THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY: PROS AND CONS EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT OF CALIFORNIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200110005-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: September 25, 1961
• Content Type: OPEN

Approv"ft 1 r423 .p&)Itf)IA=WWARDQ3#6R000200110005-7 A7719
B. Applications must be fully docu- most meritorious cases be considered.
mented with evidence which will clearly Family separations, ordinary pregnan-
establish that all the conditions enu- cies, and financial difficulties are not in
merated in A above exist. themselves a basis for deferment.
C. Mental instability, immaturity, SECTION IV
psychoneuroses, climatic allergies, re- 1. Category: Movement of dependents
tarded children, problems confronting overseas.
in-laws, indebtedness, contemplated re- 2. Apply to: The serviceman himself
tirement, and purchase of homes are not on receipt of PCS orders must apply to
normally a basis for reassignment. the oversea commander through military
SECTION n channels for authority for dependents
1. Category: Deferment from efitry on to accompany him to or join with him
active duty of members of the National in his oversea assignment.
Guard and Army Reserve who have re- 3. Coosidminaoion of whether move-
2. active duty orders.
2. Apply to: ment of dependents will be authorized
A. Members of National Guard units is based l of toversee commander.
to unit commander who, if he approves Approva
1. Availability the
quarters the will forward to State adjutant general mend.
for final decision. 3. Availability of transportation and
B. Members of Army Reserve units will to other logistical support such as schools,
unit commander who, if commissaries, post exchanges, and med-
final to o corps corps or Army commander for or ical facilities.
C. final Individual reservists not members 4. Operational requirements of the
unit and the command.
of units directly to corps commander for B. After the oversee commander has Considerations: finale authorized the movement of depend-
A. ents, the transportation terminal com-
. The following may be considered eentry mander of the respective Army area will
o basis to apply deferment from enr from the family, provide necessary
on activve duty: y for for uty: assistance, and issue movement orders.
1? A member pursuing graduate stud- Under no circumstances should move-
move-
to time the basis in a field of psi- ment to the port commence until a firm
mary y interest full-time
mary en.try active port call is received.
2. A member in e extreme C. Government sponsored movement
duty m u will in x personal or o of dependents to Western Europe, ex-
coB; Reference 2 above. cept to Berlin, will be suspended on
B.- membered that 2 the above. It must b re- October 9, 1961. Dependents of affected
of National tha Guard and d Army involuntary Resecall rvis personnel will be moved to designated
wNa impose hardships on them, their locations within the United States at
will e Government expense.
families, and their communities. Na- SECTION V
tional Guard and Reserve units have
been screened annually to remove from I. Category: Early separation from
them those individuals who could not be active duty, all components-Regular
exiected to serve on active duty in case Army, Reserve, National Guard-on ac-
of national need. Under the circum- tive duty.
stances, it is considered that no individ- 2. Apply to:
ual will qualify for deferment on a per- A. Officers:
sonal or community hardship basis un- 1. Regular Army to unit commander
less it can be established that his call to who forwards through military channels
active duty will create problems very to Department of the Army for final
much more severe than will be created decision.
by the call to active duty of any other 2. Other than Regular Army to unit
member of the Reserve or National commander who forwards through mili-
Guard. tary channels to major commander, or
SECTION III Department of the Army as appropriate,
1. Category: Deferment from over- for final decision.
sea assignment. B. Enlisted personnel: To unit com-
2. Apply to unit commander who, if mander, who, if he approves, forwards
hannels to the Army
ilit
he approves, will forward through mili-
tary channels as follows, for final deci-
sion:
A. Thirty days or less, installation
commander.
B. Thirty-one to ninety days, Army or
comparable major commander.
C. Over 90 days, the Adjutant General,
Department of the Army.
3. Considerations:
A. The same general conditions must
exist as prescribed for compassionate re-
assignment and the same documentation
is. required. See action I, paragraphs
3a and 3b.
B. The increased movement of mili-
tary personnel overseas and the sus-
pension of movement of dependents to
Western Europe require that only the
those which will be experienced by the
individual who would have to be drafted
or recalled to active duty from civilian
life as his replacement.
SECTION VI
1. Category: Applications for direct
commissions.
2. Apply to:
A. Enlisted personnel on active duty
to unit commander who will forward
through military channels to the Army
commander or Department of the Army,
as appropriate, for final action.
B. Members of Reserve and National
Guard units not on active duty to unit
commander who will forward through
military channels to appropriate head-
quarters for final decision.
C. Individual reservists and persons
with no military service to Army corps
which will provide information, guid-
ance, and necessary forms.
3. Consideration:
A. There are a wide variety of pro-
grams through which both Regular and
Reserve commissions in the Army may
be obtained. The criteria for each varies
but in general, applicants must be citi-
zens of the United States, between the
ages of 18 and 27, have at least a high
school education, and be mentally, mor-
ally, and physically qualified.
. B, Because of the necessity for care-
ful selection, processing of applications
for commissions is time consuming and
may be expected to require 3 to 6 months
for final action. Thus individuals who
have been alerted for active duty, either
through the Selective Service System or
as a member of the Reserve components
cannot expect to apply and be commis-
sioned before they enter on active duty.
However, the fact that an applicant en-
ters on active duty as an enlisted person
will have no bearing on a pending appli-
cation for commission. If appointed as
an officer, the individual can be ordered
to active duty directly from enlisted
status.
SECTION VII
1. Category: Recall to active duty of
Reserve and National Guard officers.
2. Apply to:
A. Enlisted personnel on active duty
who hold Reserve commissions: To unit
commander who will forward through
military channels to the Department of
the Army for final decision.
Individuals not on active duty in
B
.
ary c
any status directly to Army Corps for
through m
or major oversee commander for final information
administrative processing,
,
decision, except requests for separation assistance, necessary forms, and for-
in the national health, safety, or in- warding to the Department of the Army
terest, which must be forwarded to the for final decision.
Department of the Army. 3. Considerations:
3. Considerations: The major need is for the younger
Early releases from active duty for any company grade officers with limited need
reason have been suspended except for for certain field grade specialists. Com-
those in the best interests of the service, petition for present vacancies is keen, as
Best interests of the service include the emphasis is on quality rather than
those actions in lieu of elimination or quantity. Processing of application will
court-martial and those cases wherein require 60 to 90 days.
undue personal or family hardship is SECTION Vin
established. In this connection, the cir- 1. Category: Change of length or date
not only races must be substantially more established as severe than being of commencement of active duty tour of
not on
those experienced by other personnel on commissioned ROTC graduates.
active duty but also more severe than 2. Apply to:
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A7720 N RECORD -- APPENDIX September -25
A. Students not yet commissioned to
professor of military science at the uni-
versity who will forward to Army com-
mander for final decision.
B. Commissioned and on active duty
to unit commander, who, if he approves,
will forward through military channels
to Department of the Army for final
decision.
C. Commissioned, but not yet on ac-
tive duty will be ordered to active duty
as now scheduled unless earlier call is
required. Apply directly to Army
commander.
3. Considerations:
A. Prior to August 22, 1961, some
ROTC graduates were granted 6 months'
active duty training tours. Effective
August 22 all ROTC graduates were to
be ordered to extended active duty for 24
months and those already-on 6 months'
active duty training tours were extended
for 1 year.
B. When. individuals accept an ROTC
contract, together with the assistance
provided by the Army, they agree to
serve on active duty for a minimum of
2 years. Thus, it is considered that
changes can be justified only for per-
sonal or community hardship of an ex-
treme nature.
1. Category:
Reserve.
2. Apply to:
SECTION X
Transfer to the Standby
A. Members of the National Guard to
unit commander who, if he approves will
forward to State Adjutant General for
final decision. Note: Since National
Guard has only Ready Reserve units, if
approved, individual will be discharged
and automatically transferred to Army
Reserve.
B. Members of Army Reserve units to
unit commander who if he approves will
forward to the corps, commander for
final decision.
C. Individual members of Ready Re-
serve not assigned to a unit directly to
corps commander.
3. Considerations--General categories
which may qualify:
A. Individuals who have completed
service and/or Ready Reserve obligation.
1. All Ready Reserve 'obligations and
all enlistments in Ready Reserve compo-
nents which would have ordinarily ex-
pired between October 1, 1961, and June
30, 1962, are automatically extended 1
year. Those members of the 32d In-
fantry Division, 49th Armored Division,
and supporting forces ordered to active
duty in October 1961 by Department of
The John Birch Society: Pros and Cons ernmentp and government domination or
ownership of industry---but are not affiliated
EXTENSION OF REMARKS, with the Communist onspiracy--generally
HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT planned, collectivized system. While they
seek greater power for government, they
OF CALIFORNIA deny that this is at the expense of individ-
1N THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ua freedom, These groups-riding under
the banners of "change," "reform," and
Monday, September 25, 1961 "progress"-are idealistic and have great
Mr. ROUSSELOT, Mr. Speaker, there appeal to the "have-nots," the disoontended,
apt?eared in the May 19, 1961 issue of and people with strones charitable axid un-
appe Affairs IVlonthl derdog feelings, They are generally strong--
Y, a publication of iy motivated and reasonably well organized.
Civic Affairs Associates, Inc., the address Those who believe in free enterprise, de.-
of 'which is 2612 P Street NW., Washing- centralization of authority, limited govern-
ton, D.C., an excellent analysis of the went and other traditional American idea,;
Pros and cons relative to the John Birch are usually not well organized. Being gen-
Society. As a member of the society, I erally in the category of "haves" (as op-
am anxious that people have an oppor- posed to "have-nots"), they are content
for
with tunity to know the strong points of the granted they tY the will way stay they that awway, ay take It
society as well as its vulnerabilities in granted and de
their time and energies to improving their
order that they may come to an inde- individual status in the community, eco-
Perident evaluation of the society. I, nomically and socially. Being self-reliant,
therefore, under unanimous consent in- and Individualistic, they do not readily or-
Clude the article in the Appendix of the ganiz~ politically. Being possessed of a cer-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: tainst;atus, they are cautiousand reluctant
THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY to become controversial through political ac-
h witBecoming
To anyone seriously interested in politics feretivity
their efforts; controversial may maintain int theeir
and how to be effective in it, an understand- economic andsocialstatus r
ing of the John Birch Society can be very This group tends to restrict its political
useful. The important points to understand efforts to giving money to those who will
are' enter the political lists on their behalf.
1. The conditions which led to its In seceni; years, this group has beguri to
founding. realize that they are losing in a fight to the
2. How it operates. finish with the collectivists to retain the
3. The mechanics of "action groups." kind of system under which they have done
4. Strong points of the Birch Society. so well. Conservative and libertarian pub-
5. Vulnerabilities of the Birch Society. licaticns such as National Review and
6. Prospects of the Birch Society. Human Events have acquired followings.
7. Significance to the reader. Young Americans for Freedom and the Col-
CONDITIONS WHICH LED TO FOUNDING OF BIRCH legate Society of Individualists have been
SOCIETY organized and have shown a phenomenal
The most important question of today is growth. The National Chamber of Com-
whether nations will be organized to pro- coerce has led a drive to get businessmen
mote individual freedom and free enterprise active in politics with their do-it.-yourself
or whether they will be organized under a action course in practical politics.
state-owned and run collectivized system Another manifestation of this "awakening
with consequent reduction of the individual's of the right" has been the John Birch! So-
political and economic freedom. On one ciety. Robert Welch, former vice president
hand there are those who believe in our of a Boston candy company,. becoming aware
American system of individual liberty and of the threat to the way of life traditionally
free enterprise. On the other, there are those enjoyed in this country, is determined to
who believe in the Communist system of oppose the forces of the left by building an
complete state authority and ownership of organization which will systematically fight
economic institutions. On the other hand, to keep our system, using the same kind of
also, are those who favor a much larger role discipline, agitation-propaganda know-how,
for government and are moving in the direc- and tactics that the collectivists have been
tion of a collectivized, state-dominated so- using successfully for years.
ciety-not affiliated with the Communist HOW THE BIRCH SOCIETY OPERATES
conspiracy. Analysis of problem
Everyone is, or should by now be, fa- Robert Welch, the founder and leader of
miliar with the well-organized, purposeful, the society, sets forth in his "Blue Book"
total effort directed from Moscow and Pei- an analysis of the problem: Collectivism, or
ping to bring about world revolution. This socialism, is a contagious cancer characteris-
effort includes preparation for armed con- tic of societies which have passed their peak
flict, intelligence activities. uronaaanna_ and
S U 11 of cTti- ready badly infected, and the infection has
the Army message dated September 19, izens in every non-Communist country, spread to the United States.
1961, whose obligations or enlistments These groups are carefully manipulated, He does not differentiate between com-
expire prior to October 1, 1961, are also oriented and directed under discipline by munism and domestic collectivism or so-
extended by 1 year. trained experts in agitation and propaganda cialism, but believes they are one and the
to mobilize opinion on behalf of Commu-
2. Because of the various combinations nist objectives and in o
pP~i anti same, tC n the "liberals" in stt heee cl ps' clothoth' ing-o g-or
of service which satisfy reserve obliga- Communist activities and grrou oups.. They - "simplyCommuunist dupes.?' dup sss in r
es."
tions, individuals in doubt concerning work to infiltrate important. institutions Welch; states that the Communists' goal of
their current status should communicate such as the government, the press, the world conquest is about twro-thirds complete.
directly with the corps commander" churches, the schools, trade unions and other There is very little time left to turn back the
B. Those engaged in critical Civilian key organizations which can serve as vehi- tide.
occupations :provided they do not possess Iles for propaganda and indoctrination. According to Welch, the Communist take-
CritiCal military skills. These activities are covert. They are aimed over of the United States as planned by :four
C. Those 'whose mobilization will re- at undermining existing institutions and methods:
bringing about the replacement of free gov- 1. InfJitration, subversion and propa-
sult in extreme personal or community ernment by Communist domination.
hardship. See section II, paragraph 3b, Those who believe in a larger role for g 2. Fomenting civil column r in the United States
for definition. government, centralization of power in gov- and backing one side.
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3. Inducing the gradual surrender of U.S.
sovereignty to the United Nations while
working to get control of the United Nations
organization.
4. Completing the transition of America
from a free society to a socialist or collec-
tivist one where economic and political in-
stitutions will be close enough to* commu-
nism so that merger will be logical and easy.
Welch also maintains that Co unist
(including liberal and leftwing) influences
are today so strong even within the United
States that it is difficult, nearly impossible,
to get anti-Communist information into the
press and other media of communication.
While it is very late, Welch believes there
is still time to save the free world from
cumin nism.
Purpose of Birch Society
The purpose of the Birch Society is to
awaken the people of America to the threat
as seen by Welch and recruit as many as
possible of them as members to work to-
gether against communism. While the
principal area of action is the United States,
Welch's purpose is to expand the Birch
Society into a virile, anti-Communist move-
ment in other countries that are still free,
and possibly even behind the Iron and Bam-
boo Curtains.
Birch Society methods
Welch proposes that the society be mili-
tant and adopt the same effective tech-
niques used by Communists and others to
agitate and propagandize for their cause.
While the society has no other sanctions
available to it than expelling members,
Welch would enforce discipline within the
membership. This he considers necessary
for effective action and as a counterinstru-
ment to anticipated Communist infiltration
of the society.
Specifically, Welch lists 10 methods of op-
eration :
1. Establish reading rooms or libraries of
anti-Communist literature.
2. Promote and expand radio coverage of
conservative commentators.
3. Promote expansion of conservative and
anti-Communist publications.
4. Encourage letter writing campaigns to
newspapers, Government officials, etc., on be-
half of anti-Communist causes.
5. Form front groups to agitate and propa-
gandize for worthwhile causes. Urge Birch
members to join existing groups with com-
munity standing, try to get them to under-
stand the problem and take positions sup-
porting the various causes the Birch Soci-
ety is promoting.
6. Expose the covert activities of Commu-
nists.
7. Heckle Communists and other opposition
speakers at meetings.
8. Form speakers bureaus; endeavor to ob-
tain platforms for conservative, libertarian,
and anti-Communist speakers.
9. Form local Birch Society chapters at
home and abroad.
10. Take an active part in political cam-
paigns, both inside political parties and out.
In addition, the Birch Society publishes a
magazine entitled "American Opinion," dis-
tributes bulletins to its members and cir-
culates the "Blue Book" and the "White
Book" which explain the movement and pro-
mote its ideas.
Each chapter of the society has a leader
appointed by Welch, all of whom serve with-
out pay. The society employs regional field
men to direct activities and stimulate local
action. Welch draws no salary. Headquar-
ters is Belmont, Mass.
Mechanics of "action groups" (such as the
Birch Society, COPE, the ADA, Young
Americans for Freedom, etc.)
Those who wish to influence public policy
may write their Congressmen, they may be-
come active in their political party, they
may write letters to the editor, or contribute
articles or even start a publication of their
own. They may also organize an "action
group- ,g
Action groups work to enlist public sup-
port for one or more causes. They issue
statements, hold demonstrations or rallies,
and agitate in various ways to make them-
selves known and get their views across.
Fundamentally, they try to build a climate
of opinion favorable to their cause and un-
favorable to their opposition. They do not
worry about being controversial, assuming
that if effective, they will be attacked and
smeared in an effort to discredit them. Like-
wise, they will attempt to discredit groups
that oppose them.
They often tend to be extreme or sensa-
tional in their views. This may be neces-
sary In order to obtain support. It has been
found that an appeal to the emotions is far
more effective than some sort of reasoned,
moderate appeal. While this can be neces-
sary to rouse support, it also narrows the
number of people who may be inclined to
respond, since most people are not attracted
by extremist causes. It likewise makes the
groups vulnerable since extremism makes
most people react with caution, avoidance,
or negative feelings.
Action groups, like political campaigns,
tend to attract neurotics. A cause supplies
them with a needed emotional outlet. Such
people often work the hardest, contribute the
most money, but also make statements which
are open to ridicule and horror.
Nevertheless, action groups rank high as
a means of developing public support for
causes, and eventually making the desired
impression on public policy.
STRONG POINTS OF BIRCH SOCIETY
While it is difficult to assess the validity
of Welch's belief that communism is now
two-thirds of the way toward success in
world domination (many think less, some
think more), there is a strong, widespread,
growing feeling that we are losing the cold
war. Abroad, communism continues to ad-
vance. While its progress slowed during the
Eisenhower administration in terms of coun-
tries taken over (Tibet, South Vietnam,
Cuba), the growing discontent in South
America, the obvious success of Communist
penetration in Africa, and the deterioration
of the Lao situation, have caused grave con-
cern.
Following the anti-Communist alarms on
the domestic front from 1948 through 1954,
efforts to expose Communist activities in
the United States have fallen off, but many
suspect the Communists are active and grow-
ing in influence--simply not being .publi-
cized.
It is this feeling that we are losing-well
exploited by Kennedy in his campaign-
that provides fertile ground for formation of
a virile anti-Communist action organization.
Those genuinely disturbed by Communist
gains and successes are anxiously looking for
some vehicle through which they can work
to help win the fight. The Birch Society
has provided an organization and a program
in which they can participate and feel ef-
fective.
The discipline imposed on members, the
air of purpose, the supplying of an interpre-
tation of history, and a positive program of
activity, all are important ingredients in the
success of the society.
VULNERABILITIES
Any action group that is effective will be
attacked by those whom it opposes. This is
particularly true when that opposition is the
Communist Party. The Communists are out
to win; they will brook no opposition and
will stop at nothing. To the degree that
they have been successful In infiltrating the
community they are effective in passing the
word and getting their interpretation of
events across.
In addition, there is the hostility noted
above by the vast majority of people toward
extremist causes, whether of the political
left, or the right.
In view of these known hazards, it is wise
of action groups to couch their public ap-
peals in acceptable terms and to base them
on provable facts. To do otherwise is sim-
ply to supply opponents with ammunition.
Here are some characteristics which render
the Birch Society vulnerable:
1. Implausible statements: The suggestion
that President Eisenhower, his brother, and
John Foster and Allan Dulles are or were
Communissts or conscious workers for Com-
munist causes, even if true would not be
believed except by the most credulous. This
one piece of nonsense casts doubt on the
whole fabric.
As William Buckley of National Review ex-
presses it, "a man's subjective motives (can-
not) automatically be deduced from the ob-
jective consequences of his acts." If they
could, Stanley Baldwin and Neville Cham-
berlain would be Nazis because their policies
allowed Hitler to develop into a viable
menace.
2. Being unable to distinguish between
communism and socialism lays Welch and
the society open to severe criticism. While
we may want neither system, and while
socialism may be an entering wedge for
communism, it is incorrect and unfair to the
high and humane motives of socialists and
liberals to impute that they are conscious
members of the Communist conspiracy.
3. Pattern thinking: This is a trap into
which many anti-Communists unwittingly
fall. Because the Communists are skilled
in disguising their work, the student of
communism soon finds that he can detect
their operations only by becoming aware of
familiar patterns, then tracing back. The
experienced student of communism becomes
adept at this and is usually correct. How-
ever, the appearance of a pattern is not
enough, of itself, to prove anything. Hard
evidence is necessary. Where Welch thinks
he sees a pattern, he often considers this
sufficient evidence of itself.
As an example, one of the commonest
plays of Communists in smearing opponents
is to label them Fascists or Nazis. Experi-
enced students say that when a group is
labeled with one of these titles, 9 times
out of 10 (unless it is an overtly racist group
deserving such a label) you can trace this
labeling back to a Communist or pro-Com-
munist source. This does not mean the per-
son who said it is a Communist. Time-mag-
azine, in an article, called the "Blue Book"
Welch's "Mein Kampf"-an obvious slur de-
signed to hang the Nazi label on Welch.
The "pattern thinker" might jump to con-
clusions, whereas a careful look will simply
show that Time's thorough researchers prob-
ably picked up some of their background
from the.. Peoples World, the official West
Coast Communist Party publication. Two
other characteristics of the Time article trace
back to the same source. No one, however,
should suggest that Time, its research staff,
or librarians are Communist.
4. Faulty research: A year ago, Welch wrote
that the national chamber action course in
practical politics is slanted to encourage the
selection of leftwing candidates. He there-
fore suggested that the chamber had been
infiltrated. The reference was to the case
study for session No. 6. A check would
reveal that the author of the case study was
Blehl Clarke of Civic Affairs Associates, who-
we are in a position to assure you-is neither
Communist nor even leftwing.
5. Semantics: In any effort designed to
influence public opinion, one tries to put his
best foot forward. The trick is to hang
good labels or symbols on your cause, your
organization, and hang bad labels on the
causes you are opposed to.. Mr. Welsh made
the fundamental public relations misstep
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of "calling it spade a shovel" in describing
the Birch Society. Thus he calls It mono-
lithic. This is a bad word. Instead, he
could have said that a degree of discipline
would be necessary in the organization.
As another example, Welch is critical of
democracy as a form of government. In
terms of the technical definition of democ-
racy, the United States is not a democracy,
and many political philosophers would agree
that democracy is a poor form of govern-
ment. `But to the average person; or even
the above average person, democracy is a
good word, it plus symbol, and to be against
It is bad or a minus symbol. The same idea
could have been expressed clearly without
coming out against something people con-
sider to be good. This has made it possible
to smear the Birch Society as being undemo-
cratic-which to most people means bad.
In another case he refers to some of the 10
methods spelled out above as being mean
and dirty. In this instance, he is probably
over critical of his own intentions. The
10 methods, are more or less conventional
methods used by political organizations and
action groups. Applying these adjectives,
however, makes it possible to say that Welch
is for punching below the belt, because he
said so.
Again, Welch speaks. of infiltrating estab-
lished organizations. This sounds like Com-
munist methods and is therefore bad. Yet
if one says, "The Birch Society encourages its
members to be active in community organi-
zations and.'to speak up for what they think
is right,,, it means the same thing, but is
obviously just expressing the old American
right of free speech.
In short, by his choice of words, Mr. Welch
has often painted his own child in the
harshest possible light and has thereby given
his critics excellent ammunition.
PROSPECTS OF THE BIRCH SOCIETY
Obviously it has a market. There are
large numbers of people desirous of working
for a militant, anti-Communist, anticol-
lectivist, proindividual freedom organiza-
tion.
It is set up in terms of organization to be
effective and to command loyalty.
It has evidently received substantial back-
ing which :has not been frightened off by the
attacks on it,
In fact, the publicity it has received re-
cently--although largely negative-has re-
portedly attracted new support.
Because of fundamental errors in its
analysis of the present situation and because
of inept framing of language in the "Blue
Book," it has made itself more vulnerable
than necestary.
Because it relies on the personal leader-
ship of Robert Welch rather than strictly on
principles, its continued success is an open
question depending on the survival of Welch
and his appeal.
While the attacks on and exposure of the
society will cause some loss of support and
a large degree of disapprobation, it is open to
question whether the society has been or will
be damaged enough to cripple or destroy it.
Probably not.
Whether it has been or will be effective in
its purpose of promoting individual free-
dom and combatting collectivism, is a ques-
tion that cannot be evaluated at this time.
Even at a later date, it may be difficult to
judge because evidence in this kind of mat-
ter is difficult to gather and credit hard to
assign. Certainly the campaign against
Khrushchev's visit to the United States met
with -some success. To the extent that the
Birch Society initiated it and participated,
It did :influence public policy and opinion.
SIGNIFICANCE TO READER
tanee, is developing a climate of opinion
favorable to a cause. Organizing or par-
ticipating in an action group is one of the
most effective ways to influence the political
climate.
Since action groups are generally attacked
by their opposition to discredit them, those
who may endanger their livelihood or com-
munity status by being identified with con-
troversial organizations often allow them-
selves to be neutralized. This is part of the
game. As Harry Truman once said about
politics, "If you don't like the heat, stay out
of the kitchen."
The-reader should never be taken in, how-
ever, by reports in the press, radio, TV, etc.,
that put an action group in a bad light. At
the most charitable, it must be considered
that writers in the press are always working
against deadlines and seldom have time to
do thorough research; to sell their publica-
tion they must continually report conflict
and stir emotions-attacking an individual
or an organization is much easier and more
interesting than presenting an objective,
carefully documented report; in addition to
the existence of writers with political con-
victions who slant their material, a large
number of writers-like most Americans-
are just naturally suspicious of militant or-
ganizations. In the case of the Birch So-
ciety, even reliable sources have printed as
facts things which were not true at all.
When evaluating the Birch Society, or any
other group, it is essential to get back to the
hard facts. Get them from reliable sources.
Check them. If you don't have time to do
this, suspend judgment; don't be a conclu-
sion jumper.
(NOTE.-One of the things that Civic Af-
fairs Service is organized to do is answer
questions of this type on organizations and
movements. To the best of our ability, we
will supply factual, documented answers in
reply to your queries.)
Action groups are an effective device to
mobilize opinion. They need not be as con-
troversial as the Birch Society. They may
be formed to promote just about any cause,
on. a local, State, or national level, Their
methods are effective. Readers of Civic Af-
fairs Monthly, wishing to influence public
opinion or policy on given matters, will want
to consider the use of such groups. The
purpose of this article is to show how such
groups can work, what methods they use,
and some of the pitfalls to be avoided.
Nuclear Bombs: Their Effects and What
Can Be Done About Them
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JAMES A. BURKE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, September 25, 1961
Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, my office received a pamphlet
today on the subject of "Nuclear Bombs:
Their Effects and What Can Be Done
to meet the challenge of any potential
enemy in a courageous way. They will
not be loullied or bluffed and they simply
want to know what is the best way to
meet any possible attack. I believe that
Congressman 'BATES has made a great,
contribution by having this article
printed. I feel it should be brought to
the attention of the Members of Con-
gress. Of course, all of us hope and pray
that the clay will nevercome when fall-
out shelters will be placed in use. We
all hope that answers to the problems
that might lead to a catastrophic war
will be resolved and a solution for
world peace will be realized iii our
time. President John F. Kennedy has
broadened the program for civil defense.
Local officials are enlarging their pro-
grams and I- feel the apathy which has
been so evident in the past is beginning
to lessen. We do not want to alarm
the American peoplg: but precautionary
steps must be taken for the protection of
our citizens. I include Congressman
BATES' article.
NUCLEAR BOMBS: THEIR EFFECTS AND WHAT
CAN BE DONE ABOUT THEM
(By Congressman WILI,;[AM H. BATES, Repub-
lican of Massachusetts, member of Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy)
The recent resumption of Soviet nuclear
tests and the general concern about a ther-
monuclear war has developed great Interest
in questions of nuclear bombs and resulting
fallout. The following questions and an-
swers give an insight into some of these
problems.
Why are we interested in fallout shelters?
Fallout in an atomic war as well as blast,
heat, and initial radiation from the bomb -
could kill millions of people. Fallout shea-
ters could save the lives of about 45 million
people in the e'vent there was an atomic at-
tack on the United States. Any kind of ma-
terial between you and the fallout--as well
as distance-will cut down on the radiation
reaching you. Specially designed shelters,
called fallout shelters, are very effective in
providing protection against atomic bomb at-
tack. -
In our joint conunAtee hearings it was
brought out that civil defense preparedness
could reduce the fatalities In an assumed at-
tack: on the United States from about 25 per-
cent, of the population to about 3 percent.
It was also brought out that more than 96
million people in the United States do not
live in or near likely target areas and there-
fore not in the likely area of direct or near
direct hits of atomic bombs. The people not
in the area of direct hits could be expected
to survive by using adequately sppplied fall-
out shelters. .
Dr. Edward Teller, father of the H-bomb
was recently quoted as stating that 9 out of
10 persons in the United States could be
saved by using adequate fallout shelters.
What is fallout?
It is the radioactive debris from a nuclear
bomb which has been airborne and deposited
on the earth. This debris could be in the
form of solids such as dust which could be
seen or individual atoms which could not be
About Them." This information has. seen. It could fall in dry form or it could
been compiled and written in plain be brought to earth by rain or snow. The in-
language which can be easily understood visible rays, called radiation, given off by the
by the average layman. The Honorable fallout material causes injury to the body
WILLIAM H. BATES, of Massachusetts, a and if a large amount of such radiation is
member of the Joint Committee on received it causes death.
Atomic Energy, is the author. My office - Local or close-in fallout occurs almost
has been beseiged with :requests for fn- immediately and continues for 10 to 20
hours after detonation. This is the most
formation concerning fallout and its dangerous fallout. Intermediate fallout
effects and what can be done to protect (which comes from the troposphere up to a
the public in the event of a nuclear at- height of approximately 50,000 feet) takes
tack. The American people are ready place during the first few weeks after the
While participating directly in a political
party organization is perhaps the most ef-
fective way of influencing public policy, on
a par, or at least 'not far behind in Impor-
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SIOn1 J
anuari Z6
'r,u -- n, Wvr uepenus me sur- We In Syracuse are justifiably proud of
vival of every noblest and highest value we the outstanding role played by General
possess-our very lives, our families, our
homes, our associations and institutions- Electric Co. in our space program, just as
yes, our very civilization itself. we are proud of GE's overall contribu-
Fortunately, our university has taught us tion to our national security.
that unless man is free to worship God, I am including at this point an article
he has no freedom whatsoever. which appeared in the Syracuse Post-
She has taught us respect for the virtue Standard on January 23, outlining in
of patriotism. She has shown us the pano- greater detail General Electric's contri-
rama of history. She has taught us to see bution to Colonel Glenn's upcoming
those shining figures whose courage in the
darkest, hopeless moment turned disaster flight.
into victory and reaffirmed the fact that man When Marine Lt. Col. John H. Glenn goes
is neither the creature nor the slave of blind into orbital flight this week, a Syracuse in-
chance. dustry will play a vital role in launching the
This awareness of history makes us real- astronaut into outer space.
ize that our courageous President, John F. The General Electric Co. has developed a
Kennedy, is confronted with decisions of im- radio command guidance system for the
portance-with problems, the resolution of Mercury-Atlas rocket which will carry Glenn
which might well decide the fate of freedom into the hoped-for three-orbital flight.
for centuries to come. He is meeting these This radio guidance system performs two
issues with valor and intelligence. Presi- functions, GE officials say, that of "guidance
dent Kennedy, as all of us, must face the and supplying data to the National Air and
grave problems of our times by applying Space Agency to assist in orbit determina-
those very principles of integrity and right Lions."
reason which has been U.S.F.'s priceless gift The Mercury-Atlas will be guided by radio
to its students. commands of the system and will transmit a
From the humble beginnings, the painful signal to cut off its rocket engines when the
struggles of earlier years, the university has precise conditions required to insert the craft
now to face her second century calm and into orbit are achieved.
assured. A citadel of strength-moral and Technicians at General Electric say that
intellectual strength-in a world unsure, in this three-orbital Mercury flight, a small
timid, doubtful of its own convictions or its addition in the velocity could send the
will to defend them. spacecraft into a larger orbit. To put the
God was good-to you and to me-when spacecraft into an earth-orbit, a velocity in
He led us to the doors of the University of excess of 17,400 miles per hour is required.
San Francisco. We owe to her every support The Mercury spacecraft is scheduled to go
to make her second century even stronger into orbit near Bermuda, at an altitude of
in this troubled and confused world. about 100 miles.
It is my prayer that God continue to bless And here is where GE's radio guidance
us-so that we may put to use what we i} system comes into effect.
learned here-to His greater glory--to the Three small black boxes or beacons, two
greater glory of America-and to the greater ,of which are similar to two-way radios, will
glory of a civilized, humane, free society. be attached to the rocket.
The Mercury-Atlas vehicle will then be au-
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD
Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, In the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD of January 25, page
837, third column, fourth paragraph,
lines 5 and 6, appears the quotation "Cit-
izens Committee for Communist Liber-
ties." This should read "Citizens Com-
mittee for Constitutional Liberties."
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Speaker,
that the permanent RECORD be corrected
accordingly. .
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Washington?
There was no objection.
GENERAL ELECTRIC IN SYRACUSE
PLAYS VITAL ROLE IN GLENN'S
SPACE TRIP
(Mr. RIEHLMAN (at the request of
Mr. CONTE) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD.)
Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speaker, with-
out a doubt almost every pair of eyes in
the Nation will be focused on Cape Ca-
naveral this coming Saturday when Ma-
rine Lt. Col. John Glenn makes his
earth-orbiting space flight. And for
every pair of eyes thus focused there will
be a heart riding along with Colonel
Glenn in that space capsule.
We are all tremendously proud of our
astronauts and of the thousands of peo-
ple whose devoted efforts have gone into
making this shot possible.
tomatically tracked by radar on the ground
which will follow signals from these black
boxes, or beacons, on the spacecraft. The
radar determines range and position.
The radio guidance system also has a rate
subsystem which automatically will deter-
mine the velocity and acceleration of the
Mercury-Atlas.
According to a G.E. report, this will be
done by three rate antennas which will re-
ceive signals from guidance equipment
aboard the Atlas launch vehicle.
SPLIT-SECOND REPORT
The guidance system, in turn, will take the
information it receives on position and rate
and process it through a computer on the
ground to derive corrections in the flight
path of the spacecraft. These corrections will
be sent as commands to the Mercury-Atlas
by the guidance system.
The entire process, G.E. spokesmen say,
takes but a fraction of a second.
When conditions are right and the proper
velocity and angle of flight are achieved to
put the Mercury-Atlas into a precise orbit,
the guidance system will signal the Atlas to
turn off its engines.
WILL ENTER ORBIT
At this point, the spacecraft will separate
from the Atlas vehicle and enter its pro-
scribed orbit in free flight.
Glenn's spacecraft will be tracked by I8
Mercury network stations around the world
which will instantaneously relay communi-
cations back to the Mercury Control Center
at Cape Canaveral.
Retrorockets will be fired to slow down
the Mercury spacecraft as it approaches the
west coast of North America and begin to
start reentry.
Following there orbits, the spaceraft would
begin to enter the atmosphere over southern
Florida and land in a predesignated area
1,000 miles southeast of Cape Canaveral.
DATA FROM G.E. SYSTEM
"Trajectory computations will be made by
a computer at the Space Computing Center,
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Wash-
ington, D.C. G.E.'s radio guidance system
also supplies data which assists in these
orbital computations," the company's spokes-
man said.
The Defense Systems Department of Syra-
cuse's General Electric Co. has been respon-
sible, under Air Force contracts, for the de-
sign, development, production, installation,
tests and checkout of radio command guid-
ance systems at Cape Canaveral and various
missile bases throughout the country.
NAME KEY PERSONS
Key persons who have made significant
technical contributions to the program in-
clude Richard L. Shetler, general manager of
the department; J. K. Records, manager of
instrumentation and guidance product sec-
tion; Dr. Lewis J. Neelands, consultant in
the D.S.D. responsible for the technical di-
rection of the radio guidance program; and
R. P. Sutter, manager of products service for
D.S.D. which is responsible for all radio guid-
ance facilities at missile bases.
Others include W.T. Chapin, L. M. Barker,
R. S. Grisetti, who is manager of advanced
engineering, C. R. Woods and E. B. Mullen.
FOREIGN-BORN AMERICANS
(Mr. MASON asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, as a nat-
uralized American, born In the old coun-
try, I want to subscribe 1,000 percent to
the remarks made by the gentleman
from Pennsylvania [Mr. WALTER] in the
House today.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE INVESTI-
GATION OF PRIME LOAN RATES
PART OF LONG-TERM INTEREST
BY THE ANTITRUST DIVISION IN
PRESERVATION OF COMPETITION
IN BANKING AND PREVENTION OF
UNDUE CONCENTRATION IN THE
BANKING INDUSTRY
The SPEAKER, Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Texas
[Mr. PATMAN] is recognized for 15
minutes.
(Mr. PATMAN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. PATMAN. My Speaker, consid-
erable attention has been called to the
recent activities of the Antitrust Divi-
sion in the field of banking. Since the
Kennedy administration took office a
years ago, there have been a number of
actions brought by the Division chal-
lenging bank mergers. More recently,
there has been activity directed against
price fixing in the banking business.
We have heard criticism from Comp-
troller of the Currency James J. Saxon
about the Department's activity in this
field. However, there can be no doubt
but that the Antitrust Division has clear
jurisdiction in the field of banking to
challenge violations of either the Sher-
man or the Clayton Antitrust Acts.
Moreover, while there was a long period
of time during the 1950's when few
antitrust cases were filed against banks,
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -
# I - Look back to the modest beginnings on sides of the political fence. We had some If the climate is to be improved, if we are
Market Street. You would see, even then, pretty good go-arounds between the two of to find our way safely through his maze of
young men learning to defend the truth us. But our differences were honest differ- falsehood, truth must lead the way.
that the state is the servant, not the master, ences in policy, and they were based on who There are bear heavy reerme n among oru s fton in fight
of its citizens. You. would see young minds honest facts.
being trained in the magnificent art of The John Birchers become more than des- and passing on the truth. They must not to seek logic, ultimate weapon against brain- bof that that great hysterical
American, attacks Warren. the facts, butrthein their y must beopainstak ngo
w in
warning. alty
And now, the University of San Francisco By this tactic, the Birchers become a danger their skill with words so that facts are re-accuratel has embarked on her second century, with as great as those who spread the false gospel ported ec sely a ede among us, and their re-axe a firm program to expand its contributions of communism. to b to a world which sorely needs men who seek Among the frightening phenomena of our sp nsibil ty isxnd anueager d iosityfindamon ia tng
truth and abhor falsity. day are the self-styled minutemen-will- young
Probably never before in the history of the eyed characters who are already busy re- truth.
world, or in the history of our country, has cruiting their private army. We hear re- Recently Father Richard Vachon, assistant
it been more difficult to winnow out the ports of mock skirmishes-training, they professor of law at U.S.F., wrote in an east-
facts to find the truth. The professional dis- claim, for the defense of their liberties. ern law journal about the role cf an attorney. udiciary torter of fact and truth runs rampant na- These superpatriots, by their own admix- FI feel ather it ar-plies to" the jthe sober realities ell.
tionally and internationally. Sion are In violation of the Constitution chon said, Amid
And never has it been more important that which refuses private armies even to in- of the age it is ever more clear that the
lawyer must resume his leadership not
the truth found. and recognized truth. dividual see of the United States, merely this gthe lawyer or judge from
busily and all too successfully distorting those who are fighting to end the curse of ust goal, over zealous in his dg fro ed
America's aims _and our deep and honest racial discrimination-that great blight in U.S.F. .S.F. of the truth.
hope for peace. Never before in mankind's the attainment of our cherished democratic pursuit
Thos of us t public life have tobliga-
any and occasionally glorious history has ideals. This is our supreme domestic chal- tion o get the fand find the the truth in
nation so willingly picked up the trou- lenge-to create a society of genuinely equal public iget the facts a this a nd;e of the ava-
ously bles of far-off people-and given so gener- opportunity for all Americans regardless of public s sand this and mechanics a-
ously for wholly humanitarian reasons, as race, religion, or nationality, in employment, lanche --
fo which we are and mech day of
has the United States. in housing, in education-in every aspect of pressure
out.
And yet within our own, country, the community life, and But day it it, out. enough that journalists,
extremes os right and left are ar clouding the All of this seems to bad enough. But
teachers, lawyers, and legislators carry the
sales-
truth, obscuring facts, and carrying carrying banners when we look at the extreme lef see fi ht. We need engineers, and the car sales-
of falsehood as if they were something equally diligent efforts to divide and d sap ap our man and the scientist who looks into the
of which to be proud. Deliberate distortions national Strength. need the mechanic; the
are placed on pedestals formerly reserved for All of us here tonight recall, I am sure, microscope. the We need the an; the c; the house honest appraisal. the call resounded in late 1945 and 1946 wife; the bw>i the longs andem
every segment
policy all know that intelligent national throughout the United States ates to "bring our wife; h eic;ty.
olic cannot be set without an understand- boys home"; to drastically reduce our Armed Fortunately, we of U.S.F. were trained to
ins of the problems. Forces for tax savings. This movement was h, to judge. We were trained to
inch, to and p We were trained
per
-
cal m
No doctor can prescribe without diagnosis. capitalized on by leftists to reduce our posi- distinguish,
to lawyer can build his case without careful tion of preparedness-this in a world still shun Intellect of the left or right. ance-wh
preparation. No legislator or administrator unsettled, a world critically ill? in this room ladies and
can adopt a policy without study and re- We in the United States heeded this siren LoeLook ok about US you .F., and the different
search for the basic facts. call. Did the Soviet Union? No, she re- g see
What I find alarming today, however, is tained her armament posture and continued generations which bear witness to the con-
the blithe refusal to start from the fasts and sistency which which our alma mater has
from that time to develop her strength. transmitted the religious and political tradi-
proceed to policy. Too many persons to- It goes without saying that we all seek tions of the Western World.
day-both on the far right and far left- a just and lasting peace-however, in pur- We learned. from her that all men's insti-
I leapolitiral, legal, social, economic--
start from lies and proceed to hysteria. suit of this goal we should not allow our-
I do not argue with different opinions. I selves to fall prey to what can well be a from moral and social, economic--
welcome the give and take of honestly op- leftist trap which would result in unilateral spring nonce nature and spiritual c. about posed political views. I have long observed disarmament of the United States alone. Thus it 's aa ur that his destiny.
wthe
in Congress that our best laws are usually Our long held and firm desire to achieve world we know lie t under such when heavy a the result of good, healthy fights between world disarmament must continue to a basic burden of know s doubt Bros the future,
sincere political opposites. policy goal of the United States; however, doubt about its capacity to resist what it
I do know that we will survive as a nation we must not be unwittingly pushed into this most opposes, doubt about its staying power
only so long as we know the truth and live new siren call to unilaterally disarm. If we and its will to defend its deepest convic-
and teach and legislate in its light. Distor- succumb once again to this cry, we allow tions-all of the past of this university comes
tion and lies deserve no place in America's the subversive left at home to capitalize on to focus.
arsenal against Communist lies and distor- the basic fear in the heart of every Ameri- The darkness of doubt or despair may
tions. can parent-fear for the lives and futures trouble some.
How close this comes to home when we of their children. This is a fear shared equal- It does not trouble us. For we know. We
consider recent attacks on a great former ly by our President and Mrs. Kennedy for know in cur minds and our hearts and our
Governor of California. We hear a new their children, I am sure. souls precisely what the nature of this crisis
radical group of the far right screaming Recently I have been confronted by per- is. We know what is at stake.
stories of his disloyalty, of all things, and sons who expressed the thought that they For the conflict between the free world
demanding his impeachment from the Su- would rather be Red than dead. and the ala.vc; world runs far beyond the
preme Court. This philosophy is abhorrent-it is found- merely political, or social or economic organ-
As a member of the Appropriations Com- ed in fear and lack of faith and is complete ization of human society. It runs beyond
mittee, I receive mail from many Americans surrender. Where does this idea come from? the freedom and the rights of the human
in a variety of States. In my files I have It's another weapon in the leftists arsenal person.
more than 4,000 letters demanding that of psychological warfare to break down con- it is not simply a contest for the minds
Chief Justice Earl Warren be impeached. fidence, create fear, and eventually destroy of men.
However, not a single letter has made one our freedoms. It is the supreme struggle for their very
charge or accusation of misfeasance or mal- We have seen in a few situations attempts souls.
feasance in office or any charge that the of deeply indoctrinated leftists to maneuver The enemy moves in with brainwashing,
Chief Justice has violated his oath of office. labor-management crises into chaos with a with deceit, with the most plausible band-
They are nothing more or less than epistles cynical disregard for the moral obligations ishments followed abruptly by the tactics
of hate and expressions of hysteria from involved and the existing machinery by of terror.
people who do not seek the facts or the which valid issues can be negotiated. He aims his efforts at making us doubt
truth. In this connection I find it signifi- It is equally true that to the right we And two things. Do we have the capacity to
cant that over 95 percent of these letters enemies of labor seeking to break the efforts resist? Is what we defend worth defend-
have come from California. This 95 per- of workingmen to unite for their legitimate ing?
cent has come from an area about 500 miles interests. For example, there are still those ask himself these ques-
mind
epistles of San Pranciso. Thank God these who will let a crippling strike drag on in Each tions in man the must deepest recesses of his
epistles of hate have not come from this order to destroy an honest union. and soul.
area where U,S.F. is located and the educa- This then, Is the climate in which we And For we cannot escape answering.
tors at U.S.F. have labored these many years. ourselves, with the light of truth too often
Now let me tell you that during his politi- hidden behind clouds of irresponsibility and Do what we will, try as we will, we cannot
cal life, Earl Warren and I were on opposite storms of hate, malice and fear. evade or avoid an answer..
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 875
drastically changed by Government
censors from the speeches of Gen. Arthur
G. Trudeau, Chief of Army Research and
Development. These paragraphs are not
classified and appeared in the New York
Times of January 25.
I have engaged in this exercise to
show the foolishness of what passes for
Government censorship of our top mil-
itary experts, and to underscore the im-
portant message that former President
Eisenhower sent to the Senate Armed
Services Subcommittee. As General
Eisenhower has written, "Those of us
who over the years have had to deal
directly with the Communist leaders and
system believe-unanimously, I think-
that the more our people can be brought
to comprehend the . all-encompassing
nature of the threat, the stronger will
be our determination tg preserve free-
dom at home, and the greater will be
our national willingness to sacrifice to
advance freedom throughout the world."
I deeply regret the remarks of Presi-
dent Kennedy at his press conference-
January 24-in defense of party-line
expressions being dictated to our top-
most military officials. The contrary
opinion of General Eisenhower has my
wholehearted support. I feel President
Kennedy has been ill advised on this
subject.
CORRECTION OF RECORD
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, on Thurs-
day, January 25, as shown on page 863 of
the RECORD, in the last sentence of re-
marks by me at that point, occurs the
word "neutralize." This is an error.
The word actually was "revitalize."
I ask unanimous consent that the REC-
ORD be corrected accordingly.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Wis-
consin?
There was no objection.
MIRACLE OF MOUNT ELBERT
(Mr. ASPINALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, the
American public is well known for its
generosity in donating to a multitude of
deserving causes almost every day of the
year. Every once in awhile, one of these
projects stands out from the other
worthy causes because it catches the
imagination and pulls at the heart-
strings of America. One such fund-
raising project is now underway, prompt-
ed by the recent and tragic snow ava-
lanche in my district in the State of Col-
orado. The project, sponsored by the
radio station, KBRR, the newspaper,
the Herald Democrat, and the American
Legion Post No. 7 in the community of
Leadville, Colo., is called: The Miracle
of Mount Elbert. As my colleagues may
know, on Sunday, January 21, 1962, a
snow avalanche swept down from Mount
Elbert crushing a number of cabins and
resulting in the death of seven persons.
A man and his wife survived under all
that snow and, though injured, were sub-
sequently rescued. Their two sons and
another family of five, perished. Also
dug out from under the snow was a
dog that, shortly after rescue, gave birth
to seven puppies. Those seven puppies
are being auctioned to the highest bid-
ders on a nationwide scale with all
monies going toward paying expenses
and establishing a welfare fund for the
two survivors. The victims cannot be
restored to life, but perhaps this project
can, in some measure, supply hope and
courage for the saddened parents. I
commend this project to the attention of
my colleagues and Americans every-
where.
ELMER B. STEVENS, RESIDENT
ENGINEER, THATCHER FERRY
BRIDGE PROJECT
(Mr. THOMPSON of Texas asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks, and include an article. )
Mr. THOMPSON of Texas. Mr.
Speaker, in the October 6, 1961, issue of
the Panama Canal Review, the official
magazine published in Balboa Heights,
C.Z., by the Panama Canal Company,
there appears a very informative and
interesting article concerning Elmer B.
Stevens, the efficient engineer acting for
and on behalf of the Panama Canal
Company in the construction of the
Thatcher Ferry Bridge across the Pan-
ama Canal at Balboa.
The name bestowed by Congress on
this great inter-American bridge enter-
prise honors former Congressman Mau-
rice H. Thatcher, only surviving member
of the Isthmian Canal Commission, and
former Member of this body; and also in
historic perpetuation of the name of the
Thatcher Ferry across the canal, which
will be supplanted by the bridge when
completed.
The bridge is being constructed to
carry out agreements between our Gov-
ernment and that of Panama, made in
recent years. The entire Thatcher Ferry
Bridge project, with the approaches in-
volved, will be constructed at an esti-
mated cost of $20 million.
Representative Thatcher, while serv-
ing in the Congress, was the author of
legislation which provided for the estab-
lishment of the indicated ferry and con-
necting west side zone roadway-the
-ferry and roadway being officially named
in his honor because of his half century
of service in and out of Congress, and
formerly as Commissioner and Civil
Governor of the Canal Zone, in behalf
of the Panama Canal enterprise and the
entire Isthmus of Panama.
The carriageway of the bridge will
be considerably over 300 feet above the
mean sea level of the canal at the Pacific
entrance of the canal, thus providing
ample clearance for all vessels which
may utilize the canal.
The bridge will constitute a most im-
portant link in the Inter-American High-
way system and will serve, through the
indefinite future, the transportation
needs of both the Canal Zone and the Re-
public of Panama, as well as the inter-
American traffic system.
As shown in the article, Engineer
Stevens is a man of distinguished engi-
neering ability, and the fact that he was
chosen for the important job of seeing
to it that the bridge and its approaches
are constructed in strict accordance with
the plans therefor, testifies to his un-
doubted capacity and character.
The work of the bridge enterprise,
after some delay, is expected to be fully
completed by next fall, and the bridge
thereupon, free of all tolls, open for
traffic.
Under leave accorded, the indicated
article is included herewith as a part of
these remarks:
From the Panama Canal Review, Oct. 6,
19611
ELMER B. STEVENS: BRIDGEMAN FOR CANAL
Watchdog for the Panama Canal Com-
pany on the $20 milion Thatcher Ferry
Bridge project at Balboa is Elmer B. Stevens,
a quiet, self-effacing civil engineer who
joined the Panama Canal organization in
1936 and who probably has had more bridge
experience than any other man in the Engi-
neering and Construction Bureau.
From the time he was graduated from the
University of Vermont with a civil engineer-
ing degree until he joined the bridge project,
Mr. Stevens has spent a good part of his
working time designing and building bridges.
Because of his early association with the
Canal office engineers, there have been times,
however; when he says people have regarded
him as a housing engineer and, therefore, a
suspicious character.
Elmer, or "Steve," as he is known to his
many friends and coworkers, was appointed
in 1959 to the position of resident engineer
for the bridge project and in this capacity is
responsible for carrying out the designer's
concept of the project to its physical com-
pletion. He reports to Col. Matthew C. Har-
rison, the Canal's engineering and construc-
tion director and contracting officer.
Riding herd on the activites of the various
contracting firms which have been employed
on the construction of the bridge and its
approaches as well as acting as liaison man
between the Canal authorities and the men
building one of the largest bridges south
of the Rio Grande is only part of Steve's
job.
Steve has found that he also must be pre-
pared to deal diplomaticAlly with visitors
and others seeking information and, in the
process, convince the public that construc-
tion problems are not as bad as some lay-
men are inclined to think.
He points out that cofferdams are, after
all, only construction accessories and not
part of the final product. He also notes that
even though the bridge substructure is be-
ing completed about 5 months behind sched-
ule this has not delayed the final comple-
tion schedule of the Thatcher Ferry Bridge.
With one phase of the bridge work reach-
ing a successful conclusion, Steve is prone
to recall some of the lighter moments of the
past 2 years. There was the time that a
load of'concrete grout pelted-but did not
injure-a group of Balboa Heights engineers
who were inspecting the bottom of a coffer-
dam. And the time a barge was sunk by
an endless stream of wet concrete despite
desperate efforts of contractor's employees
to close the gate of the concrete mixing
plant's loading hopper.
Recently, Steve has been sharing the suc-
cesses and defeats of substructure construc-
tion with Walter Cathey, project manager
for the joint contracting firms of Fruin-
Colnon, LeBoeuf & Dougherty. Mr. Cathey,
a retired construction man working as a con-
sultant, was called to the bridge job about
a year ago by the contracting firm and gets
along with Steve just fine. Mr. Cathey, says
Steve, is one of the finest rigging men in
the construction business, and that is high
praise in anyone's engineering language.
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8.76 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 26
As proof of Mr. Cathey's ability as an ex- in October, the end of the bridge construe- It would be easy to make a long list of
pert on bridge substructure construction, tion in late 1962 was insight. reasons why each of us is indebted to the
Steve cites the fact that five difficult coffer- Also in sight was the end of Elmer B. Ste- University of San. Francisco.
dams have been completed without mishap vens' career with the canal enterprise. The ; We all know that the great educators have
or delay since Mr. Cathey arrived. job as resident engineer for the bridge proj- written shelves full of books on the proper
In contrast to many construction men, ect probably will be the last he will hold role of a university. Personally I feel that
Steve seems shy and soft spoken. But when with the organization. Steve hopes to re- most of the best of them were writing about
visitors or coworkers get out of line or tend tire sometime in 1963 and after that may what I have seen the University of San Fran-
to become obstreperous, they quickly find spend some time gossiping with Indians fr Cisco stand for and do over a period of many
that Steve is made of sterner stuff and is the upper Bayano region of the Darien ith years.
well able to hold up his end of the argu- who he has teen on go97 terms for a The faculty of my day-:Fathers Flynn,
ment. yea having ode a a ber o 0 Buckley, Carroll, Feeley, Corkery, Kava-
This ability probably was inherited fro th re o sit wit t a so h es Dough, Malone, White, Moots, and the two
his father, shard-working, devoted Baptist ue his ngi ee career, alth ugh Fathers Whelan; Bill Breen, Bill Sweigart,
minister who had a pastorate in DeLand, ew t es r uous schedule. Harold Caulfield, Charlie Knight, and Joe
Fla., where Steve was horn, and who s Farry (the rule in Shelley's case) and the
sequently took his family to Sioux ity - late Jim Harrington and Ben McKinley-
Iowa, and later Vermont. E JOHN BIRCH. SOCIETY AND THE Ed Keil (the first time I heard "Harvard" pro-
Steve went to high school in Siou Y, MINUTEMEN nounced "Hato-vahd"). In the last 2 years I
but received hisdegree in civil engineering have become very accustomed to this pro-
from the University of Vermont. lie was (Mr. COHELAN asked and was given nunciation, in fact, catch myself using it.
married in 1923 to a girl from Grafton, Vt. I permission to extend his remarks at this The faculty of U.S.F. In my day made it
The following year he took his first job with point in the RECORD and include a speech clear-and the faculty today still makes it,
the Fort Pitt Bridge Works of Pittsburg, Pa., by Mr. SHELLEY.) clear-that education is a tool, or possibly
making shop drawings and layout on a $5 Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, I would a divining rod, to be used in a lifelong
million bridge being built across the Me- like to bring our colleagues attention to search.
nongahela River. And who we are looking for is what a re-
This was only the beginning of many years an excellent address, delivered by my porter would call the facts, what a lawyer
of work connected with bridge building. good friend, the distinguished Congress- would call the evidence and what a philos-
For 2 years he was with the bridge depart- man from San Francisco, Calif., JACK opher would call the truth.
ment of the New York Central Railroad in SHELLEY, at the 81st annual alumni ban- To my mind, this is the role of a university.
Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked on the quet of the University of San Francisco. In teaching the facts, the technique, and the
design of several railroad bridges. He then In the course of his remarks Congress- procedures by which professional and non-
spent 5 years with the Cincinnati Union man SHELLEY alerts Americans to the professional men. and women earn their live-
lihoods, a university must instill a kind of
Terminal Co. as one of the principal bridge dangers posed to our country by extreme disciplined thinking.
designers of a $43 million proj1ct to bring
seven railroads into a new high-level terminal rightest groups such as the John Birch It is this discipline that enables the etu-
area. A half-mile-long conveyor bridge Society and the Minutemen, as well as dent, years later., when his hair has thinned
from Baton Rouge to the Mississippi River the threat of infiltration by international and turneCk gray, to continue to scrutinize,
and a long-span $6 million highway viaduct communism. to judge carefully, and to evaluate accu-
for the city of Cincinnati were two other In particular, Mr. Speaker, I would rately.
projects with which he was associated before like to note Congressman SHELLEY'S Whenever I find myself confronted with a
the Canal. complicated or confused problem, em, I make a
joining statement that extreme rightest mem- serious effort to apply what I learned while
His first job in the Canal Zone was with bers become "more despicable by their at U.S.F.: to return to the fundamentals in-
the former office engineers, but much of his
time was spent on bridge work and civil engi- hysterical attacks on the loyalty of that volved in the facts of tproblem. As a
movement. I was
neering. For 5 years he was in direct charge great American, Chief Ju tice Earl War- young man in the labor the
of both the design and inspection of war- ren." They, Congressman SHELLEY often told by Michael Casey, the real founder
time projects totaling $40 million. . points out, like the elements on the radi- of the San Francisco labor movement, "Jack,
Except for a short break in his service in Cal left, try to hide truth behind clouds my boy, when ble sledding becomes rough,
1945, Steve has been with the canal organi- reduce the problem to fundamentals, and
of irresponsibility and a storm of hate you will find the right answer."
zation for the past quarter century. For 9 and mal,ice. This adv;ce, in itself, was a:n application of
years, prior to his appointment as resident Mr. Speaker, I believe that Congress- what the
engineer for the bridge project, he was chief good fathers tried to teach us,
of the structural branch. During this pe- man SHELLEY'S observations call for seri- and are trying to teach today.
riod, he spent at least 3 years on the design, our reflection on our part, and I com- This discipline that a great university in-
inspection, and studies of both existing and mend them to our colleagues' attention: stills-a university such as the University of
proposed bridges. He designed the Gatun How do I say it? How can I express the San Francisco-is directed toward making it
locks swing bridge and made the cost esti- honor I feel to be here-to be selected to ad- possible for the graduate to more easily .rec-
mate for the bridge at Balboa, on which the dress all of you tonight? I am deeply melved, ognize falsehood; to more readily find the
appropriation was based. With most of the and tremendously happy to be home again truth.
work under contract, that original estimate at the University of San Francisco. This has been the function of the univer-
still holds. It's always a great night when the grand sity we saute tonight since 1855, when four
Although the Gatun locks bridge was con- guys who were lucky enough to attend the Italian-born Jesuit Fathers opened the doors
siderably smaller than many of the bridge University of San Francisco get together. to St. Ignatius College downtown on Market
contracts with which he has been associ- There are always a million stories, a lot Street.
ated, Steve is justifiably proud of this part of them :mine, all starting: "Do you remem- Sure, th,,y were Italian-born Jesuits---the
of his bridge career because of the special her the time when * * * " Irish didn't have a corner on the Jesuit or-
engineering difficulties which it entailed. The snapshots come out of the wallets and der in those days.
He also is proud of a letter he received we get a look at the kids that were born, That wa; more than a century ago. And
from Col. Craig Smyser, former engineering the cars that were bought, and the fish that for all that time the Jesuit Fathers in San
and construction bureau director, who stated were caught since we last got together. Francisco have worked tirelessly to prepare
his sincere appreciation for Steve's, "fine And I don't want to take the spotlight young San l.Franciscans, young Americans, for
engineering analysis and detailed design." away from all the new kids and grand- their adult roles, in a world rocked by titanic
Colonel Smyser expressed what is probably children and exaggerated fish stories. Truly, forces: America's bloody Civil War; the birth
the lament of all civil engineers when he I could reminisce for hours about the old of Marxism; World War I; the start and col-
said that he was sure Steve had long since days-some of the old football stories-par- lapse of the League of Natiora; the great de-
sadly realized-that the engineer or architect titularly? when I see so many of my old pression; the scourge of fascism and nazism;
is generally forgotten in hailing the accom- teammates and classmates here tonight. the horrors of World War II; the founding of
plishments of the builder, "No one knows," But just for these-few minutes, let's re- the United Nations; and the challenge from
he said, "the undoubtedly poor. civil engi- member, really, why we're here tonight. communism.
neer who worked out the details for Xerxes' We're here to salute the great institution With these as the background of her first
Bridge across the Hellespont and Colonel from which we got our starts-the University - century, the University of San Francisco has
Goethals is honored more for the completion of San Francisco. continued to contribute men of character
of the Panama, Canal than the design." And don't worry. I'm not going to make and devotion to the public service, the
This month the last of the six water piers a lecture out of this. What I want to do- learned professions, and the arts. Her sons
of the Thatcher Ferry Bridge was nearing just as simply as I can-is to express my own have been trained to give leadership and bal-
completion and the substructure work was thanks, the thanks of one member of the law ance to every community in which they
coming to an end. Superstructure work was class of- 1932, to the university that I love, work and live. After the training, the rest
on schedule, and, except for contracts for the with a sincere hope-a knowledge, that I is up to each man individually as to what
approach paving which ate due to be awarded speak for all of you, too. he makes of it.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 15
appearing before congressional commit- cause of labor to the peanut crop. This given me to spend a few hours in Boston
tees, representing consumers before the mighty spending force is, of course, simply and to speak before your group today.
regulatory agencies, recommending leg- the consumer himself, multiplied millions of Almost every schoolboy learns the old
islation to the President, commenting times. phase, "One if by land, and two if by sea."
on legislative proposals referred to the Political historians have noted that the I learned it well, too, and listened to it
consumer does not seem to have complete continually as I drove a sightseeing bus
executive branch for reports, publicizing protection from fraud, nor the compelling around this town some 40 years ago and
the need for consumer protection efforts, voice which be ought to have when the prob- slowed down in front of Old North Church.
and coordinating with other countries' lems of management and labor and inflation You will remember that the old watchword
programs to aid consumers. and other things are taken up. Of course, meant that one lantern would be lighted in
As matters now stand, there is no the theoretical answer to this is that Con- the church belfry if the British forces were
agency of government which speaks for gress itself is supposed to be the great lobby to attack the colonists by land and two if
the consumer. Likewise, there are no for the consumer-but it doesn't work out the invaders were to come by sea. It was a
lobbi in or he co consumer. Likew which can are do that way in many cases. highly effective, dramatic, and I am sure
t
With this in mind, there is reason for sup- inspirational message in that historic day.
represent the wide range of consumer port of Senator KEATING's bill to establish I find it to have been a considerable cut
interests. Almost every conceivable an Office of Consumer Counsel. He points above one of the slogans that assails us
industry and organization is represented; out that the problems of the consumer are today: "L. & M. has found the secret." I am
but the biggest group of all, the great "manifold and complex"-and this is an happy indeed that L. & M. has found a secret,
body of American consumers, is left out understatement. The Senator also points whatever it may be, but I seriously wonder
of the picture. out that millions of dollars are wasted when why the creative people in our advertising
There it nothing so aggravating and consumers are deceived by the unscrupulous; profession haven't come up with a 1961 ver-
a T in as the more millions are wasted by fraud; and these sion of the Old North Church watchword to
y g petty frauds pel'pe- wastes represent economic harm to labor. guide us through the economic and political
trated on the public by people who make An Office of Consumer Counsel, as Senator shoals in these perilous times; times as peril-
a business of deception and chicanery. KEATING envisions it, would appear at any ous, I submit, as that day when the red
Many of the people who are taken in proceeding, hearing, or investigation of any coats shone in the sun on Concord Bridge.
by these gimmicks are people who can agency of the executive branch, to represent I would hesitate to offer "One If by Mos-
the afford to sustain such losses. They the consuming public. It would maintain cow, two by Peiping" as a candidate, but
are often people whose knowledge of the liaison with main agencies affecting the gen- then I am not an advertising writer. I am
language pole whose dhe eral consumer interest; it would be linked sure everyone in this room could do much
fore e of nguage is climi ed and these who are of t unethical there- with State consumer counsels and would better.
la
titioners. Although many of these prac- studyinge anwith d developing relationships with w rld has changed swiftly; our n do alt pace our
tices are against the law, the people consumer organizations of other nations. quickens; and our people are torn by mis-
who have been victimized have nowhere Mr. KEATING's record is such that we know givings about their strength, their greatness,
to turn for assistance, full well he has no idea of jamming up the and their destiny. Individuals of eminence
Mr. President, I want to make it lab- private enterprise mechanism of the country, in our economic, political, and social life are
solutely clear that solid, upstanding with its competitive elements. He knows the voicing their concern about America's posi-
value of our way of life. Only a couple of tion in the world, about our economic situa-
businessmen in our country should be weeks ago he introduced a program to curb tion, and about the various and sundry ills
just as deeply concerned-and I am sure inflation, one element of which was a nation- that afflict us as a nation. .
they are-about these practices as I am, wide drive to expand sales and stimulate Last fall, in discussing the importance of
for, more often than not, the unethical economic activity. regaining a favorable balance of
payments
businessman is seeking to cut out some- So we can be confident in this matter of a for the United States, Dr. Gabriel Hauge,
one who has a legitimate and honest consumer counsel that Senator KEATING has chairman of the finance committee of the
business in the same field. in mind something which has been patheti- Manufacturers Trust Co, of New York and a
M President, me perhaps late in the cally needed many times in the past-a voice noted economist, pictured the following dis-
to speak strongly for the consumer, when he astrous consequence of America's loss as a
legislative year for full consideration to is caught in all of the squeezes which are leader of world trade:
be given this year to my bill to set up a created by special interests in Washington. "If we lose our trading position and the
Consumer Counsel. Recognizing this dollar declines as an international reserve
fact, I strongly urge that the Govern- currency, foreigners will tend to cash their
ment operations Committee of the Sen- WHO SPEAKS FOR PROFIT? dollar claims; gold will tend to flow out, and
ate, to which my bill has been referred, Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, one of we will be forced to curtail our vital oversea
schedule hearings early next year, at the the great needs in our society are more military and economic commitments. The
latest, on this proposal and on related people who can speak with conviction mark, the pound, yes, even the ruble, may
take the place
of na-
proposals to aid consumers. The con- and eloquence to represent freemen's il
sea
fill le th te he u mr; ano oversea
sumer is the forgotten man of America. point of view. Mr. E. J. Hanley, presi- military adeconomicundertakings. The
It is about time something was done in dent of Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., dollar is in constant competition with other
the Government, so that, without creat- recently addressed the Association of strong currencies. In the economic world,
ing a huge bureaucracy, some reasonable Industrial Advertisers, on the subject, it is the strong that prevail."
way can be found in which consumers "Who Speaks for Profit?" He identifies BURNS GIVES DRAMATIC WARNING
can bring their problems to the atten- profit as the real force that keeps the Three weeks ago at the annual meeting of
tion of the proper agencies here in world of free enterprise moving and he the American Iron and Steel Institute in
Washington. presents the case so convincingly that I New York, Dr. Arthur Burns, Chairman of
Several days ago the Rochester Dem- commend it to the attention of Mem- the Council of Economic Advisers in the
ocrat and Chronicle ran an editorial bers of both Senate and House. Eisenhower administration, after pointing
supporting my proposal for the establish- I ask unanimous consent that this ad- out that devaluation of the dollar is a prob-
ment of an Office of Consumer Counsel dress be printed in the RECORD. able consequence of a continuing unfavor-
able balance of payments, said about the
in the White House. This editorial There being no objection, the address same thing, perhaps even more dramatically,
makes a number of good points. I wel- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in these words:
come the fine support of the Democrat as follows: "No one can foresee all the consequences
and Chronicle, and I ask unanimous WHO SPEAKS FOR PROFIT? that would flow from a devaluation of the
consent that the editorial appear at this (Keynote address by E. J. Hanley, president, dollar, if events ever took this fateful turn,
point
point in the RECORD. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., at the but it may nevertheless be salutary to visual-
cr se th A devaluation would at once in-
There There being no objection, the editorial annual conference of the Association of
was ordered to be printed in the REC- Industrial Advertisers, Boston, June 12, crease the purchasing power of Russia's gs
1961) in world markets. It would in .time raise
ORD, as follows: our domestic price level. It would impair,
WE, THE CONSUMERS I am delighted to be with you in Boston, if not destroy, confidence in the dollar as
There has always been this this city of history which has meant so much an international reserve currency. It would
paradox in over the years to our people and to the be promptly followed by devaluation in
American politics on the Federal level-the course of the Republic from the American other countries, probably in many of them.
mightiest class of spenders in America, those Revolution to the development of radar at It would be attended by widespread economic
who literally keep the Nation solvent, have MIT in World War It. As a transplanted unsettlement in our country and abroad. It
no dependable lobby working for them at all, Bostonian, I find it a constant pleasure and could initiate a new era of competitive de-
whereas the National Capital is flooded with an inspiration to return here and I want to preciation of national currencies. it
lobbies promoting everything else from the thank you for the opportunity you have might serve to regenerate exchange controls
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 14811
Mr. President, this is the very worst
approach to take with students on any
college campus, which is an area which
encourages inquiry into ideas and the
search for truth. It is bad enough for
any organization to encourage, by the
offering of prizes, attacks on one of the
three branches of our Government; but
it is especially subject to condemnation
when such prizes are offered to students,
in an endeavor to encourage them to
prejudge a case, thus asking our young
people, who should be developing inquir-
ing minds, to close their minds and to
pass judgment on a question of that
sort. Certainly such an undertaking
would seem to lay bare the insidious
nature and the dangerous blind spot in
the Birch group.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article by Roscoe Drummond be printed
at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE $2,300 JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY
Justice Warren Is "to stir up a great deal of
interest among conservatives on the oiurl-
puses on the dangers that face this country."
You will note that Welch does not invite
the college students to examine the grounds
"for and against" impeachment. He asks
them to examine only the grounds "for"
impeachment and white their essays to that
end.
I wonder if this kind of one-sided research
and be-sure-to-come-up-with-the-right-
opinion approach will appeal to many stu-
dents of law and government. I wonder if
there may not be students who will enter
the contest with essays suggesting that there
are no grounds for the impeachment of the
Chief Justice. There will certainly be those
who will conclude that packing the Court
because you do not like some of its decisions
is not government by law but nullification
by law.
Welch is subtle. He does not exactly and
openly say that Gen. Dwight D. Eisen-
hower is pro-Communist. He merely circu-
lates a letter which suggests that he has aided
the Communists and invites your opinion.
Welch does not say that the Chief Justice
should be impeached or that there are
grounds for his impeachment. He invites
others to do so and offers $2,300 in prizes
(By Roscoe Drummond) to those who do it best.
The attack by the John Birch Society on This does not seem to me to be either an
the U.S. Supreme Court and its effort tq honest or an honorable thing to do. It is
vilify Chief Justice Earl Warren may well this kind of thing which is hurting anticom-
.
ther than helping it..
t
ra
it does the Court.
The Birch Society claims to be a thor-
oughly and sincerely conservative organiza-
tion whose purpose is to alert the country
RESOLUTIONS ON THE WOOL
INDUSTRY
to the dangers of communism. That is a ent research and needed new research to
useful and proper thing to do. But when Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, a group produce l.a:mbs with greater public accept-
the leader of this organization resorts to of specialists has been meeting on the ante; (3) expansion of research on factors
extreme, radical, and reckless methods which campus of the University of Wyoming, which will speed up improvement in lamb
have the effect of harming those very insti- to explore many of the facets of the quality; (4) Immediate action by the Na-
tutions he says he wants to secure, then the
Birch Society is throwing away its creden- wool industry in the United States and tional Wool Growers Association and other
tials. to deal with many of the complications conference sponsors to establish a research
Its latest action, announced by Robert H. and developments in the textile indus- foundation. to speed up present research
Welch, Jr., is to invite college students to try and in the realm of imports, and the and start; new research at existing institu-
compete for $e Im by writing essays on like. As a result, in the course of its tions; and lamb (5) meat and m separation of utton in lambs USDA and sheep, .2,300 reports;
grounds for the impeachment of Chief Jus- deliberations of several days, the group (6) investigation of ways of reducing cause
1 'ons 7
i
)
tice Warren.
Obviously, every decision by every Justice
of the Court is subject to the most search-
ing debate and dissent by anybody. But
when the Birch Society proceeds to the prop-
osition that if' we don't like the decisions
of a member of the Court, he should be
removed, this is not supporting a govern-
ment of law. It is throwing it away.
I doubt if the American people have so
soon forgotten F.D.R.'s 1I1-conceived and sim-
ilar Court-packing plan of 1937. Roosevelt,
too, didn't like some of the decisions of
the Court in the midthirties and he pro-
posed to add nine more Justices to the High
Bench in order to outvote those who were
making what to him were the wrong deci-
sions. Even President Roosevelt, powerful
and popular as he was, did not dare to sug-
gest the impeachment of the Chief Justice
or other members of the Court. He just
proposed to outnumber them. His proposal
was roundly defeated by the Senate.
The president of the American Bar Asso-
ciation, Whitney N. Seymour, has described
the Birch Society bid to get students to
write essays on why the Chief Justice should
be impeached as not legitimate criticism of
decisions.
"No responsible person will encourage it,"
he said. "The Ignorant, by such false impli-
are led into disrespect
ct
i
d
,
scon
u
cation of m
for our institutions which maintain liberty gestions adopted centered on cooperation it
under law, and thus for all law. Let us leave study, planning, and action among groups
such attacks to the communists, who hate within the industry. Included was a propo-
our institutions. Our duty Is to uphold and sal for an American industrywide committee
defend liberty and the independent courts to meet with representatives of foreign na-
which are essential to maintain it." tions importing lamb into the United States.
The head of the Birch Society says that Recommendations and. suggestions under
the purpose of the essay contest against the four discussion headings included: New
for condemnation of mutton carcasses, (
has arrived at a series of eons uo
and recommendations. It has passed study of factors affecting public-acceptance
these on to national leaders of its organ- of mutton and economic desirability of
ization. Because the burden of the rec- producing grade mutton; (8) focusing next
ommendations is such that I believe it national conference on incentives to improve
lamb and mutton desirability.
would Members of the Senate to provocative see them, ee toresolu- I How can domestic wool meet competition?
ask nsent that the h (1) Research to learn the least amount of
ask consen- synthetic fibers required in wool blends to
tions of of advice vice and direction be printed give beet performance and investigation of
at this point in the CONGRESSIONAL wool blends and all new synthetics coming
RECORD. onto the market; (2) development of new
There being no objection, the resolu- processes to give wool "even more desirable"
tions were ordered to be printed in the qualities and provision for conducting new
RECORD, as follows: processes on a large industrial scale; (3)
organization of growers to provide more
WOOLMEN' HAND 22 ? RECOMMENDATIONS TO direct influence on wool preparation and
NATIONAL WOOL GROWERS AssoCIATION marketing.
Wool and lamb industry people charged
the National Wool Growers Association with
responsibility for obtaining industrywide
d
a-
cooperation in carrying out recommen
tions from the National Lamb and Wool In-
dustry Conference August 7-8 at the Uni-
versity of Wyoming.
The action by about 150 participants came
In the final session of the conference after
a day of open discussion in. 4 workshop
groups. They attended from 26 States, Aus-
tralia, and Afghanistan to meet under the
theme "Income Improvement."
approaches; to bargaining power; (1) encour-
agement of effectively organized lamb mar-
keting associations; (2) investigation by the
industry, without Government help, of the
possibility of marketing orders; (3) consider-
ation of integration in the industry, with the
producers serving as the integrators; (4) ap-
proval of recent investigations of chain-store
buying practices by the packers and stock-
yards administration and necessary followup
action.;
Lamb supply and merchandising : (1) Re-
moval of the decree which restricts larger
slaughterers of lamb from retailing their
products; (2) cooperation of packers with
the American Sheep Producers Council in
supplying lamb to deficit lamb-consuming
areas to give merchandising support to the
council's promotion; (3) formation of an
industrywide committee to discuss lamb im-
ports-and mutual problems with representa-
tives of foreign nations that import lamb
into the United States; (4) organization of
an industrywide committee to work with
packers and distributors to work on lamb
merchandising problems; (5) correlation of
all lamb production and carcass evaluation
which would lead to development of a lamb
carcass with greater consumer acceptance;
(6) need for additional program with pro-
ducers to halt marketing of heavy lambs
which depress the price of lighter weight
consumer-preferred lambs; (7) thorough
study of marketing and distribution to avoid
periods of oversupply.
Incentive to quality: (1) Research by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture and State
experiment stations to develop a dual lamb
ESTABLISHMENT OF A CONSUMER
COUNSEL
Mr. P:EATING. M,. President, on
July 27 I introduced in. the Senate a. bill
to establish, here in Washington, an of-
ficial Consumer Counsel in the White
House, to represent consumers.
To the best of my knowledge, this is
the first bill introduced in the Congress
spelling out in detail the major func-
tions and objectives of a White House
Consumer Counsel. While it is entirely
possible for the President to set up such
an office: by Executive order, I think this
bill is both constructive and useful, in
that it suggests what the Consumer
Counsel would do in such key areas as
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
duce. Only yesterday, the Senate passed
and sent to the President H.R. 7721,
which authorized the Secretary of the
Army to adjust the legislative jurisdic-
tion exercised by the United States over
Fort Sheridan, Ill. The only difference
in language between H.R. 7721 and my
bill is that the former applied to an
Army installation while mine relates to
a naval depot.
It is therefore my hope, Mr. President,
that the Armed Services Committee will
give immediate consideration to this bill,
especially in view of the fact that the
Clearfield Naval Supply Depot is sched-
uled to be deactivated by July 1964, and
during the next 3 years undoubtedly
more and more of these facilities will be
leased to private companies with a re-
sulting loss of taxes to both the State and
local governments.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro
tempore. The bill will be received and
appropriately referred.
The bill (S. 2421) to provide for
retrocession of legislative jurisdiction
over U.S. Naval Supply Depot Clearfield,
Ogden, Utah, introduced by Mr. BENNETT,
was received, read twice by its title, and
referred to the Committee on Armed
Services.
After the end of the Korean conflict
the supply mission at the Clearfield Na-
val Base declined rapidly, and in order
to utilize the facilities at this base a
number of warehouses and other build-
ings which were excess to the needs of
the Government were leased to private
companies for commercial activities.
This practice of the Government in
leasing land, buildings, and other facili-
ties for commercial purposes has cre-
ated serious tax problems for the State
of Utah. A number of companies have
availed themselves of these excellent
buildings at a fair rental rate from the
Government, and then received an un-
expected windfall because they have not
had to pay State taxes on equipment
and inventories located on this naval
establishment. In some instances, some
of these companies have recognized a
moral, although not a legal obligation,
to pay taxes to the State of Utah, and
in some prior years willingly paid such
taxes assessed by the State.
However, the Federal Government has
created a situation which has dried up
even this source of voluntary tax reve-
nue. Both the Treasury and the De-
fense Departments have raised a ques-
tion as to the legality of such companies
paying these taxes, inasmuch as such
payments are voluntary and not manda-
tory. The Defense Department has
raised the question in regard to cost-
plus contracts and has denied such vol-
untary tax payments as a necessary item
of cost in arriving at the contractual
amount to which a contractor might be
entitled for services or- goods produced
for the Government. Likewise, the
Treasury has denied these companies
permission to take such voluntary pay-
ments as a legal deduction on their Fed-
eral tax returns.
Consequently, it can be readily seen
that Utah faces a real dilemma in that
it does not have the necessary legal au-
thority to assess and collect taxes
against these companies. And now, it
is denied any hope of obtaining volun-
tary compliance with tax assessments
against these companies who lease fa-
cilities on the Clearfield Naval Base, in-
asmuch as the United States has exclu-
sive jurisdiction.
Moreover, companies which have been
able to obtain leases of buildings at the
Clearfield Naval Supply Depot are given
a distinct competitive advantage over
other businesses which must pay State
taxes.
Therefore, an urgent need exists to
approve the bill I introduce so that
agreements might be worked out between
the Federal and State Governments to
restore to Utah concurrent jurisdiction
over the lands in question, so that the
State might have the proper authority
to levy and collect the taxes to which it
is rightfully entitled.
Since the language in this bill is per-
missive and not mandatory, the Navy
could exercise the discretionary power
provided in this bill and retain exclusive
jurisdiction over certain lands or build-
ings, where for security or other reasons
it felt that concurrent jurisdiction would
not be in the national interest.
Mr. President, there is good precedent
for enactment of the bill which I intro-
PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED
STATES IN THE ORGANIZATION
FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, by
request, I introduce, for appropriate
reference, a bill to provide for the ap-
pointment of a representative of the
United States to the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development,
and to make other provisions with re-
spect to the participation of the United
States in that Organization, and for
other purposes.
The proposed legislation has been re-
quested by the Secretary of State, and I
Act may be cited as the "Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development Act
of 1961."
Szc. 2. (a) The President, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, may ap-
point a permanent representative of the
United States to the Organization for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Development (here-
inafter referred to as the "Organization"),
who shall hold office at the pleasure of the
President. Such representative shall be the
representative of the United States to the
Organization and shall perform such other
functions in connection with the participa-
tion of the United States in the Organization
as the President may from time to time
direct.
(b) The President may appoint or desig-
nate an alternate permanent representative
of the United States to the Organization to
serve during the absence, illness, or other
disability of the permanent representative
provided for in subsection (a) of this sec-
tion or in the event of a vacancy in that
office. The President may also appoint or
designate from time to time such other per-
sons as he may deem necessary to repre-
sent the United States in the bodies of the
Organization.
(c) Persons nominated by the President
and elected to chair any committee or other
body of the Organization shall receive com-
pensation at rates determined by the Presi-
dent upon the basis of duties to be per-
formed but not in excess of rates authorized
by sections 411 and 412 of the Foreign Service
Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 866, 867),
for chiefs of missions and Foreign Service
officers occupying positions of equivalent im-
portance. Any such persons may be granted
allowances and benefits not to exceed those
received by chiefs of mission and Foreign
Service officers occupying positions of equiv-
alent importance. If a Foreign Service offi-
cer shall be nominated by the President to
serve under this subsection, the period of
his service shall be considered as consti-
tuting an assignment for duty within the
meaning of section 671 of the Foreign Serv-
ice Act of 1946, as amended, and such per-
son shall not, by virtue of such service, lose
his status as a Foreign Service officer.
(d) All persons appointed or designated
in pursuance of authority contained in
subsection (a) and (b) of this section shall
receive compensation at rates determined by
may be a specific bill to which Members be performed but not in excess of rates
of the Senate and the public may direct authorized by sections 411 and 412 of the
their attention and comments. Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22
I reserve my right to support or op- U.S.C. 866, 867), for chiefs of mission and
pose this bill, as well as any suggested Foreign Service officers occupying positions
amendments to it, when the matter is of equivalent importance, except that no
Member
States who
by the Committee on Foreign sentatives mber or otoeffiSrcer of the of tor United House of
s who
Relations. is designated under subsection (b) of this
I ask unanimous consent that the bill section as a representative of the United
may be printed in the RECORD at this States in the bodies of the Organization
point, together with the letter from the shall be entitled to receive such compensa-
Secretary of State, dated July 31, 1961, to tion. Any person who receives compensation
the Vice President in regard to it. pursuant to the provisions of this subsection
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- may be granted allowances and benefits not
to exceed those received by chiefs of mis-
sion and Foreign Service officers occupying
propriately referred; and, without objet- positions of equivalent importance.
tion, the bill and letter will be printed Szc. 3. The representatives provided for in
in the RECORD. section 2 hereof, when representing the
The bill (S. 2423) to provide for the United States in the Organization, shall, at
all times, act in accordance with the instruc-
tions of the President transmitted by the
United States to the Organization for Secretary of State unless other means of
Economic Cooperation and Development, transmission are directed by the President.
and for other purposes, introduced by SEC. 4. There is hereby authorized to be
Mr. FULBRIGRT, by request, was received, appropriated annually to the Department of
read twice by its title, referred to the State, out of any money in the Treasury
Committee on Foreign Relations, and not otherwise appropriated, such sums as
may be necessary for the payment by the
ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as United States of its share of the expenses
follows: - of the Organization, and for all necessary
Be it enacted by the Senate and House salaries and expenses of the permanent rep-
of Representatives of the United States of resentative, other representatives and persons
America in Congress assembled, That this provided for in section 2 hereof, and of their
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
appropriate staffs, including personal serv-
ices without regard to the civil service laws
and the Classification Act of 1949, as amend-
ed; travel expenses without regard to the
Standardized Government Travel Regula-
tions, as amended, the Travel Expense Act
of 1949, as amended, and section 10 of the
Act of March 3, 1933, as amended; salaries
as authorized by the Foreign Service Act of
1946, as amended, and allowances and bene-
fits of personnel and dependents as author-
ized by the Foreign Service Act of 1846, as
amended; services as authorized by section
15 of the Act of August 2, 1946 (5 U.S.C.
55a) ; translating and other services, by con-
tract; hire and purchase (not to exceed two,
the cost of which shall not exceed $7,800
each) of passenger motor vehicles and, other
local transportation; printing and binding
without regard to section 11 of the Act of
March 1, 1919 (44 U.S.C. 111); official func-
tions and courtesies; and such other expenses
as may be authorized by the Secretary of
State.
SEC. 5. The salaries, expenses, and allow-
ances of any employees of the United States
Government detailed to serve with the Or-
ganization which are payable by the Organi-
zation may be credited against the payment
by the United States Government of its
share of the expenses of the Organization.
The letter presented by Mr. FUL-
BRIGHT is as follows:
AUGUST 8, 1961.
The Honorable LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
President of the Senate.
DEAR M.R. VICE PRESIDENT: There is at-
tached a bill designed to permit the Presi-
dent to appoint, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, a Permanent Repre-
sentative of the United States to the Organ-
ization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment. The bill also provides authorization
for the sa:iaries and administrative facilities
for the representative and his staff.
The ratification process of the OECD was
completed by the United States March 23,
1961. We expect that the appropriate num-
ber of other signatories will ratify in the
near future so that the convention will come
into force this fall. In order that we may be
appropriately prepared and represented for
this event, we are therefore requesting that
legislation be enacted by the Congress estab-
lishing the positionof a U.S. representative
to the OECD.
The activities of this organization are of
the greatest importance to the economic wel-
fare of the United States and the member
countries of the OECD. We intend to make
the fullest possible use of this organization
and to participate actively in its functions.
Our role will not only be motivated by con-
sideration of our well being, and that of our
friends, but also because of our position of
leadership :in creating this new union of col-
lective action in the economic field. As we
provided a great deal of initiative in the
creation of the OECD, and as we resolutely
supported the need for it during the long
months of negotiation, other members will
expect that we be represented by a well-
grounded representative whose position is
established by congressional legislation.
Anything less than this would not be fully in
consonance with the weight of importance
which we attach to the OECD for strengthen-
ing the ties between North America and
Western Europe and as a major mechanism
for economic cooperation.
As the Committee on Foreign Relations of
the Senate has pointed out in their Report
on the Convention, this is a time of sweep-
ing political:, social, and technological change
in which strictly bilateral efforts are not
always sufficient to meet the demands of
events. Able representation in certain per-
manent multilateral organizations is at least
as much a desideratum in carrying on our
international relationships as Is our repre-
sentation through embassies abroad. We
have in the past recognized this, as in the
case of our representation in the United
Nations and in the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
A review of the position of our Government
in these times shows that we are now one of
the leading members of a new, promising
economic organization which has advanced
beyond the older, more limited European
regional concepts. We have undertaken with
other friendly nations, in the self-interest
of all of us, to promote our economic growth,
to contribute in a coordinated fashion to
economic expansion in less-developed coun-
tries and to deal with the broad outlines of
trade policy affecting the development of
world trade. In order, therefore, for us to
achieve the maximum benefits from our par-
ticipation in this organization, we should
properly be represented in the OECD.
It is my earnest and urgent recommenda-
tion that the legislative action required to
establish the position of U.S. Representative
to the OECD and to provide for his staff be
completed at the earliest convenient date.
Representatives of the Department of State
would of course be prepared to discuss these
matters with the appropriate committee of
the Senate at any time.
The Bureau of the Budget advises that
the draft bill would be consistent with the
administration's objectives.
Sincerely yours,
DEDUCTION FOR INCOME-TAX PUR-
POSES OF CERTAIN CONTRIBU-
TIONS-AMENDMENT
Mr. CASE of South Dakota submitted
an amendment, intended to be proposed
by him, to the bill (H.R. 2244) relating
to the deduction for income--tax pur-
poses of contributions to charitable or-
ganizations whose sole purpose is mak-
ing distribution to other charitable or-
ganizations, contributions to which, by
individuals, are deductible within the 30-
percent limitation of adjusted gross in-
come, which was ordered to lie on the
table and to be printed.
EXTENSION OF FEDERAL ASSIST-
ANCE IN CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF SCHOOLS IN FED-
ERALLY IMPACTED AREAS-
AMENDMENTS
Mr. CASE of South Dakota submitted
amendments, intended to be proposed by
him, to the bill (S. 2393) to extend for
1 year the temporary provisions of Pub-
lic Laws 815 and 874 relating to Federal
assistance in the construction and opera-
tion of schools in federally impacted
areas, and to provide for the application
of such laws to American Samoa, which
were referred to the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare and ordered to be
printed.
August 15
on August 8, 1961, by Mr. GOLDWATER, in-
tended to be proposed by them, jointly,
to the bill (S. 234:5) to extend and im-
prove the National Defense Education
Act of 1958, and for other purposes.
NOTICE CONCERNING NOMINATION
BEFORE COMMITTEE ON THE
JUDICIARY
Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, the
following nomination has been referred
to and is now pending before the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary:
Rex B. Hawks, of Oklahoma, to be U.S.
marshal, western district of_ Oklahoma,
for a term of 4 years, vice Kenner W.
Greer.
On behalf of the Committee on the
Judiciary, notice is hereby given to all
persons interested in this nomination to
file with the committee, in writing, on or
before Tuesday, August 22, 1961, any
representations or objections they may
wish to present concerning the above
nomination, with a further statement
whether it is their intention to appear
at any hearing which may be scheduled.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
wereordered to be printed in the Appen-
dix, as follows:
By Mr. WILEY:
Address by him over radio station WGN,
Chicago, recently.
By Mr. CARROLL:
Excerpts from address delivered by Senator
KEFAUVER before the 14th Regional 4-H Club
Conference, Washington, D.C., on August 11,
1961.
Resolution adopted by the City Council of
Aurora, Colo., relating to the development
and conservation of water resources.
By Mr. MUNDT:
Address delivered by Maurice R. Franks,
president of the National Labor-Management
Foundation, before Chicago Rotary Club No.
1, Chicago, Ill., August 8, 1961.
By Mr. GRUENING:
Article - on Harriet Pullen, of Skagway,
Alaska, written by Herbert Hilscher and pub-
lished in Reader's Digest for August 1961.
By Mr. YARBOROUGH:
Editorial entitled "President Signs Federal
Pollution Control Bill," published in Texas
Water, July 1961 issue.
By Mr. HRUSKA:
Article entitled "Lincoln, Nebr.: The Lilac
City," published in the September issue of
Senior Citizen.
By Mr. MAGNUSON:
Letter from Vice President JOHNSON to
EXTENSION OF NATIONAL DEFENSE DANGER OF THE JOHN BIR
EDUCATION ACT OF 1958--ADDI- SOCIETY
TIONAL COSPONSORS OF AMEND- Mr'. McGEE. Mr. President, in the
MENTS Outlook section of the Washington Post
for Sunday, August 13, appeared an
Under authority of the order of the article entitled "The $2,300 Birch So-
Senate of August 8, 1961, the names of ciety.." In the article, Roscoe Drum-
Senators MUNDT, FONG, TOWER, CARLSON, mond rightfully takes to task the John
MILLER, THURMOND, YOUNG of North Birctters for offering prizes to students
Dakota, CASE of South Dakota, BUTLER, on the college campuses of our country
CAPEHART, BEALL, BRIDGES, HOLLAND, BEN- for stating why the Chief Justice of the
NETT, and DODD were added as additional Supreme Court of the United States
cosponsors of the amendments submitted ought to be impeached.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 17
this material. I know he has gone into
it very thoroughly. He has brought
facts to the House that should have been
brought out some time ago. I know that
he has worked diligently for an investi-
gation of this matter and I certainly
hope that his efforts will not be in vain.
I want to add that I urge personally
that those officials whom he has re-
quested to take charge of this investi-
gation read his remarks and give this
general the hearing that he deserves.
Mr. DEVINE. I thank the gentleman.
Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance
of my time.
(Mr. DEVINE asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks and to include extraneous matter.)
THE BONDS OF CUSTOM
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent to address the House
for 15 minutes.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from West
Virginia?
There was no objection.
(Mr. STAGGERS asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, in an
age of speed, behavior follows stimulus
unhesitatingly. The rapid succession of
events impels immediate reaction,
whether rational or irrational. There
seems to be no time for the calm assess-
ment of consequences and the adapta-
tion of action to permanent principles
and policies. In the helter-skelter of the
moment, the need for improvisation
seems compelling. We go on from one
act to the next with no clear sight of
the ultimate end of it all. In seeking a
nebulous future we ignore the plain
precepts of history, which admonish that
the essential nature of man does not
change over night. "The thing that
hath been, it is that which shall be; and
that which is done is that which shall be
done," said the Preacher more than
2,500 years ago. Shall we be amazed and
confounded when the cumulative effect
of our innovations leaves that part of the
world in which we act in still greater
confusion, then? To expect any other
result is the vain dream of a political
amateur. And in the field of foreign
influence,-the United States is a rank
amateur.
The position of world leadership sup-
posedly thrust on us by developments
over the last 50 years is an anomalous
one. And in the rush and hurry of seiz-
ing what seems to be both an opportu-
nity and a responsibility, we have not
taken time out to set a realistic goal for
the sum of our efforts, nor made an ac-
curate measure of our capabilities to
achieve that goal. In some vague sort of
way, we take it for granted that if we act
wisely and quickly we can lift a large
portion of the globe from despotism,
misery, ignorance and poverty in a gen-
eration or less. And we have persuaded
many that this is not only our intention
but our duty.
The address of the President of Paki-
stan before the joint session of Congress
recently is evidence of this. The expedi-
ents which we expect to employ-and
which we are expected to employ-are
large grants of money and technical as-
sistance. These constitute an irre-
sistible force to put the world to rights.
Unfortunately, they are directed against
an immovable object of centuries of
habit and custom. What does history
teach is the result of such an encounter?
Some two centuries ago the French-
man, Montesquieu, after 20 years of re-
search and contemplation, produced a
work which is still a monument to his
genius and power of analysis. He called
It the spirit of laws, and in it he en-
eavored to trace the motives and causes
for the various forms of social organiza-
tion, 'despotic, monarchical, or republi-
can, established over the earth during
the course of recorded time:
Mankind are influenced by various causes:
by the climate, by the religion, by the laws,
by the maxims of government, by prece-
dents, morals, and customs; whence Is
formed a general spirit of nations.
Of these influences, the last named are
the most difficult to change. They de-
termine the character of the several na-
tions, whether vicious or virtuous. The
form which the government actually as-
sumes in any nation is fixed inevitably-
perhaps immutably-by the character of
the people:
Solon being asked if the laws he had given
to the Athenians were the best, he replied,
"I have given them the best they were able
to bear."
Of the influences named above, Mon-
tesquieu was inclined to think that geog-
raphy and climate were the determining
factors in the formation of habits and
customs. Especially in the torrid zones,
the debilitating effects of heat produce a
physical and mental lassitude hostile to
the kind of effort that is necessary to
preserve a people from despotism. But
in temperate climes he found too many
exceptions to admit of a general rule:
Jornadez the Goth called the north of
Europe the forge of the human race. I
should rather call it the forge where those
weapons were framed which broke the chains
of southern nations. In the North were
formed those valiant people who sallied forth
and deserted their countries to destroy ty-
rants and slaves, and to teach men that, na-
ture having made them equal, reason could
not render them dependent, except where It
was necessary to their happiness.
Whatever may be the actual causes of
differences between various groups of the
human race, it is evident that differ-
ences exist. They have increased in sig-
nificance through a long drawn out
process which we Call a civilizing process.
Where the differences are the most pro-
nounced the people have achieved a
standard of living relatively free from
hunger, disease, and oppression by ty-
rants. This standard has been achieved
only through the expenditure of untold
effort and thought. The less developed
peoples now ask for the same standard
as a free gift. Yet they say, with Mon-
tesquieu, "Let them leave us as we are;
our indiscretions joined to our good na-
ture would make the laws which should
constrain our sociability, that is, which
would compel us to act differently-not
at all proper for us." This is practically
what the President of Pakistan said- in
explaining the circumstances under
which his government finds itself im-
mersed in a sea of troubles, political and
economic.
The position of world leadership into
which the United States has been thrust
following the last world war is due more
to its economic strength than its mili-
tary strength. This is something totally
new in world history. Previously, eco-
nomic strength in a nation has followed
rather than preceded military success.
The victorious state aggrandized its eco-
nomic power by seizing the resources and
the productive capacities of the con-
quered peoples. The United States de-
veloped its vast productive output in-
ternally. Many reasons have been given
for our preeminence in this respect, with
the accent generally placed on the exten-
sive natural resources of a single na-
tion spread over half a continent. Too
little. importance has been attached to
the genius and the industry of our peo-
ple. To put it plainly, the United States
has grown rich and powerful because we
have devoted practically our entire
energy to the accumulation of wealth,
In other words, our customs and our
habits, more importantly than our re-
sources and our laws, conduce to an over-
whelming extent and variety of produc-
tion. In the matter of domination, we
are without experience. We scarcely
dominate ourselves, let alone other peo-
ples.
So, in our new position of world lead-
ership, we are ignorant of any suitable
procedure except to raise the living
standards of the rest of the world to
something approximating our own level.
It is assumed that if we can do this, we
will remove the cause of tensions and
avert tendencies toward destructive con-
flicts. It is not necessary to argue here
that much of world unrest is due to
poverty. Granting that, it is still not
clear that if every nation in the world
were as strong economically as we are,
there would be no more wars. People
would find something else to fight about.
They always have. Neverthless, poverty
is deplorable in its own right. The sen-
sibilities of the `American people are
shocked at the thought of starvation In
areas where there might, under proper
conditions, be plenty. Our instinctive
humanity urges us to alleviate that
tragedy, if we can.
It is fair to assume that the foreign
policy of the United States, so far as it
is explicit and coherent at all, is acti-
vated by a desire to dispel poverty, dis-
ease, misery and despotism everywhere.
Let us consider what we are up against.
A recent pamphlet issued by the State
Department estimates that two-thirds
of the world suffers from hunger.
The United States has 6 percent of the
world's population.. That is, for every
individual in the United States, there
are 11 individuals elsewhere who
need help. The present productive out-
put, measured in terms of American dol-
lars, in these unfortunate underde-
veloped lands is an average of $130 per
capita. In the United States it is $2,700,
more than 20 times as high. How
can such a multitude of people scale the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
to esil attention to this very great mis-
carriage of justice in branding a man
quilty of soinething before he even had
an investigation or a trial. Then, the
worst crime of all, it would seem to any
intelligent individual knowledgeable in
this field, of this distinguished combat
general, was that he was a patriot.
The issue of civilian control over the
military again has been raised in this
Congress. The principle of military sub-
ordination to civilian control has been
extended by some to include activities
which seem to involve matters of con-
science.
There has been a prominent Member
of Congress who has called attention to
the fact that we need to have civilian
control of the military. If the gentleman
from Ohio would permit me to inject
this, I would like to point out that it was
civilian control that precipitated the ac-
tion of the United States of America in
Korea in the so-called police action. I
would also like to point out that It was
civilian control that precipitated the ac-
tion of the use of Federal troops at Little
Rock in violation of the Constitution of
the United States, which resulted in the
assignment of the very general officer
against whom smear tactics have been
used in this instance.
Anyone who . knows General Walker
personally-and I have had many letters
from businessmen, military associates,
officers who have served with him, and
enlisted men who have served under his
command-one such letter I placed in
the RECORD because this young fellow di-
rected his remarks to the whole problue
program. He felt so keenly about this
that in his letter to me he stated that
he felt so keenly about General Walker's
activities in this matter that he would
do this despite any action that would be
taken against him, including that of
court-martial.
I say this is a very questionable affair.
I commend the gentleman from Ohio on
his resolution, and. I hope that some real
action will come of this.
Relative to the Overseas Weekly,
which I did say on the floor of the House
was a salacious publication, I would ask
this question: Is it true that one of the
individuals who is high in the manage-
ment of the Overseas Weekly is also
high up in the management of Radio
Swan, that was so active in revealing the
troops of the Cuban exiles who were in-
vading Cuba recently. It is common
knowledge here among some people, or
the talk is common among Members of
this House, that Radio Swan tipped off
to the Castro forces the fact that these
Cuban forces were going to invade the
island. I ask the question, Is it true that
one of the managers of this station, or
part owners, is also one of the owners of
the Overseas Weekly? If it be true, I
would respectfully suggest to this House
that it calls for a full-scale investigation.
I say to you, Mr.. Speaker, that we
have heard here all this week high-
sounding phrases about combating in-
ternational communism, and here is a
distinguished combat officer, and the
only crimehe has committed is fighting
international communism by informing
his troops and their dependents. What
on earth goes on here in the land of the
free and the home of the brave, if a
man who has been decorated time and
again for fighting the enemies of Amer-
ica has to be smeared and denied an
assignment to which he was to be as-
signed. It was common knowledge he
would probably have been assigned to a
post that would have resulted in a third
star on the shoulders of this brave of-
ficer.
In today's RECORD I have also sub-
mitted it copy of an article that was a
part of this Communist international
meeting in New York City in 1.921, and
they have not changed their policy, in
which the Communist Party and the
Communist international meeting in
New York City in 1921 encouraged their
Communist comrades in smearing or
otherwise downgrading the military
leadership of the countries in which they
are working.
Mr. Speaker, if the gentleman from
Ohio will permit me, as part of this dis-
cussion I would like to quote from a copy
of a telegram to the President of the
United States as follows:
TELEGRAM TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES
As one who has personally visited the
command of Maj. Gen..Edwin A. Walker,
24th Infantry Division, Augsburg, Germany,
as recent as July 1960, and as one who has
firsthand knowledge as to the orientation
program instituted for the troops by General
Walker on the aims and purposes of inter-
national communism, based on official di-
rectives and existing Army regulations, I
wish to protest with all the vigor possible
the filthy smear attempt of the salacious,
privately owned publication called The
Overseas Weekly, against one of America's
greatest combat generals, Edwin A. Walker.
Mrs. Bundy and I have been house guests
of the general for 1 week at a time. We are
thoroughly familiar with the security in-
doctrination program of the command.
The Overseas Weekly is run by a group of
questionable characters, some of whom have
been engaged in activities which need to be
exposed to the American public. If the time
has come in the history of thisNation that
a filthy publication, which deals in lurid sex
appeals to members of the American Armed
Forces, can successfully remove a, great
American general from his command, then
it is time that we stop all attempts to combat
the evil forces which are seeking to take us
over. I will gladly appear under oath at any
time to discuss the indoctrination program
of the 24th Infantry Command which has
no connection with the John Birch Society
but rather is based on U.S. Government
publications.
EDGAR C. BUNDY,
General Chairman, Church League of
America, Major, USAFR.
Mr. Speaker, I realize the hour is late,
but on a matter as serious as this and
on which there is so much discussion
in the Congress relative to civilian con-
trol of the military, I would respectfully
call the attention of the Members of this
House to material that has been inserted
in the RECORD in the past 2 days in par-
ticular relative to the position of the
Communist Party in editorials appear-
ing in the Communist Daily Worker of
this country relative to this very sub-
ject. I submit to the membership of
this House that it is a great paradox,
indeed, when we debate all week on how
we are going to spend billions of dollars
combating international communism
and, yet, we see the end of the brilliant
career of a great, dedicated American
general whose only crime is love of
country.
Mr. DEVI:NE. I thank the gentleman.
The sinister implications, as revealed
by the gentleman from Arkansas, again
demand investigation be made into all
aspects o3.' this overall picture.
Again I say to my colleagues, there is
always a great hue and cry for an in-
vestigation when someone is accused of
being a little left of center or having
questionable sympathies. But when a
man stands up and fights for America
and for patriotic constitutional govern-
ment, we do not hear a peep out of these
people who are usually do-gooders and
bleeding hearts.
Mr. SC:HADEBERG. Mr. Speaker,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. DEVINE. I am glad to yield to
my colleague.
Mr. SCHADEBERG. Mr. Speaker, I
associate myself with the remarks of my
distinguished colleague. He is definitely
right when he says we have legitimate
questions that beg answers regarding the
discourtesy, and what I believe to be the
outright injustice visited upon General
Walker. As, a chaplain on active duty
in the Navy during World War II, and
during the K:qean police action and in
the Racine Naval Reserve in Wisconsin,
I gave lectures on character guidance
and moral leadership training which in-
cluded remarks about communism in the
effort to help our young men to under-
stand the true nature of the enemy.
I know from experience it is very dif-
ficult, because there are many roadblocks
placed in one's path when one is trying
to speak out against communism and
for America. But be that as it may,
I wish to add--and I add this as a warn-
ing-that if we Members of the House
permit by default unjustified attacks
upon the people we represent, or are
silent partners with those we feel at
least have authority to silence our great
men-and I understand there are other
citizens, thousands of them? who are
presently being silenced, who happen to
be working in various departments of
our Governiilent?-how long will it be
that we who share membership in this
House will have the privilege of speaking
the facts, to deny one the right to speak
out for America and for freedom, perhaps
all who desire to speak out for American
freedom.
Mr. DEVINE. I thank the gentleman
for his contribution.
I would like again to invite the atten-
tion of the Members to the remarks of
the junior Member from South Carolina
of the other body which appeared in
the RECORD of ,July 26, and several days
thereafter, because he has done a tre-
mendous research job on this whole
matter.
Mr. LATTA. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. DEVINE. I yield to the gentle-
man from Ohio.
Mr. LATTA. I would like to commend
my colleague from Ohio. I know he has
worked many many hours on acquiring
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15180
cannot fully evaluate the effect this paper a campaign against the anti-Communist in- mM Mr. COLLIER. more detailed been
which have vague manner
has on our young men. However, I can doctrination course of the 24th Division and charges
assure you that this is not literature par- its commander at that time, Maj. Gen. Edwin portrayed
been in the a ch requested by
t vagu manner
dependent desire Nothing that their sons read. Mann WItker. of Congress, as I understand it? that deppendent paarents aohibit their children seas iWeeklyflhastbeen chargedhwith being Mr. DEVINE. That is Collect.
from engin toes aaper. rsons that the only
can said for the program Gen- subversive by many pct
eral ol Walker conducted in the -- Divi- investigation has been directed at General Mr. COLLIER. What reason has been
sion but that it was outstanding. It was Walker and not the vicious slander sheet given, if the gentleman knows, for not
established to instill patriotism in our which dances to the tune of leftwing causes revealing this detailed and specific in-
soldiers and to show them who their enemy and gives its most prominent display to formation?
is and how he operates. Remember, "know "girlie cheesecake" pictures and sensational Mr. DEVINE. Well, according to the
your enemy"? GI crimes in its publication area, so near the letter which I incorporated in the REc-
For this he was persecuted; he should Iron Curtain. Chairman VINSOPT, It in-
Being been praised. Despite the softly worded conclusions con- OORD RD he here t frtrom he had had access to tom-
Being a former FBI agent, you have prob- tamed in the Department of Defense release
ably heard J. Edgar Hoover say that any on the General Walker incident, it is ap- material from the Department of De-
la which I believe he described as
man in a high position who chooses to fight parent that the campaign of the Overseas classified.
communism will be hurt. I no longer doubt Weekly against the indoctrination program r. Che e precedent of re-
not veracity of this. General Walker Is and General Walker was a great success for Mi
the Dent of re-
not our only citizen who has been hurt. the Communists. Just how successful can viewing Army COLLIER. L the info If R. T files has already been tment
Congratulations, sir, for standing up to bangleaned f ooftlmcer of letter
the 24th Division to
be counted. It seems that everyone else is p any grade lished, if my memory serves me correctly,
"running scared." National Review and published in the May 6 in the now famous Harmon and Sincerely yours, issue of National Review, Abram-
owitz cases. Here the Supreme Court
Mr. Speaker, I do not intend to en- reviewed the military files; and in those
This is signed by an officer. large upon this much further at this cases, as the gentleman will remember,
Here is another quite short letter, time except to say this: It seems to me ruled that these two exservicemen were
dated the 6th of this month, again from that the people of America are entitled entitled to "nothing less than an hon-
an oversea post office number: to know the true facts concerning the orable discharge," notwithstanding the
DEAR SIR. I have noted in the Stars and release of General Walker from his fact that this was not the type of dis-
stripes you have demanded a congresssional command in Europe. As I say, I do not charge they were originally given. There-
hearing for General Walker. know the gentleman. I never heard of fore, I would offer only this observation:
He says further: him before this particular incident. that there has already been established,
I think this whole deal just plain stinks. Maybe he is wrong. I do not think he as a result of these two cases, the prec-
You are right in thinking that General is wrong. I am not going to prejudge edent of review of the military files and,
Walker is muzzled and gagged so that he him. But, I think we should know the in fact, a reversal by the Supreme Court
can say nothing. So Is everyone else, and facts, and that is why I have introduced of a military ruling in a matter of this
I do mean everyone. this particular resolution requesting an nature.
And a blank day of a blank month: impartial investigation. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman
Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, will the for yielding.
I leave t to rec ve a cdischa ship s for a gentleman yield? Mr. DEVINE. I appreciate the con-
Ieshoupor t receive about (blank) shortly. v
I should get there about (blank) at which Mr. DEVINE. I yield to the gentle- tribution which the gentleman from Il-
time (omit). man from Illinois. linois has made.
As soon as possible after that I would Mr. COLLIER. I want to commend Mr. ALFORD. Mr. Speaker, will the
like to see you on this matter. I feel that my colleague from Ohio for bringing this gentleman yield?
I can be of help but at present I can say
nothing. matter to the attention of the House.. I Mr. DEVINE. I yield to the gentle-
I hope you will say nothing of this letter think it is of sufficient import to have it man from Arkansas.
and will answer as soon as you can so I brought to the attention of the House Mr. ALFORD. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
will be able to make my plans early. as a special order of business. Now, I take this opportunity to commend the
I might say that I have corresponded have received quite a number of letters gentleman from Ohio for his sincere ef-
further with him, however, not using from interested constituents in my dis- forts in behalf of General Walker, a
the letterhead of the U.S. Congress. trict who sought information, many of personal friend of mine. I had the op-
I might also say that the junior Mem- whom did not attempt to, as the gentle- portunity of knowing General Walker
ber of the other body from the State of man from Ohio said, prejudge the mat- when he was stationed in Little Rock,
South Carolina has pursued this mat- ter. They did so, however, because the Ark., under very trying and difficult
ter from a different aspect. There is charges as outlined were somewhat circumstances. The conduct of this out-
a great deal of information contained vague and because the original charges standing general officer and hero of the
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of June 26. were, in fact, found to be not true. wars of this country is a record that very
It tells a great deal about not only And because certain alleged associa- few have surpassed in this great coun-
the General Walker situation itself but tions subsequently were even denied in try.
other aspects concerning the general the report from the Department of the Mr. Speaker, General Walker was
muzzling of the military, and certain Army, I think that we owe it to General widely known in that area in the brief
memorandums that-was issued by an- Walker, and for that matter to every time that he was stationed there in com-
other member of the other body which man in the armed services, to a review mand of military forces for his strong
would indicate that the military service in this case. stand for Americanism, all patriotic en-
should not teach or promote anti-Com- To the knowledge of the gentleman deavors, and for the information he tried
munist films and discussions, the reason from Ohio a review of this case has not to convey to all those around him rela-
for which I find difficult to understand, been granted by the Army; is that cor- tive to the Communist menace, the very
and they refer to those that do stand up recta enemy this great legislative body has
for patriotism as the "radical right." Mr. DEVINE. I have no information been directing its arguments against this
A portion of the RECORD of July 26 to that effect. All I know is based on afternoon in the debate on the floor of
says this, which I will quote. Relating newspaper accounts and my correspond- the House relative to the mutual se-
to the general attack by Communists to ence with the Department of Defense to curity program, or foreign aid.
discredit military leaders, it says: the effect that he was relieved of his Mr. Speaker, many of the Members of
Possibly the beginnings of the attack, command prior to the investigation. the House who are strong proponents
other than in Pravda itself, was a slander The admonition was, as I understand it, argue that this program of foreign aid
sheet called the Overseas Weekly, which verbal, which is of no significance in combats international communism. The
apparently has as its primary purpose the military circles, as a lesson to other per- hour is growing late, and I do not pro
general discrediting of U.S. servicemen and sons in the military not to take this pose to go into all the facets here. I did
the their 24th Infantry leadership in Eu Division. Division. As a pa ticu- those type of tack in connection with your have the opportunity of being the first
y undertook program for your military personnel. Member of the House of Representatives
la r Divisir target, the e overseas Weekly a
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(;RESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
the gentleman has referred to that hap-1
pened in Europe a few months ago ex-
posed by this discredited weekly.
So, in conclusion, I want to again
express the hope that now that the dust
has settled after this investigation and
report has been .made, in view of the sit-
uation in Berlin, as has been so well de-
scribed by the President, and in this time
of peril let us all hope that they will take
another look at this and give to General
Walker an assignment where the very
best of his talents may be used most ef-
fectively, and that certainly is in a posi-
tion of leadership in connection with our
combat troops.
Mr. DEVINE. I thank the gentleman
for his contribution.
Mr. JUDD. Mr. Speaker will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. DEVINE. I yield.
Mr. JUDD. Is it not rather ironical
that just this afternoon we have been
debating how we could help other coun-
tries, some of them very friendly, how
we could help them develop and save
their freedoms while distinguished and
heroic leaders of our own Armed Forces
are being denied freedom of speech on
matters that aff ect the survival of our
country? It is not General Walker, but
the Army leadership who are on trial to-
day, and I hope that they will move
rapidly to correct the situation into
which they have brought the leadership
of the Armed Forces of our country.
Mr. DEVINE. I agree with the dis-
tinguished gentleman from Minnesota.
It is most ironical.
In reply to my request for an investi-
gation to the chairman of the Armed
Forces Committee, i received a letter
dated August 14. I ask unanimous con-
sent that it may be included in the
RECORD at this point.
The SPEAKER.. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Ohio?
There was no objection.
(The letter referred to follows:)
HOUSE or REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,
Washington, D.C., August 14, 1961.
Hon. SAMUEL L. DEVINE,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
,
g
a
DEAR MR. DEVINE: I have just returned to committee, wish to initiate an independ- title in the Stars and Stripes and was de-that my office from a short absence and wish to ent investigation. lighted
acto to see General omeone is seeking the
acknowledge your letter of August 1 con- , facts of the GneraWalker case.
On yesterday I introduced House Con- As a former member of the -- Division,
cerning Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker. current Resolution 372 to establish I feel that I ran familiar with the case. I
You outline the series of actions which a joint committee to r was chagrined when General Walker was
you have taken with reference to this mat- conduct a hearing
ter and conclude by requesting an mme- and complete investigation and study of relieved without an investigation. The
diate investigation of the whole General the facts and circumstances surround.- basis oOverseas Weekly, relief was an article in the
Walker episode. ing the removal of the general. This eekly, the poorest excuse for a
This newspaper I have ever seen.
This committee has followed this matter resolution reads as follows:
closely since its inception. Initiall it was I have been in Germany for u- months
y Resolved by the House of Representatives as a member off the U.S. Armmy, during which
ich
necessary to await the completion of the (the Senate concurring), That there is here- time I have scrutinized this paper. When-
investigation by a specially appointed In- by established a joint committee which shall ever possible news of American forces is
spector General, Lieutenant General Brown, conduct a full and complete investigation reported as to cast disfavor upon all aspects
You will recall that Gen. Bruce Clark, who and study of the facts and circumstances of our Army.
commands the Army forces in Europe, se- surrounding the removal of Major General This paper has succeeded, to a degree, in
lected Lieutenant General Brown as a spe- Edwin A. Walker as Commanding General perpetuating an attitude of "Go Home
cial Inspector General for the purpose of of the Twenty-fourth Infantry Division, and Yankee" among: the Germans by being a
this investigation. his reassignment to other duties. The mem- decrier of our inequities; creating a non-
I am sure you know that verbatim In- bers of the joint committee shall report to moral atmosphere among our troops by pub-
spector General reports are not made avail- their respective Houses as promptly as pos- lication of immoral photographs and ar-
able to the public. However, I requested sible the results of their investigation and titles; confusing and misleading our soldiers
and received a classified summary of the study, together with such recommendations by distortion and clever phrasing of the news
report, in this case. That summary con- as the joint committee may deem advisable. and reporting of half-truths; demeaning the
tained the basis for the action which was SEC. 2. (a) The membership of the joint officer corps by continuous and sensational
taken by the Secretary of the Army, committee shall consist of five Members of reporting of wrongdoings by officers.
I fully realize that General Walker is an the Senate appointed by the President of I request that you make a careful analysis offic
ther
the Senate, and five Mebers of the House of this weekl. I oable th se p intslare in.econtroversy. Theionly of Repr sentativ s appointed by the Speaker in not knowing our realize your
and at hat you
15179
point in controversy is whether or not Gen- of the House Of Representatives. In each
eral Walker was sufficiently guilty of an instance not more than three Members shall
abuse of discretion as to justify the verbal be of the same political party. Vacancies in
admonishment which he received. The spe- the membership of the joint committee shall
cial Inspector General, finding the decision not affect the power of the remaining mem-
of General Clark and the concurrence of bers to execute the functions of the joint
the Secretary of the Army were in accord committee, and shall be filled in the same
in approving the actions which were taken manner as in the case of the original ap-
with reference to General Walker. pointments. The joint committee shall
While we both recognize that many are in select a chairman and a vice chairman from
disagreement with that decision, it cannot among its members, and shall determine the
be disputed that the Secretary of the Army number of members necessary to constitute
had full authority to reach that decision. a quorum for the transaction of business.
While I share your feelings that General (b) The joint committee, or any duly au-
Walker has made a fine military record, I thorized subcommittee thereof, is authorized
do not feel that any good purpose would to hold such. hearings, to sit and act at such
be served by instituting the investigation times and places, within or outside the
which you request. United States, to require, by subpena or
Sincerely yours, otherwise, the attendance of such witnesses
Mr. DEVINE. To that letter I imme-
diately replied on August 15 to the chair-
man, as :follows:
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
HOUSE or REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., August 15, 1961.
Hon. CARL VINSON,
Chairman, Committee on Armed Services,
House of Representative, Washington, D.C.
DEAR Mu. CHAIRMAN: Reference is made to
your letter dated August 14, 1961, in which
you decline to conduct an investigation con-
cerning the removal of Gen. Edwin A. Walker
as commanding officer of the 24th Infantry
Division because you "do not feel that any
good purpose would be served by instituting
the investigation " * +11
It is with regret that I learned of your
decision, and I am accordingly introducing a
concurrent resolution in the House tomor-
row, August 16, requesting the establishment
of a joint committee to conduct a full and
complete investigation.
Further, I have reserved a special order at
the end of legislative business on that date,
at which time I expect to explore this overall
problem. You may wish to be on the floor
at that time as I shall undoubtedly :mention
your letter declining this investigation.
Very truly yours,
SAMUEL L. DEVINE.
On the same date I directed a letter
to the Honorable RICHARD B. RUSSELL,
chairman of the Armed Services Com-
mittee, U.S. Senate, sending him a com-
plete file of my correspondence concern-
ing this matter, and suggesting that per-
haps that body might
throu
h th
t
and the production of such books, papers,
and documents, administer such oaths, to
take such testimony, to procure such print-
ing and binding, and to make such expend-
itures as it deems advisable. Subpenas
may be issued under the signature of the
chairman of the joint committee or any
member of the joint committee designated
by him, and. may be served by any person
designated by such chairman or member.
(c) The joint committee is empowered to
appoint and fix the compensation of such
experts, consultants, technicians, and cler-
ical and stenographic assistants as it deems
necessary and advisable, but the compen-
sation so fixed shall not exceed the com-
pensation prescribed under the Classification
Act of 1949 for comparable duties. The joint
committee 1,3 authorized to utilize the serv-
ices, information, facilities, and personnel
of the departments and establishments of
the Government.
(d) Expenses ofthe joint committee shall
be paid from the contingent fund of the
House, on vouchers signed by the chair-
man thereof and approved by the Committee
on House Administration.
Now, as an offshoot of this, I have
received ,a: lot of correspondence. Ap-
parently, one of the wire services carried
this story in the Stars and Stripes over-
seas. Of course I find it :necessary at
this time to protect the authors of these
two letters, which I am going to read
in part to you, but it does give an idea
of how some! People feel who have been
associated with this patriotic American.
This first letter is undated. I received
it about the 13th of this month:
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15178
felt he was in a position to throw some
light on what I describe as this general
"fiasco" I might say this, that I do not
feel at liberty at this time to reveal the
contents of the reply received from Gen-
eral Walker. He did indicate that he
felt he was not in a position to speak
fully at this time but some of the com-
ments that he wrote to me actually were
pathetic.
Here in this great country of ours, here
where we have freedom of speech, a
major general of the U.S. Army did not
feel free to speak. What was his crime?
I directed this letter on August 1. I
said this to Chairman VINSON, of the
House Armed Services Committee:
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: scores of people
have written their Congressmen demanding
an investigation to determine the true facts
relative to the allegations made against
Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker.
And if I may interpolate, I have re-
ceived many, many letters, and I know
many of my colleagues, such as the gen-
tleman from Iowa [Mr. KYL], the gen-
tleman from Illinois CMr. MICHEL], the
gentleman from Illinois [Mr. COLLIER],
and others, have told me of numbers of
letters that they have received from the
citizens of this Nation demanding to
know what are the true facts. They are
trying not to judge the case by them-
selves. They want to know the facts.
They want to be able to reach an in-
dependent conclusion as to whether or
not this great American has been in-
judiciously treated.
Now to go on with this letter:
On April 25, 1961, I requested a report on
this matter from the Secretary of Defense,
Robert S. McNamara. Brig. Gen. C. R. Rod-
erick acknowledged this request on April 27,
1961.
The following day Lt. Col. William A. Hun-
ter also acknowledged my request and stated
that the Secretary of the Army had directed
the Commander in Chief, U.S. Army Europe,
on April 17, 1961, to transfer General Walker
from command of the 24th Infantry Division
in Germany to Headquarters, U.S. Army Eu-
rope, pending the outcome of an official in-
vestigation of reported statements and ac-
tions of General Walker.
A month passed with no further re-
port, and I made another request for re-
ports of the investigation on may 26,
1961.
Thereafter, a mimeographed sheet
dated June 12, 1961, which, incidentally,
is on the same date I directed a letter
to the President, issued by the Office
of the Chief of Legislative Liaison, was
received, a copy of which I attach to
my letter to Chairman VINSON:
This mimeographed report is a self-ex-
planatory formal announcement of the ad-
monishment of Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker
for making derogatory statements about
prominent Americans; further, that his ac-
tions exceeded the limits of propriety for an
officer of the Army.
Mr. KYL.. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield?
Mr. DEVINE. I yield to the gentle-
man from Iowa.
Mr. KYL. Lest there be any misunder-
standing by anyone reading the RECORD,
the gentleman mentioned a few moments
ago a letter received from General
Walker.
Mr. DEVINE. Yes.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE AZgust 17
Mr. KYL. I think it might be well to
state at this point that there is nothing
in this letter from the general which
would be deemed improper by even his
most severe critics.
Mr. DEVINE. That is most correct.
I believe I have shown this letter to the
gentleman from Iowa and he is fully
aware of what he said.
Further quoting from the letter:
These unsupported conclusions with no
corroborating facts resulted in telephone
conversations and finally on June 29, 1961,
I directed another letter, this time to Col.
V. L. Bowers, Secretary Army, Chief Legisla-
tive Liaison, specifically requesting "the
specific charges in detail, the source of com-
plaint, copies of the Overseas Weekly ar-
ticles that gave rise, to the investigation, a
copy of the speech referred to heretofore,
the results of the investigation, and General
Walker's side of the story." On July 19,
1961, Lt. Col. James Campbell hand deliv-
ered a letter from Maj, Gen. H. A. Gerhardt,
a copy of which is attached hereto and
marked exhibit 2. This letter enclosed
Thermofax copies of the publication the
Overseas Weekly dated April 16 and April
23, 1961, which are available to you on
request.
The key sentence in this letter, in my
opinion, appears at the bottom of page 1
and says, "no substantial evidence was re-
vealed that General Walker had referred to
former President Harry S. Truman, Dean
Acheson, and Eleanor Roosevelt as 'defi-
nitely pink' as alleged by the Overseas
Weekly, but it was established that he had
stated or inferred that these prominent per-
sons are leftist-influenced or affiliated."
The top paragraph on page 2 of the ref-
erence letter is also significant. You will
note, however, that this letter ignores most
of the questions contained in my request
on June 29, 1961.
Meanwhile, I have been In touch with
Maj. Gen, Edwin A. Walker and he, for rea-
sons best known to himself, declines to shed
further light on the overall picture. It
doesn't take much imagination to see that
he has been effectively muzzled either by
the Army, the Secretary of Defense, or some-
one else in higher authority.
Mr. Chairman, the American people de-
mand and are entitled to know the facts in
this case. Members of Congress are also en-
titled to know whether the Secretary of the
Army or someone else in high authority
acted hastily and injudiciously in relieving
General Walker of his command.
Mr. FISHER,. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. DEVINE. I am happy to yield to
the gentleman from Texas. If I am not
mistaken, the gentleman from Texas
represents the district which is the resi-
dence of General Walker.
Mr. FISHER. The gentleman is cor-
rect.
First, I want to say I completely share
the gentleman's estimation of General
Walker. I am pleased to know of the
interest that has been expressed here
and the information that has been de-
veloped during the gentleman's remarks
relating to this incident which is the
subject of your discussion. It happens
that General Walker is a constituent of
mine. He was born and reared in the
district which I represent. His mother
and his brother live there now. They
are highly respected people. I feel, as
I am sure the gentleman does, and as
he has indicated in his talk, that now, of
all times, this country needs to make the
very best use of the best talent that is
available in the military services because
of the world situation as it has developed.
It is admitted by all concerned, includ-
ing the report on the investigation, that
General Walker is an outstanding com-
bat leader.
Gen. Mark Clark, whom many of us
know personally and who also comes
from Texas, in his report was quoted as
saying:
General Walker's past military and combat
record is commendable. No one can question
General Walker's sincerity of purpose.
He is only 51 years of age. The gen-
tleman from Ohio has already outlined
some of his combat record, which I think
I can say without hesitation probably is
the most outstanding record of anyone
his age in the entire U.S. Army today. I
think the record reflects that. He has
received practically all the decorations
that can be awarded to a combat leader.
He has demonstrated his qualities of
leadership time aftre time in the field of
battle.
Therefore, I want to join with the
gentleman in expressing the hope that
now that the dust is settled, after this
investigation and report, the Army will
get around to assigning General Walker
to a command in keeping with his talents
and with his past record, The times are
too perilous to waste a talent like this.
It seems to me imperative that the ques-
tion of an assignment which would make
the maximum and best use of General
Walker's capabilities and his combat
leadership should be decided in the very
near future. At least that is my hope.
I recently received a letter from the
Secretary of the Army in reply to an in-
quiry I made about General Walker in
which, among other things, he said:
General Walker is presently assigned to an
important position related to the planning
and supervision of Army operations in
Europe.
That is fine. I am sure whatever he
is doing is being done well.
Beyond doubt and above everything
I hope that the Secretary of the Army,
the Secretary of Defense, and the Presi-
dent, if he should be consulted further
about it, will see to it that General Walk-
er is given an assignment that will make
the very best use of his remarkable com-
bat leadership talents.
Again I want to thank the gentleman
for this privilege of joining him in his
commendation that is due General
Walker. The times, as I said before,
are too perilous for us to be involved too
much in what I think are these petty
complaints about General Walker that
were exposed by a salacious, discredited
newspaper in Europe that was barred
from being sold on the newsstands in
the military installations by the general
who was in command at Heidelberg.
Finally it was permitted to resume only
after agreement was made that they
would clean it up, and there is not much
indication that it has been cleaned up.
So I regard a lot of these things as
rather petty and relatively unimportant.
In these times of peril certainly it is
no time to be making decisions not to
use the quality Of the leadership such
as General Walker has, or having that
related in any way to these things that
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iJ. GEN. EDWIN A. WALKER, U.S.
ARMY
'he SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio [Mr. DEVINE] Is recog-
nized for 60 minutes.
Mr. DEVINE. Mr. Speaker, this will
be a change of pace from the important
legislation the House has been consider-
ing today concerning the Mutual Se-
curity Act. I think, however, the sub-
ject matter of my remarks in this special
order are perhaps of equal importance.
I intend to address the membership on
the subject of the removal of Maj. Gen.
Edwin A. Walker as the commanding
officer of the 24th Infantry Division, U.S.
Army, stationed in critical Germany.
I may say this is the first time in over
21/2 years I have been a Member of this
body that I have taken a special order on
any subject. But I think a rank injustice
has been done a very important member
of our military, a high-ranking officer.
At the outset, let us examine for a
moment: Who is General Walker?
Edwin A. Walker was born on Novem-
ber 10, 1909, at Center Point, Tex. He
was appointed to the U.S. Military Acad-
emy at West Point on July 1, 1927, from
Texas. He graduated in 1931.
He had a very distinguished service
during the time he has been in the mili-
tary forces. From December 1939 to
November 1941, he was battery com-
mander, 2d Battalion, 13th Field Artil-
lery Regiment, at Schofield Barracks,
T.H.
From May 1943, to November 1945, he
was commanding officer of the 3d Regi-
ment, 1st Special Service Force, in
Alaska and Italy; commanding officer,
1st Special Service Force, Italy, France,
and Germany; commanding officer,
474th Infantry Regiment, 3d Army, Ger-
many, and commanding officer, Task
Force A, Olso, Norway.
Thereafter, from October 1950 to Au-
gust 1951, he was assistant comman-
dant, Ranger Training Command, Fort
Benning, Ga. - He trained ranger com-
panies, airborne, one for each division,
including Korea.
He had the fortunate or unfortunate
experience of being the chief, U.S. Army
military district at Little Rock, Ark.,
during the period from August 1957 to
October 1959.
Since October 1959, until he was re-
moved in April of this year, he was com-
manding general, 24th Infantry Division,
Augsburg, Germany.
He is not an armchair soldier, as you
can see.
He has received the Silver Star, the
Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster, the
Combat Infantryman's Badge, second
award, the Senior Paratrooper Badge,
the Legion of Merit with cluster, the
Commendation Ribbon, the Korean Unit
Citation, the Korean Service Medal, the
Asiatic Pacific Medal, the American De-
fense Medal, the United Nations Service
Medal, the World War II Victory Medal,
the Europe, Africa, and Middle East
Medal, the American Campaign Medal,
the Army of Occupation Medal, and the
National Defense Service Medal,
In addition to that he has received the
rench Croix de Guerre in December
r 1943, the Norwegian Order of St. Olav,
1946, the Order of the British Empire,
1945, and the Korean Ulchi Medals with
gold and silver star.
Now, I do not know General Walker.
I never had heard of him prior to the
incident which I am relating. When I
did hear of it, however, I became dis-
turbed and started to make some inquir-
ies. Among other inquiries I directed a
letter to the Pentagon on June 29 of
this year making a general inquiry, and
I made this statement, which I still feel
applies today:
I continue to be amazed at the demand
for freedom of expression, freedom of
thought, and freedom of speech for those
advocates of wild, radical, liberal leftist line
and their stanch supporters through the
American Civil Liberties Union and other
such organizationg.
Yet, on the other hand, if someone dares
to speak for constitutional government or
patriotism, he is immediately throttled,
threatened, transferred, or repudiated.
One report here says that General
Walker is an authentic American hero
with an outstanding record of 30 years'
service to his country as a professional
soldier and patriot. Even the Army's re-
port in the case contains the statement
that "no one can question General
Walker's sincerity of purposes." In
spite of his record, he was treated shame-
fully by his superiors. Why? This re-
port states he instituted a successful pro-
American troop indoctrination program
in his own division, reportedly the only
American division capable of entering
the line immediately in case of hostili-
ties in Europe. Now, with the Berlin
crisis worsening week by week, General
Walker has been taken from command
of this combat division. The morale of
his troops has suffered a severe blow and
a demise of the problue program has left
a gap which will be difficult to fill.
What is the problue program? I
never heard of it before. I have learned
it is this: In teaching the troops of this
great Nation about what goes on in this
world, it was suggested that he take an
anti-Communist line. General Walker
is not a negative person. He said:
Let us not talk anti; let us be positive.
Let us be pro. Let us be for something.
"Problue" means pro-American, pa-
triotic, anti-Red. That is the very
thing for which he was charged by a
newspaper, if it could actually bear that
name; something called the Overseas
Weekly, with doing something that was
wrong. What about this Overseas
Weekly? It is referred to by members of
the service as the oversexed weekly.
Why? Because it deals in such things
as pictures that perhaps border on being
pornographic. One report I received
here says that this is what precipitated
the controversy which resulted in Gen-
eral Walker's suspension and transfer
from his command.
Paul Harvey in an article on June 2
described it as a "slime mongering, girlie
stripping scandal sheet called the Over-
seas Weekly; a smutty leftwing tab-
loid,
15177
The gentleman from Arkansas [Mr.
ALFORD), who I see on the floor of the
House this afternoon, described the at-
tack on the general as having been engi-
neered by a "salacious overseas pink
sheet which was banned from distribu-
tion to our Armed Forces on complaint
of a chaplain's committee."
This ii: further contained in this re-
port:
For a period of more than 2 years prior to
the announcement of the admonition. of
Gsneral Walker by the Army, the Overseas
Weekly and its staff had been refused ac-
creditation by the Department of Defense.
This meant that the paper should not
have been allowed to be sold on the Army
Stars and Stripes newsstands overseas
during that period. Nevertheless, it was
so sold. I will ask the question, why?
Another question is directed here.
Who in the Pentagon looked the other
way while this was going on? We ask
the question, why? And another ques-
tion: Why did the Department of De-
fense accredit the publisher of the paper
and two minor members of her staff the
week preceding the admonishment of
General Walker? Why? Why was it
so imperative, this report asks, that this
foul, discredited sheet be protected and
coddled by direction from the very heads
of Government, while it great and gallant
soldier was stripped of his command,
and denied a well-merited promotion to
a command, in his own home State, and
limited to an administrative post in Ger-
many until such time as the Army civil-
ian heads could safely demote him even
still further?
One thing that is very difficult to un-
derstand, one thing that created my
curiosity is why General Walker was re-
lieved of his command prior to the in-
stitution of any investigation. It is very
difficult to understand about a man who
has this tremendous record. Here is
another report on "What kind of man
is General Walker?" This appeared in
a column by a Mr. Holmes Alexander
who has a syndicated column across this
Nation. He wrote this:
At the outbreak of World War II, he volun-
teered for extrahazardous duty and trained
with a Canadian group for special action
in ski, mountain, amphibious, and airborne
fighting, at Helena, Mont. As a regimental
commander in this special force, he served
in the Aleutians, and later in Italy, 'Prance,
Germany, and Norway * * ie his preceding
the famous battle of Cassino ' * ' He
spent 20 months in the Korean conflict, as
regimental commander, deputy chief of pris-
oner of war affairs, senior adviser to the
crack Republic of Korea let Corps.
On August i of this year, Mr. Speaker,
I directed a letter to the Honorable CARL
VixsoN, chairman of the Committee on
Armed Services of the House of Repre-
sentatives, after having conducted what
I considered an independent investiga-
tion in an effort to determine the true
facts. As I say, I do not know General
Walker. I had never heard of him be-
fore newspaper reports of this incident.
I thought I was getting the run-around
from the Department of Defense and
other places. I directed a letter actually
to the General himself asking him if he
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15938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 25
volume can be traced to petroleum. There ranch. Bob vowed he'd "bring back any- Oil was taken over in 1905 by the Societe
are 3 refineries In or adjacent to the city, thing wearing the CY brand." Belgo-Americaine des Petroles du Wyoming.
3 interstate pipelines, 78 oilfield equipment One of the most famous of the many in- This, in turn, was absorbed by a company
houses, 28 oil-hauling concerns, 84 oilfield mates of Casper's jail was Red Cloud, great founded by English, French, and Ameri-
service houses, 53 oilfield property brokers, chief of the Sioux, arrested for hunting ante- can capital.
39 consulting geologists and geophysicists, lope to feed his people. The record reads But it was the Midwest Oil Co., formed in
73 oil company exploration and production that he was "killing game out of season." 1911, that began the most intensive explora-
offices, and 41 drilling contractors. The year 1888 was an important one for tion of Salt Creek and built a refinery in
Wyoming produces about as much oil as the town. The first band of sheep arrived In Casper and a pipeline and telephone line
Brazil and Mexico combined. And of the $22 what is now Natrona County. And the first connecting the town with the field.
million spent annually for petroleum explo- crude buildings, with corrugated iron roofs There came a time of violent claim dis-
ration in Wyoming, it is estimated that 90 and floors of packed gumbo, appeared that putes; and companies hired line riders, fast
summer. on the trigger, to protect their claims at any
percent is spent in and from Casper. In the fall of 1888 there occurred an event cost. Often sheriff or deputies arrived too
This then is Casper-Indian campground, that was to have even more lasting effects late to prevent bloodshed.
frontier fort, cow town, sheep town, oil upon Casper. Some 3 miles from the rough During the latter part of 1916 and most
town-imaginative, impulsive, colorful, and, new business houses with their flanking of 1917 Casper became a boomtown. Men
as might be expected from its past history, of tent residences the first oil well was, in all walks of life deserted professions and
always on the go, drilled, known appropriately as Casper well. business interests to buy and sell oil stock.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti- Thus, 2 years before Wyomi*.hg became a The Midwest Hotel was a scene of wild
at this State, the town built on buffalo chips was speculation. Those who couldn't get ex-
C10 may be printed in the RECORD beginning to have thoughts of another eco- pensive hotel rooms for "offices" set up busi-
point. nomic base. ness in the lobby without benefit of desk
There being no objection, the article While cowboys and Indians roamed the or filing cabinets. The town overflowed
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, single main street and the canvas walls of with people, and new companies were
as follows: the first homes shuddered and popped under formed overnight. But by the fall of 1917
TOWN ON THE GO: CASPER, WYO., Is VIGOROUS the onslaught of the persistent March wind many brokers had gone out of business,
AND RESTLESS-AN EXCITING 'BLEND OF in the spring of 1889, the Casper Mail car- and the town settled into a steadier econ-
FRONTIER HERITAGE AND MODERN INDUSTRY ried this item: "The reported oil strike at omy. By 1923 three large refineries were
Casper well last week is still shrouded in running, one of them the largest in the
(By Peggy Samson Curry) mystery. Work has, been stopped ? ' " -world at that time.
This was Indian country before the fur workmen claiming that the 2-inch cable is A second oil flourish hit Casper following
trappers arrived. It was Oregon Trail coun- broken and the drill is at the bottom of the World War II, when intensive exploration
try before the cattle came winding in a well. It is a noticeable fact that the man- began not only of new areas but also of old
long dust from Texas to the wind-rippled ager and his men have been locating oil ones. The chance of finding uranium pro-
grasslands and before the Irish sheepherders claims ever since the `break' occurred." vided an added inducement for visitors.
danced to concertina music on the summer By June, 90 claims had been (filed in the With the upsurge of the oil business Casper
ranges of the Big Horn Mountains. Casper area, most of them in the Salt Creek became known as "Oil Capital of the
Casper sprawls along the banks of the Field. And while other adjoining oilflelds, Rockies."
North Platte River in central Wyoming-a particularly the Big Muddy, have contrib- In today's Casper, a town of 40,000 as com-
town of strong personality, vigorous, restless, uted to the growth of Casper, none has pared to the settlement of 100 when the
cosmopolitan; a land of blindingly bright been so significant as the Salt Creek Field, first well was drilled, two-thirds of the busi-
summer days and winter blizzards, of raging approximately 40 direct miles north of town, ness volume can be traced to petroleum.
on the road toward the Big Horn Mountains. There are three refineries in or adjacent to
winds and spectacular thundershowers. Cas- Here, in a basin of prairie, surrounded by the city, three interstate pipelines, 78 oil-
per's history is as violent and full of con- wind-carved monuments of rock and lifts of field equipment houses, 28 oil hauling con-
trasts as its weather. broken ridges, was the scene not only of con- cerns, 84 oilfield service houses, 53 oilfield
You can see the contrasts today. By the centrated oil activity but also of violent property brokers, 39 consulting geologists
river, only 15 minutes by auto from the claim struggles, bawdy and vigorous camp and geophysicists, 73 oil company explora-
bustling center of town, across earth where life. Here was found crude oil that came tion and production offices, and 41 drilling
Indian arrowheads are exposed by the fierce out of the ground so rich that it was said contractors.
brush of wind or the wash of spring rains, to be "like no other oil anywhere on earth." Wyoming produces about as much oil
is the site of the first white man's cabin in Salt Creek's first well was brought in by as Brazil and Mexico combined. And of
the region, built by a band of trappers in the Pennsylvania Oil & Gas Co. In the fall of the $22 million spent annually for pe-
1812. Almost in the shadows of one of mod- 1889. While the cattlemen's range wars troleum exploration in Wyoming, it is esti-
ern Casper's oil refineries stands old Fort were beginning and the sheep business was mated that 90 percent is spent In and from
Caspar, originally known as Platte Bridge In its infancy, samples of Salt Creek crude Casper.
Station. Caspar and Casper, the fort and oil were on their way to Pittsburgh for Today's Casper is as colorful as Its vivid
the town, both were named in honor of Lt. chemical analysis. President Phillip Mark past. "Nobody ever goes to bed In Casper"
Caspar Collins, who lost his life leading an Shannon of Pennsylvania 011, impressed by is an assumption based on visual evidence,
attack against superior Indian forces in 1865 results of the tests, continued drilling with for there are people moving on Center Street
at the battle of Platte Bridge. (A frontier great success, any night of the week between dark and
Army clerk is said to have given the town its The Union Pacific, Denver & Gulf Rail- daylight. And, as in the days of the fron-
incorrect spelling.) The old fort and the way used this "natural" oil for lubri- tier, a man's best passport to recognition
modern town frame our story. cation for many years. During the first 5 is the force and individuality of his own
When the Oregon Trail migration began in ',months of that time, the oil wasn't even character.
1840, the covered wagons gathered where the treated, there being no refinery in town. It is not considered an anomaly to see
city now stands, and a safe river crossing was While growing Casper dealt with murder, a cowboy wearing his high-heeled boots at
established through the turbulent North cattle rustling, problems of education and a gathering where tuxedos predominate. Nor
Platte. Brigham Young camped here in 1847, street development, oil was being hauled is it considered strange that a wealthy man's
when a few trappers' shacks and the rutted from Salt Creek and other fields by the friend may be a sheepherder.
trail were the only signs of the white man; "string team" method. A local newspaper The town is creative. Art classes are
and the river crossing became known as described this early stage of transportation:
"Two string teams were loaded out from crowded, night and day, at growing Casper
Mormon Ferro r 1852 the reached of eat, here with 26,000 pounds of piping. One of College; and art exhibits hang in banks,
tiers bound for Oregon had reached a peak, the teams was made up of 16 head of cafes, and hotels. Music is a vital interest
and the Indians were no longer placated by horses and 4 wagons and when the wagonEl in the town; and it is often remarked, be-
presents or platitudes. In 1859 an Army post were coupled out to receive the piping, the tween pride and laughter, that an amazing
(Platte Bridge Station) was established. entire outfit occupied a space of ground 240 number of people turn out to hear anyone
In 1868 the cattle began to arrive in large feet long and was the longest string outfit play a piano. The community concert se-
numbers, and Judge Joseph Maul Carey es- that ever went out of Casper." ries is well supported, and the civil sym-
tablished the CY Ranch. The ranch's "poor- Early in 1895 Pennsylvania Oil built the phony boasts that 15 of its musicians travel
est pasture land" was to become the site of first small refinery in Casper (it was also more than 100 miles to attend weekly re-
modern Casper. Oldtimers spoke of Casper the first in the State). Politicians, local hearsals. Casper's College's theater-in-the-
as national, were subjected to the "45- round draws packed houses, and anyone in
as "a town built on buffalo chips," for the minute tour." And when they emerged, town is likely to show up in grease paint at
earliest residents were alfalfa growers who their shoes and clothing were smudged with the Paradise Valley Play House.
gathered fertilizer where they could. oil, but they were smiling. This then is Casper-Indian campground,
Through the streets of the town rode the While dynamic Mark Shannon was head- frontier fort, cow town, sheep town, oil
tole-in-the-Wall rustling gang, pursued to ing exploration of Salt Creek, English, town-imaginative, impulsive, colorful, and,
its remote hideout in the Powder River French, Dutch, and Belgian businessmen as might be expected from its past history,
country by Bob Divine, foreman of Carey's were also becoming Interested. Pennsylvania always on the go.
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Welch goes on to relate that a person who
had been trying to convert one local chapter
into "a hotbed of anti-Semitism" was
dropped from the society, and he pledges
that the society will never become a haven
for anti-Semitic feeling "so long as I am
directing its policies." After several addi-
tional paragraphs explaining why no mem-
ber of the Jewish faith can also be a Com-
munist (and pointing out that Karl Marx
was "probably the most vicious anti-Semite
of all times"), Welch concludes with the
following warning:
"There is only one real danger in the
charge of anti-Semitism today, to the man
who actually Is not anti-Semitic. It is that
the utter (and in some cases malicious) un-
fairness of the charge may cause him to
react with anger against Jews in general,
and then begin to let some of his feeling
creep into his writings or his speeches.. That
brings on even more vitriolic attacks, with
a few more straws to support them. And so
the development continues until the man in
question winds up actually becoming vio-
lently anti-Semitic. And he seldom realizes
that this was the Communist game and pur-
pose all along, of which the majority of Jews
who innocently helped the Reds to imple-
ment it were as unaware and innocent as the
ordinary Methodist who supports the Na-
tional Council of Churches. And many an
anti-Communist fighter of great promise in
America has had his career ruined and his
effectiveness destroyed by letting himself fall
into that carefully prepared trap."
This will never happen to him, Welch
declares; to his "thousands of Jewish
friends" he pledges, "I shall remain your
friend, no matter what happens." (One
other bit of information bearing on Welch's
attitude is that he has been consistently
anti-Nasser, viewing the Arab nationalists as
aiding the Communists in gaining control of
the Middle East.)
All the evidence available at the moment
suggests the presence of a certain ambiva-
lence in the Birch Society an the matter of
anti-Semitism. Welch himself seems to be
personally without bias toward Jews, and
he wants the society to reflect this position.
Yet there is no doubt, that some local lead-
ers and members are well-known anti-Sem-
ites. With one after another of the rabbin-
ical associations and major Jewish civic
groups speaking out in complete condemna-
tion of Welch and his movement, there will
be rising pressures to respond to the "Jewish
attacks." Probably, Welch will continue to
allow some light flirtation with the more
sophisticated anti-Semitic spokesmen. But
it is a testimony to American maturity and
the activities of Jewish defense agencies
that open anti-Semitism is seen as a dead
end today for any "middle-of-the-road right-
wing organization."
One final aspect of the society should be
noted. Welch's writings have a remarkable
combination of fantastic allegation and
sweet reasonableness. Along with his pro-
posals advocating drastic action against the
Communist agents all over America will go
reminders to be polite while making menac-
ing telephone calls to local officials, to exer-
cise self-restraint when attacked unfairly,
and to take no action which violates "moral
principles." "It is a major purpose of the
John Birth Society," he often explains, "one
never to be overlooked by its members, to
help in every way we can--by example as
well as precept--to restore an abiding sense
of moral values to greater use as a guide
of conduct for individuals, for groups, and
ultimately for nations," If there are some
right-fundamentalists to whom this sort of
passage sounds a. bit like the National Coun-
cil of Churches, the total blend of warm-
hearted, main-street vigilantism is still ap-
pealing to the majority of Welch's followers.
Whatever the specific prospects for the
Birch Society-and I consider them unhap-
pily bright-the 1960's will surely be years
of expansion for the fundamentalist right
in this country. Several things point toward
that conclusion.
First, this will be a decade of immense
frustration for American foreign policy. We
will witness increased neutralism among the
new nations; increased militancy among the
nonwhite peoples over questions of color;
constant military and scientific pressures
from the Russians and, soon, the Chinese
Communists; diminished American influ-
ence in the United Nations; greater conflict
in Latin America; and continued outlays of
foreign assistance which do not "buy loyal-
ties" or "'deliver votes" on critical issues. If
the United States can simply prevent these
situations from exploding, most informed
students of diplomacy would think we had
done well. But cutting losses inflicted by
the stagnant 1950's and preparing hopeful
future positions is not going to appeal to
the right-fundamentalist masses (or the
frantic pacifist variety on the left either).
The right is unshakable in its faith in uni-
lateral solutions and its belief that each loss
for America can be traced to a Communist
agent or "Comsyrnp" In the CIA, at the New
York Times, in the Cathedral of St. John
the Divine, or at the Yale Law School, And
the inescapable strategic retreats of the early
1960's (Laos is a good example) will lend
fuel to the fires on the right.
Second, the domestic racial issue also poses
a serious threat of a rise in right funda-
mentalism. In the 1960's the struggle for
Negro equality will move increasingly into
areas outside the South. Lower middle-class
and middle-class resentments against Negro
neighbors and Negro competitors are bound
tancy and the spreading use of Government
power to enforce civil rights will peel away
the already thinned layers of toleration in
many sectors of the Northern and Western
population. In this area of public policy,
groups like the Birch Society-which are
not explicitly anti-Negro but oppose com-
pulsory integration-have a promising posi-
tion, and the reservoirs of white hostility,
unless carefully and wisely channeled by
both white and Negro liberal leaders, could
fill the well of the fundamentalist right to
overflowing.
Third, there exists the distinct possibility
of an unprecedented coalition of Catholic
and Protestant right fundamentalists in the
'1960's. Only those who know little about
the history of American Catholicism would
assume that this is a monolithic community.
Yet many factors suggest that the 1960's
may see an even deeper division of Ameri-
can Catholics into warring ideological fac-
tions than has obtained at any time in the
past. Already some influential Catholics are
complaining bitterly that President Kennedy
has joined the liberalist establishment,
that he has been selling out Catholic Church
interests, and that the administration of the
first Catholic President may go down in his-
tory of the softest on communism. This
is far from the dominant view among Amer-
ican Catholics. Indeed, it may represent the
last thrashing of the old, superloyalist ele-
ment in the American Catholic community--
a group which will be goaded to extremism
by the sight of an aclerical, literate, sophis-
ticated Catholic liberal in the White House.
Under these conditions, and with the magic
memory of Joseph McCarthy to help bridge
the chasrn of the Reformation, the funda-
mentalist Protestants and the fundamen-
talist Catholics may enter into an alliance
(possibly inside the Birch Society).
But perhaps the central question mark for
right-fundamentalism in the 1960's is not
issues or groups but a man-Senator BARRY
GOLDWATER, of Arizona. At the moment, he
is the beloved crusader of the right and he
has given his fundamentalist supporters
every possible encouragement. Before very
15937
much longer, however, as the jockeying for
position in 1964 begins, GOLDWATER Will have
to decide whether he wants to be a Repub-
lican presidential hopeful and Senate leader
or the head of an ideological crusade. If
he chooses. two-party politics, GOLDWATER
will have to undercut the Birch Society, for
it could embarrass him by its extremism, and
it is not under his control. (Already, GoLD-
WATER has called on Welch to resign because
of his authoritarian controls and his charges
against Eisenhower.) Many experienced ob-
servers of Washington politics doubt whether
GOLDWATER has the personality and the para-
noia to become a fundamentalist ideologue
and wander in a political wilderness. - How-
ever, if GOLDWATER should lose the Repub-
lican nomination to someone like Nelson
Rockefeller and if he were to decide that
there was no hope for his ambitions within
the GOP, he could mold the fundamentalist
right into a cohesive movement which would
assume immediate political influence.
These, aen, are the factors which point
to a resurgence of the far rightwing in the
1960's. But, it should be said on the other
side, a rejuvenated and expanded liberal
movement is also likely to develop in the
United States during the next few years.
The signs are already present on American
college campuses, where a decade of student
apathy and fatalism is giving way to a
revival of both liberal and (respectable) con-
servative political commitment. Whether
the Kennedy administration will move from
its first year of dreary if realistic compromise
to give direction and enthusiasm to the
liberal cause remains to be seen. At any rate,
the resources are there to be marshaled, and
they are potentially our, greatest protection
against the mounting right-fundamentalist
CASPER, WYO.
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I wish to
call attention to an article published in
the slimmer 1I161 issue of "Petroleum
Today." The article is entitled "Town
on the Go," and was written by Peggy
Simson Curry, who is a personal friend
of the present occupant of the chair, my
colleague from. Wyoming [Mr. HICKEY].
The article is the story of Casper, Wyo.,
a vigorous, restless, and exciting blend of
frontier heritage and modern industry.
The article describes the very rapid rise
of this community out in the prairies, a
rise that was encouraged largely by the
discovery of oil in the area. Among the
interesting attributes of Casper's rise has
been the play on names among some of
the community personalities. For ex-
ample, one colorful early pioneer was
called "Give a Damn" Jones, a nickname,
of course, referring to one of his favorite
expressions. Another was "Puzzle Face"
Reed, who earned his title at the poker
table. Stil' another was "Hard Winter"
Davis. Still another, "Sod Corn" Gore.
The Lucas brothers were referred to as
"Big Bones" and "Little Bones." That
was a reflection on some of their extra-
curricular nuotivities.
The citizens of present-day Casper
have an inherited fondness for nick-
names. Ben Scherck, a realtor whose
firm is the oldest in town, is still known
as "See Ben" Scherck, on the basis of
his catchy business slogan, "A Look
Means a Lot."
I read from the article:
In today's Casper, a town of 40,000 as com-
pared to the settlement of 100 when the first
well was drilled, two-thirds of the business
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 25
groups, publications, and personalities,
stressing that Americanists can work in sev-
eral forums at once for the cause. In May
1961, for example, Welch listed two pages of
other' anti-Communist groups which he en-
dorsed and urged Birchers to support.
These included the' American Coalition of
Patriotic Societies, the American Council of
Christian Laymen, the Cardinal Mindszenty
Foundation, the Catholic Freedom Founda-
tion, the Christian Crusade, the Freedom
Club (of Los Angeles), Freedom in Action
(Houston), the Intercollegiate Society of In-
dividualists, the Network of Patriotic Letter
Writers (Pasadena), and We, the People
(Chicago). In turn, Welch's appearances
are often sponsored by such groups: The
Freedom Club of Rev. James Fifield arranged
his Los Angeles rally, and the Sons of the
American Revolution sponsored his Houston
appearance.
To a large extent, Welch's personal self-
lessness and his salesmanship have already
made him a rallying point for the funda-
mentalist right, and no recent rightwing
group comes to mind which has achieved so
large and solid a dues-paying and working
membership. In a world of Communist ad-
vances in Asia and Africa, pressures on Ber-
lin, vast changes in the relation of white to
colored populations throughout the world,
the Birch Society has developed a thoroughly
satisfying way for the thin-lipped little lady
from Wichita or the self-made manufac-
turer of plumbing fixtures in North Carolina
to work in manageable little daily doses
aagainst "the Communists." The cancer of
the unquestioned international Commu-
nist menace a,nd the surgery of local pres-
sure on the PTA and public library-here
is a perfect appeal for right fundamentalism.
This highlights the fact that the society's
most successful efforts to date have not been
on the national scene but on the soft under-
belly of American democracy-those places
where a minimum of pressure can often pro-
duce maximum terror and restrictive re-
sponses. Welch has stressed that school
boards, city colleges, local businesses, local
clergy, and similar targets are the ones to
concentrate on. Above all, Welch has
brought coordination to the fundamentalist
right-coordinated targets, coordinated
meetings and rallies, and coordinated pres-
sure tactics. "All of a sudden," the director
of a Jewish Community Council in one city
reflected, "the rightwingers began to func-
tion like a disciplined platoon. We have
had to contend with precision and satura-
tion ever since."
II
If this is what the society advocates and
how it functions, what are its immediate
and long-range prospects? In the short run,
the society has lost one of its most potent
weapons-the element of secrecy. Those in
local communities who felt the sting of
Birch campaigns during 1959-61 report that
it was the factor of surprise at these sudden
fundamentalist pressures and the unaware-
ness of their organizational source which
threw them off balance. Now, however, the
society has been brought into public view.
Its authoritarian character and extremist
statements have been attacked in both lib-
eral and conservative newspapers; by im-
portant Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish
leaders; and by political figures as diverse as
Richard Nixon, President John Kennedy,
Attorney General Robert Kennedy, Repre-
sentative Sam Rayburn, Senator Thomas E.
Dodd, and even Senator Barry Goldwater
himself. The fact that a prominent leader
of the society who had been chosen as
Washington lobbyist for the American Retail
Federation was hastily discarded In June by
the federation because of his Birch affilia-
tion indicates that recent publicity has dam-
aged the society's claim to respectability.
One midwestern Congressman known for his
open advocacy of rightwing movements felt
it wise recently to seek out liberal leaders
from his community and explain privately
that he did not support the Birch move-
ment. Increasingly, those "solid" figures
who joined the group when it was operating
privately will have to face public disapproval
of the society, and this will probably cause
some falling away among borderline con-
servatives.
In the longer perspective, however, there
are three specific factors which deserve
mention in assessing the society's potential
growth. The first is the authoritarian char-
acter of the group and the centralized con-
trol exercised by Robert Welch (a situation
which has led Senator GOLDWATER to criticize
Welch directly), According to the charter
of the society, Welch is the absolute leader;
there is no accounting of dues or contribu-
tions; there is no representative process or
democratic system for selecting programs
or defining positions; and Welch has the
power (which he has used) to expel any
member or chapter for reasons sufficient to
him, without right of hearing or appeal on
the exp'zlslon. This has produced wide-
spread criticism of Welch as a "little Hitler"
and the society as a group run on Fascist
lines. However, Welch has stressed again
and again that members can disagree with
him; that he doesn't expect any member to
carry out a project which violates his con-
science; and that the society definitely op-
poses an "enforced conformity" within its
ranks. The controls, Welch explains, are
needed to prevent Communist infiltration of
the society-which he believes has already
begun or will certainly begin as the society
becomes more effective-and infiltration by
hatemongers. This blend of leader prin-
ciple and group self-protection has great
appeal to right-fundamentalists and even to
some rightwing conservatives. The author-
itarian setup makes fine ammunition for lib-
eral and mainstream conservative fire, but
this is not likely to harm Welch a bit in
his recruiting among fundamentalists.
A second factor is Welch himself. The
fantastic allegations he has mate in "The
Politician"-even though the book has not
been endorsed by the council and is, in-
deed, repudiated by some members-have
branded him as an unbalanced figure and
convinced many stanch conservatives that
Welch is a truly dangerous leader. The con-
servative Los Angeles Times recently did a
thorough expos6 of the society and wrote a
stinging editorial which read Welch out of
the conservative camp. Out of self-defense,
Republicans in California joined In with the
Times (especially in condemning Welch's at-
tacks on Eisenhower), for the Birchers were
proving so effective in pulling the Repub-
lican Party to the far right that some coun-
terattack was felt to be essential. Welch
himself has been highly equivocal about
"The Politician." He insists that it was a
private letter and never published, though
he does not deny its authenticity. In the
May 1961 issue of the Bulletin, he alludes to
"questions or criticism from some of our
most loyal members" relating to "The Politi-
cian." To these, he replies that, "the con-
siderations involved in connection with many
such matters are varied, overlapping, in-
volved, and with too many ramifications to
be explained in short compass. There are
even times when, for reasons of strategy, we
take an oblique approach to a specific ob-
jective, and fully to explain every step of
our course would seriously handicap our
effectiveness," Having decided not to say
anything at all, Welch assured members
that if he, "could give * * * the whole back-
ground of events"' then objections might
turn into approval, and with this, he dropped
the subject of his magnum opus.
Those members and leaders of the society
who find anything to criticize in "The Poli-
tician" (and many have fully endorsed the
charges it featured) have stressed that
Welch is entitled to his personal views and
that their disagreement with him on Ike or
the two Dulles brothers indicates how free
and diverse the society is.
In all probability Welch's talents as an
organizer, salesman, proselytizer, and uni-
fier of rightwing ranks overweigh (for the
right-wing aristocracy) his tactical blun-
der in "The Politician." Since he controls
the society fully, he Is not likely to be re-
placed, and, indeed, there is no Indication
that an acceptable replacement is available
either in the society or outside It. As long
as he heads the society, however, "The Poli-
tician" will severely limit his credibility
outside fundamentalist strongholds.
A third factor relating to the Birch So-
ciety's immediate prospects Is the question
of anti-Semitism. Repeated charges have
been made that the society is a genteel en-
dorser of anti-Semitic persons and litera-
ture. Welch has recommended to his mem-
bers such anti-Semitic publications as Rus-
sell Maguire's American Mercury and Mer-
win K. Hart's Economic Council Newsletter.
Hart-who often talks about a conspiracy
of "Zionists and their confederates" con-
trolling America and whose organization
was described by a congressional commit-
tee Investigating lobbying as one which re-
lies on "an ill-concealed anti-Semitism"-
is presently leader of the Birch Society's
Manhattan chapter No. 26. In addition,
such open anti-Semitic spokesmen as
Conde McGinley have rushed to endorse
the Birch Society. In the March 15, 1961,
issue of Common Sense, McGinley wrote:
"Inasmuch as we have received many in-
quiries from all over the United States re-
garding the John Birch Society, we want
to go on record. We believe this to be an
effective, patriotic group, in good hands."
On the other hand, Welch has always ap-
pealed to all religions, has urged Jews to
join the society, and has warned that it is
a "Communist tactic to stir up distrust and
hatred between Jews and Gentiles, Catholics
and Protestants, Negroes and whites." Much
of the April 1961 issue of his Bulletin is de-
voted to a discussion of the allegation that
the society is anti-Semitic, and what Welch
has to say there is well worth close examina-
tion.
He opens by noting that "the most vicious"
charges leveled against him have come from
"such notorious anti-Semites as Lyrl Clark
Van Hyning (Women's Voice), and Elizabeth
Dilling (the Dilling Bulletin) on the grounds
that my various committees and supporters
are nothing but a 'bunch of Jews and Jew-
kissers.' * * *" He then cites the names of
Jewish members of the society such as Willi
Sehlamm, Julius Epstein, Morrie Ryskind,
the late Alfred Kohlberg, and Rabbi Max
Merritt, and indicates that it has been en-
dorsed by the American Jewish League
Against Communism (a Jewish right-funda-
mentalist group). Next, Welch explains that
he probably has "more good friends of the
Jewish faith than any other Gentile in Amer-
ica" When he was in the candy manufac-
turing business in Massachusetts, he recalls,
he had many Jewish customers; he drank
coffee in their kitchens at midnight, bor-
rowed money from them and lent them
money in return, and engaged in every kind
of business and social activity with Jews.
Turning to some specific accusations,
Welch admits that he used a pamphlet by
Joseph Kamp as a source for his book "May
God Forgive Us," and also paid Kamp a
hundred dollars to go through "The Life of
John Birch" to find errors. This was in
1954. But later, he says he became "aware
of both the fact and the weapon of anti-
Semitism in America, and I wanted no part
of the whole argument." He had nothing
further to do with Kamp after the 1954
contact, but he adds that he still simply
doesn't know enough to say whether ramp
is really anti-Semitic.
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
that Ike may just be an "opportunistic poli-
tician" aiding the Communists. "I person-
ally think he has been sympathetic to ulti-
mate Communist aims, realistically willing
to use Communist means to help them
achieve their goals, knowingly accepting and
abiding by Communist orders, and con-
sciously serving the Communist conspiracy
for all of his adult life."
2. The Birchers impugn the integrity and
patriotism of those at the head of the major
social and economic groups of the Nation.
In a supplement to the February 1961 Bul-
letin, Welch announced that "Communist
influences" are "'very powerful in the top
echelons of our educational system, our
labor-union organizations, many of our re-
ligious organizations, and- of almost every
important segment of our national life. In-
sidiously but rapidly the Communists are
now reaching the tentacles of their con-
spiracy downward throughout the whole
social, economic, and political pyramid."
Thus, the National Council of Churches of
Christ Is Communist minded, and from 3 to
5 percent of the Protestant clergy have been
called actual Communists. "Treason," Welch
further declares, "is widespread and ram-
pant in our high army circles."
The American Medical Association has
been "took" and can no longer be depended
upon for support in the fight against so-
cialism. So too with the United States
Chamber of Commerce, which has been
preaching dangerously liberal and interna-
tionalist doctrines in its courses on prac-
tical politics. (When chamber leaders pro-
tested this slur, 'Welch replied that their
outraged reaction was exactly like that of
the State Department in the 1940's when
charges of Communist infiltration were first
raised.) The leadership of our universities,
corporations, foundations, communications
media-all are riddled with Communists, or
"Comsymps" (a word Welch coined to avoid
having to say whether a given person was a
real party member or only a sympathizer).
Naturally, Welch and his colleagues are
certain that these "Comsymp" elites are
out to destroy him and his movement.
References to persecution and images of
martyrdom abound in Birch literature,
ranging from incessant mention of how the
patron saint (Senator McCarthy) was driven
to his death, to suggestions that Welch may
be murdered one day by the Communists.
3. The Birchers are convinced that the
Communists have gone so far in penetrating
American politics that there is little hope in
the existing political system. In his letter to
Khrushchev, Welch wrote that the Commu-
nists obviously intended to "maintain and
increase (their) working control over both
our major political parties." We cannot
count on "politicians, political leadership, or
even political action." Though the advo-
cates the nomination, on an American Party
ticket, of Senator BARRY GOLDWATER for Pres-
ident, and J. STRo:M THURMOND for Vice
President in 1964, Welch has warned his fol-
lowers that even GOLDWATER-the most
"Americanist" figure around in politics at
the moment-is "still a politician" and
therefore not to be relied upon. Welch has
also had some things to say about "Jumping
Jack" Kennedy. According to Welch, the
Nation received "the exact Communist
line * * * from Jack Kennedy's speeches, as
quickly and faithfully as from the Worker or
the National Guardian. * * *" And in 1959,
Welch denounced the "Kennedy brat" for
"finding the courage to join the jackals
picking at the corpse of McCarthy."
A particularly revealing sample of Welch's
sense of American political realities is found
in his description of the Eisenhower steal of
the Republican nomination in 1952, one of
the "dirtiest deals in American political
history, participated in If not actually engi-
neered by Richard Nixon." If Taft had not
been cheated of the nomination, Welch
predicted:
"It is almost certain that Taft would then
have been elected President by a far greater
plurality than was Eisenhower, that a grand
rout of the Communists in our Government
and in our midst would have been started,
that McCarthy would be alive today, and
that we wouldn't even be in this mess."
4. Most of the Birch Society's positive pro-
gram consists of advocating the repeal of
things or the removal of the Nation from
something or somewhere. A partial list of
the things that the society describes as
wicked, Communist, and dangerous includes:
U.S. membership in the United Nations, the
International Labor Organization, the World
Health Organization, the International Trade
Organization, and UNICEF; membership In
GATT (the General Agreement on Trades
and Tariffs) ; reciprocal trade agreements;
the useless and costly NATO; so-called de-
fense spending; all foreign aid; diplomatic
relations with the Soviet Union and all other
Communist nations; the National Labor Re-
lations Act; social security; the graduated
income tax; the Rural Electrification Admin-
istration, the Reconstruction Finance Cor-
poration, and TVA; Government wage and
price controls; forced integration; deliberate-
ly fraudulent U.S. Government bonds; the
Federal Reserve System; urban renewal;
fluoridation; metro government; the cor-
porate dividend tax; the mental health
racket; Federal aid to housing; and all pro-
grams regimenting farmers.
Some items on this list may be opposed
by conservatives or by liberals. But taken
together, it adds up to a nihilist's plea for
the repeal of industrialism and the aboli-
tion of international politics. Such a pro-
gram can be called rational or even polit-
ical only by people who do not know what
those words mean.
5. Finally, the Birch Society advocates both
"direct action" and "dirty tactics" to "break
the grip of the Communist conspiracy." Un-
like those right-fundamentalist groups which
have energetic leaders but passive mem-
berships, the Birchers are decidedly activist,
"Get to work or learn to talk Russian," is
a slogan Welch recommends to his followers,
and they are certainly hard at work. From
national headquarters in Belmont, Mass.,
Welch formulates a set of complementary
national and local action programs, then
issues them. to members through directives in
the bulletin and contacts with chapter lead-
ers. A mixture of traditional and funda"
mentalist techniques is prescribed. The 10.?
cal programs include infiltration of commu-
nity organizations such as PTA ("to take:
them away from the Communists"); harass-
ment of "pro-Communist" speakers at
church meetings, political gatherings, and
public forums; creation of local front groups
(e.g., the Committee Against Summit En-
tanglements, College Graduates Against Ed-
ucating Tra:ltors at Government Expense, the
Committee To Impeach Earl Warren, and
the Committee to Investigate Communist In-
fluences at Vassar College); campaigns to
secure endorsement of Birch positions and
signatures for Birch petitions In all groups
that Birch members belong to (e.g., vet-
erans and business organizations); letters
and telephone calls to local public officials,
leading citizens, and newspapers who sup-
port what the society opposes or oppose
the society directly; monthly telephone calls
to the local public library to make sure it
has copies of the five rightwing books rec-
ommended by Welch every month.
The national campaigns are carefully pin
pointed efforts. They range from letter and
postcard writing to national advertising
campaigns. In the past 2 years, Birchers
have been told to: write the National Boy
Scouts director and demand to know why
the president of the National Council of
Churches addressed their national jamboree;
insist personally and in writing each time a
member flies American, United, or Eastern
15935
Airlines that they stock Human Events and
National Review on their planes; write to
Newsweek to protest a "pro-FLN Commu-
nist" story (the society has a crush on
Jacques Sousteile), to Life protesting the
"glorification" of Charles Van Doren, and to
the NBC network and the Purex Corp. for
sponsoring a TV drama favorable to Sacco
and Vanzetti; circulate petitions and write
letters on the No. 1 project of the moment, to
impeach Chief Justice Warren and thereby
"give the Communists a setback," Welch
also sends out the copy for punchy post-
cards to be addressed to national political
leaders. To cite instances in 1960 alone: to
Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., at the
U.N., "Two questions, Mr. Lodge: Who mur-
dered Bang-Jensen? And which side are
you on?"; to Secretary of State Christian
Herter, "Castro is a Communist. Trujillo is
an anti-Communist. Whose side are you
on?"; and to President Eisenhower, on the
eve of the scheduled summit conference,
"Dear President Eisenhower: If you go, don't
come back." -
The last postcard stirred some protests
from society i:nembers, who felt that Welch's
savage little message to the President was a
bit too strong. Welch set them straight in
the Bulletin, : "It is one of our many sorrows
that, in fighting the evil forces which now
threaten our civilization, for us to be too
civilized is unquestionably to be defeated."
The Communists, he continued, want us to
be "too gentle, too respectable * * * [but]
this is not a cream-puff war * * * and we
do mean business every step of the way."
Welch admitted that the technique of
planted and loaded questions and the dis-
ruption of meetings was a "dirty trick," but
he still defended it as another vital tactic
To stimulate compliance by members with
the local and national efforts prescribed each
month in the Bulletin, Welch has devised
the MMM system, or "member's monthly
memos." These forms are filled out by the
member detailing what he or she has done
and including sundry observations on the
"Americanist fight." They are then collected
by the chapter leader and transmitted to
Belmont. Welch and his staff, according to
the Bulletin, spend much time going over
the MMM's.
So far, the Birch Society has been success-
ful in attrac ;ing to it some highly substan-
tial figures In local communities--physicians,
stockbrokers, retired military officers, lawyers,
businessmen (particularly small and middle-
sized manufacturers in the Midwest and
South), and professionals, many of whom
have become local chapter leaders and State
coordinators. The council of the society is
a veritable board of directors of right-funda-
mentalism: men like Col. Lawrence Bunker,
Cola G. Parker, T. Coleman Andrews, Clarence
Manion, and Spruille Braden. Among the
contributing editors and editorial advisory
committee for American Opinion are J. B.
Matthews, William. S. Schiamce, Kenneth
Colegrove, J. Bracken Lee, Ludwig von Mises,
Adolph Menjcu, J. Howard Pew, and Albert
C. Wedemeyer. In several communities, ob-
servers of the society have noted a signifi-
cant number of 30 to 40-year-olds joining
the organization. Welch has stated that
half of the. society's membership is Catholic,
that there are some Jewish members, and
that there are Negroes also-two segregated
locals in the South and integrated chapters
in the North.
Press report:; suggest that most of the so-
ciety's members already had strong affilia-
tions with other rightwing groups before
the Birch Society was formed. What Welch
hopes to do is build a 1-million member
organization by welding together the masses
of right-fundamentalist joiners Into the
fighting educational and pressure arm of
the John Birch Society. In the Bulletin and
American Opinion, Welch continually offers
flattering sahittes to various rightwing
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE August . 25
One reason for this extraordinarily high
degree of support is that the Birch Society
has become the most appealing, activist, and
efficient movement to appear on the extreme
right since the fertile decade of the 1930's.
Birch membership at present is probably
close to 60,000 and is distributed widely
throughout the Nation, with particular
strength in traditional centers of fundamen-
talism like Houston, Los Angeles, Nashville
Wichita, and Boston. This membership
provides an annual dues income of $1,300,-
000. Life memberships at $1,000, special do-
nations by wealthy supporters, and sales of
society literature add perhaps $300,000 more,
giving the group a present working fund of
$1,600,000 a year. By its own count, the
society has 28 staff workers in its home office
in Belmont, Mass., 30 fully salaried and
expense-paid traveling coordinators, and 100
partially paid or volunteer coordinators.
Its jabbing forefinger has already been felt
in the midsection of dozens of communities,
and some commentators not prone to over-
estimating fringe movements warn that the
society may become an effective united front
for the hundreds of right-wing groups cur-
rently operating on the American scene.
All this being the case, it is worth asking
what kind of group the John Birch Society
is and how it compares with traditional
right-wing organizations. Why has it sud-
denly come into prominence at this particu-
lar moment, and what are its prospects in
the decade ahead?
i
However much factors like urbanization,
the cold war, and status insecurities may
have provided a new setting for native
fundamentalists, a large and irreducible
corps of such people has always existed in
the United States. Unlike American lib-
erals and conservatives-who accept the
political system, acknowledge the loyalty of
their opponents, and employ the ordinary
political techniques-the fundamentalists
can be distinguished by five identifying
characteristics:
1. They assume that there are always solu-
tions capable of producing international
victories and of resolving our social prob-
lems; when such solutions are not found,
they attribute the failure to conspiracies
led by evil men and their dupes.
2. They refuse to believe in the integrity
and patriotism of those who lead the domi-
nant social groups-the churches, the
unions, the business community, etc.-and
declare that the American "establishment"
Everywhere, the Birchers advise, Commu-
nists are at the heart of events, even some
events that might seem to less skilled ob-
servers remote from Kremlin direction. In
an open letter to Khrushchev in 1958, Welch
said "your hands played the decisive unseen
part" in the run on American banks and
their closing in 1933. It was the Commu-
nist-contrived recognition of the Soviets in
1933 that "saved them from financial col-
lapse." The "very idea of American foreign
aid was dreamed up by Stalin, or by his
agents for him." The "trouble in the South
over integration is Communist-contrived";
the Communists have invented a "phony
civil rights slogan to stir up bitterness and
civil disorder, leading gradually to police-
state rule by Federal troops and armed re-
sistance to that rule." The U.S. Supreme
Court "is one of the most important
agencies of Communism." The Federal Re-
serve System is a realization of point 5 of
the Communist Manifesto, cA.lling for cen-
tralization of credit in the hands of the
state. The purpose of proposed legislation
requiring registration of privately owned
firearms is to aid the Communists in making
"ultimate seizure of such by the govern-
ment easier and more complete." Every-
where, Welch concludes, the Communists
are winning: in "the press, the pulpit, the
radio and television media, the labor unions,
the schools, the courts, and the legislative
halls of America."
All the above descriptions of conspira-
torial trends have been cited from official
Birch Society literature, what Welch calls
the society's steps to the truth. But the
picture grows darker when one turns to the
"Black Book," or, as it is more commonly
known, "The Politician"-the book length
letter which Welch circulated privately to
hundreds of persons but which the society
has carefully rejected as an official docu-
ment. "The Politician" is to the society
what Leninist dogma is to the Communist
front groups in Western or neutralist na-
tions-it is the ultimate truth held by the
founder and his hard core, but it is too ad-
vanced and too powerful to present, as yet,
to the masses being led. In "The Politician,"
Welch names names. Presidents Roosevelt,
Truman, and Eisenhower; Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles; CIA Director Allen Dul-
les; Chief Justice Warren--all of these men
are called knowing instruments of the Com-
munist conspiracy.
It is worth noting that Eisenhower and
his administration draw the strongest venom
in "The Politician," just as Social Demo-
crats do in full dose Communist literature.
For Welch (a Taft supporter and McCarthy
lash out-at "politicians," the major parties, key to the advance of world communism a betrayal which could only have had Com-
and the give-and-take of political compro- "is treason right within our Government munists at its source. "For many reasons
miss as a betrayal of the fundamental truth and the place to find it is right in Wash- and after a lot of study," Welch writes, "I
and as a circus to divert the people. ington." The danger, Welch says in the personally believe (John Foster) Dulles to
4. They reject those programs for dealing Blue Book, "is almost entirely internal." be a Communist agent." "Allen Dulles is
with social, economic, and international And it is "a certainty," he writes in "May the most protected and untouchable sup-
problems which liberals and conservatives God Forgive Us," that there are "more Com- porter of communism, next to Eisenhower
agree upon as minimal foundations. In munists and Communist sympathizers in our himself, in Washington." Arthur H. Burn's
their place, the fundamentalists propose Government today than ever before." As job as head of the Council of Economic Ad-
drastic panaceas requiring major social recently as January 1961, Welch was inform- visers "has been merely a coverup for Burns'
change. ing his supporters that "Communist influ- liaison work between Eisenhower and some
5. To break the net of conspiracy they ad- ences are now in almost complete control of of his Communist bosses." "The chances
vocate direct action, sometimes in the form our Federal Government." are very strong that Milton Eisenhower is
of a new political party, but more often Each year since 1958, Welch and his board actually Dwight Eisenhower's superior and
through secret organization, push-button of experts have published a scoreboard rat- boss within the Communist Party." As for
pressure campaigns, and front groups. Oc- ing all the nations of the world according Dwight Eisenhower himself, Welch states un-
casionally direct action will develop into to the "present degree of Communist in- equivocally:
hate-propaganda and calculated violence. fluence and control over the economic and "There is only one possible word to de-
At various periods, the United States has political affairs" of the country. In 1958, scribe (Eisenhower's) purpose and actions.
experienced both left-fundamentalism (the the United States was rated as 20-40 per- That word is treason." "My firm belief that
Knights of Labor, the Wobblies, the Popu- cent under Communist control; in 1959, the Dwight Eisenhower is a dedicated, conscious
lists, the Communists, the Trotskyites, and United States went up to 30-50 percent; and agent of the Communist conspiracy," he
the Wallace Progressive) and right-funda- in 1960, the figure climbed to 40-60 percent. continues, "is based on an accumulation of
mentalism (the Know-Nothings, the Cough- (At that pace, we will reach the 80-100 per- detailed evidence so extensive and so pal-
linites, the Silver-Shirts, and America First). cent mark in 1964). England's rating went pable that it seems to put this conviction
Today, right-fundamentalism spans a broad from 20-40 percent in 1958 to 60-70 percent beyond any reasonable doubt." Discussing
spectrum. At one pole, with its passionate in 1960. Israel is presently rated as 40-60 what he terms Eisenhower's "mentality of
thousands, is the "hate" right, led by the percent controlled; Egypt 80-100 percent. fanaticism," Welch refuses to accept the idea
Conde McGinleys, Gerald L. K. Smiths, Ad-
miral Grommelins, Father Terminellos, John
Kaspers, and George Rockwells, who offer
various combinations of anti-Semitic, anti-
Catholic, and anti-Negro sentiment. These
groups are thoroughly discredited in con-
temporary America, and the major problem
they present is a matter of defining the line
which our law should draw between deviant
expression and hate-mongering or advocacy
of violence, At the opposite pole is the
semi-respectable right. Here we encounter
a variety of different political and educa-
tional organizations Including the Founda-
tion for Economic Education, the Daughters
of the American Revolution, the Committee
for Constitutional Government, and the
White Citizens' Councils of the South. So-
cially prominent figures belong to such
groups, which are well-financed, often have
connections with local and national major
party factions, and exercise substantial
lobbying influence. Their supporters and
leaders may long to break with the two-party
system and start a rightist party, but they
are restrained by the knowledge that this
would isolate them and thus diminish their
present effectiveness.
The John Birch Society stands between
these two poles. In the words of one of its
chapter leaders in Louisville, Ky., it is a mid-
dle-of-the-road rightwing organization. In
order to get a precise picture of its ideology
and tactics, I have examined every published
word issued by the society since its forma-
tion in 1958: in 1961 annotated edition of
the "Blue Book of the John Birch Society,"
its operating manual and theological fount;
the monthly bulletins which are sent to
members and contain the agenda of activities
(the 1960 issues of the bulletin are avail-
able in a bound edition titled "The White
Book of the John Birch Society") ; those
writings of Robert Welch which have been
officially incorporated and reprinted by the
society (e.g., "The Life of John Birch," "May
God Forgive Us," "A Letter to the South on
Segregation"); and every issue of American
Opinion, the monthly publication edited by
Robert Welch for the society. (This was
published by Welch before February 1968
under the slightly more modest title of "One
Man's Opinion.")
Measured by its official materials, the
authenticated accounts of Welch's speeches,
and public comments by members of the
society's council, the society emerges as a
purebred specimen of American right-funda-
mentalism.
1. Its image of world. events and American
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15933
helplessness because they lived with an un-
conquerable faith. They, of course, had
their shadows, too, but they were always con-
scious of a Presence in the darkness. Sooner
or later we pay dearly for indifference to
religion. Whatever else we may say of reli-
gion this always stands first: it gives men
reason for living and the power to face
things as they are. It is only as man lives
with a sense of eternity in his heart that he
is able to stand up before life's tensions.
Religion offers and guarantees to every man
an adequate power to cope with life. It
gives us strength equal to the need. The
most profound truth of religion is that every
person has a place in the purpose of God.
We do not make our way alone through the
world. Life is not just a commingling of
atoms. History is not just a muddy stream
of disconnected and unrelated events.
The universe is not just a jumble of stars
and planets, and. character is not just a
tangled mass of twisted strands and threads
which can never be untangled and untwisted
to some divine design.
We shall never live fearlessly and securely
until we live with a sense of God in our lives.
A tree can stand against any storm if its
roots are down deep enough to anchor it.
It is because we live with inadequate or false
philosophies that we cannot cope with the
current world situation. Religion makes the
profound assurance that life is a venture to
be made with God. When we cease to be-
lieve that--something goes out of us. When
there goes out of life an awareness of God
and a sensitiveness to invisible things-we
feel afraid. A sense of security depends upon
a sense of reverence. What most people need
who are afraid of this world situation is not
a clinic but a church-not a psychiatrist but
a Saviour-not a readjustment but redemp-
tion.
Unless we keep vivid in our faith the
spiritual veretLes, seeing clearly that God
is not dead and that Jesus Christ still is
right and that the Sermon on the Mount is
unshaken-unless we do that fear and
anxiety will dominate our lives.
We must belleve,that he who moulds the
destiny of nations is with us. Our trust
must be in God and we must believe that the
same devine hand which has guided us
through all the perils of the past still holds
the helm of our ship of state and guides us
safely through every storm and every crisis.
MIGRANT LABOR AND CONGRESS
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, in the very
near future, the Congress will have an
opportunity to remove from the face of
our Nation a blight which has persevered
for too long. Five migratory farm-
worker bills were recently reported by
the Committee on Labor and Public Wel-
fare. These bills, the first of their kind
to reach the full. Senate, have evolved
from the work of the Subcommittee on
Migratory Labor under the able leader-
ship of Senator ]HARRISON A. WILLIAMS,
JR., of New Jersey.
Two of these bills, which I am pleased
to cosponsor, concern the children of
migratory farmworkers. One seeks to
restrict agricultural child labor. The
other would improve the educational
opportunities for migratory farm chil-
dren, and includes as well, a provision
to establish adult education projects.
The other three bills would provide for
Federal registration of crew leaders, im-
proved health services for migratory
farm families, and the establishment of
a National Advisory Council on Migra-
tory Labor. Congressional action in
this area will extend to migratory farm-
workers the benefits and protections of
social legislation from which they have
been excluded for nearly 30 years.
It was, therefore, with great interest
that I noted the excellent New York
Times editorial this past Sunday which,
without reservation, urges enactment of
these bills. This editorial entitled "Mi-
grant Labor and Congress," points out:
All five bills should be promptly passed by
the Senate, and their companion bills by
the House. There is unanimous support in
the administration for them, led by Sec-
retary of Labor Goldberg, There can be no
doubt that President Kennedy would sign
them.
Because the New York Times editorial
is indicative of national concern for our
migratory farmworkers and their
families, and because it recognizes the
urgent need for legislation in this area,
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial appear in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows :
[From the New York Times, Aug. 20, 1961]
MIGRANT LABOR AND CONGRESS
After far too many years of neglect by
Congress it looks now as if something were
going to be done to give migrant fann-
workers the protection they need-and that
industrial workers have long since been
given. This is largely due to the outstand-
ing efforts of Senator HARRISON A. WILLIAMS,
JR., of New Jersey, and the Senate Subcom-
mittee on Migratory Labor of which he is
chairman, and also to a small number of
dedicated social welfare agencies. Migrants
have not had the facilities for propaganda
and political pressure 'which the big unions
can command.
Five migratory labor bills-the results of
many months of study by the Senate sub-
committee-have been introduced in the
Senate by Mr. WILLIAMS, with bipartisan
sponsorship, and have been favorably re-
ported by the Committee on Labor and Pub-
lic Welfare. They are due soon for action
on the floor.
Most important is one (S. 1126) which re-
quires annual Federal registration of crew
leaders-the middlemen who arrange agree-
ments between workers and growers, and fur-
nish interstate transportation. This is de-
signed to establish and enforce adequate
standards of performance in dealing with
the migrants. Other measures place limits
on child labor on farms outside of school
hours, give Federal financial assistance to
States and local communities for the educa-
tion of the migrants and their children, pro-
vide Federal grants to stimulate and support
local health programs, and establish a Na-
tional Advisory Council on Migratory Labor
to advise the President and Congress and to
inform the public as to the problems of these
workers and how to deal with them.
All five of the bills should be promptly
passed by the Senate, and their companion
hills by the House. There is unanimous sup-
port in the administration for them, led by
Secretary of Labor Goldberg. There can be
no doubt that President Kennedy would sign
them.
THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY
ana sooermg article published in Com-
mentary magazine, issue of August 1961,
entitled "The John Birch Society, Fun-
damentalism on the Right." The article
was prepared by Prof. Allen F. Weston,
who was associate professor of public
law and government at Columbia Uni-
versity.
The burden of the article is to analyze
in historical perspective the operations
and role of the John Birch Society. In
it Mr. Weston suggests first, that the
Birch group poisoned thror own image
of world events and American politics
by viewing them as a wholly conspira-
torial operation. Everything is conspir-
acy and perpetrated by conspirators.
Second, Mr. Weston suggests that the
Birchers impugn the integrity and pa-
triotism of those at the head of every
major social. and economic group in the
country. That would include the Re-
publican Party, the Democratic Party,
the Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, and other similar Organizations.
Third, Aft. Weston points out that the
Birchers are convinced that the Com-
munists have gone so far in penetrating
American politics that there is little hope
in the existing political system of Amer-
ica to resolve our problems.
Fourth, he points out that most of
the Birch Society's positive program con-
sists of advocating the repeal of things
or the removal of the Nation from some-
thing or somewhere-a completely neg-
ative approach in an attempt to turn
back the hands of time.
Finally, Mr. Weston suggests that the
Birch Society advocates both direct ac-
tion and dirty tactics to break the grip
of the Communist conspiracy in this
country.
I ask unanimous consent that the en-
tire article be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From Commentary Magazine, August 1961]
THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY: FUNDAMENTALISM
ON THE RIGHT
By Alan F. Westin)
Last April. the Gallup poll. asked a na-
tionwide sample of Americans whether they
had heard of the John Birch Society
and found that 39 million persons-an
extraordinary number, according to Gal-
lup-had read or heard of the Birchers. Of
these, 47 percent had an unfavorable esti-
mate of the society, 8 percent were favorable,
and 45 percent had not yet reached a judg-
ment. In cne sense, these figures suggest
a firm rejection of the Birchers by majority
sentiment. But the figures also indicate
that at the moment when the society was
receiving its most damaging publicity-when
the mass m=Idi.a were featuring the charge
by Birch Founder Robert Welch that Presi-
dent Eisenhower was "a dedicated, conscious
agent of the Communist conspLacy"-3 mil-
lion persons still concluded that the society
was a commendable, patriotic, anti-Commu-
nist organization. If the undecided 45 per-
cent were to be divided in the same pro-
portion as those who had reached a judg-
ment (and this would probably underweigh
pro-Birch sentiment), another 21/2 million
persons would be added to the ranks of the
approving. By this estimate it can be
argued, then, that at least 51/2 million Amer-
icans from smong the most public-affairs-
conscious 40 million of our adult population
were favorably impressed with the John
Birch Society.
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