its every action and policy is con-
trary to the traditions of our Republic.
From promoter Welch right down the
line into every cell, the rightwing active
members-termed by the St. Louis Post
Dispatch "Birchsaps"-not only pass out
disturbing comments and false charges
against neighbors, against leaders in
parent-teacher association groups, and
even against members of the clergy and
against loyal, elected and appointed gov-
ernment, State and local, officials. But
the principles they advocate, if adopted,
would turn back the clock 90 years;
would repeal and rescind the 20th cen-
tury.
Mr. President, Robert Welch, self-ap-
pointed vigilante, head of the John
Birch Society, is keeping inviolate some
personal secrets. He will not disclose
publicly how many members there are
in his organization. He will not dis-
close the names of his members. He will
not inform the public of the number of
cells in the John Birch Society.
Above everything else, he will not dis-
close the names of those silly persons
who paid $1,000 to be life members of the
John Birch Society.
It goes without saying that this self-
appointed "fuehrer" refuses to give any
accounting for the money he receives in
life memberships and in dues.
He has fixed this intake at $24 per
year for men who become members.
For women, he allows a cut rate of $12
per year.
Mr. President, Robert Welch, retired
lawyer and candy manufacturer of Bel-
mont, Mass., recently addressed an
audience of 6,000, each one of whom
paid $1 admission fee. Though his dem-
agogic speech lasted 90-minutes, he was
well paid. One technique of the mem-
bers of the John Birch Society, which
they of course acquire from their lead-
er, is to accuse persons who disagree
with their views as being Communist
sympathizers. They make these brave
charges without any documentation nor
justification.
We in America face an appalling
threat of Communist aggression but that
threat comes from Red China with its
population of 650 million and from the
Soviet Union with a population of more
than 200 million. Members of the Birch
Society claim to see Communists under
neighbor's beds. Their dictator Welch,
who is a self-appointed vigilante play-
ing God with other people's patriotism,
declaims he is anti-Communist. He
alleges that there are 7,000 ministers
of the Gospel in the United States who
are Communists or Communist sympa-
thizers. He could not name 70 nor even
7. He is guilty of uttering demagogic,
untruthful, and wildly fantastic charges.
Mr. President, Dictator Franco of
Spain, is also anti-Communist. Hitler
and Mussolini were anti-Communists up
to the time they met violent deaths.
Does anticommunism alone qualify a
man as a loyal American? What can
serious-minded Americans really think
of this man Welch who made money as
a lawyer and as a candy manufacturer
and now is making much more money as
a promoter and denunciator? This fel-
low has termed former Presidents Eisen-
hower and Truman as "Communist
sympathizers." He denounced the late
John Foster Dulles and his brother,
Allen Dulles, who is presently Director
of our Central Intelligence Agency as
pro-Communist and Communist. He is
urging the impeachment of the Chief
Justice of the United States, Earl War-
ren, who is a thoroughly great and loyal
American and who was vice presidential
candidate of the Republican Party.
What can Americans think of a fellow
such as this, other than that he has a
wicked tongue and is a crackpot or an
unscrupulous, mercenary demagog and
slick promoter?
Mr. President, the facts are that we
who are rank and file Americans can
well consider Welch and those active in
his John Birch Society as being sub-
versive of the worst kind. While pre-
tending to be loyal Americans, they are
in reality fomenting suspicion against
their neighbors, in the churches, and in
the universities.
When Robert Welch states the im-
peachment of Chief Justice Earl Warren
is "just one of our specific objectives,"
he is seeking to undermine the confi-
dence of people in a loyal and dedicated
American leader while at the same time
pretending that he himself is a loyal
American.
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy
is correct in his statement that the John
Birch Society "is ridiculous" and that its
members "make no contribution to the
fight against communism here in the
United States, and in fact-if anything,
they are a hindrance." The California
State Senate factfmding committee on
Un-American activities has announced
that it has started an inquiry into the
John Birch Society. Personally my view
is that as not one of the members of this
society, nor its leader, Welch, has com-
mitted any overt act of force and vio-
lence against constituted authority in
this country, I feel there Is no occasion
for any congressional or legislative in-
vestigation of this secret society. Welch
5985
has the same right all Americans cher-
ish-to enjoy the freedom of speech.
In 1850 and 1856, members of the
Know Nothing Party elected candidates
to office and their candidate for Presi-
dent of the United States in 1856, Mil-
lard Fillmore, :received many thousands
of votes. They claimed that the Pope
was coming to America to establish the
Vatican somewhere along the Missis-
sippi River.. They denounced immigra-
tion laws and members of the Catholic
Church; ttey termed themselves a native
American party. Like a wave of hys-
teria, the movement spread through
many States from the 1840's to 1856.
Then after 1856, the "know nothing"
movement died and nothing further was
heard of it. Know-nothingism of 100
years ago died the same death that the
John Birch Society will die of-unwept,
unhonored, and unsung. Leaders of the
John Birch Society are busy denouncing
the whole foreign-aid program of Presi-
dent Eisenhower and the foreign-aid
program being carried forward by this
administration.
Misguided citizens who become mem-
bers of the John Birch Society, even
briefly, are making the battle against
communism more difficult for govern-
mental agencies such as the FBI. J. Ed-
gar Hoover. Director of the FBI, has
denounced activities of the sort prac-
ticed by the John Birch Society. Many
persons who have become members are
really men and women of good will and
their motives are of the best. They have
been duped by a slick promoter of a
secret society whose methods are uncon-
scionable and whose statements are
fantastically false.
Mr. President, like the "know noth-
ings" of more than 100 years ago and the
"$50 every Friday" movement of recent
years, this will come and go. However,
the strength and power of our Republic
and the American way of life will grow
and grow.
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS AMEND-
MENTS OF 1961
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (H.R. 3935) to amend the
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as
amended, to provide coverage for em-
ployees of large enterprises engaged in
retail trade or service and of other em-
ployers engaged in commerce or in the
production of goods for commerce, to
increase the minimum wage under the
act to $1.25 an hour, and for other pur-
poses.
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I
yield 10 minutes to the Senator from
North Carolina.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. There
are only 6 minutes remaining for the
proponents.
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, I
am happy to yield 10 minutes to the Sen-
ator from North Carolina, because I
know the time of the proponents is get-
ting rather short..
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, perhaps
I could finish in the 6 minutes. I ap-
preciate very much the offer of the act-
ing majority leader CMrs. NEtBERGERI
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