INSPECTOR GENERAL S SURVEY OF NEWS HIGHLIGHTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64-00046R000200120006-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 55
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 4, 2003
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: March 1, 1956
• Content Type: STUDY

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-ow -New
INSPECTOR GENERAL'S SURVEY
of
NEWS HIGHLIGHTS
March 1956
Officer Distribution
#1 -DCI
#2 - IG chrono
+3 - IG subject (destroyed 5/26/58)
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App
App
U_NCLASSIFIED-
ovea ror Keisam,R24E3gteagATTA- "":44990419?19002NS/E1'606
'?....-'
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
TO
INITIALS
DATE
1
Mr. Richard Helms, COP/DD/P
MAR /4 '56
2
3
4
5
FROM
INITIALS
DATE
1
LBKirkpatrick, IG
4 3 9(
AA01
14 Mar
2
?
421
3
I---
SIGNATURE
RETURN
DISPATCH
FILE
'
1 APPROVAL 1 1 INFORMATION I I
I I ACTION I I DIRECT REPLY
I J COMMENT I I PREPARATION OF REPLY I I
I I CONCURRENCE I I RECOMMENDATION I I
Remarks:
?oustrthff
For your commenj; and coordination
with DD/I. See DCI comment on p.4.
LBKirkpatrick
Release 200a,1,4919E:NcReDP64-00046g9cONAWROE
FORM NO. 30-4 Provious editions may be used.
NOV 53 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 16-885413-2
(40)
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Approved For Release 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-000464g00200120006-0
Pifer
The tin Tsrgeognized
the r.volutlonai7 government of
provisional President Loriardi,
in Argentine. The iet, coifing
just three days after recogni-
tion was sought,. was `Said to
be "as fast as was diplomat-
ieally and technically Possible."
The United States became the
tenth government accepting the
rev regime. (Page 1, Column 1.1
The Lonardi government made
Its peace with the General Con-
federation of Labor, long a
bulwark of Juan D. Perdn's dic-
tatorship in the country. One
of six concessions to the labor
group was the assurance that
General Peron would be guar-
a) teed the right of asylum.
fp:3.f Terms were announced
shortly after the former Pres-
ident steamed out of Buenos
Air e s harbor, asylum - bound
aboard a gunboat of the Para-
guayan Government, 13:11
Intent on barring a Perlin
cineback, all parties in Argen-
tine have announced full sup-
port of the provisional govern
meat. Demands for full pont
--
teal liberty were heard from
the Federal Democratic Chris-
tian Union. [5:2-3,]
Field Marshal Sir John
Harding, chief of the imperial
General Staff, was appointed
Governor of Cyprus and corn-
Mender -in- chief of British
forces there. (1:11
The United States, moving to
forestall a possible like Soviet
step, has ,offered to sell arms
to Egypt. Strong Israeli pro-
tests .are likely. [1:41
Bolivia plans to seek dis-
armament in Latin America
under the auspices of the Unit-
ed Nations, (4:31
. Proceedings at the If. N.
s,cheduled for today. Page 2
? Cambodia declares its freedom
of French Union. Page 6
French Premier reiterates
silm to keep Algeria. Page 6
? Malone says Soviet is 30 to
40 years lehind U. S. Page 8
Rumanfans getting more con-
sumer goods. - Page 8
= India faces test over plan to
tedraw political map. Page 9
Approved For Relea
N.Y. Puss
stp 26 1955
GOOD *IGO TO EISENHOWIS
From all over 'he world have
come the messages Of goodwill to-
ward President Eisenhower on the
occasion of his Illness. We rejoice
over the news that he is progressing
fatisfactorily and join in the chorus
of good wishes for his speedy and
complete recovery.
Our concern over this sudden ill-
ness arose, from the beginning, be-
cause of our realization of how
much he means to us. Our anxiety
is the product of deep devotion and
warm affection. We accept grate-
fully the physicians' reminder that
thousands of men have had similar
difficulty and have come back to
lead long and useful lives tirreafter.
This is what we wish for our Presi-
dent.
The scope of the messages that
have poured into Denver in a con-
tinuous stream must be heartening
to President Eisenhower. He knows
that a whole free world is pulling
for him and praying for him and
that anything that he suffers in the
body is shared in the minds of liter-
ally millions of his fellow men. They
want his surcease from suffering
and his return to his usual joyous
and stimulating activities.
The range and character of these
messages of goodwill, moreover, have
a deep significance. It is manifest
that President Eisenhower has be-
come, in various parts of the world,
a symbol for the hopes of a be-
wildered end struggling mankind.
His has been a fresh voice and
fresh approach. He has inspired a
new hope and a new confidence. He
is the friend not merely to good
causes but to all the aspirations
for a brighter future in a better
world.
This is doubly significant when
one considers the background from
which "General" Eisenhower came
into fame and world-wide repute.
He was a soldier, the protagonist in
North Africa, the liberator of
France, the conqueror of the Nazis
in Western Europe, the veritable
military architect of victory. 'Later
on he became the chief organizer
and head of the united military es-
tablishment In Western Europe.
Now it is in an entirely different
light that the world sees him. The
military man has become, above all,
the "man of peace." It is Eisen-
sonable accommodations, of a better
spirit. of Wed& Confidence, who is
the. objeet of Worid-wide concern,
Few think of hien now as a military
commander, Weever greet his emi-
nence has been in that field. He is
rather the statesman, the pacifier,
the diplomat, the idealist and the
friend of peoples everywhere.
In justice to President Eisen-
hower, however, it. must be empha-
sized that he is no exponent of peace
at the cost of freedom. He has never
? been. associated with the idea of a
surrender. The "man of peace" has
Made it plain that what he means
is a ?"just and lasting" peace, and
that is not the product of compro-
mise with this very justice.
Thus the anxiety that has been
expressed is the, concern over a
symbol and an ideal. It is not just
Eisenhower the man--however at-
tractive the man may bee-who has
elicited then enormous messages of
goodwill. It is aleo Eisenhower the
idea, Eilienhower ,the concept, and
and greed hops-1
Will pose a
d raise Mem
f his , health
on the do-
Eisenhower
His lila
variety of P
questions.
has an obviottio
mestie political scene and upon
what happens in 1956. It has a bear-
ing upon international meetings at
almost all levels. It has a bearing
on what men are thinking in Lon-
don and Paris, in Cairo and Karachi,
In Saigon and New Delhi and, by no
means least, in Moscow and Peiping.
But for the moment the biggest of
all the questions is that of his get-
thig well as quickly as possible.
Obviously he must have a period of
rest and recuperation and this may
have to be extended, Whar. has hap-
pened dramatizes once more the
enormous load that is carded by the
President. It should point up, once
more, the need for modifying some
of the functions of responsibility
and lightening that load.
Those questions, however, are
secondary. The important thing now,
Is that he has weathered the shock
and is doing well. We want that im-
provement to continue. We want
our President back at his enormous
task. And we want him to be well
and happy. So when meat of the
world joins in saying "Get well, Mr.
President" it voices a warm senti-
ment that has many aspects. That
voice should honor him and en-
courage him. He does not need the
that the en-
6-0
fhonor but we h
aR41121111:1
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Wasb. Pest M. roes
SP p .2 6 19959000zi?oot000tmv000-ndcw-via 60/ZI./COOZ eseelet1 -10d psiccrici2N6 1955
eliv. Red Nuclear Of Big Famir at Gateau
U. S. to Pa*le Talks
WASHINGTON, Sept, 25?
The United States will publish
last Reported
isters meet at Geneva'on Oct.
fore the Big Four foreign' min-
Four conference at Geneva he-
the record of last July's Big
27, administration officials
said today.
Secretary of State Dulles
said after the meeting of
heads of state In July that the
United States planned to pub-
' Bah the record. In response to
British objections he explained
that only formal papers and
' speeches would be collected.
He pointed out, that . most of
these already had been made
public textually or in summar-
ies given to reporters, so that
bringing the documents to-
gether in a single volume would
be mainly a matter of conven-
ience.
understanding that there Wouldl
It is understood that the
British Government, on the un-
derstanding that there would
he no attempt to record
formal, private talks of the :
heads cif state, as was the ease
In the Yalta papers, has with.
its objections,
' The. Atomie Energy Com-
mission on liaturday reported
the Russians .:have set off an-
other nuclear explosion, "indi-
cating a continuation of their
tests of 'nuclear weapons."
here is the text of the an-
nouncement:
"Lewis L. Strauss, chairman
of the ,United States Atomic
Enerey Commission, stated to-
day that another Soviet nu-
clear explosion had occurred
in recent days, indicating a
continuation of their tests of
;nuclear weapons.
"Further announcements.
I concerning the Soviet test Sc:
ries will be made only if some
Information of particular inter-
est develops."
Only lenday,Gen. Thomas
White, vice chief of the Mr'
Force, told a Pentagon gather-
ing of industrial, ?business and
professional leaders that the
Russians .are perfecting new
N.Y. Time*
SFP 2 fi 195s
AIR DEFENSE STRESSED
R. A. F. Chief Is for Closest
Teamwork With Allies
---
SPdII to MR New VOrk T !mei.
LONDON, Sept. 25?Sir Wil-
liam Dickson, marshal of the
Royal Air Force, emphasized to-
day the necessity for the closest
cooperation and coordination be-
tween the R. A. F., the United
States Air Force and the Royal
Canadian Air Force.
Sir William, who had just re-
turned by plane to London after
talks with United States and Ca-
nadian air chiefs, said that no
special significance should be at-
tached to the discussions.
He described the operational
questions involved in coordina-
tion as secret matters. But he
added that they obviously cov-
ered the cooperation between
United States forces in Ileitain
and the R. A, F. and between
the United States strategic air
forces and Britain's bomber
command. He said air power was
the chief element in the defense
of Britain and her allies.
atomic 'Weapons and guided
inisailes.
The Soviets ere carrying out
another nuclear .test, White
said, "right after the summit
conference at Geneva" on
peace.
Last Aug. 4 the Atomic Com-
mission disclosed that Russia
had resumed the testing of nu-
clear weapons. The announce-A
ment then said that the te31.3
began "within. the past. few
days" and "this may mean the
beginning of a new test series."
Prior to that, the last Soviet
nuclear explosion tests were
reported on Oct. 26, 1954.
I The resumption of the Soviet
tests has been described by
Americafe defense rifficials as
an indication that the Russians
are continuing the atomic pol-
icy laid down by Joseph Stalin,
at least for international bar-
gaining purposes.
N.Y. Times
SEP 26 1S.i.!1
DOCTORS FOR FREEDOM
World Medical Group Wants
No Government Interference
VIENNA, Sept. 2S f.,en ?
The World Medical Association
wound up its ninth general
assembly today by reaffirming
its stand that doctors should be
free of government interference.;
The associotion has a mem.'
bership of 600,000 physician* in
fifty nations, More than &WI
delegates from thirty-six West.-
era countries took part in six
days of discussions in Vienna's
City Hall.
The assembly unanimoualy
approved a motion proposed by
the Cuban delegation that said
doctors must have "complete
autonomy," and be "absolutely
Independent of interference from
the executive governments."
The assembly also approved a
motion proposed jointly by the
United States and Cuban delega-
tions that "national medical
associations should be consulted
in any proposed social security
plan."
N.Y. Tinos
SEP 2 8_155
la REFUGEES IN TODAY,
199 to Resettle in This State,
Bringing Total to 12,900
The Navy transport General
Langfitt is scheduled to arrive
today with 1,118 refugees from
Europe.
leader Lubin, Industrial Com-
missioner and chairman of the
State Committee on Refugees.
said 199 of the new group would
resettle in New York State. This
will swell. to 12,800 the number
admitted to the state under the
Refugee Relief Act.
The refugees, who left :Brem-
erhaven, Germany, Sept. 14, ars
entering the United States under
the law that permits the entry
of 209,000 refugees above vitals- '
lished quotns. They have been
assured jobs and homes by
United States residents,
They were aided by the Na-
tional' Catholic Welfare Confer-
ence, I.utheran Refugee Service,
Church World Service, Tolstoy
Foundation, United Inas Serv-
ice. American Fund for Czech
Refugees, United Ukrainian
American Relief Committee and
;International Rescue Committee.
2
0-9000Z l?00Z004.117000-179dCIU-VIO 60/Z1?/?00Z aSeeiwod peAwddv
Approved For Release 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-00046R000200120006-0
S-1-',!!11,!,!:?F,;?-74-TcH
U.S. COMMENT
ON ARMS RACE
REPORT AWAITED
BY SYMINGTON
Senator Seeks Defense
Department Reaction
to Story That Reds
Soon May Lead in
" Atomic Weapons.
By GEORGE IL HALL.
41 Washington Correspondent of
the Post-Dispatch.
WASHINGTON, Sept, 20 ?
Senator Stuart Symington
(Demi, Missouri, is awaiting ?
comment by the Department of
Defense on tureport that Soviet,
Russia is Overcoming the United
States lead in the aiC-4110111iC
weapons race end that Secre-
nary of Defense Charles E. Wil-
son is seeking cuts in research
. and development fund.
? 'lite report appeared yestero
'day hi a column by Joseph Al- ;
tom, who quoted conclusions of!
a high-level study grime headed
im Dr. James R. Killian .Ti'. of
the Massachusetts institute of
Technology. The secret report
was said to be before the Na-
tional Security Council.
In FriiSC1', Colo., Murray Sny-
der, assist ant W hite ltouse
preseesecretary, said "the sub-
etanfe of the story' that the
American lead may become a
Soviet lead in the period intitl
:to 1965 Is "itlaCCLICale.7 Snyder
aid also that the Killian report
jhad been submitted to Presto
.dent Eisenhower but that an
'Cimluation of it. by Me Presi-
dent's staff had .nOt. been com-
pleted.
A Defense Departnlent
.TpOkesman said today there
was no official comment on the '
Alsop story.
'It was learned that the Kit-
Ban report is classified top se- ;
cret and that no congressional
committees have received'
copies. It is understood that the t
report has been made available ;
to the Office of Defense Mobil-
Jiation in addition to thAMrpare?ae
.Recalla June 20 Speech.
SOmington, a farmer Secre-
tary? of the Air Force and a
timeline.. of the Armed Services .
- Committee, said he had not '
-.seen the Killian report but list
:if ??Alsop ?reflected accurately l
thers.conciusions of the doeu-
mutt the views expressed to-
melded with his own.
?-e The Senator pointed out that
last Julie 20 he asserted in a I
speceit that the Soviets were
; Well ahead of the United Slates
in the development of inter-
continental ballistic missiles. He
said. that of the five chief cede-
,
? gories of air power the Rus-
; starts were ahead in two and
; probably ahead in two others,
and that the United States was
? aimed in one. More than a year
.ago he expresseit. concern over
the -narrowing gap iii the Amer-
' feet lead.
.-alSslouirigton noted Alsop had
sold Wilson was calling for a
entonease Of 3200.000,000 in fir-
", -starch and development fiinda
despite the fact that Tvevor
Glardner. Al' Force specie/ as-
sistant, for reseoreb and de-
??Vnloomenf, had called for an in.
crease tif n200,000,000,
"Not enough entoliasis .ts be-
ing placed ii the intereontitien-
tal ballistic missile, the ulti-
mate weapon of our time.." 'Sy-
mington said. ''This business-
as-usual ? approach is serious and
Wrote, I predict there ? will he
inItterehing inquiry next year as
tmtithy there IS a current c?ffort.
further to reduce our defense
exOenditures while Congress is
IRA in sessioni"
e?nAnflueneed by Cocktails?
'Symington ? wondered at a
press conference he called to
discuss a variety of subjects,
wItether "a few Russian cocktail
parties have led us to gamble
that we can now afford the lux-
ttryed a second-hest. Air Force."
By this he meant, he said, that
he Was in favor of itemoved re-
? latinns with Soviet llussia, as
typified by the Russian "new
, look" in diplomacy. but that
? noticing had occurred to justify
the ;United States in "lowering
; -its guard."
Symington declined to com-
ment on the Presidenaplan for
an exchange of military blue-
prints with Soviet Russia and
Mutual aerial inspection by Rus-
sia and the United States to
prevent surprise attack. He said
ha-would favor anything that
-providea foolproof. inspection
but did not know how far the
President's plan would go in
that direction.
Comment on Farm Priers.
Turning to another subject.
Symington said the farm situa- ?
tion in Missouri "is unsatisfac-
tory" and that if Mr. Eisenhow-
er had to run for re-election
y he would lose Missouri
beoimse of farmers' discontent
?vox. prices. Mr. Eisenhower
carried the state by 29,309 votes
(itt o
The Senator also said the
chances for the re-election of
Senotor Thomas C. liennings
jr..-tDon.l, St. Louis, Would lie
Improved next year by the farm
situation. No substantial comm. I
Fitton to Hennings, whose term
expires next year, has devel-
oped.
Symington will begin a 'lone
fall schedule of ispeeettes and
? appearances wills an address at
a township meeting in 'tertian
Park, University City, Thurs-
day night.
Ha will be in Columbia, Mir.,
Sept 7.0; in Kansas Cite Sept.
loi 20 and In Chicago Sept.
Sit Ile will be in St. Louis for
ttio Med Prophet f est t ;
?et. * I. Cartathersville,
VIOL I'i' St Louts Oct. 11, in,
ilt"...,licsmipta Oct 16, La Kansas
'PrOH Ilk hi Kirkwood Oct.
vo. Lamle Oot, 20: la Co-
Ann? NI Milli OIL 24i In Kansa.
00 NIL Ar *es lad*-
: prudence and Kansas City Oct.
29.
St LOWS POST" DISPATCH
Tues., Sop+, 20, 1955
PLAN TO DISARM
CALLED BIG ISSUE
By ALVIN If, GOLDSVEIN
A Staff Correspondent of the
Post-Dispatch.
UNITED NATIONS N.Y?
Sept. 20?The tenth annual
United Nations Genera! As-
sembly opened today with its
60 members hoping for action
, conforming to conciliatory East.-
West gestures made by Presi-
dent Eisenhower anti Russian
I Premier BitIgarilo at the recent
I
1 Geneva "summit." conference.
I There was no doubt in UN'.
quarters that the crucial Issue
of this Assembly was disarma-
ment. The United States, sup-
ported by many Western pow-
ers, has made known its de-
termination to press for ap-
proval of the Eisenhower plan
to exchange military informa-
tion with the Soviet Union and
I: to verify the intelligence by
'1 mutual air, ground and sea in-
,i spection.
Secretary of State John Fos-
ter Dulles is expected to em-
phasize that position when he
gives American policy views
Thursday, What rejoinder
might he made by Soviet For-,
eign Minister 'V. M. Molotov
In a scheduled address Friday :
has been left in mystery by .
ment commission subcommit-1
Russian tactics in the disarrna-
tee. '
The subcommittee. w It le hi)
yesterday began its fourth i
week of discussion behind
12CgaltnaliftW
ion of the Eisenhower proposal,
beyond statements that it '
Red "careful study." Thus far,
questions of Western delegates
in the five-nation group. core'
posed of the United Steles.
Russia, lin-Rain, France and
Catiadis have been aliswered
by questions,
Asks About Zones.
in yesterday's exchange,
when pressed for replies, Am
kndy A. Inobolev said. the So-
viet Unloti wanted :to know
what President Eisenhower
meant at Geneva when he ex-
pressed hope that a "minimum"
of areas devoted to peoduetion
of nuclear weapons and atomic
activity would be excluded
front inspection, &Motet, asked
what specific zones would be
"offeboimils" for observers,.
Harold 16. Stassen, preside-to
Inn adviser on disarmament ef-
fairs, saki that the precise de-
tails of an inspectiori plan must
be worked out after agreement
is reached on principle. He
added that be would soon reply
to previous questions put by
Sobolev concerning contemplat-
ed Inattention of atomic installa-
lifin.a andel" to whether the
United States would make the
Same Proposition to other na-
tions that it made to Russia.
Sobolev remarked that Stave
sen still hed made no definite
comment on Russian demands
for reduction of armed forces
and for evacuation of military
bases On foreign soil. He re-
called the Soviet Union recent-
ly had reduced its military per-
sonnel by 640,000 men and had
returned the Potitkala naval
base it had occupied since 1947
to Finland.
To that Stassen retorted that
the disposition of one base by
Moscow did not dfitelose a pat-
tern, He requested additional
details of Soviet activities in
other military strongholds in
, the Baltic area?were they be-
ing decreased or expanded? In
itself, the action in Finland was
not significant, he asserted.
As to reduction of military
personnel, he told the subcom-
mittee he Was authorized to sub-
mit the already published sta-
tistics on American armed
forces, reduced from war peak
of 11,500,000 to 1,400,000 in
1950. With the advent of the
Korean police action, they were
built to 3,600,000 in 1952 and in
1955 totaled 2,800,000.
Although the atoms-for-peace
Nan, also advanced by Presto .
dent Eisenhower. has been sepo
seated by consent from distir-
mam'ent discussions, R is bound
to be an inaportant part. of the
Assembly deliberations. Ac-
tually, by exploiting peeeeful
uses of atomic energy through
International co-operation, the
venture has virtually overshad-
owed the disarmament debate.
By that token ? American
spokesmen expressing confi-
dence that the Eisenhower plan
Cttgitefflrion through inspec??
the problem of
COSIt e
Se
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WM be iseeePted
iv Russia, out that the
SP it Union 4, dlisapproved
the atoms-for-IMMO move but
rrversed its *tend when it re- . IjooK, To G
aired international *Maim.
-Stassen and.'?etilef 'United ?
Slates Delegate '. Henry Cabot
Lunge Jr. both have deelarea
itai. the Assembly will -greet
4 ti) Sisenhower inspection- pro-
vt:!eal with such enthusiasm
I 'JIM, as in the case of the
; i.orns-for-peaie enterprise, the
Soviet Union will be compelled
le,' world. opinion to respond.
Al; This session, it is supposed
this: the nature ? of a proposed
atomic control agency and in
connection with the U.N. will
he outlined.
Other issues before the As-
scroNy include the ever-threat-
ening Arab-Israeli conflict, co-
lonial problems concerning par-
tictlarly the French-Moroccan
tempest, and the vexatious Brit-
ish-Greek dispute about Cyprus.
Admittance of new members to
the U.N., with 14 blocked by
Soviet veto and six through
failure .to gain Western approv-
al, will Also be warmly debated.
Nearly- 70 disputed topics are
on the Assembly agenda, not
the least being the question of
charter revision. Decision must
hi reached on the proposal for
a 00-nation conference to re-
view charter provisions with
the , aim of strengthening the
world organization.
It is known-the-United States
will favor conducting the re-
view, or, at least, will not op-
pose it. If action is taken, the
United States . will propose
eliminating *the veto as an in-
strument for excluding new
men:Avers if applicants receive
thus seven votes essential for
acceptance in the 11-nation se-
Lcwity council.
craitiespnai work in their home eolith
i I
,. Material To tle Provided 1
ET . ,,,61,"Since witids evident thatencourage I
ctianagement and labor to rely on
facts and reason rather than
, threats and industrial strife,"
TEST BY H
Cole wrote, "ILO, in conjunction
1LAU with the several states, will have
to be prepared to furnish all sorts
of factual material and data."
Spreading Of Collective The plan proposes that the ILO
be ready to prove, by actual ag-
-ures, the effects of strikes and
Labor-Dealing Prin. *lockouts "for the purpose of
demonstrating the consequences
ciples Planned of thoughtless use of this type of
device:
The organization also would
Sy
OWARD NOnToff provide to any country material H
Washington Bureau of .The Sun! of family budgets, cost-of-living
Washington, Sept. 22?Whether 'trends, wage rates and wage
Soviet Russia's "new look" has trends.
any real meaning is about to be The ILO also would assist back-
put to a test by the International ward governments in setting up
agencies to collect such informa-
tion, which is important to sound
settlement of labor-management
differences.
Library Of Agreements
It would set up a world refer-
ence library of collective-bargain-
ing agreements, made in repre-
sentative industries in various
?????????????????????...?
Labor Organization.
That 70-nation subsidiary of the
United Nations announced here
today the outline of a brand-new
plan to spread the principles of
collective dealing in labor-man-
agement relations throughout the
world.
Russia and many of her sate-
lites are Members of tie likh. countries. ?
and, as spch will be called on to It is proposed that most of the
take part in the program. pctual Work within the countries'
. Press Conference Heldshould be done by nationals of
The extent to which they do so, 'those Conntries?
The Soviet bloc of states op-
according to David A. Morse, dt,
will posed the whole idea when it was
rector-general of the ILO, e
. assembly,
gauge the sincerity of their new proposed to the
attitude.
The ,ILO's new project?un-
veiled by Morse in a press con-
ference here this afternoon?will
he a grand-scale educational and
promotional campaign designed
to convince backward countries
that the best way to peace, pros-
perity and democracy is via peace.
ful and cooperative labor-manage-
ment relations.
To lay out the blueprints of its
project, the ILO last June en-
gaged the services of David L.
Cole, former director of. the Fed-
eral Mediation and Councilation
Service.
Today's conference was called
to make public for the first time
the plans put forward by Mr. Cole.
Plans Not Yet Official
. And, though it was emphasized
that they are not yet the official
ILO plans, it was Indicated that
they are heartily approved by the
ILO director-general, who al-
ready has been given authority to
go ahead with such a program.
Cole recommended that the
ILO Brat call in a committee of
experts to "draw up" a set of prin-
ciples or objectives to govern the
program."
A center for administering the
program should be set up, prefer-
ably in Geneva, he said?a center
where the field staff can go for
advice and instruction or con-
sultation,
He recommended that the "cen-
ter" establish seminars and
.courses for nationals of the vial- to pay.
nos countries who are to he re-
and the Soviet nations were the
, only ones that voted against it.
; But Cole believes the "new
look" policy may have changed
all this.
Gives Idea Of Program
I personally suspect," he said,
"that if the Geneva conference
had come first, the vote might
have been different."
Cole, who was prciaent at to-
day's news conference: described
Isis conception of the new pro-
gram thus:
"This would be laigely an edu-
cational program seeking to cre-
ate the attitude and habit of co-
operation,
"The ILO would work mainly
through the nationals of each
'country.
"The objectives would vary
with the stage of industrial de-
velopment.
New Division Proposed
"In newly industrialized areas
the rudimentary processes of or-
ganization and collective dealing
would have to be developed: in
the advance states concentration
would be on consultation and par-
ticipation in common efforts by
the representatives of all parties
In interest and to a large extent
on the concern for the interests of
the public."
The Cole plan proposes the
creation of a new division within
the ILO to administer the pro-
gram. It suggests that the cost of
the program be met by the mem-
ber States on the basis of ability
4
0-9000MOZ000410000179dati-VI3 60/MCOOZ eseeiNipJ peAwddv
Approved For Rase 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-00046R000200120006-0
N.Y. Ir
SEP 20 .w
R.A.FALS. MERGER
OF BOMBERS EYED
-----
British Chief Who Is on Way
to Washington May Ask
a Joint Command
BENatAM1N WEI,LES
LoNrioN, Sept, lee-Britain Is;
expected. to mealtime:lid shortly
to the United States that the
two countries- begin studying the
possibility of combine-1g their
bomber forces itt War ender one
command.
Preeilmably, necordieg to in-
formante here, the supreme come
Mand would go. to an American
in view of the United eitates
euge prepondeennee of air Meier.
HoWe.ve.r, Britain might be ere
titled to a deputy command in
view of the nuclear capability
the Royal Air Force is maw de-,
veloping, it was suggested.
Sir- William -Dickson, Marshal!
of the leoyal Air Force, gayer
the first public hint Of official'
British thinking' tonight as he,
left by air for Washington, Sirl
William., who is chief of the AW
Staff, will confer with Gen, Na-1
than F. Twining, Chief of Staff,
of the United States Air. Force,
sad with senior American wt..
core. Litter tie will visit Canada.
"Our bowler force shoe el
work With the United .States
Strategic Air Command as one
force," Sir William sale. "It is
essential that the two nuclear
forces, Which at ereecnt a iv the
Only ones on the Allied eide,
Should work SA one,"
Command, Is Sperso:
Air circles here were reluctant ?
to discuss the background or the.
'obeeetiVee of Ste visit
to Washington. Premature cone.
ment, they said, might evoke
criticism in. tete Mated States
and embarrass Sir William's
hosts in the United States.. Air
levee General Twining had in-
vited Sir William to Washington.
However, it can be accepted
that there are at least three ma-
jor steps that British authorities
would like the United States to
take to help strengthen the
R. A, F. and indirectly the North
Atlantic_ Treaty Organization.
The first would be to agree to
set_ up in Washington a high-
ItVel "study group" of a few top-
grade American and British Mei
experts. Working privately on
the nonpolitical, teehnical as-
pects of the problem, these ex-
perts would examine (1) whether
it would be wise to pool the.
bombers of the United States'
Air Force Pala the Royal Air'
Force in wartime and (;) if so,
how it should lie done.
Britain is now just beginning
to develop her nuclear bomApl
capability. The first two dozen
Vi-ckeni Valiant (our-jet bombers'
have been supplied to the bomb-
er command and there eventu-
ally will be More than 200 of
Them under present plans.
In addition, the still-stronger
AVro Vulcan and :Handley Page
Victor bombers are being test-
flown. In five years there should
be more than 200 of these in
equal proportions in the R, A. F.
The' British atomic weapons
stockpile is slowly growing and
development of the hydrogen
bomb is well along,
Eager to Begin Planning
For these reasoue Britain is
eager to begin planning at once
for eventual coordination of the
two major allied bomber forces.
Many autlioritiee here point
out that Britain is increasingly.
vulnerable to thermonuclear at-
tack. It cannot be imagined,
They say, that the United King-
dom* precious nuclear bendier
farce?de "deterrent" to war--
can he based or even commanded
indefiniteiz within the British
;ales. ?
Plana must be worked out now
for global coordination with the
far-flung United States Air
Force, they say ;. the. common
use of overseas United States
and British air bases must be
mapped out and an over-all com-
mand, prior to a n emergency,
Toted be established in a central
place,
? This program calls, in turn, for
a second major measure United
States-British cooperation in the
field of exchanging target infor-
mation and in allotting targets
between the two great air forces.
hitherto th-e. United Statue Air
Force has had no need to share
lts target plans with the It, A. F.
Wrir (4 strict Atiieriein secure yl
!laws would, furthermore, have
prevented it, though much Amer-
ican target . intelligence does
come from Britain,
Now that these litivs and prac-
tices hav-e hen relaxed it is felt
here that Britain could eventu-
ally take over responsibility for
attacking certain targets as her
own share in wartime?leaving
the United States freer to con-
centrate on other more distant
or more. nationally important
bombing goals.
A third way in which the
United Skates could help stiffen
the It. A. Fes strength and this
bolster the Allied front in
Europe would be to agree to
make available in an emergency
nuclear weapons for the R. A.P.
Canberra bomber fleets in West
Germany.
The proposals Sir William is
expected to present in Washing-
ton are viewed as part. of the
process of "deterring" war by
"strength-in-being."
roved
Tilitago l'utibag Tribune
September 16, 19SS .
. States and Russia. It was 1
II . i agreed that each con n t e v ,
U ," i
; should furnish information on
To LAND j , c MEN rf latirraridt:e=f=ieisii=
someone's plane. or trail party i
I i
?
AT SOUTH POLE
I New Vera Tini*o-C.hIcage Tranint Sr.rvirf I
BRUSSELS, Belgium, Sept.
177?The American navy hopes
to land, a large ,plane at the
south pole next January or
February to prove the feasibil-
ity of flying in the 15 man
station projected for that spot.
The only men who have ever
set foot at. the south pole were
the parties of Scott and Amund-
sen who raced for that goat in
the seasonl of 1911-12, It lies
in the most inaccessible region
in the world, on a 10,000 foot
plateau, isolated by a wall ,of
mountains.
Rear Adm, Richard E. Byrd
has twice flown over the. south
pole, but a landing there has;
been avoided because of its
elevation. The air is so thin'
that it was doubted whether a
ski equipped plane could take
off again.
Plan Outposts
The Polar station, like other
phases of the program, is part
of the American contribution
to the InternPtional geophysi-
cal year, which will coordinate
the efforts of 40 nations par-
ticipating in that period of
'world-wide scientific observa-
tions from 1957 to 1958.
In July a meeting was neld
in Paris of nations sending ex-
peditions to Antarctica, includ-
ing Britain, France, the United
gets into trouble.
Accordingly, the American
delegation has drafted a tabu- [
indicates the scope Of the seven
projected American outposts
on the continent.
The American delegation is !
headed by Joseph Kaplan of
the University of California in
Los Angeles, who is chairman
of the United States committee
for the international geophysi-
cal year. It. includes Rear Adm.
George Dufek, who will com-
mand the naval forces in the
Antarctic. Adm. Byrd is in
overall charge.
Will Have 15 Men
The polar station is to ac-
commodate at least 15 men, in-
cluding a doctor. Five of the
six remaining stations will also
have doctors, the exception be-
ing the temporary outpost at
the foot of the Queen Maude
range.
The latter is to be manned
only as an intermediate radio
and rescue station during the
long hops over the pole. It is
to be occupied in January and
February, 1956, and again from
October, 1956, to February,
1957. It will probably be near
the foot of Beardpore glacier,
which was ascended by Scott
and Shackleton.
If the plane that lands at the
pole is unable to get into the
air again, men from this sta-
tion will have to go up the
glacier oia foot and help bring
the crew'out.
SEP 20 1155
?
..
Atom Edge Claimed iseale power stations and 12 in I
Ithe construction of hair large- i
BY Rrulsn Leader!*en flilmring
. iss Roiteei , which are probably 10 times
,
fe eels- I ir five years, he said.
1 "W Rb our limited resources.1
Tenttnorden, England !less than those of the United i
Ten large-scale nuclear power i State and Russia, we have made ;
stations will be built in the 1.iriona',, ifeontl,opeki-
titive .t.art? in
world during the next rive years, 1 Sir John -sp?oke at the opening
l
w1
Sir John 'Cockcroft, director of cotea" school he" in the
Britain's Atomic Research Cen- 1 townhere he was was edu-
:
ter at Harweil, said here.
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St. 1,iis po t....Di L N..-
Wash. . Etr,1 ling *sr
N..,
' S E P is 5 tern
Ulf. Assembly to Provide Test
Of Whether Russia Will Abide In Blocking Bids for Entry
By sceneva Spirit: Lodge Says
By WILLIAM N. 0ATtS i Mr. Masa, et 65. s big und.
. 1
,
Stair Writer Slugged mgn, thinks the world;
N Y
A otmiciat ea Pr eiqt t
Response to Eisenhower's, Arms Inspection UNITED NATIONS,. . ell
' ',including ell pence-loving coune;
organization should be universal '
,
Sept. 21.--lihilets Jose Alan, newl iees Aw ne_ , eni e Wi e . e
Plan to Be Clue, Ambassador Points f the United Nations charter.
.
General Assembly by sin unprece- He told newsmen that if the
Out?Stress on Results Rather Than Idented . una nimous vote, doeen'tiinienietan-Westetn El 110 over,
Pleasant Words.' ;like the way the big Western;1
U. N. pe its
s, the charter should;
admitting new memneis to the
1 POW Cr ti and Rus els ha/T kept' lbe reviscri NO the U. N. can
By PIERRE J. HUSS i certain couneries out of U. N. II come -those countries wench,
have been knocking at its doors."
UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., Sept. 15 (INS). But Mr. IViaza bee' no intern-
copyright. ta:55, in ternitt ',mat News aervirc
provide the acid test of whether Russia intends to adhere A, The American people have oreenization. He regards him-
self its -"just et small COg in the.
views through the international
today that the tenth United Nations General Aesembly will organization.
of trying to steamroller his
MB.ASSADOR HENRY CABOT LODGE jR. made it clear
A
n
' been justifiably happy once the whecie of this enormous oreand
release of our 15 flyers. They int kat Which La called the
have seen this recent example ;United Nations
of the tremendous Influence
United Nations at work. He said he will try to ,guide 1
fluence of
As for the atrocities, you will matters so that diplonericy, in
?the open or in secret. is
remember that In 1953 we ob- isolate 1
tamed a resounding cendemnas contributionto the cause of;
tion by the Assembly of the .
atrocious acts against our Unit- llie new preeident of the Ae-,
ed Nations soldiers in Korea. sebly 32
bringe
rri years of psi in
That condemnation still stands. mentary experience to his post.'
We will, of course, watch with Ile has served his country as;
Interest as the story of the 15 , premier and head of the minis-
flyers unfolds. , trice of Justice, Public Education"
Results, Not Words. and Interior. He retired from the
Q. Has the death of Andrei Chilean Parliament in 1953. He
Vishiesky. U.N. delegate, and also le a veteran of the U. N.,
tIC introduction of milder per- having attended the 1945 omen-
sonalities on the Soviet side at ization confeiniece in San Fran-
the United Nations, eased your cieco and signed the charter.
jots in keeping the initiative for Mr. Mass COD Sidellt these the
the free world? .., main issues before the Assem-
maonalitles. bly's current 10th session: Dis.
uch emphasis on per
A. We must not place too
No matter who the Soviet rep- armament, peaceful uses of at-
resentative is, it is always nee- ;runic energy, and charter reform.
Of the future of atomic enerey,
essary to stress concrete results
rather than pleasant words and he commented: "On the one
promises. i hand, it can bring about total
The United Nations, the only destruction. But on the other. It
t can bring about general happi-
ruly world forum, is a place
I
ness."
sincere they are by opening up
He is encouraged by such;
where the Soviets can show how
their whole gystein me and progress as the U.N. has made
more, and 5014 heir in solving the problem of colo-;
to escape the fate of the
locked for nine years because cion. You can be 31tre that Maligns but wants somethi*
further, mining:
Baruch plan, which was dead- traditional secrecy. and auspi-
we will continue to press. them 1
of Soviet opposition?
to do just that in the interests "With the powers which II
A, 'The United Nations has
One yardstick whereby to shown that it can mobilize of peace. have as president, I will do .msn
the next General Assembly will Q. Since the tenth birthday best to insure Lhatethe progress
measure Soviet performance at world public opinion in favor
be the frequency of such "cold this year of the United Nations is more effective, if that is pose
61 just and peaceM proposals
in a way which no dietatorehip in San Francisco, has there :stint, at this assembly."
war' attacks. The fewer of .
them there are the lege time , can afford to ignore. When the been any indication of Increased I 'Although he wrote Chileee so-
them
United States will have to public support for the United called "Mee law." on abuses of
world has fully realized what a
blessing the Eisenhower plan Nations?. freedom of the preen Mr. Moza
:mend tn rebuttal in accerd-
awn with our policy of an.ewer- A. Yes. Public opinion pais immured newsmen he "was alwaye
would be, I think that the So-
viet Unkin is very unlikely to a defender of the complete free.-
frig MI Conanaunist attacks im- .fight against it. this summer have shown that dom of the press," He prom-
mediately. .
[ Q. h the United Stales sat- 74 per cent of Americans are ised to hold news conferences
Q. In the wake of the ''Ge- isfied with the release of ehe"Ave minutes" after seelous re-
satisfied with the job that the
neva honeymoon," do you think United Nations is doing ?-- the
15 American flyers by Red quests for them.
now might be the time for us , China, or will the Assembly be highest percentage of support
-
to tell the Soviet Union to asked to call the turn on the we have ever had for the United
"put up or abut up" on their atrocities and violations of the Nations in this country. The
dec tired &she to en ve ou -
standing world probiemA ,Geneva codivention =LIM ier leatil-or- hos w
1 is an all-time low.
WM400200 120006-0
7pproVectiFocUed GAS% in
of. war?
U. N. Chief Raps West, Russia,
to the "Geneva spirit."
Lodge, in a question-and-answer Interview emphasized that
It is always necessary to stress concrete results rather than
pleasant words and promises." A. vve have already begun
. The dynamic chief of the to test the "Geneva spirit in
United States delegation at the the meetings of the five-power
U.N. urged the Kremlin leaders disarmament subcommittee. This
to use the U.N. as a proper group is considering all the
world forum and to drop their disarmament proposals made
'traditional secrecy and suspi- by the heads of government at
cion." Geneva, including in particular
Lodge pointed out release by ,President Eisenhower's "open
Red China of American flyers i"Y" inspection plan.
and civilians in no way re- ' Against Surprise Attacks.
moves Irma the Assembly's rty opening the Soviet Union
books the condernealion of the and the United States equally
Peiping government for its rec-
, to real inspection?exchange of
ord atrocities against. help- military blueprints, ocrial pho-
less Korean war prisoners, tographys and ground observe-
Replies to Questions. tion?we would make a major
The Eisenhower Administra- surprise assault impossible and
lion spokesmah took time out thus raise front the human race
. from his task of preparing for a great burden of anxiety and .
next w'eeket Assembly opening the greatest single cause of
to answer the questions which Worm tension.
follow with his replica: We will see very soon?cer-
.
I. Bow would YoU distinguish tainly Were the tenth Gen.
the prospects for the tenth eral Assembly is over--whether
General / ssembly from the As- the Soviet Union is ready to
sembly's past "cold war" WS' talk seriously about President
Mons? Eisenhower's plan.
A. Beginning in January Q. Do you see any pros-
1053 the Soviet. Union has !sects for the Eisenhower. plan
tapered off its vitriolic tirades
against the United States in
the United Nations. Each year
since then these attacks have
become less frequent.
0-9000Z litagORP4191700Bitteloi*ItiiptileW Komissseeieu JOd peoipiddV
Report on Dissrinament
Mr. Stamen's report to the President at
Denver oil the, progress of the disarma-
ment talks Is More optimistic than might
have been expected from what is known
of the work of the U. N. subcommittee
Which has been meeting since Aug. 29.
The impression is that things have gone
slowly there to the point of stalemate.
But Mr. Stamen has had several private
meetings with the Soviet representative
on the subcommittee, Arkady A. Bobo-
lev; these have been secret and appar-
ently serious; and )t, is no doubt partly
on the basis of these that Mr. Stamen
was able to report a good chance that
the Soviets will come to accept the
President's Geneva plan of inspection
and surveillance.
The first task, in which Mr. Stamen
seems to have succeeded, has been to
convince the Russians that the President
meant what he said when he made his
dramatic proposal. After a period of
what looked like incredulity or stupefac-
tion, the Rumians have begun to ask
questions?quite sensible questions ac-
o Back From
Oar Present Chinese Policy
No sooner had the assembly Of the
United Nations got down to business
on Tuesday than the Russian dele-
gate, Mr. Molotov, introduced his
hardy perennial motion that the
agenda include consideration of Red
China's admission to membership.
A vote was taken after a short debate
' and the proposal, as usual, was voted
down.
The interesting and in a way dis-
turbing development was, as our Mr.
Paul Ward points out, that the anti.
admission vote was reduced and the
number of abstentions increased.
Our victory was substantial but not
overwhelming. It is clear that Rus-
sian and Chinese maneuverings dur-
ing the past few months have in-
creased Communist influence in the
United Nations at our expense.
For one reason or another, the
peoples of other free countries seem
not to have grasped the magnitude
cording to Mr. Stamen'. If they are going
slowly, it is no more so (again according
to Mr. Stasseni than this country would
do in their situation. This whole question
of disarmement, as we have stressed be-
fore, is a matter of such gravity, such
literally life-and-death importance for
any state, that on all sides there must of
necessity be a slow probing and a cau-
tious advance.
The real problem is that the Russians
are interested primarily in a quick re-
duction of armaments; we are interested
primarily, at least for the present, in an
alarm system against surprise. The
American belief is that, with the fear of
surprise eliminated on both sides, prog-
ress toward a reduction in the arms bur-
den can be made. Though beginning from
different points: the two positions are not
Irreconcilable. Clarification and negotia-
tion are required. If these processes can
go forward in the spirit which so far has
been preserved, there is reason for such
moderate optimism as Mr. Stassen dis-
played yesterday.
of the issues atstalte. The fact that
Great Britain rushed thoughtlessly
into diplomatic relations with Red
China almost immediltely after the
Government of Nationalist China
took refuge on Formosa has affected
the whole debate since that. time.
What is overlooked is that Britain
has gained no' substantial advantage
since her ill-advised move, unless
her retention of Hong Kong be so
considered.
Instead of winning the friendship
of the Chinese Communists, Britain
has been snubbed by them officially,
and has seers her business confiscat-
ed_ and her citizens abused. More-
over, Britain was forced by the out-
rageous circumstantes to join with
the majority of the United Nations
Assembly in declaring Red China an
aggressor in Korea.
For those who are seeking? s clear
and succinct account of the develop-1
1
ment of today's situation as to the
"tvio Chinas" and the reasons the
Vatted States must adhere to its
present policy of nonrecognition, we
conitnifnd the article in the current
edition of Foreign. Affairs by Mr.
Stanley K. Hornbeck, whose long
years in the State Department, plus
his independent studies, have made
hini a leading authority on Far East-
ern Affairs.
It may, be true that after an inter-
val the rulers of Red China will
urge tfiemselves of their past mis-
deeds and fit their policies to the
minimum standards set by American
policy for recognition. It may be true,
also, that our alliance with the For-
mosa regime will sometimes prove
embarrassing. In the meantime, there
is no valid reason why we should
abandon the position we have taken
and limit the strength and authority
of the free peoples in the United
Nations. There is even less reason
far repeating the British mistake.
8
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yew
Wash. Ewalag Star
Slr-?
DAVID LAWRENCE
The Era of Noah in World Politics
We Now Have Two Koreas, Two Chinas,
Two Indo-Chinas and Two Germanys
Thts might some day be
Called the "new age of Noah,"
Who took two of everything
. Into the Ark. For now there
are to be two, germenys, Just
as there are two Chinas and
? two. Koreas and two Indo-
Chinas.
This means a continuance of
the two Berlins for a long
time to comae For there is, of
, course_ to be no attempt at
re unification anywhere by the
use of force. This was . the
, principle first laid down as
_American policy by President
Eisenhower in his letter, to
Syngman Rhee early in 1953.
It moue the way to political
coercion and infiltration by
the Russians, who have no
further fear of military
pressure.
Just ae. there were two
,Polailds one and the Western
allies _agreed to . a "coalition"
by wheel the Communists got
the upper hand, so today the
Soviet aim atilt et unifications-
Ruseian ,stale-nfor all areas
that are divided.
Chancellor Adenatier felt he
Could no nothing else but agree
to, establieh diplomatic rela-
tions with the Soviet Union if
he was to overcome the crit-
letern of his political ?Most-
aien,,Bnt the net reealt of his
action is to present the World
with the possibility of the
same experience it has had
.with the Soviet Union when-
Feland was taken over by the
Communists in. Moscow with
phony setup. Two Polish
governments were converted
tato a puppet regime.
By establishing two Ger-
manys, the Soviets can Play
one against the other and can
make headway, particularly in
West Germany by offering re-
union to her at the price of
Minnie urn participation in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organi-
zation. It means a delay In
German rearmament. It means
opportunities galore for politi-
cal propaganda .and infiltra-
tion by the Soviets,
The change which the Ge-
neva Conference made in the
.world situation will become
apparent 'sooner or later to
those Western statesmen who
have deluded themselves with
the idea that they are dealing
with a conciliatory Russia. For
not a single goal has been
abandoned by the Communists.
In fact. "peaceful coexistence"
has turned mit to be a propa-
ganda achievement of sub-
stantial proportions because it
has further removed from the
world picture any use of Min-
tory force .as a deterrent of
further aggression and opened
the way to aggreseiori by the
Communists through so-called
peaceful means.
The Communists are Pleased
that any threat of the use of
force in defense against ag-
gression now has been aban-
doned. They are delighted that
Outs in armament are being
talked about by some of the
Western governments, For it
Means that they can conduct
their subversive tactics any-
where in the world without
fear of reprisals of any kind.
They are confident that, by
releasing group by group the
citizens of other countnee
whom they have held as hos-
tages, the way will be opened to
a removal of the trade embar-
goes.
When the Western nations
commit themselves never to
use military force unless at-
tacked, they have no leverage
left in negotiations with the
Communists except economic
force. When they Surrender
this instrument of interna-
tional policy also, they 'can-
not Prevent aggression or the
use of Soviet agents to stir
up rebellions in areas where
the Western countries now
have political strength.
With the Near East and
North Africa torn apart with
local dissension, thus threat-
ening the air bases of the
Western powers, the cold war
Is moving on toward more and
more triumphs for the Com-'
munists in achieving military
objectives, too:
Surveying the world scene,
the Communists have suc-
ceeded in lulling the West into
believing that tension will be
relaxed and that somehow a
peacefu) change is coining
looking toward freedom rather
than tyranny for those living
in subjugation. But there is
no evidence ef it.
Despite the belief here in
Washington that a "two-Ger-
many" setup can be utilized
to the advantage of the West,
the fact remains that the dis-
memberment or partition of
Germany has become an es-
tablished fact by the decision
of West Germany to enter into
formal diplomatic relations
with Soviet Russia., .
Strictly speaking, East der-
many is still an area occupied
by foreign. troops as a result
of the victory not just, of Rus-
set but of all the allies over
Germany, Neither- the western
nor the eastern part should
have been given art independ-
ent status till both were united
and a peace treaty with the
whole of Germany was signed.
But., when the United States,
Britain and France decided to
admit West Germany into the
North Atlantic Treaty Organ-
ization and give that country
independence, a precedent was
created for similar treatment
of as Germany Germany by the So-
viets.
There is now no pressure
Upon Moscow to reunite the
two because no military or
economic force will be used by
the West to attain that objec-
tive. Hence there is no reason
for Moscow to agree to reuni-
fication, Partition means a
weak Germany ? and that's
what the Soviet rulers want.
They will have that advantage
for a long tone to come,
'Germany's politicians now
will begin to debate whether
reunion at a price?no help
from the West, and depend-
ence on Russian.--is better than
the indefinite separation of
West Germany from the East,
but with continued help from
America and Western Europe.
It doesn't augur well for a free
German republic under a sin-
gle government for a long,
long while. Once upon a time
France was divided, w i eh
Alsace-Lorraine detached and
left in the hands of Germany,
and this sowed the seeds of
the first World War.
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CONSTANTINE BROWN
We Accept 'Smiles' for Deeds
The 'Spirit of Geneva' Is Influencing
Thinking of Too Many Prominent Citizens
Secretary Dulles is not par-
ticularly happy about how the
"spirit of Geneva" is Influenc-
ing the thinking of sonic
prominent Americans who are
anxious to accept the Red
token. smiles for "deeds." In
a conversation with the leader
of the American_ farm group,
Dr. William D Lambert. after
- his -return from the USSR, the
Secretary pointed out that
this rush to Moscow is weak-
ening the resistance to, the
Communists in Europe, par-
ticularly in Germany and
In both_ countries there is
now a feeling that since Amer -
ica is ready to take the Reds
to its bosom the liete :nesinet
communism may. have become
Pointless.. This sensinien ;s
further accentuated by ehe
fact that a number of Amer-
ican Senators, some of whom
had advocated no longer than
last spring a break of Amer-
ican' diplomatic relatkone ith
the Soviet government, have
now become strong supporters
of co-existence and the other
shibboleths the Red prop-
eganda has been putting out
since Stalin's death. .
The Secretary is rePoreed to
have _told the spokesman of
the farm group who reported
to him after it returned from
Russia that? whi!e plain John
Q. .Citizens arc vieiting the
USSR. the itusetans who came
here, posing as farmers, were
nothing but Soeiee officials ap-
pointed by the Kremlin to
supervise the work of the Rus-
sian peasantry. These Simon
Legrees are under Kremlin
discipline. The story they will
be ordered to tell meg be
strictly in accordance Mtn the ?
views of the reed propaganda
machine.
It would be tieeful, indeed,
if ordinary Ivan Ivanoviches
could come to the United
States-on a visit. It would be
well worth-while for our Gov-
ernment to pay all their ex.
pensee. 1Sut. the chances tient
they will get exit permits are
very remote.. They might re-
fuse to return to the Com-
munist parediee. Responsible
Government analysts yegard
the present moves- of the So-
viet leaders, which include the
harmless permlis to American
political flguree and newspa-
permen to roam In the USSR,
as clever propaganda. It is
intended to soften the Ameri-
can public. and by implication
the administration- on the eve
of the foreign ministers' con-
at Geneva pext month.
The box score prepared by
these students of . the Soviet
policies shows that the smiles,
good words, and toasts from
Messrs. Bulganin, Khrusbehey,
Mikoean and otheis have pro-
duced no tangible deeds . to
satisfy the hankering for --
genuine peace on -the part of
the free world. The most that
the men in Moscow and Pei-
ping seem 'willing to do is -to
trade the hostages they have
been holding for years for
some substantial- political and
economic advantages. This
was shown at the -recent con-
ference between - the .West
German Chancellor Adenatter
and the Kremlin triumvirate.
where Messrs. Bulganin and
Khrusiechey put the old Euro-
pean behind the eight-ball. In
exchange for a vague Peernise
to liberate about -10 per cent
of the German prisoners -of
war still held in captivity, the
ussrt obtained the much-coy-
10
eted direct diplomatic inter-
course with the Bonn Repub-
lic and the implicit--though
not informal?recognition of
"two Germanys." It was a
bitter , pill that the 79-year-
old German Chancellor had to
swallow, but he could not af-
ford to reeurn to-Bonn empty.
handed in these days of sweet.
Clr.5f, and light.
Similarly, after nearly two
in on t Ii a of negotiations at
Geneva between the American
Ambassador, U. Alexis John-
eon, and Chinese Red Ambas-
sador Wang Ping -nen, we . obe
lain the liberation on the in.
stallment plan of a number of
American hostages held in
China for in Rile years for,
-trading purposes.", -
The American diplomat re-
ports that the negotiations are
proceeding with increasing dif-
ficulties. The Chinese envoy is
now demanding something in
exchange for Peiping's
"deeds"! fele wants negotiations
leading to the lifting of the
unofficial American embargo on
trace with Peiping in order to
relieve the serious food [Ouse
tion in hie country and incl.
dentally improve Red. China's
present war potential. Neither-
the Chinese nor the Soviets
have any legal or moral justie:
ilcation for holding foreigners
In jails and labor camps except
that created by themselves as
arbitrators. The Russians have
declared the Germans "war .
criminals" and the Chinese
have declared the Americans
"spies."
The satisfaction in thip
country for the liberation of a
number of the unfortunate
Americans is just and Under-
standable. All the same the
Communist authorities have
shown so far no actual deeds
toward the relaxation of the
International tension.
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SEP 2k! Nov
-West Detente as Europe Sees It
Mg ERWIN R. CANN431, Wier of The Oriteitjens Selene, afiviilfor
technicarat4010i-On -the-leaUdelean
Government, which opens the d,00r .wider
to 'dualism in Germany. Just as the domestic
Communist parties of Europe are more re-
spectable because daef are under the wing
of jolly old Bulganin and Khrushchev, so
East Germany is now more respectable, no
matter how explicitly Chancellor Adenauer
and the Bonn Parliament disown it.
A question I have asked Europeans is this:
If President Eisenhower is getting a lot of
credit for his friendly attitude at Geneva,
if the United States is no longer taken as a
wan ger by those who should know bet-
ter, AIM happens when Secretary Dulles
&ties' to Geneva on October 27 and begins
tie talk and act tough?
? "It. seems quite obvious that Mr. Dulles
will have to be a firm and resolute bar-
gainer at Geneva. Already many Europeans
think he is unnecessarily heavy-handed to-
ward the Soviets. Therefore how much free-
dorn of action will he have at Geneva? Will
he be bargaining from strength or from
weakness?
The American Government believes, I
as told in Washington, that the Soviet
Union wants a breathing spell so badly it
will be willing to pay a real price for it.
Many Europeans with whom I have talked
are .not so sure. They think the Russians
have far more to gain in an era of civility
than we have.
There is also a great deal of deep-seated
rietitralism. Audit the era of civility has
enabled some neutralists to look upon the
United States mOrViiiierantly, it has also
greatly enhanced .their love affair with the
? Soviet Union.
In Britain, certain unexpected and un-
official military leaders are advocating the
withdrawal of all forces from Germany and
the development of a neutral Germany: a
Sweden in the center of Europe. This posi-
tion is stoutly combated Ify Prime Minister
Eden, but it is bound to make some head-
way if for no other reason than the need
for manpower at home and the sentimental
desire to repatriate the troops.
It is sheer impudence for anybody to fly
from the United States to Europe ,and then
s.-less than a week later?pretend to know.
mach that is happening- in this complicated
continent. I have had a few days in London
and a few days in Rome, and that's all. But
I can tell you what some well-informed
people tell me, and I can give you some
general impressions.
Everyone I have met has asked me one
question: What is the real meaning of our
new relations with Russia? What effect has
the d?nte had on American policy? And. I
have asked them their opinion of the same
subject and the effect on the policy of vari-
ous European countries. Out of all this let
Erie give you some general conclusions:
:First, nearly everybody likes?indeed, en-
joys?the new atmosphere, although a great
many are also very suspicious and dubious.
'Second, domestic Communist parties, like
the Communists in Italy, have been given
la new respectability. But these domestic
Communists have had to shift their party
line with speed indecent even for them.
?Third, many Europeans feel they are no
longer caught in the line of fire- between
the two great world colossi, the United
States and the Soviet Union, and this
lonied-for freedom has relieved them very
much.
'Fourth, many people realize that the
Kremlin has not changed its policies much,
and see that a hard though by no means
one-sided bargain was driven with Chan-
cellor Adenauer.
? Fifth, there is less suspicion and mis-
understanding toward the United States.
Sixth, there is a keen interest in pext
year's presidential politics in the United
States.
Seventh, the Cyprus affair is a tough
crisis, with no good solution in sight, and
the NATO alliance in the eastern Mediter-
ranean is in definite danger.
And, finally, the weather has been lovely;
In Europe this summer,.so people feel cheer-
ful and fine, and in several countries?Brit-
ain riotably?despite inflation, the people
are living better than they have ever done However this comes out, the fact seemed
as a whole before, to me to be that Beitain-L-despite its infla-
tionary and foreign exchange crisis--is
MI Peoples Want Peace bursting with well-being and at least
Britain Rides Business Boom
? Out of all this it is perfectly clear that
the new world political atmosphere is a
powerful fact, having a great bearing on
the policies of many countries and the
thinking of everybody. It has probably gone
too far. Nearly everybody wants to believe
that the Russians have changed. Courtesy
is paying big dividends to the Russians.
--The very atmosphere of their treatment
of chancellor Adenauer the other day, how-
ever much we all want to examine his bar-
short-term confidence. The battered look
has gone out of Britain. The people are
actually consuming about 5 per cent more
than they did in the 1930's and carrying
a great armament burden as well.
It is very pleasant. to see the British peo-
ple having a good time again, but of
course it is on the crest of an inflation
wave, and they are consuming more than
their balance of payments internationally
can really afford. They have to export more.
That is Why they have reacted so pain-
fully to American decisions such as the re-
gain more closely, has left its mark. ject ion of low British bids for the Chief
n aWu talidirentMant : ciA9rolDalagoErsoestrgboe1t the
hi ing o e merman r on latish
bicycles.
cont -
But let uscome back to lar er matter Jtandirtg _be:Alwyn Ate oakgapieasiasal Europe
(Tpip .itoaesrm . tiWil.0040/Tairg MitasyRtukiiii liroRernsallTillieir goy.
erntnents to cooperate effectively.
o e yprus einarna. see no really
good solution. One antiViler''Would be for
Britain to retain the small area needed for
military base, and then let the people vote
on their own future, which would pre-
sumably show a big majority for union
with Greece. But this would be totally un-
satisfactory to the Turks with their ardent
minority unless they were otherwise com-
pensated. Yet such antipathies Can be
lessened, as is illustrated, by the solid
growth of trade between Italy and Yugo-
slavia following the Trieste settlement last
year.
But let me tell you whY I am in Rome
at all. There is taking place here the fifth
convention of the Congress of European-
American Associations. There are delegates
from 10 European countries, representing
organizations such as the Italian-Anierican
Association, the Belgian-American, and so
on. I am not a delegate but a speaker: I
addressed the congress on the subject of the
picture of Europe and the Europeans
created in the minds of Americans by their
newspapers. Raymond Aron, distinguished
writer for Le Figaro in Paris, did the same
thing in the opposite direction.
The delegates to this meeting are not
starry-eyed, unquestioning admirers of the
United States. They say, and rightly, that
'Europe should never and can never become
a satellite of the United States. But they
feel that a realistic, down-to-earth under-
Negotiation Now Possible
A peace offensive is under way,, deter-
minedly pressed by the Russians and re-
sponded to with grateful alacrity by most
of the rest of us. But if we are not fooled
into relaxing our alliance and our defensive
posture, civility is a gain over hostility.
We can at last negotiate.
But up to, now, we have very little, evi-
dence that the negotiations will or will not
lead to satisfactory agreements. The Aus-
trian settlement was satisfactory. The
Adenauer visit was inconclusive. The re-.
lease of American prisoners in China is
only partially satisfactory. There is hope
that something can be done about dis-
armament, but we have a very long and
dangerous way to go before these hopes
can be turned into reality. An acceptable
ultimate agreement on Germany is still
remote.
Yet, ten years after World War II
ended, ten years into the atomic era, we
have survived a most dangerous decade of
rivalry, suspicion, and local wars. We have
moved into the new atmosphere. We have
only ourselves to blame if we fail now.
Working with our fellow dev6tees of
freedom, we must press forward realisti-
cally, wisely, bravely.
26-THE WASHINGTON DAILY NEWS, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1955
Agency Kept Busy Spiking Bizarre Rumors
?
Red Agitators' Tricks Plague USIA
Ph PETER EDSON
World-wide communist propa-
ganda against the United States
is still so full of tricks that a
jprincipal job of U. S. Informa-
tion Agency posts is to catch up
with false rumors and, spike
t h ern.
At New Delhi, India, early this
yeixp one of the native Indian em-
pkyes of USIA brought in a typical
report that was being spread by
word of mouth in one of the nearby
provinces.
This area had Just been serviced
with its first pure, running water
tlYstem and its first electric lights,,
rapplied by one of the Indian goy-
+raiment's new hydro-electric dams.
But because of an unusual spell of
hot? dry weather, and because the
new reservoir hadn't filled up with
enough water for adequate irriga-
tior, many crops dried up.
it MADE SENSE
Taking advantage of this situa-
tion, communist organizers in the
province started a story which to
the illiterate Indian natjves made
complete sense.
"Of course the crops aren't good,"
said the agitators. "The new water
is lifeless. It has :had all, the elec-
tricity taken out of it?just like tak-
ing the cream- out of milk."
This story is typical of a number
brought back by Theodore S. Repp-
her, president of the Advertising
Council, after a trip around the
; world to study USIA operations.
Mr. Repplier was given an Eisen.
j hower Exchange Fellowship to
!study the effectiveness of American
informathon programs in combating
communist propaganda and infiltra-
tion abroad. Visiting 13 countries,
Mr. Repplier made special studies
in four?Japare India, France and
Italy.
VILLAGE FAMILY
In southern Italy, Mr. Reppller
picked up the case of a small village
family which was having a run of
bad illness. The local Communist
Party at once sent around a young
girl who volunteered her services
free of charge, as maid of all work.
The family was most grateful.
Soon the girl began to leave the
Italian communist newspaper, Unita,
around the house. This provoked
many political discussions. When
the girl left the family a couple of
weeks later, they were all converts
to communism.
One of the worst communist lies
which USIA people have had to com-
bat this past summer was first
planted in the trouble zones of the
,Middle East. It was a story that at
the United Nations iPth anniversary-
'celebration in San Francisco last
June, "a high functionary of the
State Department" had tried to "buy
off" the leader of one of the Arab
delegations for $10,000,000.
In return for this sum, the Arab
was supposed to see that his coun-
try would align itself with U. S.
foreign pa/icy in the Middle East.
But according to the commie story,
the proud and patriotic Arab refused
to be bribed.
This lantienlar story has also been
'picked up In Middle
as far away
from the East as Belgium
and Brazil. It defeated its purpose
because it was too big a lie to be-
lieve. But the more subtle propa-
ganda dies hard.
12
0-9000Z1.00Z00011.17000-179dCIU-VIO 60/Z1./?00z aseelwod peAoicldv
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EASTERN EUROPE
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New
N.Y. TINOS
SEP 2 fi 1955
'Riling that counts, and that the]
mAioNE AssEssis enow how ;to make'
?well." he added.
SOVIET'The Stflatot Was impressed by. mormuivho numher o( vonien he saw
UM I working in factories. "Women
get all covered with grease and
? do the same work as men," he
Alter 13,000-Mile JOurnOy,
Senator Notes Lags Behind
U. S. Ilut Finds Progress
By HARRY SCHWASTZ
swim Ntw York l'imrek
MOSCOW, Sept. 25 TheSo-
viet Union is thirty to fifty yeare
behind the United States indus-
trially, but is making rapid Peng-,
MSPI, Senator George. W. Malone'
jsaid here today, Be had just re-
-turned from an eight-day Jour-
'ney beyond the Ural. Mountable.
In fuer trips in the Soviet
Uninn since arriving here Aug.
29, the Nevada Republican has
Keeled 13,000 miles visiting
factories and farms in really
areas. -No member of Congress
has made a comparable trip for
many years.
"They have got all the critical
materials they need in the Urals,
including uranium," Senator Ma-
lone said teeny. "I am very
much impressed by Hoer ping-
rees, They are producing things
well, even though.- they prOdliCi!,
more slowly, Use more people
and nay less wage e than we do.
'They are _like we were thirty
to fifty years ago, making great
,pi?ogress as we did then, They
!will move faster than we did he-
'cause we hail to invent things
they can now use," ;
Two Steel Plants Visited
The Senator has visited two
steel plants, one at Rustavi, in
Georgia, and the other at Sven,
dlovek, in the Urals, as well
as the Volkhov aluminum and
cement Omits near Leningrad.
He also has visited tractor and
farm-machinery plants in Rait-
sovelis in the Altai territory.
and in Tits,hkent, in central
Asia.
At the Rubtsovek tractori
plant, the Senator was told that
daily production was eighty!
tractors of fifty-four horsepower.
each. These pull large gang:
plows, each with five fourteen-I
Inch plows. Thirty-five hundredi
plows are produced annually at'
a near-by farm machinery plant.,
"These are very good tractors,
and pulling those gang plows:
they sure Can turn over a lot
of ground in a hurry," Mr. Ma-I
tone commented.
The Senator, an engineer withi
thirty-five years' experience,l
said he was impressed by the
;quality of steel and aluminum;
;he had seen. "Their blast fur-1
;nitres may not look like very
mulch in some cases, but in
IblaSt furnace it is the inside
In the -factories he visited
women, averaged 35 per cent of
all workers. They ranged .from
a low of 13 iier cent In one plant
to a high of 52 per cent in an-
other,
Workers' Wages Given
Senator Malone said the aver-
age wage of workere in the
plants he visited was 800 or 850
rubles monthly, with the range
from 450 to 3,000 rubles monthly.
"The official rate on the
ruble is 25 cents, but. the ruble
actually represents a good deal
Arise in purchasing power.1
"A few top men may rare as
minim as 5,000 rubles monthly,
with the bonuses they get for
overfultilling plane," Mr. Malone
said.
Liitrzbe:Iiistaies Fergana Val-
ley, he declared, "they had more
cotton pickers than I thought
existed in this part of We would."
He was told the valley had more
than 2.000,000 acres planted to
crops, mainly cotton and corn.
The Nevada legislator flew
over notch of the virgin land
planted this year to grain, He
said that the new lands were
very dry in many areas and that
irrigation was planned.
Mr. Malone said he hoped to
travel to Vladivostok and leave
the Soviet: 'Union for Japan from
there, but he expressed doubt
that the Soviet Government
!would permit this, .
Alternatively, he plans a one-
day trip to Gorki tomorrow.
Then he could leave for Helsinki
Wednesday for a visit to Fin-
land, after which he plans to go
to Warsaw.
:Wash. Post
SEP. 2
Swap of 2 Boys Offered
For Hungarian Refugee
Ent ea
VIENNA, Austria, Sept. 25
Communist Hugarian frontier
officials offered to trade two
Austrian boys whq had strayed
over the border for a Hungarian
who took refuge in Austria yes-
terday, the Austrian Ministry
of the Interior said today.
Soon after the refugee Josef
Horvath, cycled into Austria,
Hungarian guards asked Aus-
trian guards to hand him over.
When the Austrians refused,
the exchange was offered. The
boys strayed into Hungary
earlier this month.
.N.Y. Times
EAST ZONE FREES FLIERS'
Two Americans Made Forced
Landing in Training Plane
WARTHA, Germany, Sept. 25
filel?Two American fliers were
returned to West Germany to-
day by the Communists after
they made a forced landing in
the Soviet gone in their T-33 jet.
trainer.
WO, Louis W. Cueningimin of
It Paso; Tex,, and- Sgt. Jean P.
Gebler of jersey City; N. 3.,
were "in good condition and had
been well-treated," an Air Force
spokesman said,
Major Cunningham and Ser-
geant Gebler were forced down
Friday night In East Germeny
alter their radio compass felled
and they 'tom their way on a
routine training flight.
They ran out of gasoline and
landed their two-seater jet in a
field near .flieenach. Their re-
lease was arranged through the
United States military IlligNiOn
In Potsdam, East Germaey,
Their aircraft will be hauled
back to the Wcet by tresek to-
JnOrrOW.
N.Y. Times
SEP 2 195E-;
YUGOSLAVIA WARNS U. S.
Communist Paper Wants No
Moves to Make Tie Closer
...--
BELGRADE,Yugoslavia, SePt.
25 Uri- The Yugoslav Commu-
nist party newspaper Borba
warned the United States today
not to try to "re-educate" Yugo-
slavia and tie it closer to the
United States,
Borba', which often speaks for
the Government, said "such at-
tempts can be not only futile
but harmful as well."
Borba commented editorially
on the forthcoming visit to Bel-
grade of Robert D. Murphy,
United States Deputy Under
Secretary of State. It said Mr.
Murphy's visit would provide op-
portunities' for pereonal contact
and discussion "which have pro-
duced 'useful results."
Borba said Veg.:oilers agreed
with the Ameeican statesmen
who suggested that Yugoslavia
be allowed to "develop as an, in-
dependent country."
It chided sections of the Unit-
ed States press that "artificial-
ly invent differences' between
the two, and said all unsettled
problems Can be solved.
7
Wash. Post
SEP 2 r; 1S5
Prison Doors
Open to Man
Romanians
LONDON, Sept. 25 aff---Conl-
munist Romania has decreed a
sweeping Amnesty for many
Itomaniaes jailed on war
crimes, charges, Radio Bucha-
rest reported today.
The broadcast said the de-
cree, following a similar move
by Russia, was- issued by the
Presidium or the Romanian
National Assembly..
The -decree provided fun par-
don for persons serving sen-
tences up to 10 years for war
elinieS, the radio said. Persons
senteneed for longer than 10
years "are fully pardoned if
they took part in the anti-
Ilitlerite war in the operation
zone."
The broadcast said persons
.serving terms longer than 10
'years and Who "did not cormnit
murders on their own initia-
tive" also were to be pardoned.
Sentences of more than 10-
;years for war crimes will be
reduced by half, the decree
said, But it exempted from the
amnesty prisoners who "were
members of Fascist govern-
ments" during World War IL
Radio Bucharest said the de-
cree also granted full pardon
to persons sentenced up to eve
years for "infractions against
rho state."
Wash. Post
SEP 2 6kv-11
New Soviet Minister
LONDON. Sept. 25 (41--The
Soviet Union today announced
the formation of two new Min-
istries?for the textile industry
and light industry?out of or-
ganizations controlled by the
Ministry foe Consumer Goods.
Moscow radio said Nikita Se-
menoyieh Ryzbov was named
minister of the Textile !Aldus-
iry and Nikolai Nikolavieh Mi-
rotvorster, Minister of Light
Industry.
Wash, Pest
SEP 2 47 l'g;
Russian Popov Stamps
LONDON, Sept. 25 de?Moa-
cow radio announced today that
Russia vvill shortly issue two
new stamps ''to mark the 60th
anniversary of the invention of
radio by Alexander Popov."
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tobA Posf---Dtgpaide
SEP 2 /.
ssiais.Reporjed Changing
Policy on Slave Labor Camps
Lar Scale Release of Prisoners Indicated
Shift Said to Have Begun
After Strikes.
By RICHARD LO'WENTHAL
comust. 1955, ths Levin Obestrirsr,
Hey, Sept. 21?Evi-
dence cf :.he large-scale release
of pHs 'leers from several tin-
regent Labor camp areas in the
Soviet 'Union has been ells-
Ousel essre at the Congress for
Cultieen Freedom by Joseph
Se/censer, German author of a
hon: on the labor camps of the
Vorkate region.
The changes, described by
Sciolmer on the basis of Inter-
vieine .with Austrians recently
releaetil, seem to amount' to a
tratatormation of Soviet penal
colonies in the Far North and
Far elatst.
They emem to represent a
shift from forced labor In
camps to "free" labor, consist-
ing partia of released prisoners
kept in enforced residence and
Perth/ of new deportees and
genital,* t,mlunteers.
Jails Interviewed.
Independent confirmation of
this theory was offered to the
congress by an American ex-
pert, Prof. Herbert Passin, on
the been; of interviews with
Japanese former prisoners re-
cently returned home from the
Soviet Innen.
The reported reform in the
Rennet uf ;nal system seems to
have bet un in the spring of
1954 and to be most advanced
In the areas where extensive
strike. by prisoners hive *c-
rusted in the lest two seam
_Schemer says abottellep_er
s?
cent Ise the SOtt.000 prisoners.
in the Vorinita region bad been
releasee by the time the last
of the .Austrians there left last
Julie. The Vorkuta strike in
July 1053 was the first such
strike' of which news reached
the outside world.
Ines present releases were
said to be taking place in line
with hitherto unpublished
changes in Soviet legislation.
Many of, these changes corm-
spend to ,lemands made 'beo .the
prisoners at the ?time of the
verifies prisoners' strikes.
The 'changes provide- for re-
ef all invalid prisoners
and thew known to have been
less than 20 years old when
they committed "crimes." Re-
lease also is being accorded
to prisoners who have served
two-thir I* nf their sentences.
60/Z 1./COOZ aseeieu .10d peAwddv
H.Y. Thugs
SEP 2 6 195;
CONS S
GAIN IN RUMANIA
Many individual sentences
are being reduced by "commis-
lions of revision," sent out by
the Soviet Ministry of Justices
'A ruling has been made that
every working day In which a
prisoner completes the task as-
signed will count as three days
off his sentence. New offenders
are being sentenced to depor-
tation rather than to forced
labor.
Conditions Bettor.
At the same time, working
and living conditions is the
camps have improved consider-
ably. Numbers on prieoners'
clothing and bars on the win-
dows of their lodgings have
been abolished. Pay has been
} increased said leave from camp
I sometimes is granted.
One of the motives for the
changes appeared to be belated
recognition that the old system
was wasteful because of the ex-'
tremely low productivity of
labor it entailed. The changes,
Indeed, seem? to have led to in-
creased productivity.
In addition to Vorkuts, strikes
took place In 1953 and 1034
in the Karaganda coal-mining
region of Kazakhstan, where
prisoners even got hold of arms
and the rising finally was
crushed only with tanks; in the
non-ferrous metal combine of
Norilsk in northwest Siberia,
where, after an initial defeat,
the strike restarted and lasted
several months, ending in a
massacre; and in the Far East-
ern camp area of Taishet as
late as last January.
State Stores Have Domestic
Stoves and Refrigerators,
but Prices Seem High
2
IsrP17 de
and tutralated to
pinOir )0/34 0110100
I &She'd/land stenographer said
she earned 300 lek a typesetter
,000 plus bonuses and a sewing-
machine operator 900 plus
bonuses. A teaster *aid her
earnings were 440 lei risontin,
while another , a man, said be
earned 750. A coal miner said
4c earned ,350 lei a MORO, bu
another said rhe received bone-lea
for exceeding his quotas and
earned 2,000 a month.
In terms of averages and
working hours, the impression
was that it would take a Semi.
skilled worker 333 hours to earn
the price of a gas range. This
would be earning at a higher
rate than the salesman who sells
the ranges. The semisskilled
worker would require 1,868 hours
to pay for the gas refrigerator,
200 hours for the 13Man radi
and 359 for the bicycle,
On the basis of prices in state
stores, it would take the semi-
skilled worker 171 hpurs to buy
his wine a cheap weolen over-
coat, forty-one hourg for a pair
of work shoes for himself, 148
hours for a cheap woolen sett
for himself and 416 hours for a
better suit.
The impression created was
that a substantial number of
physicians, writers, engineers and
Government officials had higher
Incomes. A guide explained also
that many Government officials
and directors of state enterprises
who have automobiles placed at
their disposal use them for pleas-
ure driving. Otherwise there are
virtually no private automobiles.
Rumanian economists stressed
that in calculating wages coneid-
eration must be given to social
insurance, medical care and
treatment, as well as factory
canteens, where workers may
purchase meals at nominal
prices. Rent also is relatively
cheap. One worker said his rent
was less than 8 per cent of his
income.
By JACK RAYMOND
sweetie The New York Time&
BUCHAREST, Rumania, Sept.
25--A state store was besieged
last week by women seeking to
examine new gas ranges. One
attraction, said the manager, is
that the metal containers for the
"bottled" gas on which the
ranges operate' are more avail-
able. They Can be purchased with
the *Weal.
The manager pointed with
pride to the fact that the ranges
were a Rumanian product. He
maintained that Rumania had
been turning them out for ten
years. "
The manager mentioned other
Rumanian - manufactured items
In his store: a small gas refrig-
erator, also operated on bottled
gas; two different small radios,
one of them with a short-wave
band, and a bicycle. Ail these
items were said to be available.
The manager said the cost of
the articles must not be consid-
ered in terms of dollars. The
exchange rate is six lei to the
dollar, so the 'rice of the gas
range Is equivalent to $191.e0, of
the refrigerator to $933 of the
bicycle to $180 and of the small
radios to $10.8 and $173.
Average Wages Obaeure
The manger said one must
consider thii prices in terms of
the income of Rumanians, but
It appears difficult to calculate
the average -Rumanian wage.
Three members of the Institute
for Economic Restearclt of the
Rumanian Academy confesped
they did not know it ,and ex-
plained they were theoretical
economists. They said they were
certain statistics could be ob-
tained and promised to get them.
A salesman In the state store
said he earned 400 lei a month.
A street-car conductor said that
his base pay was 308 lei but that
he could get more if he operated
his trolley a certain distance
without its needing repairs.
An unskilled street-paving
laborer m Bucharest said he
earned 600 lei a month. But one
of the ecenomists said this was
more than earnings in regular
industries because street-paving
workers were difficult to find.
The economist said hi a own
earnings were 3,000 to 4,000 lei
a month. A physician in a
Bucharest hospital said he got
1,250 lei a month, but it ts
known that physicians earn
much more in private practice. i
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Nosy
IS. Monitor--
RFP 1 2
Refugees' Broadcasts
Crack Iron Curtain
Thursdays, she talks on the
By Stair Am Arndt 7' ',education of children in other
!countries, comparing conditiOns
with those ? hi Czechoslovakia
iwhere many are obliged to
work in factories.
On Fridays, her program is
Woman a &Moe el
The Christf es Scion", wetter
There are women's programs
over 'Radio Free Europe and
women editors who prepare the
scripts for listeners in their own !devoted to literature?the liter-
countries and give daily broad- ar., works of women al' over
casts, the world and books of particu-
Two of these are Mrs. Maria lar interest to women.
Tundirova. formerly of Prague, Saturdays ahe uses a script
and Mrs, Alexandra Stypulkow- which she writes as a converse-
ska, formerly of Warsaw. Their tion between two country-
programs are 15 i?inutes in women about conditions now
length and are given from the and in the days when Czecho-
Radio Free Europe station in siovakia was free. Information
Munich first in the morning and coming out of the country gives
then repeated the evening of her current facts as to what is
that day and the morning of the happening so that she keeps her
next, lams, if a woman cannot broadcasts up to date, and she
listen at one hour, or if the ra- knows .the countrywomen so
dio is jammed in order to blur wel! that her interpretation is
the broadcast, at one time, then accurate and convincing.
she may be able to hear it at Her Sunday broadcasts are
another. devoted to meditation and, cur-
These programs are the link rent events. .
that freedom-loving women in There are about 1,300 persons
communist-dominated countries in and around Munich who are
have with the free world and connected with Radio Free Eu-
Make it possible for them to rope. About half are Germans,
learn how conditions actually about 100 are Americans and
are for women in free countries, the rest are Central and Eastern ,
' Mrs. Turnlirova and Mrs. Sty- European refugees such as Mrs. t
putkowska both went. to Berch- Turniirova and Mrs. Stypul-
teagaden, Germany, in April for kowska, who write for it or give
the meeting of the conference on
American Women's Activities, programs.
Mrs. Stypulkewska, who has
and made broadcasts from there,
toiling of the work carried on by programs beamed to Poland
Wives of men in the American three times a week, was arrest-
Armed' Forces. ed in Warsaw by the Gestapo in
1943 and spent two years in a
. Mrs. Turniirovoss_ voice- is. fa-
concentration camp. She was
saved through the efforts of the
Swedish Red Cross and- spent
two years in Sweden, then went
to England.
Her husband, who was an Un-
derground loader during World
miller to her listeners in her
homeland for she was a member
? of parliament in the days of her
? country's freedom as a republic.
Although she broadcasts under
another name than her own,
women of her country know her
and they trust her sincerity and
the sigenracy of what she tells
thenr .
Her program on Mondays is
for homemakers. She talks of
things which arc on the markets
in the countries of the West, and
gives prices which she obtains
from letters that come to her
from women in France, the
Netherlands, Belgium, England,
Norway, Italy, and Germany.
Compares Conditions
Ori Tuesdays she talks On
women and politics in western
countries of Europe and in
America. She tells of work
women are doing, progress they
are making, wages they receive,
positions they hold in different
countries.
Wednesdays AIrs. Turnilrova
gives a personal talk on any
pertinent subject, encouraging
the women, and giving them
any helpful messages she can.
War II, was :one of 16 such Po-
lish leaders invited by Marshal
Zhukov. Mrs. Styptilkowska told
me, to talk about the future of
the Polish Government, but
when they met they were ar-
rested, imprisoned, and tried.
The others in the group did
not survive but a- note sent by
the American Government, ask-
ing what had happened to these
people, resulted?after six
months?in the release of her
husband. Be was sent to Poland
and then escaped to Western
Europe.
Stories of Escape
Mrs. Stypulkowska has one
program on the life of the Po-
lish family, based on reports
from escapees, from the Com-
munist press and from moni-
tored broadcasts.
They broadcast almost every
hour an address of someone liv-
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' tog abroad., in France, Italy,
Sweden and listeners under-
stand they can write there--
Our address is almost any-
vhere in the Free World," said
Stypulkowska.
"I don't believe more than one
100 letters from Communist
countries to Radio Free Europe
gets through, but we have 20 to
30 a month.. We change the ad-
dress every few days so by the
time all post offices are instruct-
ed to be on the watch for the !
old one a new one Ii being
used." '
In her program'on the Polish
family, Mrs. Stypulkowska uses
typical experiences, the rise of
prices, coping with the Problems
of daily living, the arrest of
someone, his escape, and so
forth.
On 'her second program, she
gives a personal talk for women,
discussing education, women's
activities in Poland and in the
free world. This summer the
programs have taken the lists
eners on a trip around the
world, giving them descriptions
of conditions in other countries,
the interesting life in a western
democracy where people have
freedom of choice and freedom
of movement.
Her third program Is devoted
to a political speech of live
minutes on Such questions as
the indoctrination of children,
facts about the food situation
and high prices, and why things
are as they are.
Letters of response, dinicult as
It is to get them through, keep
coming, indicating the value of ,
the programs to eager listeners
on the east side of Freedom..
The refugees preparing these
programs work with a zeal born '
of love and appreciation for ,
freedom, justice, and human
rights of which they have once
been deprived, and for which
they have been ready to give
their lives.
? LT. Th000
SF- 2 16 15
REFUGEE TRADE SOUGHT
Hungary Offers Two Austrian
Children for Mon 'Who Fled
VIENNA, Sept. 25 (44 ? A _
Hungarian officer offered to ex-
change two Austrian children '
held' in Hungary for a Hungarian
refugee who fled to Austria, the
Interior Ministry said today.
The Hungarian was sent back
empty-handed by border officials
after he crossed the frontier yes-
terday with ten soldiers to pre-
sent his proposal.
The Hungarian refugee es-
caped into Austria on a bicycle
early yesterday and has been
given asylum, Today Austrian
newspapers demanded immediate
Goveriunent action to effect the
gatilmusaoprat, 0
Information Austrian authorities
had received that, Hungary was
holding the children.
ILL Monitor
sEp 0-55 0-9000Zi.00Z000t1917000-179dC1U-VIO 60/Z1./?00z eseeieu Jod peAoiddv
Reds Use Exile to Curb Po
Better to Poland of Hugon By Paul Weld
Henke, emier of the Polish Written for The Christien Science Monitor
govei tee -n-exile, represents
a first ajbIe success of the two. Under these circumstances
Warsaw eevernment's efforts to the relations of each of the two
rally dissident Poles at home colossi with Germany must be-
et appal est independence, Na"-;iliellUar 4451'
and abroad to their new COUXse come of %tat 100freet
te
tiortal ree seciliation, and, are lingoes Ranke
dissenter IFladyslaw Gomulka been haunted by dread of Ger-
put at. Poland's own way to many.
socialieme"
The Cieuttest Conference and Doubts About U.S. '
the character of the man also Judging by remarks whfch the
had something to do 'evith his former Premier made at recent
return. liet defection brings Cabinet sessions, he reached the
home to the West the shattering conclusion that while both
effect of tee Geneva Conference Washington and Moscow were
upon the morale of the anti- wooing Germany, Moscow was
Coternursisi exiles: more interested in supporting
Polish refugee spokesmen Poland's territorial integrity
think th et it is not so much the than were the Americans whose
lessenine of feeling between heavy investments of capital and
Washing too and Moscow which good will in Germany made it
' confused their countrymen, but appear likely that they would
the conviction that 'United States back Bonn's demand for resto-
policy wholeheartedly supports ration of Germany's prewar
the comebeck of a powerful and boundaries.
poteatially aggressive Germany. It seems; indeed, that mater
Hemmer] ea between the po- Poles are far less interested in
Utica se stems dominated ,hy the the prospect of a restoration of
Atlantic powers and the Soviet their prewar boundaries with
Icolossus, even so important a the U.S.S.R. than in the pros-
country as Poland no longer can pect of peaceful development
I hope to survive with the active within the present borders. Hugo
support oil at least one of the Hanke's defection thus seems to
?
Pub. Evening Nor
SEP 20 1955
-Until Shrimp Whistle
; Nikita Khrushchev, the ebullient
thief of the Soviet Communist Party, is
h frank man. Speaking at a banquet for
the East German Reds in Moscow, he has
-bluntly asserted that if anybody in the
*est believes that the smiles of Russia's
1;eaders "invOlve abandonment of the
$eaching of Marx, Engels and Lenin, he
deceives himself poorly. Those who wait
for that must wait until a shrimp learns
to whistle."
Soviet smile s, according to Mr.
gletuelachev, reflect a genuine desire to
live at peace with the rest of the world,
hut they do not mean that the Kremlin
Intends to retreat from the idea that
the star of capitalism is waning and that
cc nmunism is riding the wave of the
luiture and will ultimately be triumphant
everywhere. And he has declared that
Red Russia is supremely confident of
Winning that victory, not by resorting to
*sr but by proving itself superior in
Competition with the West's free-enter-
prise system?"the way of the blind," as
he calls it.
Mr. Khrushchev's views probably are
ailared by all other members of the Soviet
show that as an aftermath of
the Geneva Conference some
anti-Communist Poles actually
h ve beg
tivelr'Ne..
Mast
Communist Pa nds prois
noimced "nationally oriented
policy" started more than a year
ago. It was highlighted by a
sensational editorial in the De-
cember issue of Nave Drogi
(New Ways), the Polish equiva-
lent of Moscow's Kommunist, at-
tacking the methods of the state
security police (after Ridio Free
Europe had released Josef Swi-
atle's disclosures) and severely
criticizing distrust shown to
former members of the wartime
underground Army of Liberation
who had proved their "devotion
to the people."
Leaders Rehabilitated
Communist Partrin the U.S.S.R.,
said in Belgrade that the ex-
communication of President TIM
had been all the fault of
Lautenti P. Betio, Tribtma Ludu
held Berta responsible for the
of the pwriar yeders
ms
.Hanke's 'defection. -net
only will strengthen the good
will of the Warsaw government.
It aLso will assist present Com-
munist efforts to bring about, a
realignment of Peiland's Roman
Catholic clergy. The former
Premier-in-exile is a member
of the Christian Democratic
Party and was fictive in the
Roman Catholic labor movement
in Upper Silesia before the war.
Support Lacking
Among the Polish anti-Com-
munist emigration, Mr. Hanke's
return to Warsaw will not make
too much of a stir. ,He WU a
minor politician who duringthe
war was employed is a porter
in a ministry of the London
government-in-exile. Nor is Mr.
Zaleski's Cabinet really repre-
sentative of the Polish political
emigration.
Since the formation, one year ,
ago, of the Polish Council of Na.
tional Unity in London, the
Zaleski government-in-exile no
longer is supported by the major
political parties who thought
that there no longer was any
need for a President-in-exile
(recognized only by Cuba, the
Republik of Ireland, the Vatican,
and Syria).
As a result, Mr. Zaleski had to
choose the members of his Cabi-
net from among second-string
politicians like Hugon Henke,
who for one reason or another
had left their parties When the
Council pf National Unity was
formed. -
The importance of Mr.
Hanke's defection is lessened
further by the fact that he was
appointed Premier only on Aug.
9, after the return from the
United States of his predecessor.
At the same time the Warsaw
radio and press came out in de-
fense of children of kulaks. An-
other move ot make the Corti-
munist-controlled regime more
palatable was the posthumous
rehabilitation in Tribune. Ludu
on May 1 of five prominent pee-
war Communist leaders purged
by Moscow hi 1937-1930 as
"spies Of Pilstidske"
I By restoring the honor of the
founders and early leaders of
the party, who are widely be-
lieved to have been selfless
dedicated men and women, the
leaders of today tried to, present
communism as a homergrown
movement. '
The effect of it all was to
start under' Communist auspices
'I (and therefore under Moscow's
control) the equivalent of a
Polish Titoism without a Tito.
, It can hardly have been acci-
dental that Tributui Ludu's ar-
: tiele appeared two weeks before
the Soviet state visit to Bet.
grade. Just as Ni kite S. Khrti.sh-
ebelfeetirete Sectary .,of the
ucollecilve leadership," and
Indicate that the Kremlin is
as ever to the ideological
communized world. F
armed. This is a
esq_ue th the Old
they plainly
As dedicated
dream of a
lied is fore-
pictur-
about
:14.7TTT
whistling slitkels, butt l?were
would do well to it' constantly in
mind and do everything possible to keep
on their toes competitively. Anyhow,
Mr. Khrushchev merits thanks of a sort
for making clear that the USSR, despite-
its smiles, has lost none of its appetite
for mastery of the globe, politically, eco-
nomically and otherwise.
4.
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TEE WASHOGTON POST end TIMES HERALp
E5
? Sunday. September 18, 1955
Mima01.11111.
Matter of Fact
Yugoslavia Likes Its Marxism Mild.
By Stewart Alsop
BELGRADE?Yugoslavia is living proof of
how far the process of change can go in a
Communist. state, once it gets started. All
qualified observers agree that some sort of
process of change has started also in the
Soviet Union. And it is therefore tempting
to speculate whether the change in Russia
might go as far as it has here. . ?
Make no mistake about it. Yugoslavia is
a Communist state, and a dictatorship. But
It is a very different sort of Communist dic-
tatorship than it was seven or eight years
ago, when Yugoslavia was threatening Trieste,
shooting down American planes and actively
supporting the Greek Communist guerillas
In those days, according to reliable wit-
nesses, the Tito regime was in some ways
tougher than Stalin's. The suppression of all
vestiges of liberty was as total as in Russia,
the secret police was as ruthless, and the life
of the people was even more drab. Now, Tito's
Yugoslavia presents a startling contrast even
to the milder post-Stalin Soviet Union.
SOME OF THESE CONTRASTS are trivial,
like the fact that the Belgrade newspapers
print "Donald Duck" and "Jiggs and Maggie."
And yet would it not have a certain political
significance if Moscow's leading newspapers
suddenly began using, and even paying for,
American comic strips?
Or take, as another example, the party
which Dictator Tito threw the other night
for the Greek King and Queen. If the late.
King Alexander had been around to haunt
the white sugar-candy palace that he built
himself here in Belgrade, he would have felt
right at home. He would have applauded
particularly the impeccable full dress of the
Yugoslav officials and the red-on-blue dress
uniform of the Yugoslav generals.
And he would have been impressed, too, by
the elegant amiability displayed toward their
royal highnesses by Marshal Tito--who. after
all, has spent most of his life plotting the
downfall of royal highnesses of all sorts.
No such scene could possibly have occurred
In the Soviet Union, where even the simple
dinner jacket is condemned as a symbol of
"bourgeois decadence" and official receptions
are about as elegant as a bear-hug.
What has been happening here?and what
May yet happen in the Soviet Union?is what
one astute Western observer calls "the hour-
geoisization of Communism." The break with
Stalin threw the Yugoslav leaders into close
contact with the West, willy-nilly. Certain
habits and viewpoints of the West were ale
sorbed, by a sort of osmosis, simply because
they made life easier and pleasanter.
To be sure, there are in Belgrade the
same dreariness and drabness which are ap-
parently 'inseparable from Communism. But,
In sharp contrast to iStoecow. there are pretty
girls on the streets, dressed with a certain
sense of style. What is no doubt more tumor-
tent, there is an atmosphere of casual human
easiness here which is still utterly lacking in.
Russia.
You can have a meal alone with a Yugoslav,
official or newspaperman. You can talk with
him, argue with him, joke with him, in a wag
wholly impossible in Russia. The Yugoslays
are even capable of making Jokes about the
sacred doctrine. One very high official, asked
about the Marxist doctrine of "the withering
away of the state," roared with laughter and
said: "Well, I'd have to wither away first, and
so far I feel all right." Nobody makes ,that
kind of joke in the Soviet
Actually, the Yugoslav leaders take their
own special brand. of Marxist doctrine very
seriously indeed?even though, unlike the Russ
sians, they are capable of joking about it. Ace
cording to the Yugoslays, they discovered in
about 1950 that the Russian system of total
dictation from the center and ruthless agri-
cultural collectivization just didn't work. So
they have elaborated their own brand of
Marxism. Its catchwords are "decentralise.
lion" and "economic democracy."
RELIABLE OBSERVERS claim that work.
ers in Yugoslav enterprises really do have
something to say about their conditions of
work and the division of the profits, and that
control from the center really is much lighter
than in the Russian system.
At any rate, the Yugoslays are sure that
they %lave invented a new and better kind of
Marxist state. One of the ttip Yugoslav offi-
cials solemnly told this reporter that "Yugo.
slay democratic socialism will mark as great
a crossroads in world history as the victory of
capitalist democracy over feudalism."
The Yugos. lays, as this remark suggests, are
perhaps the cockiest people in the world. And
by the same token, they are quite sure that,
far from Yugoslavia being attracted hack in
the Soviet way of doing things, the Soviets'
will eventually see the wisdom of emulating
the Yugoslays, adopting "decentralization,"
"economic democracy," dress suits, jokes,
arguments among themselves about politics,
and all the other aspects of Yugoslav life.
Could the Yugoslays perhaps he iight?
Could it be that the "bourgeoisisation of Com.'
? nninism," which -has gone so far here, has
really begun to get under way in the Soviet
Union too?
Could the doctrinaire irrationality which has
so long threatened the world give way in time
to something milder and mellower, something
that. could at least be lived with?
Here in Belgrade, it looks at least possible,
though no mare than remotely possible.
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THE EVENING STAR, WR:shington,, D.
einsotr, AlrAPTIMPIER 19, JAM
CONSTANTINE BROWN C.
Pressure for Trade With Reds
Will U. S. Make Another Mistake
And Help Foes Build War Potential?
The question of trade with
the USSR?and possibly with
Communist China has be-
come a . hotly debated issue
among toe-level officials,
Since the sweetness-and-
light policy wasanitiated by the
Russian leaders at Geneva last
July there has been strong
pressere on the Government
to relax its trade restrictions
and provide the Communist
world with everything it needs'
for its people,
The pressure comes not only
from politicians, who, despite
the Kremlin's refusal to offer
tangible evidence of goodwill,
Prefer to hide their beads in
the sand, but also from power-
ful industrial and banking
centers.
Some industrial leaders are
surprised when State Depart-
ment experts point out that
the enslaved peoples have al-
moat no purchasing power and.
American businessmen could
not expect to export any size-
able volume of consumers'
goods.
The deals would be exclu-
sively between American pro-
ducers and the Red govern-
ments. It would be the same
kind of trade as existed before
the last war between this
country and the German Nazi
and Japanese Bushido regimes.
Our Industrialists are told
that the exports which the
Soviet and Chinese Commu-
nist regimes would seek would
be almost exclusively those to
strengthen, even indirectly,
the Communist war potential,
And so long as the Rods do
not give any definite evidence
by deeds that they have aban-
doned their pursuit Of world
domination, it would be fool-
ish to strengthen them so
they could later cut our
throats, our diplomatic and
military policy makers-believe.
We made a similar mistake
once before when, in the hope
of appeasing Japan's war lust.
American concerns were al-
lowed to sell her scrap iron,
gasoline and airplanes. Planes
were cut off first, but the other
items were supplied until Oc-
tober, 1941. only shortly be-
fore Pearl Harbor.
When in 1940 Senator Styles
Bridges protested 'against ex-
porting such materials to a
government which had already
demonstrated its enmity, he
was told that we could place
no restrictions on such trade
without offending the Tokyo
leaders and precipitating a
crisis.
Before launching into World
War 11, Hitler also purchased
large quantities of "non-stra-
tegic goods" from his intended
victims who were? all anxious
to deal with Gerntany on the
aesumption that a "happy
population will be reluctant to
go to war."
The vulture nations col-
lapsed more from economic
pressure than military re-
verses. Thus the American
submarines in the Pacific con-
tributed at least as much to
the defeat of Japan by cutting
off its lines of supply as the
A-bombs dropped on Hiro-
shima and Nagsaakl.I As a
matter of fact the Japanese
were almost ready to sur-
render late in 1944 because of
shortages which were not all
strategic materials.
A similar situation con-
tributed to the defeat and de-
moralization of the Germans
in both world wars. The allied
blockades were at least as
much responsible as military
and air power for the defeat of
cottrageom1 end well-trained
armies.
Until last February when
Soviet Premier Sul geniis
launched the new friendly dip.
loamy, we were 'compelled to
regard the Communists in
Europe and Asia as enemies
who looked only for a favor-
eble chance to Jump us. We
limited otie trade with them,
but our allies in Europe did
not follow the same policy.
Under the excuse that they
needed outlets for their in-
dustrial production, they dealt
fairly extensively with both
the USSR and Communist
China,
Now that the Reds have
changed their frowns to grins
some of our own people .are
anxious to unload not only
agricultural surpluses but
whole factories. These would
go to governments which our
diplomats and military men
regard as inevitable enemies
who are merely playing for
thine.
We are not people to en-
gage in preventive wars. But
this does not mean that we.
should make things easier for
the dictators to consolidate
and expand their holdings.
Superficiel observers such
as the legislators who are now
visiting the USSR and basking
in the Kremlin friendliness
are said to be ready to start
a drive in Congress in January -
to improve relations with the
Communist world by extensive
trade. This would permit us
to dispose of burdensome agri-
cultural surpluses even If only
-for 10cents on the dollar.
'Those legislators have short
memories of how the free
ss world built up the military ma-
chine of the Japanese and
Nazi war lords,
WIIII0101111111PME?
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Ayr
As tthilak_tack over what?'
1 havt- seen, heard, MA felt,
my trip liehind the Iron
' f am increasingly
id that all useful
tion , and all . worth-
Pr?
' leCtimis thardina
Into e f u-
414.? ?w i
14icts it?? ?I three cardinal
facts folicws:
- t contrast today
They
ea?nre d Eastern rn
iEttrc11 "Pe Wisistern aj
priiioun" cli. To enter
tailSatellite world from
and emerge from it
'nerC In Berlin Is to realize
that 'COMMUnialn has suffered
crirer, the past sevep years a
thundering historic defeat.
Arestern Europe, for all its
fikortcornings and problems
and partial failures, is a vast
rising pool of human well-
being and physical vitality
and productiveness. The i
water n this pool is pressing
against and lapping over the
top of the barrier we call the
Ins, Curtaillt,i,
bariter, ' that
that
.bu-
reaucratic turt ering.
2. Moscow is profoundly
Interested in maintaining its
military front line along the
western frontiers of the satel-
lite countries.
3. But to maintain its mili-
tary position Moscow may be
forced to permit more lati-
tude in economic and politi-
ea:i systems.
A A A
The woof of the three
cardinal facts and of their
combined meaning lies in
Poland.
Poland is the biggest of the
satellite countries. Militarily-,
Poland is by far the most im-
portant of them all to Moscow
and it is today the most re-
lir We of them all to Moscow.
The corntruntider ts arnied
forces and ifs_ Defense
Minis-
ter is Marshal Konstantin
Rokossovsky, a Soviet mili-
tary he.ronf World. War
Yet tiie ? governnient in
_Poland Jail* most relaxed of
the satellite governments In
its attitude toward the West.
It alone has retained residual
contacts with the West. It
alone never purged its fringes
of all persons who served in
the. London, as distinct from
the Moscow, ernigree group of
the E war period. It astorje
-Mit/ tree 404 admitting
Western newspapermen. Only
in Poland are such visitors
received by high officials of
the government.
And in Poland communism
has achieved less a its ideo-
logical purpose and fewer of
its social goals than in the
other satellite countries.
If Moscow were interested
primarily in the ? success of
COMMUlliSM in the satellite
countries, it long since would
have found itself new agents
? In Poland. Yet the fact is that
Moscow seems relatively sat-
isfied with the regime in
Poland.
How does one explain this
? seeming 'contradiction in
terms?a satellite govern-
ment which has scored the ?
highest mark in military
loyalty to Moscow, and the
lowest marks in communiza-
tion of its people and its econ-
omy? That Moscow is ,satis-,
fled vronM seem to be con-
firmed la the fact Olist jklencL
19.4tIv&ittlitilate'ciliiiitry to
wawa 740101,07 NW made an
expensive, if aesthetically
doubtful. gift?the Palace of
Culture in Warsaw.
A A A
7
- Mare Is, rinabrait, only one
Posdble explinititiOn which
satisfies all the known facts.
Moscow must know a:. well
as anyone else that the laws
of political and economic
gravity will not tolerate a
perpetuation of the present
state of affairs, in Eastern Eu-
rope. The present contrast be-
tween Eastern and Western
Europe is devastating to the
prestige of communism. The
high waters of Western re-
covery are spilling over the
Iron Curtain into the eco-
nomic and social swamplands
beyond. Nothing can keep
them out much longer. If the
high waters are not admitted
in a controlled flow the dam
must burst and 11()Oti mit a
whole decade of 14:08.010/ ,121-
111W-kailtany;Wthe:stito.'
te of
lMte govern-
-???,? ? ? ?
- z
men* except the one in
Poland, surviving even a con-
trolled flow of high water
through the dam. Perhaps the
Polish one could, thanks to
its own failures. It could still,
if it chose, make its peace
with the peasants, with the
laboring classes, and with the
Roman Catholic Church. If
it did These things, it would
cease to be communist except
in name., It could do these
things andremain in the good
' graces of Moscow if it con-
tinued to be militarily loyal
to Moscow.
If I "read the signs correctly
this, .for better or for worse,
is the way the winds are
blowing from Moscow across
the Polish plains. Poland win
be allowed, ipdeed may even
be encouraged, to make its
economic and social peace
with the West at the price of
remaining a stanch military ,
ally of ? the Soviet Union. I
Whether Moscow can possibly !
. succeed in such a maneuver
is, of course, another matter.
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WESTERN EUROPE
CrS. tdooitor
SEP 1. 3 19V3
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111 ? ,
Bonn- Moscow Tie Rut*. West
expeete here and on
By eleney 8. Hayward the continent realize that the
VoLe,0 or roil: London Newt as.rev.s achievement of a CollillY1kInist
The ceeman advice monitor diplomatic triumph of this mag-
Landon nitude is far from assured.
The initial reaetion on t.his
Great Britain and its Western
side of the Atlantic, however,
European Aliies'are assaying the
has been more sober than that
Adenauer-Kremlin talks to see,
what, if anything, has been lost expressed in Washington.
or endangered. Deniers Spotlighted
*tele opinion here and on the In the long run, this may
continent remains far from prove desirable as a counter to
unanimous, some genuine uneas- what many regard as excessive
Mess is being manifested. overoptimism that the top-level
It stems from the fact that Geneve talks Iasi July somehow
mitred that all will he well. _
Western Europe always is sensi-
In the face of direct contact
nye to moves itivolving the So-
between both states
viet Uniork and Germany,
If the two disagree, that is . and Moscow, it is emphasized
? cause for alarm on this side of anew here that the Westesannot
the Atlantic. afford to lag in its efforts to ,
And if, as was the case when convince West Gertname that its
lbest chance for unineation, se.
the West German Chancellor
conferred with the Soviet lead_ corny, and iticlepende?ce lies
ers, certain areas or agreement with the Atlantic Alliance.
are reported, that also can be For ir West Germany can be
? considered a reason for appree even partly subverted by the
hension in the Western tamp. Kremlin, Europeans know that
Agreement between Moscow the Western European Union is
and both halves of divided Ger- doomed, end the battle for Eu-
many could disturb the delicate rePean security that seemed
. balance of power in Europe that won may have to be commenced
has been built up through pains- anew.
s en
taking conferences and years of Scant comfort i tak here
that the Communists have been
effort by 'Western diplomats.
Camera Diaelosed
forced to woo West Germany
arid abandon some past con-
Dr. Konrad Acienatier himself, cepts. Instead, empluisie centers
is given high marks for re- on what he West ought to do
maining loyal to iii Western to inwet and counteract the
ties in the face of heaVy Com- altered Soviet approach now
munist pressure and enticement. that it is in elect.
Co,neern, nevertheless, is reit , Two Genrninva
here that Soviet strategists have
Of particular concern is the
chalked up bug-run gains.
! virtmil certainty that mine...ins of
s,On tile Platter 011: 1113leelatie ordinary Germans will be more
a?4)tielle belWeen toe 'IY0 e(41n- pleased at the prisoner return
tries, tor example, theinitial
11
, 1r. Adenauer gained than dis-
gain may have been pr. Aue" !concerted over the diplomatic re-
nauer's in the form of returned Iatiorks he conceded.
prisoners?an ernotionel, Per' The summoning. of East Ger-
sonaI problem that the German
? leader is too shrewd to ignore. man Communist represe.nta Elves
?An informed body of opinion
to Moscow immediately after Dr. '
, I
Adenaner's departuve also is re-
in the Western camp, however,
bolds that. the Kremlin was? g_arded as evidence that the Wash. Daily, l\fmos
both
K
?
w t that rigwo o pay at price f remlin will seek to
SEP 2 6 1955
SPY CASE HELD PERIL
To U. S.-BIUTI)SH TIES
Siorclal to Th,Nvw lark Three.
LONDON, Sept.. 25?A Con-
servative Member of Parliament
described the recent revelations
on Donald Maclean and Goy
Burgess today as "are astonish-
ing story of sustained inepti-
tude,
Sir Robert Bootbby said the
House of Commons would have
to decide when it reconvened
next month whether it had de-
liberately misled for the last;
four years.
, The Sun
Sopt 231955
East, *est Germany
Agree On Olympics
Munich. Germany, Sept. 22 on,
Ski officials of West and East Ger-
many said today they have de-
cided to send a 39-man team, to
?ttie iff56 Winter Olympic Games
to represent all of Germany at
Cortina, Italy,
East and West Germany failed
to agree in l9.2 "As a result, only
i athletes from West Germany com-
peted at: Oslo. .
? Asserting that. there was lit-
tle doubt that the security sere,
ices were at fault, he said the
ease was "a disastrous story"
and one that could go a long
way to impair relations with the
United States.
In an article in the Sunday
newspaper The People, Vladimir
Petrov, SoViet diplomat who ex-
posed espionage in Australia,
said today he was convinced that.,
Maclean's wife, Melinda, knew,
of his plan to flee Britain, But
Mr. Petrov conceded that con-
clusive evidence was lacking.
He said that another Soviet
diplomat had told him the Soviet
secret police sought an oppor-
tunity to make contact with her
immediately after her husband
.vanished, but Met the heads of ?
.the secret potice decided it would
be toe risky.
hold or an Feettnanys.
?' ambassador from Bonn, in order '
Supprt therefore exists fOr
that t Gosinenys should cone the contention that if West Ger-
? tinue to exist for tbe present-es many will pay an unexpectedle
and in order that both be rePree high price for the return of some
? eented enly ?irk aloscow. thousands of German prisoners
Tartital Advantage from Soviet hands, Bone some
That, it is painted out au- day might be willing to pay a
thoritatively, could make it eas-
? ier at the forthcoming Geney;
foreign ministers conference at
German unification le argot
? that a European security pee
higher price to free 18 million
East Germans from a Commu-
nist puppet regime.
At the moment, optimistic and
pessimistic schools, of thought
should be established betweet aiming the Western Allies are in
the Eastern and Western mill
approximate balance on the out-
tary alliances, with one Ger '
come of the latest. Moscow talks, ,
many on each side, Whether the Kremlin is, on the
Knowing that the enforce offensive or the defensive is a
division of Germany cannot
debatable matter. But Soviet
en
dure indefinitely, the Last the
?woule be in the best tactic;
_ -
position to develop contacts bt
tWeen the West arid East (jet
man eapitals at the outset, an
to mtluence Germany whe
eventually
Meanwhile, uniecation nego-
tiations could be carried out 1
I independent of tile Western
) powers, ?
While facing up to these Po- I
policy plainly is on the move?
and the momentum built up may
prove advantageous at the Octo-
ber Geneva sessions unless the
West proves just as agile, in-
formed sources here warn.
s
SEP 2'2 lor,
West Asked
to Protest
Soviet Move
BON N, Germany, Scut_ 22 .
West Germany announced today it
has asked I lie Western Big Three in
prt)t0141 Iii( SOViCi .Ea I t
agFOVIlloIll giving the East (..anarians
control of West Berlin's approaches.
Chancellor Non Vail A (iellatte
thiS move at the start of a
long report to parliament tin his re-
cent mission to Moscow.
Ho also said that West Germany
will consider il "an unfriendly act"
if any Weistern nations ? establish
diplomatic relations w1111 (latannittisa
Mast. Germaay.
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SEP 9 1955
???
An Informal
News Report
Or ?11, SISILYN WILLIAMS, Stan ((wren...4W of The thristiata Selene. Mosttes,
q111stybe?bat I Didn't'
"Yes, I might have taken a job there. But,
somehow, I didn't."
Two young German friends of mine were
talking about their experiences across the Iron
Curtain, in the Soviet zone. They had just
returned from a three weeks' vacation there.
Both of them were qualified engineers who
were spending their last holiday together be-
fore "going out into the world." Heinz had
gone first with Kurt whose mother lived in
Hal le.
Heinz said he had heard such conflicting
stories about conditions in the eastern zone
that he wanted to see for himself. Maybe, be
would take a job there for a few years. He
had no political bias?capitalism or commu-
nism -- it was all the same to him! All he
wanted was a good job, which would enable
him to have plenty to eat and drink, with
something over to enjoy himself. He had been
a prisoner of war, In both the Soviet Union
Associated Press
East German Youth Marches
and the United States. All be asked new was
to be "left alone to live his own life."
Kurt had quite other ideas. What had hap-
pened to his family and to the friends of his
school days had long decided his attitude. He
was staying in the West. But since acrimoni-
ous arguments over the past few years did not
seem to Influence, Heinz, he said nothing.
A A A
Together, they rode on borrowed bicycles
from Halle via East Berlin to Schwerin and
along the Baltic Coast. As they stopped by the
wayside or in the villages along the route,
they, talked with 111 kinds of people and heard
numerous complaints about the bad conditions,
and the activities of the local Communist
Party organizations ? especially those con-
cerned with youth.
When they reached the coast, they settled
for a few days in one of the workers' holiday
resorts. There was no doubt about it. The
workers and their families were being housed
in the best hotels. They were as well-fed as
masses of people can be under such circum-
stances. And everybody seemed quite happy.
The sea was lovely. The weather could not
have been better. No politics could alter that.
Yet there was one discordant note. All
through the day and well into the evening,'
there was a never-ceasing roar of propaganda
trom strategic points along the strand and
In the town. It never missed you, wherever
you were.
"I thought I should have escaped it here,"
one "comrade" confided to Kurt. But nothing
of the sort. So I'm leaving tomorrow although
there is another week due to me. I've made
some excuse to get back. I don't kitow whether ?
It is the strange surroundings. But this %la
. . Ma' does not seem to be so bad back
In Leipzig. Maybe, I have learned to ignore
it there!"
A A' A
It was soon known that Kurt and Heinz were
from "the other side." Talks soon developed
about the conditions on both sides of the Iron
Curtain, and particularly whether that curtain
would disappear during the coming months.
Nor was it surprising that local "Voice' (peo-
ples police) got to know all about them. They
were invited to make a call "at their con-
venience."
When they did call, they were, treated with
the greatest courtesy. The purpose of the invi-
tation soon turned out to be an offer of work
If they would remain in the east zone. The
"Vopo" already kriew they were trained 'engi-
neers, and told thern that with their qualifica-
tions they could ,get interesting, well-paid jobs.
Ore if Heinz and Kurt wanted to continue
their wartime activities, then the semimilitary
peoples police was open to them. They could
start with a rank equivalent to that of major,
and the chances of promotion were plentiful
since the new Soviet zone forces were to be
expanded. Former young officers like them-
selves were urgently needed. They were the
type who could help the fatherland as soon
as the "reactionaries" in Bonn were out of
the way!
Naturally, the two friends replied, they must
have time to think it over. But immediately
outside in the open air again they decided it
would be best to move off lest the friendly
offer become compulsory.
45 as
Later, they were to find it difficult to get
from the east zone to East Berlin. Only by
pequading the "Vopo" at the boundary that
they were particularly anxious to see the
Stalin Allee?the pride of East .German archi-
tecture today ? were they allowed to cross
over. To Heinz and Kurt, however, this was
the way to West Berlin where they could act
"normally" once more. -
"Maybe, I might have taken a job over
there, said Heinz, "but once I heard those
loudspeakers' shrill tones, and saw what the
'Vopo' wanted me to do, I realized I was not
going to be left alone to live my own life. So
off we go tomorrow to our new job at Bochum,
in the Rubs."
3
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Approved JO% Release 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-0006R000200120006-0
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Approved For Release 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-00046R000200f20006-0
.* ?
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CA, ter...16r
SEP 8 1955
-
I dous a 'Awe ere ?all
ris brothern resolttlice passed.
1, vice a of " presiclent,' Charles
But The confress heeded the
To Exp
By Peter Lyne the litopard hadn't yet changed
1 et J b Glut'
ful when e tension was easier.
Geadst riroeedntatt cr
The cohgress finally decided
by 4 457,000 to 3,431,000 that
Carg1414'441"iett I its spoti even tlatough it wes
IL Y. II is
22 1955
Porhornentary Correspondent of The
The iN,rnrnunist group in Brit_ cruceovilleInettoolegit eaaetineeanto thweeeretalleeT? railing In other words, it
po England
alas Trades Union Congress there is to'-be an alleoutseramble
has f ailed here?at least for tile for higher wages or a responsible
time being?in its bid to exploit approach to the matter by eath
the lotion's acute overemplone union cencerned, then the re-
ment sititation. sponsibleeptement; of dhe unione
This overetnployment situa- Times
would be waste of time trying
to affiliate as long as Commu-
nist- trade unions are not free
in the Wentern eense.
tion :was given. new emphasis by movement Swami-aid the leftists e-Nial. - -
the publieation Sept 8 of Min- by voteOf 5,346,000 to 2.- ;Jr. .''
- e 2"
istry of Labor figures indicating
that In July there were 473,000
jobs waiting to be gilled in Bri-
tain. Employment in the same
month reached a record peace-
time level of 22,945,000. Unem-
ployment, estimated at under
200,0D0, was only .9 per cent of
?I'hus the government of Sir
Anthony Eden, officials in White-
hall, and businessmen and finan-
ciers can breathe more freely
again.
However, it would be well
for an observer here at South-
thoye emeloyed. port to warn any British eon-
This is the position the Com. sumers and overseas traders
inunist Unionists would like to who may be sighing with relief
have exploited at this week's , at this point that there is an
87th martial conference of the important cendition which the
Trades Union Congress, repre- more responsible trade unionists
iterate more- than 8,000,000 insist on.?
Prompt. Action Demanded
workers. The Communists
wanted, to. encourage, a free-for-
sat wage scramble. This could
wrec:c the British economy.
The Cernmunist line of at-
tack used to .be that capitalism
'mean inaernraloyrnentn Today
the ComMunisnargument, so far
as Britain is concerned, is the
capitalism is showing that it
cannot sand full employment.
consenonists Helped ?
Britain's present serious over-
spending and infiationery diffi-
culties have certainty been help-
ing she Communists and their
associates develop their argu-
ment. For the past 12 months,
it seems, the British have been
too prosperous. They have been
living too well. The result is
that their balance-of-payments
situation with other countries
has deteriorated, world con-
fidence in the pound sterling
has waned, and foliation has
Increased rapidly at home.
The Ccimmunists -had an un-
usually ' favorable: opportunity.
Many non - Corninuidets trade
unionists when -they hidberribled
? here et, aditeathtiorl this, week
wererinney with the Conserve-
Jive Party for -Winning this
?
yeas genera) election without,
so tney, , claimed, disclosing the
fun extest of Britain's economic
weaknesses in the midst of ap-
Pareet plenty and prosperity.
? ? In fact the Communists had
one of their best chances ever to
exploit the situation. The Coln-
It is that the Cohservative
government should do some-
thing without further delay to
steady the 'cost of living and
control prices and profits. Oth-
erwise the workers have given
fair warning that they cannot.
be expected to cooperate fully
in the antifhilatioriary battle!
In voting for membership On
the TUC's general council for
the coming year, Arthur Homer,
Communist secretary of the coal
miners and one of most popular
of Communist leaders, was once
again overwhelmingly defeated.
There are 'no Communists on the
general council.
It appears from this year's
conference that the voting
power of Communist-dominated
trade unions has dwindled to
about 400,000 out of the TUC's
total voting power of 8,000,000.
This is more or less in line
with other indications of falling
Communist influence. The mem-
bership of the British Commu-
nist Party in 1955 is given as
33,000. In 1944 it was 47,500,
which was its highest totaL
Circulation of the London Com-
munist Daily Worker news-
paper is 10,080.
Warning
tionelast M.ay there were 17
unist candidates who
33,144 voites. In the 1945
genera/ election, 21 candidates
entrant effort was mainly led by-
? polled e102,780 notes.
the Communist-controlled Efec- On the morning of Sept. 8,
leical Trades Union. ? the TUC discussed whether, in
; Success Achieved view of the easing of tension
F between East and West, there
The ETU did achieve consid- should be an immediate move
enable success when it backed a by the British TUC to get to-
resoltitige in favor of a 40-hour , goiter with the government-
week ant: drastic cuts In over- controlled soviet trade union
time. That resolution was de- movement.
feated by a vote of 4,303,000 to
3.684 000
!the Eiritish Pl,1i rice-
Approved For Release 2003/109 :
IPA S-1
PERONANFRANCO
Officially Inspired Comment
in Press Notes Lessons in
Argentine's Mistakes
By CAMILLE M. CIANFARRA
Special to The Sew Tort ?Three.
MADRID, Sept. 21 Many
Spaniards believe that the ousted
Peron regime in Argentine was
in some aspects similar to the
present Government of General-
issimo FTEUICISco Franco,
The argument heard is that
both the regimes were a military
dictatorship, that Spain and Ar-
? gentina are overwhelmingly Ro-
man Catholic countries and that
the internal policies followed by
Madrid and Buenos Aires had in
common industrialisation and
Improvement of sotial4onditions.
The views of the poli cal, social
and religious groups cdmprising
Spanish society this are re-
flected In the press.-
But, apparently as a result of
official directives,mny ews-
papers have expressed the hope
that Argentina might be spared
the back luck of an "inoperating
democracy," ab the newspaper
Pueblo put it. In other veZreofr-
&tally inspired comments are
that the best solution/or Argen-
tina is another dictatorship.
Arriba, which is the organ of
the right-wing Falange party,'
praises Juan D. Peren's social '
policy. It implicitly deplores the
Argentine dictator's fall which,
it fears, may leave a Ovoid that
could be quickly filled by bolshe-
vism." The Falange party con-
siders itself the militant anti-
Communist force and the cham-
pion of Spanish workers' inter-
ests.
SW-Justification $een
One of the aims of the edi-
torial means to be to justify the
existence of the Falange party
as an effective bulwark against
communism.
Pueblo, which is the spokes-
man for Spain's Government-
controlled trade unions, insists
that under General Pert* the
Argentine workers had "attained
almost all their objectives." The
implicatioh Is that it Is to the
!Swinish workers* interest to sup-
M-14150.541-1701/109R00020
sh
Atomic Plant
CALDER, HALL; Engler I,
Sept. 21 421.--Some 700 construc-
tion workers went on strike to-
day at Great Britain's first
atomic power station. A spokes-
man of ,the British Aconite,
Energy Authority said Wino to
settle the labor dispute coickly
could prevent the 50,800-relo-
watt nuclear station from being
completed on schedule next year.,
The strikers are employees of
a private contractor building the
pLant
*fifth is the organ ' of
Catholic Action, says that Gen-
eral Pereres Major error was his
"ideological battle against the
church." 'The implied "message"
of the editorial is that collabora-
tion between church and state is
essential to the stability of any
regime, including Spain's, and
that anti.-clericalism, which is
held to be widespread in Spain,
is a destructive political factor.
ABC, the rnoraerchist daily,
feels that the 'excessive power"
given by General Penin to the
Argentine General Confedera-
tion of Labor caused a feeling of
"insecurity throughout the coun-
try" and that this in turn led to
anti-Peranist reaction from the
other classes. The iMplied con-
clusion is that too much power
In the hands of the waiters may
lead. to civil strife in any coun-
, try, including Spain.
120006-0
. tionitair-900ozi.00z000ti917000-179dciti-vi3 60/Z1?/?00Z aseeieu JOd peAcuddv
SEP 1 2 19h5
Morocco for Moroceaus"
France Tests Empire Zeal
By WW1 D. Hurd
Chief of the Paris Metes Burons of The ChrlJtion
train, but as soon as tt started,
someone pulled the emergency
cord. As the train came to a sud-
den stop, the men poured out
onto the platform.
Effort Given Up
? Faris
Refusal of 400 French Air
Force reservists!, recalled for
duty .in .Noith Africa., to board
an embarkation train for Mar-
seilles Sept. 1I, produced both
a turbulent scene at the Gare de
Lyon railroad station arid new
uneasiness in French and West-
ern Allied -military circles.
Even while these men were
protesting against being used
for a repressive solution to the
present North African crisis,
Mashie Alphonse Suite former
rnilitat.y ativiser to the govern-
ment on North African policy.
was calling for a program of
repression, using a St. Mihiel
World Wee I celebration to warn
the French Government against
"yielding too easily"! and !being
"dictated to 13Y- Tue."
Marshal Jufs implied policy
would clearly demand the call-
ing up of many more reservists,
a doubtful procedure indeed if
the temper of these Air Force
men is any augury.
Six Classes Seen
Further, right-wing Gem
Pierre Billotte warned a group
of other right-wing deputies
against being too obdurate re-
garding the government's efforts
to negotiate a Moroccan settle-
ment,
He told them their program
of order - by - repression-and-
only-then-reforms wourd de-
mand the calling up and main-
taining- under the colors of six
ciaserre of reservists. He then
asked . them. where France
voted get the money to pay
for this heavy military burden.
The Air Force reservists,
who had only just returned to
eiviL .life after their regular
serdlee, were deeply resentful
at this sudden retaking of !MR-
tare life. But more important
was the fact that their attitude
tends to confirm the idea that
the average man is not really
much interested in the French
Empire the politicians so loud-
ly demand must .be held. -
When this same man in the
street let Indochina go so easily,
the relatively small but very
vocal group of Empire-minded
Frenchmen said that it was be-
cause Indochina was so far
away. "Things will be very dif-
ferent in ease there is ever any
danger of losing nearby North
Africa." they would say.-
But the reservists at the Gars
de Lyon, when they refused to
board the train, circulated
around the station shouting: "No
recall to Morocco! Morocco for
the Moroccans!"
Extreme Moroccan nationalists
could scarcely have done better.
French Air Force Police final-
ly herded the reservists onto the
Jubilant at their success, they
became more vocal than ever.,
Some 100 moved up to the closed
iron grill gates behind which
a mass of civilian passengers
were waiting, and started pro-
testing to the latter about their
recall, The Trench civilians Were
reported to have completely
agreed and supported the
soldiers' refusal to leave.
The soldiers were herded onto
the train once more. Again just
as it started, the emergency
cord was pulled. By this time,
the authorities had become gen-
uinely concerned, and can after
car of Air Force police, civil
police and even the Garde Be-
in field uniforms,
were bringing reinforcements
into the station.
By the time the train was
stopped the second time, there
were about as many police as
reservists.
Then it was decided to give
up the attempt and take the
men back to Realer Barracks,
where they had originally as-
sembled.
Marched between masses of
police guards, which made thorn
look like prisoners, they were
loaded into regular French po-
lice wagons, called "paniers
salade," and shipped back to
camp where a sorting out was
due to take place.
An effort will then be made
to reassemble the group and
send them to North Africa, pos-
sibly by military planes.
Two hundred of the 400
reservists who refused to board
the train left Paris by air Sept.
12 for Morocco, their original
destination, Reuters said. There
were no incidents.
An Air Force spokesman said
most of the other 200 would
leave by air later in the day.
Some ringleaders were reported
held for punishment).
Lack of Discipline
The conservative Figaro
wrung its editorial hands over
this event in the lack of die-
. cipline and the inability of
French officers to control their
! men that it demonstrated. Its
closing comment was: It seems
that at the echelon where it is
the essential currency, the vir-
tue of authority has become
rare."
Many observers feel that this
, question of lack of disciplinf is
not always confined to the low-
:1 ?h. ie. ? ?
Science Monitor
Annul was Mar-
shot Juin', warning at St.
Millet against "yielding," in
saying that is has "never, in
Islamic countries, brought any-
thing .but shame and disgrace,
; and would only encourage the
loreign consperacy which today
:leeks desperately to ruin
France's achievements over-
!
Military discipline always de-
mands that military leaders keep
mit ;of -political affairs, yet this
in not the line time France's
highest rankling Meer has
uttered open criticism of French
Government policies still in the
snaking,
From Marshal Juin at St,
Mihiel to the striking reservists
at the Care de Lyon. the picture
of discipline shown Sept. 11
illurninetee a less-known but ex-
tremely important facet of the I
uncertainty and resulting im-
mobiliem dominating the French
scene today,
LT. Thrit,2
SEP itur
?,
1NANTES IS TIED UPI
1BY 24-11012 gTRIKE1
Walkout Regarded as Part
of Move That May Bring
New Inflation to France
By HAMA) CALLENDER
OSteubs) (91.14 New Yea Thsto.
PARIS, Sept. 12---A twenty-
four-hoer .general strike that
tied up the city of Nantes today
was seen as part of a. movement
that might precipitate another
Inflation in France. !
It came when Britain and
West Germany likewise faced
demands entailing dangers of
further general rises in prices,
The strike, coming after labor
demonstrations leading 10 a
lockout in the shipyards, tied
up the metal and building Indus.
erica chemical and clothing_ far-
tones, one oil refinery, the docks
the sneer. railway and buses
TWenty thousand striking work.
era winded to the prefecture 're
present their demands.
Representatives of the Nantes
union called on Premier Edgar
Faure today to invoke his aid.
At Belfort, in the east of
France, the Alsthom Electrical
'Company declared a lockout be.
cause of alleged slowdown
strikes. At Lorient, in Brittany,
the unions have called a general
strike, for tomorrow that may in-
clude 10,000 workers, But at St.;
! Etienne the metal industry is
negotiating with the workers,
while In the north the national-
izeil! coal induetry has granted
a bonus to .vitiners.
The French take pride in the
fact that France, for once, is in
a strong- position, - thanks to -in-
(Teased. prodecieon accompanied
by approximately stable. prices.
But some - econorniets mien
that this stability could not sine
vive a substantial general wage
increase. Writing in Le Figaro.
a commentator. Raymond Aron,
said the, current labor demands
were not an effort to adjust
wages to prices but to get for
the workers a greeter share of
existing prosperity at a time
when full. employment gives
them added bargaining power.
Real wages, measured by pur-
? chasing power, have risen in
? France, The -figures of, the Or-
ganization for European ecci-
! now& Cooperation indicate that
since 1950 wages have gone! up
69 per cent, while prices of con-
sumers' goods have increased 30
per cent.
While French prices are- now
stable, they remain above 1 he
equivalent of -world prices.
Hence, substantial rises reseilt-
ing from higher wages would
entail greater risk for the pres-
ent exchange rate of the cur-
rency than in other countries.
The calling up of reservists
and retention oe others under
- the colors because of the North
'African crisis mese prove to be
another inflationary fee tor,
-since it well expand the defense
budget and add to the deficit of
the general budget.
1
?
jiatet
SEP IL 4 1955
TITO'S TRIP DELAYED
!Visit to France Pot Off From
October to Next Year
PARIS, Sept. ill II, i-- The
state visit to France of Presi-
dent Tito of Yugoslavia has been
postponed until !next year, the
French Foreign Ministry an-
nounceti tonight.
Marshal Titp's trip had been
planned for late October, of 0.
ciabi said, but a crowded inter-
national calendar forced post-
ponement. French Premier Ed-
gar Faure is going to Moscow
and the Geneva foreign minis-
tem conference shortly.
The Foreign Ministry an-
nouncement indicated also titat
M. Faure was planning a. state
visit to Yugoslavia.
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SEP 2 3 "155
Trump *Gird Thrown A. iirlay.
By Macmillan's Statement
By DAVID LAWRENCE
? WASHINGTON, Sept. 22.?The ielshful dream that there
Isn't going to be any war because it would be too awful has
once before been proclaimed as .the basis for world policy by
Harold Macmillan, the British Foreign Secretary. But now he
adds to it the surprising comment that Western diplomacy is
eating a phase in which there will be
"negotiation from equality" with Soviet Rus-
sia instead of "negotiation. from strength."'
This is but another way of saying that
the Western powers are accepting in a de-
featist mood the status of things as they are
and that the gains made through aggression
by the Soviets and the Red Chinese are never
going to be challenged. Mr. Macmillan adds:
"We must rely on moral power. Material
strength, though essential, cannot do it alone,"
But when it is announced that material
strength is not even to be potentially put
In the balance and that no spirit of resist-
ance is to be invoked to encourage oppressed
peoples to overthrow their rulers, dictator-
ships are bound to remain indefinitely in power.
One Dictator Gone
Today Argentina has over thrown its dictator. It was the
moral influence of the people which gave momentum to the
rebte movement, but at the top were men who were ready to
A
-,-Totiiiir67.4?o?tands here
as ?01. itlfgfessar. It took
overaThet by armed twee. It
became stied with' the Comm-
Wet Viet Minh in their effort to
take over Indochina by, armed
force, Then; following the Indo-
china armistice, it turned its
military attention to the For-
osa area. It intended to take
this area by force, and began
active military assaults on Its
approaches?which assaults, It
claimed, were a first step In it,s!
new program of military con- I
quest."
Yet Norway, Sweden and Den-
mark cast their ballots in favor
of seating this same aggressor, I
thus dampening the hopes of the
Chinese people that the Nation-
alists or some other group might
have the moral support of the
free world as a whole In seeking
liberation.
I Moral force is important, but
when free nations forsake it on
momentous issues, as Norway
and Sweden and Denmark did; it
produces discouragement for the
oppressed and encouragement
for the oppressors. In the end
violence breaks out in local areas
and the little wars become big
wars in which all nations be-
come Involved. For, unless dee13-
risk their lives for freedom. There may be no outward signs of seated grievances are settled,
_- they fester and ultimately pro-
revolt today in Soviet Russia or --1101betelnelyield
to, expediency and, forsake ?,? yoke bloodshed even in a nuclear
the er
yoke
tenets of moral force "mien ap-i
pressed pedele moat need their,
encouragement, Thus it is stir-
prising to see the governments.
of Norway, Sweden and Den- i
in the countries behind the Iron
Curtain, hut the spirit of resist-
ance is building up lust the
mine. When Secretary Macmil-
lan say's the Soviets and the
West are negotiating from a
Position of "equality," he throws mark voting this week to seat
away a trump card in the game i Red China in the United Na-
of littoral force, For there Is no lions,
equality of position as. between Not so long ago the soldiers,
good men and evil men, of, the Western World helped to
The American Secretary of liberate Norway and Denmark.
State, John Foster Dulles, in his Not so long ago also exiled goy-
speech before the United Na- ernrnents of both countries were
thins, bilked about the tuture eetablished in London. They
era, too, but he wisely said "It were not in control of their own
will not be an era of placidity territories. Their peoples would
and stagnancy, in the sense that have been astounded If . the
the status gine with its manifold United States had 'betas *Ming
injustices, is accepted as perma- -
nent." President Eisenhower, in to tncolfhlbe and Into _the
his recent speecti before the councils' of free nations the quis-
' Atiterican Bar Association, lines of the two Scandinavian
pointedly said that ewe mese not countriei which had been over-
think of peace as a static eon- run by the enemy.
dition in world affairs" and that The votes by India, Burma and
"unless there is peaceful change, Indone.sia to seat Red China In
there is bound to be .violent the U.N. are understandable be-
change.' cause they are tied in closely with
Mr. Dullea .eseried out this Soviet Russia and they are being
theme in his Thursday speech
when he warned Soviet Russia
that it would be a mistake to
assume that "the Injustice of a
divided Germany can be per-
petuated without grave risk."
Violence can break out when
the passions of patriotism burn
fiercely in the breasts of me
who yearn for freedom. Nation- tion marks around the name of
alism Is a deep-seated urge. Th
moral force of the world If
usually lined up behind peoples
who strive to gain their inde-
pendence or to regain libertiel
stirred up from within by strong
Communist parties. But it is
shocking to see America's sup-
posed friend. Yugoslavia, also
voting on the side of Communist
Russia to seat Red China,
What Dulles Said
Secretary Dulles in his speech'
at the United Nations put quota.;
the Red China government?"the
Chinese People's Republic"?and
then proceeded to say bluntly:
"The record of this Comm- ?
fist regime has been an evil one.
It fought the United Nations In
-
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WGsh. Doily P.:Yaw;
SEP 2'2 195c
Reds' Aims Spelled Out
iT doesn't take an expert to foresee
A failure of next month's Big Four
foreign. ministers' conference at Ge-
neva on the key subjects-reunifica-
tion of Germany.
It only takes the ability to read a
speech made by communist boss
Nikita Khruslichey to the East Ger-
mans last Monday. It spells out the
Soviet aim --continued division of
Germany and ultimate control of
the entire country.
Mr. Khrushellev told West Ger-
man Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
much the same thing earlier this month.
is ? ?
VOLLOWING are the key points in the Western plan
'A for reunification of Germany and the word? of Mr.
Xhrushchev In rejecting Stem in advance of the con-
ference:
?The West proposes that a united Germany should
be free to choose its alliances, remain in the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization' (NATO).
Mr. Khrushchev's answer--"Under no circumstances
can we agree to a development of events as a result
of which the NATO bloc directed against the Soviet
Union and the peoples' democracies would be strength-
ened. Therefore, we said quite frankly to Herr Ade-
nauer: 'Do not demand from us things which we are
unable to give you. We cannot cooperate in your plan
for the reunification of Germany; we cannot assist
NATO, an organization which IS directed against us
and against the cause of peace.'"
?The West argues that NATO Is a defensive alli-
ance, created because of the Soviet threat, and that it
Is In addition a safeguard against renewed German
aggression.
Mr. Khrushchev's answer---"We know that NATO
Day Ns
SEP ?'? 1955
Firmer Soviet Hand
BONN, Sept. 2Z---Russia' a long-
term policy to control Germany
has advanced further in the past 10
days titan in the preceding nine
years.
Only a united, firm Allied policy
to stiffen Chancellor Konrad Ade-
natter can stop this trend.
With Germany, the Kremlin could
control Europe and perhaps the
world.
Ten days ago at the Moscow con-
erence, the Kremlin almost de-
stroyed any chance of uniting Ger-
many as a free nation allied with the West in the
foreseeable future.
Herr Adenauer, while claiming to represent all Ger-
many, Was maneuvered "in the spirit of Geneva" Into
a deal for exchange of ambassadors with the Kremlin,
which continues to recognize its East German 'satellite.
Despite Adenauer denials, this was presumptive ac-
ceptance of two Germanys.
After having undermined the basis for the free re-
unification of Germany planned by Herr Adenauer and
the Allies, the Kremlin is now laying the foundation
for later merger on communist terms.
? ? ?
THAT is the purpose of the "treaty" with the East
German puppet regime, granting it alleged sover-
eignty to negotiate reunification terms with West.,
Germany. If Herr Adenauer wants to end partition
he must deal in the future with the East German
communists. He says he won't.
But before he went to Moscow he said he would not
By R. H. Sodden!
was set tip as a military organization, that NATO has
Its supreme commander of the armed forces in Eu-
rope, Gen. Alfred Gruenther. Consequently, NATO is
not a sports organization; It was not created for pre-
paring sports competitions nor for playing football.
Everyone knows him .(Gruenther). as a general who
trains teams for war and precisely for war against
the Soviet Union."
*The West refuses to negotiate with the puppet;
Red regime in East Germany and West Germany thus
far refuses to have any dealings with the East -German
Red leaders.
Mr. Khrushchev's answers-"How can the hopes of
the German people (for reunification) be realized;
will the present position remain unchanged forever?
To -this question we are answering in a clear and
definite way: The Germans themselves must solve
this problem, Germans at one table! Nobody can
solve the German problem better than the Germane
themselves. . . . The solution of this question should
he transferred into the hands of the German people."
*The West insists that reunification of Germany is
urgent, now that 10 years of partition have passed..
Mr. Khrushehey's answer----"For some thne one will
have to take Into account the fact that in Germany
there are two states: the German Federal Republic
and the German Democratic (Communist) Republic."
?The West insists that the first step for reunifica-
tion of Germany must be all-German truly free elec-
tions.
Mr. Khrushchev's answer---"The reunification of
Germany should be carried out in such a way as to
make the united German state peace-loving and demo-
cratic.", (-Peaceful and democratic, communist
lingo, mean communist; at Yalta and Potsdam the
Soviets.. agreed to establish a "peaceful and demo-
cratic" Poland and have insistedsever since that they
have.)
By Wm!, Denny
exchange annbasaadors with the Soviets until they
agreed to reunifination. He reversed himself under
home political pressure.
Price of the Moscow-East German demands for re-
unification is well known. Instead of free elections
for an all-German government, there must be a feder-
ation of the already freely elected Bonn government
with the Soviet satellite regime, which represents less
than 10 per cent of the East German people.
By similar coalitions, the communists "legalized"
their control of Poland and Czechoslovakia. The price
also includes a delay of West German rearmament
until she's separated from the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization t NATO). ?
? ? ?
THO Bonn is still unwilling to pay either part of this
price, such an eventual deal Is less unlikely than
10 days ago. When Herr Adenauer at the start of the
Moscow conference stated the Bonn reunification
policy he significantly omitted the phrase "free elec-
tions" hitherto always Included by him and the Allies
as a precondition.
In final future bargaining, the Reds would promise
free elections after the merger--as in Poland, which
means never.
As for rearmament, even before the Moscow confer-
ence Bonn had gone into shies-motion to delay its 12
divisions for NATO for five or six years instead of the
promised two.' And since the Atienauer-Bulganin pact
not only the Socialists but many others are demanding
modification or even withdrawal from Bonn's NATO
commitments. Herr Adenauer opposes such a change,
but pressure on him Is increasing.
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MY, Times
P 2 1955
OFFERS ARMS
?
TO EGYPT IN MOVE
Ito OFFSET SOVIET
Cairo Said to Be Interested
bui to Want Fiscal Help?
Israeli Protest Likely
By The Assoelated Pam
WASHINGTON, Sept. 25?In
a move to offset a Soviet maneu-
Ver. ,the 'Jaded States has offered
to sell arns to the Egyptian Gov-1
errment? it was reported today.
Egypt is ropoited to be keenly
intomsted, but has asked the
State Department for financial
aid to buy the military equip-
ment Sht). wants to bolster her
atTnvol forces.
The American offer is regard-
ed as virtually certain to arouse
a stron gprotest from Israel,.
which regards any attempt to
build tip the Arab countries as a'
serious threat to her existence.
Reports of the Soviet offer of
weapons were confirmed three
weeks ago by Deputy Premier
Genial Salem of Egypt. He said!
that if Western countries were
not going to fulfill their prom-
se,;, Egypt had ,no alternative
but. to accept Soviet arms.
A roundabout Soviet denial
cane taut Wednesday through
Jerusalem. The Israeli Foreign
Ministry said the Soviet Union
declared, in a statement handed
Israeli Ambassador Joseph Avi-
dor in Moscow Sept. 12, that
reports that the Russians had of-
feral arms to Arab States are
"devoid of any foundation and
are nothing but fantasies."
-Telefon High hi Area
Tension ins high in the Middle
East because of repeated bloody
clashes between Israeli and
Egyptian troops in the Gaza
area.
The United States offer, sub-
mitted after intensive considera-
tion within the Eisenhower
adninistmtion, is aimed mainly
at :keeping Egypt from buying a
wide assortment of Soviet arms.
Any weapons the United
States would provide Egypt, of-
ficials emphasized, would be foe
strictly defensive purposes and
not to encourage aggression
agfinst Israel. Israel's armed
forms are known to be far bet-
ter equipped than those of al-
most all the Arab countries
combined.. This is a result of
Israel's beavy purchases of arms
lii Britain, France, Belgium,
Italy and Canada.
?11"bilitilleof a-secret Soviet
propoilat, to sell arias to the
Egyptians have never been made
public, but United States offi-
cials have learned it included
tanks, artillery, jt fighters,
naval vesselee-incluuding sub-
marines?and. infantry supplies.
In order to make it easy for
Egypt to pay for this equip-
ment, it is understood, Moscow
offered to accept Egyptian cot-
ton as part of a barter deal.
Egypt has large quantities of
cotton, but such arrangement
with the United States is unlike-
ly because of the huge surplus
of United States cottoon.
Top State and Defense De-
partment officials are reportetd
to have been seriously alarmed
by the Soviet arms offer, They
regard it as a major move to
increase Middle Eastern turmoil,
perhaps by tormenting a full-
scale war between Egypt and
Israel,
Without disclosing what he
knew of the Soviet offer, Secre-
tary of State Dulles said at a
news conference three weeks ago
that In effect it violsted the
tele _Moscow -had made at
N.Y. Thies
SEP 2 6 195,)
ARMY HEAD NAMED
CYPRUS GOVERNOR
?????????????1*.,,rire?????
Britain OW Security Need
in Appointing Harding
By THOMAS P. RONAN
swim to The New York Timm
LONDON, Sept. 25?Field
Marshal Sir John Harding, Chief
of the Imperial General Staff,
was appointed today as Gov-
ernor of Cyprus. He will also
be Commander in Chief of the
li3ritish forces on the Mediter-
ranean island.
The importance of the island
as a British military base and
"the need for concerted action
by all security forces" to main-
tain law and order were cited
as the reasons for the appoint-
ment of a high ranking service
officer.
The Cplonial Office's announce-
ment mentioned Britain's obli-
gations* as a member of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion in citing the importance of
the Coma conference. of the Cyprus as a base.
Big Far Foreign banisters ta Sir John is to go to Cyprus
Improve East-West relations. "very shortly," the announce-
Despite the virtual certainty meat said.
of provoking Israeli protests, it Since the failure of the recent
was learned, the State Depart- ;tendon talks by Britain, Greece
meat made its offer recently on and Twiggy, amain has stepped
the theory it would be more un- up her efforts etat_np, out
portant to the United States se- vioience Crovineieolony.
curity to prevent Moecovi from couunandokaritheing mat there
moving into the Middle'East a$ to end the haroblege and other
a supplier of arms. edIsturbancee atiagslitadt to Urn,
Limited IeneUPtuthaser oho adveeetcogimag.,Alte Leland
Israel has succeeded in buying with .oreeca, ;
only very limited quantities of cosioresoo firoko Down
Americaa weapons, some ma-
chine guns and spare parts. Th. Conference broke down
The United States has made when the Greek doyen:anent in-
direct move to meet Israel's
appeal- for weapons under the slated that the Islanders be
foreign-aid program. nor to meet given the right of self-deterrin-
Israel's request for a defense mann- Britain rejected this de-
treaty. mand but offered the Cypriotes
wit/tilt the
un ai!iinci:teodffitatcialsfamiliar a greater measure of aelf-gov-
es offer to eminent.
Egypt said the quantity of arms
offered was small. The declined ; Adoption of the Greek demand
would give the Cypriotes the
iright to decide whether they
;would become Independent or
united with another land. Since
SO per rent of the population of
Cyprus is Meek It Is acknow-
ledged that the latter choice
would lead eventually to union
with Greece. Turkey,
whom the British wrested the
island in ISM opposes ite.tudon
with Greece but wants it to be-
become Independent.
The Colosilal Office said Sir
Robert Armitage, the present
Governor of Cyprus, would take
? up another appointment to be
.announced later. Gen. Sir Ger-
ald Templar, who was to sue-
; ceed Sir John Harding an Chief
lof the Imperial Staff on Nov. 1,
!will do so somewhat earlier.
to reveal what kind of materiel
was involved, but to offset the,
Soviet bid it would have to in-
choate such heavy equipment as
tanks and artillery. -
The State Department is
understood to have inform
Egyptians. that their prospects
of receiving' weapons without
charge under the foreign-aid pro-
gram would depend on a sub-
stantial improvement in peace
and stability in the Middle East.
Some high officials in Premier
General Abdo! Nasser's Govern-
ment are known to favor accept-
ing the Soviet proposal.
?
Neer. tVg* Also treated
The Conial
ol,, ?Mee also an.
nourieed that .11 new civilian post
of Mindy Gorier:1?r *as being
createaend that the appointment
would be announced shortly. The
deputy is to handle normal ad-
Minfatrative work unconnected
pearly Measures.
r Olin, 151 years old, Is one
at Britain's most distinguished
soldier. Before becoming Chief
of the Imperial General Staff lit
1932, he had been Commander
In Chief of the British Army of
the Rhine.
During World War II he com-
manded the Seventh Armored
Division at El Vermeil, Egypt,
and later XIII Corps of the Cen-
tral Mediterranean forces.
Sir John has been one of the
Chief advisers of the Government
on military problems in the Medi-
terranean and in the fonuulation
of Government policy for that
area.
Sir Robert Armitage, 48 years.
old, has been Governor and Com-
mander in Chief of Cyprus for
two years. He had held rnother
poets irp the colonial service In
Kenya and in the Gold Coast.
1
Passive Sesintesee Manned
NICOSIA, Cyprus, Sept. 25
(Reuters)?Archbishop Makari-
OS, leader of the Cyriote Greek
,Enosis (union with Greece)
movement, declared today he
would soon proclaim passive re-
alstance throughout the island.
Re Said it would "be so Intense
that it .vvill seriously disrupt the
Government machinery."
He told 4,000 Cypriote Greeks
at Kalopsida, 25 miles southeast
of Nicosia, that "the main phew'
of the Cyprus struggle will be
fought here on the island" fol-
lowing failure of the London
talks and the United Nations'
refusal last week to conaider the
annul
? - ?
N.Y. TIMM
2 6 '1955
ii0ROCO tERROlti
CAUSES UN DEATHS
neeein tellart4grlikesnw,es_
RABAT, Aliwooto, gape
25?Terroriat, acts Oat four lives
and left thirteen persona wound-
ed in Morocco today.
A grenade thrown, onto a
crowded terrace of a cafe in Fe:
wounded thirteen giiropeans. The
Incident was reminiscent of A
/Janitor act of terrorism In Case-
Wane& on July 14. That cost,
seven European lives and un-
embed the following day a riot
by Europeans in which a number
of Moroccans were lynched.
The four killings all occurred
in the native quarters of Casa-
blanca. Three cif the victims
were Moroccan buabiess men;
The fourth was a Moroccan tar-;
roriat who had fired on a native
policeman and missed. He was
kilted when the policeman fired
back
A French policeman was killed
yesterday by a plated shot in
Casablanca., Three native police-
men were attacked yesterday
and one was killed. A Moroccan
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SEP 2 6 195r5
INDIA FACES TEST
OVER NEWSTATES
Commislion to Recommend
on Friday That Political
Map Bs Redrawn
Sy A. M. ROSENTHAL
spiclel to The New York Times.
NEW DELHI, India, Sept. 25
this week will face the
Most important test of national
unity genre she achieved inde-
pendenesi eight years ago.
On Friday a special commis.
seen zelteduled to turn in a
report calling for the redrawing
of the political map of India. It
will suggest enlarging some
otitis's', making some smaller,
wiping out a few allesgether and
crea.ting. some new ones. Insteadu
of twenty-nine states, the coin.
mission will aggest an India
with fifteen or sixteen.
To Indians this Mane is even
more important than, say, the
consolidation of Now England
into, one unit or the incorpora-
tion of Oregon into Caefornia
would be to penions in the
United States. Not only are polit-
ical boundaries and political
prestige involved, but also back-
grounds, history, religion and
language.
Advance word about the Mill
confidential report makes it
clear that some language groups
that have been agitating for.
years fur states of their own
will be bitterly disappointed.
New Delhi is keeping an anxious
eye out for trouble, especially
in Bombay State and the Punjab.
Maratha^ Want State
The Marathiespeaking popula-
tion of Bombay has been de-
manding a atate. of its own.
Sikhs in the Punjab this sum-
mer organized a dramatic mass
courting of arrest to push their
demands for their own mate. Re-
ports are that both demands will
be rejected.
In Bombay, Communists, who
have been backing the demands
of the Maratle-speaking people.
itt'e talking darkly of trouble
ahead and of police "dry runs"
in preparation for rioting.
Last night the Bombay Gov-
ernment issued a statement say-
ing it expected the people to
"cenduct themselves with the
dignity befitting an independent
republic.", At the same time the
Government warned that "any
recourse to unlawful methods
will be firmly dealt with and
Met adequate measures will be
taken in all places to deal with
any eventuality."
The need to reerganize India
politically was felt soon after
independence. There was a gen-
eral belief among Indian politi-
cal leaders that boundaries es-
tablished with independence were
economically, administratively
and linguistically illogical. It was
also felt there were too many
small states.
see minumetrative set-up in a e
relation to the central Govern-SEP 2 ( 191i5
'
?
inent wee also complicated. The
B and C states, with the A states IRANIAN RED DOOMED .
.....
Indian states are divided into A,
Delhi. .Accortling to reliable re- Yazdi, Tudeh Party Founder,
the* most powerful and the C
states virtually ruled by New
ports, the new plan will Mimi- . ?.?!e_n,,,,t7t,,Ced to Otratth 2
nate all C class states except the 17'"-`11r-'!"2"17; Ileraene'te Sept.
zdi5
Andaman Islands east of Madras fReute") ' '-'r' '?` ?za a , '
In the Indian Ocean. 59 yeare old, founder `of Iran 'a
Tudeh (Communed.) party, was
14 Itegional Languages eenteneed to death for treason
India is a country of fourteen here today by a secret military
regional languages and for al-
most every language leaders rose
who demanded statehood for the
people who spoke it.
Theoretically the Government
recognizes the contention that
the people should be able to tie-
derstand tao language of their
Government. But the Indian
leaders, especiaily Prime Min-
ister Jawaharlal Nehru, are
afraid that to divide the country
strictly on the basis of learguage
would accentuate regionalisms--
already a danger to the country
and weaken national "nifty.
Strong regionalism, in minds of
many Indiana, is a step toward
separatism and dissolution of
the nation.
The achicyonenta of-the coiner
try in the last eight years have
done a great deal toward creat-
ing a feeling of Indian nationan
Sty, But there are still millions
In India who think of themselves
first as a Bengali or a Tamil or
a Gujerati and secondly as an
Indian. As the newspaper Hindu
of Madras put it yesterday: kefauver on Way to 41dia
"Congressmen [members of
the governing Congress parte]
feel that at the moment the only
chain that binds the country to-
gether is the presence of the
powerful personality of Mr.
Nehru."
In (Wowing up its recom-
mendations the States Reorgan-
ization Commission took into ac-
count not "only the languege but
also economics, administration
and security.
Parliament Must Act
?Ler.. Yazie was arrested last
Wfarch. He Went underground
after the purge of the Tudeh
party officers that followed an
abortive attempt to overthrow
the regime of Gen. EazIollah Za-
hedi in 1953.
' He was also linked with the
Army plot of last summer to
?waive,* the monarchy, for
which WO officers were arrest-
ed. Twenty-seven have been ex-
ecuted.
Dr. Yeah, a former Minister
of Health, has the right to ap-
peal within ten days. The ulti-
mate decision on his case rests
,with Shah Mohammed Riza Pah.
ALL Thou
SEP 2 6 1i5:5
To become law, the proposals
must be approved by Parliament.
It is reported here that the
Nehru Government will back the
recommendations strongly.
According to unofficial reports.
tinder the new plan there would
be four large states whose peo-
ple speak Hindi, which the Gov-
ernment is pushing as the na-
tional language. lJtlar Pradesh,
Bihar and Rajasthan Would re-
main pretty much as they are.
In central India a new Hindi-
speaking state is expected to be
formed consisting of Madhya
Bhapt, Vinditya Pradesh and
Bhopal.
In the West. Bombay would
get the Marathi-speaking areas
of Hyderabad and the Gujerati-
speaking region of Saurashtra.
with Cutelf added, keeping it a
bilingual state.
Hyderabad, once largest prince-
ly state, would disappear as now
constituted. A new state that
might call itself Hyderabad or
Telengana would be formed to
give the Telegueepeaking people
a second state of their own na
addition to Andhra on the East
Coast.
In the Jrar South a Kerala-
speaking state will be recom-
mended to consist of part of
Madras and Travancore Cochin.
A Kanda-speaking state also
may be formed in the South.
conmosed of Mysore and Coorg
and parts of Madras and Bom-
bay.
eiril to The Noe York TIme3.
KARACHI, Pakistan, Sept, 25
--Semler Estes Kefauver, Dm-a-
pt:rat of Tennessee, left for Bom-
bay and New Delhi today. Dur-
lug his two-day visit he met of-I
ficials of Pakistan and of thei
United States Embassy for in-1
formal discussions on United!
Stettes mititaxy and economic as-
sistance,
IM.M111.11?10.11.
N.Y. Times
SEP 2 6 195
Libya Sets Up Soviet Ties
TRIPOLI, Libya, Sept. 25 inn
--Libya announced today it had
!agreed to set up diplomatic rela-
tions with the Soviet Union. A
IForeign Office communique said
the two countries would exchange
full Ambassadors under an agree-
ment reached in talks between
:the Libyan and Soviet envoys in
LI Cairo.
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ca: City Under a
Fear
The easostbriving Moroccan metropolis is stilled by terror, wide. both
rastailusual and Arab dreadbsg sew bursts oi violence.
or ass 1.1111111MIRMI
CASABLANCA.
0 N the calendar of Moslem Mo-
rocco the last Monday of this Au-
gust was the festival of Achou-
ra, the teeth day after Mohammed's
Meccan flight and a traditional time
for ahmigiving. The faithful who can
sifted it customarily donate up to 2.5
per cent of their cash assets, depend-
ing upon the fervor of their piety. On
Rue de iStreabourg, Casablanca's native
wholesalers street in the European
town, inch merchants awaited the
usual avalanche of paupers. But the
poor., failed to show up. Not a single
beggar Wag; willing to abandon the
safety of his mud het or tin shack and,
In his progress through the city to-
ward a letaii?anteed handout, risk being
mistaken by police for a political dem-
onstrator. ,
,
The 1..ear is terribly mutual. Any
hardy Ruropean who still goes to the
cinema here looks mechanically under
his seat for a nationalist bomb before
relaxing. The engine hoods of many
parked automobiles are battened down
wig looked bicycle chains to block
dynimiite depositors from the ignition
wires. Every tobacconist keeps a gun
under the counter and an inconspicuous
Moor squatting apparently half asleep
outbid*. the entry to rush any co-reli-
gionist desirous of enforcing, the patri-
otic boycott against the French ciga-
rette monopoly.
'
AT first glance, life in European
Casablanca does not seem abnormal.
There is the hustle and noise of a great
city compounded by the terrors of
Parisian-style traffic with hair-rah:Ong ?
local embellialunents. This seems al-
most reassuring.
But looking closer you see the Gal-
erten Lafayette and Magasins Riunis
department stores deserted he broad
daylight. Lying on the magnificent
beach at Ain-Diab, where a bomb towed
from the parapet of the roadway over-
head could cause havoc, you notice po-
lice jeeps and patrol cars in constant
vigilant procession. Stay here a few
days and you are bound to hear an
explosion. which is not induetrial or see
red-trucked ..pompiers screaming by
toward a fire which is not accidental.
Talk to a local resident who has sent
his faratto nervously to France for the
summer instead of to the usual charm-
ing mourtafr resorts around Yea and
he willuev he'd rather eat bard rations
at home than dim) la ? restaurant "I
dcliit Him crowils 'these day?" He
might even Ray, quite seriously. "You
can't know. This might be .the day the
Moroccan dishwashers get word from
Miadqttirters to palace the soup." ,
. The traffic eop packs a helmet at his
waist end a tawny gun over hie ghoul-%
der. The bicycle policeman 'trundles a
submachine gun across the handlebars
or cradled in his. arm like long French
bread, Traffic infersections have strong
groups of gendarmes armed to the
teeth. Thousands of Legionnaires,
Garden Mobiles, Moroccan and Sene-
galese Thailleurs, and naval com-
mandos are barracked at key points
throughout and around the city, in-
cluding a requisitioned school still dis-
playing on the wall a, chalked salute
from the departing children: 'Wive Les
Vacances." Troops in fun battle kit
dominate every exit of the old Medina,
Casablanca's teendng medieval native
quarter. The Medina curfew is II P. M.
In the European city It Is at 11.
The palpable mood of fear deepens
as darkness falls. Although the start
of the last complete film showings have
been turned back from 9:45 to 8(30,
leaving ample time for pre-curfew rea
treat, the cinemas ate almost barren.
Except for a few bars which must
keep open because they have rent to
pay, nocturnal amusements ? are non-
existent it is worse than that line in
Humphrey 'Bogart's "Casablanca" when
the night club owner tells someone to
strike up -a song because "Here comes
a customer." The real Casablanca's
half-dosen tolerable eight clubs are
shut lip.. tisht?nad the owner of one
of them has just sold his brilliant
Jaguar roadster.
When the curfew takes hold of the
City's throat, a stray cat, journalist or
doctor may. sUll be abroad. Nothing
else moves in the bleakly blue neon
lights of the cavernous streets except
security vehicles on their ceaseless
rounds. The silence is total. TVs not the
ample silence of a sleeping town' in a
peaceful countryside but the preesured
silence of metal and sione?a silence
without contrast or compromise.
NO panoplied host beleagueys this
city but beyond and within its gates
stalk two massive antagonists?a na-
tive giant with SAWA0 hearts awak-
galas to the auanneansit Ittiej?tleel."
d a European Community a a half
:minion which equally considers this
hind its own. A solution laity coma by
compromise ?or by war to the death.
As politicians and soldiers each in their
. own way seek a settlement, tension
here is rising beyond endurance. -
In the past two years, 1,233 cases of
individual attacks with revolvers,
bombs, knives, rocks, fire, rope, dyna-
mite and hammer reached police blot-
ters. Casablanca suffsred only relative-
ly minor disorders on Aug. 20r the
second anniversary of the ouster of the
pro-Nationalist ex-Sultan Mohammed
ben Yousset but the avalanche of riots
which butchered eighty-eight European
children, women and men in the un-
defended countryside, and brought im-
measurable but large military retaliter
tion, spread livid fear In every Casa-
blanca home.
Stone by stone an unscalable well is
rising between Frenchman and Moroc-
can. No Arab. however innocent, can
be sure he won't be suddenly seized as
a saspected terrorist. No Frenchman,
however enlightened, can entirely shrug
off the dread that an unidentified
shadow in a doorway, or even his own
familiar servant, may suddenly appear
with an axe in hand.
T .
AN such an atmosphere it is no sur-
prise that Casablanca, until recently a
boom city Increasingly preferred by
foreign vacationists, should now seem
slovied down to a dead halt. The de-
luxe fifteen-story Hotel El Mansour
(The Magnificent), opened early in
1952, is as moribund as the Moroccan
cemetery on which it rises. At this
. writing forty=one of its 250 rooms are
occupied?thirty-two of them by jour-
nalists. The even more deluxe Hotel
Marimba (Welcome) next door.?opened
In December, 1254, with a skytop res-
taurant, underground air terminal,
electric eye elevators, radio, television
and air conditioning in all 135 rooms--
has exactly thirty-five paying guests.
Nine ship cruises scheduled to bring
nearly 10,000 (Continued on Page 30)
?tourists is July and -August
wire canceled. Personnel of
fifteen local tourist bureaus
and twenty-one better grade'
hotels with 1,210 rooms and
swarms of purveyors of rugs.
curved daggers, copper plat-
ters and babouche lappet*
'4Thatkidngi amtest COtlt.
3
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too,, are some 4,000
uniformed Ameriearsa attached
to the United States air depot
at Nouasaeur, only twenty
trilled away, who were once a
boon it,e Casablanca milk-
bar, ielfe, night club, pinball
arid jaeseos industries. Amer-
ican troops end families living
on three A tr Force beiges or
near-by cities dispersed around
Morocco, have now been ad-
viaed to shun French restau-
nimbi, theatres,. beaches, buses,
trains and public places during
the dangerous period ahead.
Weeke earlier Americana here
were aiready under strictest
instructione that the native
districts were off limit to them.
In 190/, when sixty Preach
sailors landed and charged
with fixed bayonets to rescue
their eoriaidate encircled by
rioting baouia tribesmen who
had just slaoghtered eight
Europeans, Casablanca was
only k primitive African port
with /.5,000 native inhabitants
dosing in the aromatic sun-
baked alleys of their walled
Medina. Outside the gates
etretched a wilderness attrac-
tive mainly for hunting wild
hoar,
ROM such emptiness the
French built out in widening
semicirelea to create a striking
modern city noteworthy for its
ingenious an. experi-
mentalism. They developed a
new Medina for the soaring
native population in the far
southeastern outskirts of the
expanding European town and
lately a separate Moroccan
housing project farther south.
But native labor flocking in
from the hinterland won the
race against French builders.
Canal! lance was defaced in
scattered outlying areas by
miserable "Bidonvilles? tin-
can cities. The total popula-
tion is nearly three quarters
of a million, of which only
one-third is European. Each
element rzeliiesi apart but In
overlapping and easily accessi-
ble districts. This proximity
under the present, unfriendly
circumstances only adds to the
explosive danger.
Wage-earning Medina dwell-
ers undergo harassment in-
side and outside their areas,
In the lairopean quarter they
are open to French search if
they have packages on their
bicycle, or if six or eight of
them are jammed into one of
the half-size cut rate petit
taxip that furnish mass Arab
transport since .horsedraven
tivrev,.7wm. guAlaw.0 oa
traffic menace a few years
back. The Arab work day in
European plants now begins
eii; 0:30 A. M, because of the
Curfew and enda with a rush
homeward' before the troops
cline the Medina'.
At work or in their own
shops within native armee Mo-
roccans are uncomfortably ex-
posed to Nationalist control
during political strikes --
through which 155 full busi-
ness days were lost in the last
twelve months, Unfortunates
vending boycotted French
products such as fuel oil, soap
and tobacco have been driven
out of business altogether.
Ninety per cent of Casablanca
tobacco shops two years ago
were operated by Moors. To-
day virtually all have sold out
and fled or been murdered, l'
MEDINA life in the good
old days conimeneed lo the
evening. Great thoroughfares
like the Boulevards Suer and
La Gironde were overrun with
night-time strollers, But now
native streets after dark are
wiped clean of life as if with
a monstrous sponge.
Private gaiety has been
banished with equal rigor. Out
of patriotic conviction- or out
of patriotic chastbsement -cel-
ebrations of all kinds are taboo
se long as the ex-Sultan con-
tinues exiled. In recent months
mild drunks have been stoned
to death by indignant youths
for daring to tipple while the
nation is in mourning.
1
ISLAMIC Morocco has five
great festivals annually ac-
companied by the sacrifice of
lamb, the purchase of new
clothes and the exchange of
gifts or other amenities. In
the past two years not a single
holiday has been observed.
There are no wedding parties,
no naming ceremonials for ba-
bies, not even visits to friends
and families.
As many as 3,000 pilgrims
used to voyage to Mecca year-
ly. Upon their mass homecom-
ing Casiablanca was beflagged and
merry. This year only 200 went and
are returning furtively now without
drumbeat or trumpet peal. Some 4,000
worshipers invariably filled the great
Mosque of Sidi Mohammed to capacity
on Friday aftetnooris, overflowing into
the street.. Now scarcely twenty turn
up-- because the blasphemous name of
Sultan ben Mouiay Arafa, who replaced
ben Youssef, is invoked in prayer.
The native economy has been para-
lysed on all fronts, from the historic
Jamiabir --the walled bordello area, sev-
eral acres broad, which the French
shut down as a fugitive terrorist hide-
out?to banks glutted with unpaid com-
mercial paper, Credit has totally dried
up. Because of the epidemic of strikes,
shopkeepers are as much as eight
months behind on rent and the wages
of the average native worker have
shriveled tO scarcely $250 yearly. ?
Between the Morlerns and the French
stand 40,000 Jews inhabiting the Menah
which is adjacent to and park oi the
old Medina. These have no aeceases
at all and suffer all the economic and
physical buffets of the conflict between
the two major antagonists. Whether
they obey Arab strike calls or not.
their homes and shops are occasionally
looted or burned. Elsewhere in Mo-
rocco some Jews have even been
butchered indiscriminately with Euro
peens,
jEWISII prospects for personal secu-
rity in any Moroccan state with home
rule are. dim unless.... -as the more lib-
eral Nationalist leaders pledged on
paper- the future government of Mo-
rocco ia secular and constitutional.
Whether an Islamic society which
hitherto has known only theocratic
rule and a privileged status for domi-
nant Moslem religionists can effect
such a democratic revolution remains
to be seen. Meanwhile, emigration to
Israel continues.
Within Casablanca's European com-
munity, toek there are internal stresses
which sometimes spill over bloodily.
Moderate Frenchmen have been as-
sassinated by counter-terrorists tor
pleading the Moroccan cause. Readers
of the locel anti-nationalist newspaper,
Le Petit Marocain, spit upon readers
of the Maroc Presse, which is a
spokesman for compromise. The
latter's publisher was murdered this
summer and its editor twice assaulted.
Its home office is now protected by
police.
THE aims of the colonialist conserv-
atives are robustly reflected by "Pre-
sence Francaise," an organization claim-
ing to represent KO per cent of the
European population. Its chief rival
Is "Conscience Francaise," a much
smaller group of liberals contending
that prance must not ignore the legit-
imate claims of the Moroccan popu-
lation. Paradoxically the most des-
perate, moat muscular diehard "French"
are non-French settlers, especially
Spanish Loyalists taking refuge here
from Franco. If Morocco is lost, a
Frenchman can always return to
France. Where could a Spaniard go?
Yet it must fairly be noted that even
the French aren't selling out. Prices
for villas haven't dropped one franc.
An American business group , here
shopping for 'a clubhouse was turned
down cold when it offered 70,000
francs monthly against the 80,000
asked. Buyers -who have rushed here
hunting bargains have departed empty
handed.
Only a few pensioned oldster who
retired to Morocco have returned to
France. But they had no deep roots
here. The exile who found asylum
here or the pied noir.-. -aFrenchman
born or long established here-- is not
quitting. He has sublime confidence
that all will come out right.
Folly or faith, this has a touch of
grandeur. Only time can reveal
whether his courage will be fortified
for that generosity of spirit which alone
can fruitfully redeem the land he calls
his country.
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We& Evening Star
11_
WhOtlhiited States Does.
In Morocco Could Well Be
. ?
Decisiye in Bringing Peace
Be WEER ELLIS
The world MSY be shockbd by the
excesses of both sides in the cur-
rent troubles in French North
Africa. Surely, though, no one is
' empriael that they occurred.
For a long time it has been *li-
nemen, that, unless drastic changes
Mr. VC is goo Assesices lawyer with Wh-
eless interests is Menem He hes been
? spikiest of that awns for several
Two.
were made, eruptions were inev-
itable. To live in French Morocco
In recent years has been to live in
an atracephere of steadily mount-
ing Validate with violence and
deaths daily occurreece.
Deepffs the complexity of the in-
terests involved, the fundamental
probben is staple and door: What
Is the role of the natives to be?
They ere rapidly growhig in urn-
her, tie annual increase in North
Africa being about 400,000 permns
(180,000 in Morocco alone).
The Buildup
From the lead standpoint, the
thge cress involved are not all in
the wane category. Algeria, 'which
was deiguered by Prance beginning
41n 1830, has been incorporated into
Prance? being a part of metropolitan
Prance under the French constitu-
tion.
(The Algerian rebel, however, re-
fuses to woe% the "French" label.
and SUMP Algerians if not rebelli-
ous, regent bitterly being treated as
"seem -class enema." In many
wens the Algerian natives are de-
prived of the right they theoretical/7
enjoy, through rigged elections, in-
timidatkon, eta)
Tunisia and Morocco, which
Prance took andel' her "protection"
in 18$1 and 1912, are not French
and do not belong to Prance. They
are sovereign states, with relation-
ships to Prance defined by inter-
national treaties.
A Frenchman living in Morocco
Is a foreigner there, like e German
-living in Prance.
Regardless of legal labels.
throughout all three areas the
rause of conflict is the same:
Discontent of the natives with
present French domination. Their
discontent is by no means con-
fined to the political sphere. They
resent the fact that for the most
Pert their functions should be
merely those of "hewers of wood
and drew= of water."
What is at stake for Prange
ltr this conflict is enormity. Her
future is a greet power will be
vitally affected by it. Furthermore,
she must look atter the French-
men who now live in North Mini
(about 150,000 Odeon& In Algeria
out of a told population of 9
lion; about 226.000 in' Tunisia out
of 3.7 million; about 300.000 in
Morocco out of 9 million).
incredible Delay
Admittedly, this problem la a dif
Scult ohs for Prance. Even so,
It seems almost incredible that
Prance should have allowed it to
reach its present intensity. The
explanation lies in the weaknese,
the instability of her government
(or rather. governments).
There is an almost fanatical op-
timal= (colons, financial interests
super-pottriots, etc.) to France's
making any concessions to the do-
mande of the North African na-
tives. In the case of Tunisia, the
government of Mendes-Prance, who
seems to be the politician most able
to get action, did make concessions
'
Last year. and Tunisia has since
been relatively calm. (Incidehtally.
the Mendes-Francs government
later fell on a North African issue).
As for Morocco, no concessions
have been made. The offers to ne-
gotiate made by the deposed Sultan,
die Mohammed ben Youssef, were
not even answered, and in August,
1983, he was kicked off the throne
and exiled.
Considerable effort has been
made to justify his forcible de-
thonement, which was a viola-
tion of France's promise ? In the
protectorate treaty of Fes (1912)
*to respect and protect the Sultan's
author's, and person. Sidi Mo-
hammed has been pictured as hav-
ing been a road lock in the way of
France's attempts to bring about
necessary reforms.
The truth seems to be that he
was removed because he stoutly
resisted, despite enormous pres-
sure, Prince's attempts to en-
croach mens Moroccan sovereignty
and because his polite, patient anx-
iousness to negotiate a new basis
for French-Moroccan relationships
was embarrassing to the French.
The internal reforms which he
refused to sign had "jokers'! tucked
away in their lengthy Provisions:
Par-reaching concessions to the
French.
Turning Foist
The demolition and exile of Sidi
Mohammed *es a turning Point
for Morocco. As Sultan, he was
also /mans (Leader of the Faith-
ful). He became in the eyes of the
great mass of the Moroccan people
not only a hero but also a marten
a sort of George Washington and
Saint Joan combined. For many
of -them his dethronement crystal-
lized a determination to resist the
Prenc.b.
It was only after the dethrone-
ment teak**win? burst out in
Morocco. The Preach authorities
have responded with More force.
And Morocco has gone further and
further in a vicious circle: repres-
sion, resistance, stronger repression,
stronger resistance. The Moroccans
are in despair and the local French
are afraid. Despair and fear breed
hatred. Hatred is rampant in Mo-
rocco. Unless the vicious circle is
broken, the recent eruptions will
Prove not to have been the last--
or the worst.
French Role
Will the French government be
able to overcome its paralysis?
The situation having reached the
extreme stage, the French gov-
ernment has opened talks with
Moroccan leaders. If one is to judge
be what bappaned during die bedo-
Anne wag, gem ths motto of the
?Prench'.'might well
have been
tan bite,"
Progress4.. Weed. In
feet, the egliernm-- ent may
topple.
At least, though, tile French gov-
ernment is trying to do something
constructive about the situation.
The Mere fact that the talks are
occurring is a big step forward.
However, one is forced to note
this; Even if the government suc-
ceeds in carrying through its an-
nounced program (new Resident-
General, substitution of a Council
of the Throne for the puppet Sui-
ten, ben Arafat formation of a
"representative" Moroccan govern-
ment, etc.), it will not yet have really
bitten into the problem: What pow-
ers is the Moroccan government to
have?
American Rale
What Manila% does may well be
decisive in working out a reason-
able 'solution which will bring peace
to Morocco: That has always been
true. And' we are hardly in MY
Position to cast donee at the
French. Pore however reluctantly
we may have acted at times, we
have in effect backed Prance In
North Africa.
In the particular case of Mo-
rocco, we have even gone so far in
our backing of Prance as to Ignore
treaty rights which, if exercised,
could have changed for the better
the course of events.
These rights come from treatise
in 111117, 1838, 1880 and 1901. They
are still in full force and effect.
They include the right to "most-
favored-nation treatment," that Is,
the right to be treated as favor-
ably in Morocco as any able' na-
tion such as, for instance, Trance.
The most important of the
treaties, the Act of Al/edam
(1008), &limed not only by the
United States and Morocco but also
by Prance and other powers was
meant to serve as a charter for
? modern Morocco.
The Key
The treaty established "the triple
- principle of the sovereignty and in-
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SEP .1 1
Empires Have Been Shaken
?dinendenes of tits Majesty the Sur-
tan. the integrity of his domains.
and economic liberty without any
inequality." in other words, Mo-
rocco was not to be the preserve
of any V' ne of the powers: Mo-
rocco's axestnty, independence
and territersn iotegrity were to be
respected by sit, with an "open
door" policy for trade and com-
merce.
America, then, has the right to
Insist that France respect Mo-
? rocco's sovereanity and keep Mo-
rocco's door upen to business, with-
out favontiern of the French. This
right ha $ herdly been exercised,
however.
A vigorous insistence on our buil-
nees rights inight well have kept
France lions enclosing Morocco in
the tram Toile, with restrictions
which welt etierelY to the advan-
tage or the French. When Sidi
ltiohernreee ben Youtisef was de-
throned by the French, did Amer-
ica ?been.? Not at all.
No Proms
The plot to dethrone the Suiten
had been apperent to any discern-
mu observer for months before the
event. If America had warned
France not to do it, had mated that,
if France nevertheless went ahead,
America would not recognize the
new Suiten and would support any
complaint to the United Nations,
France would hardly have dared
such a flagrant violation of her
obligations to Morocco and to Amer-
ica.
At the U. N. which meets this
month, America Must take a post-
tion on the Moroccan question. In
the past we have supported- France.
Undotibtedly we will be influenced
this time by whether or not France
it; making programs toward a real
solution.
Undountorily also our Policy-
makers will keep in mind the fact
that in Indo-China we are now try-
ing desperately to salvage !some-
thing feorn the wreckage of a French
colonial regime.
V. V.
s
EP 1 5 19,!6-
Egypt to Expand
Asia-Africa trade
CAIRO, Sept. lb IA!.?The Egslo
ban government has formed e
company to expand trade with
the Askin-Afriran bloc, includ-
ing Communist China, Abou
Nosseir, Minister for Commerce
and Industry, said today.
The company will have a cap-
ital of 'I.4e0.000 contributed by
the Bank Misr, the Agricultural
and Co-operative Bank, and
other Egyptian concerns.
Mr. Nrzseir said the company
will aim at implementing the
resolution of the Asian-African
conference at Bandung calling
for closer economic relations!
among member nations. Herter
agreements will be sought to try;
to bring Egypt's foreign tradei
into balance.
Before by Religious Crises
By HOWARD L. DLITILIN
Recent outbreaks against French
rule in Morocco?partly nationalis-
tic and pertly religious?are the
latest manifestations of probitiris
long plaguing celonial powers.
The Moslem Moroccans were out-
raged when the French foisted on
them a hand-picked Sultans-Wu-
lay Arent?following the exile of
the nationalist ben Yousael.
Ben Youssef is regarded at a
true imam or religious leader by
the Moroccans. His ouster by the
"infidel" French and substitution
of a new Sultan who many Mos-
kerns are convinced could not legalIY become an Imam. was resented.
Religion, of course, was not the
only reason for the outbreaks. But
the dictated change In Imams
rubbed salt in the wounds of colon-
ialism.
The French troubles recall some
of the incidents of 13th and lieth
century colonialism.
The plight of the British in
Northern India in 1067 stemming
from similar roots was not easily
allayed.
A religious dietary restriction
sparked the conflagration.
A regiment of Sepoy troetic
high-caste Hindus for the most
part, had. been tamed the then new
Enfield muerte-loading rifle. The
cartridges contained a greased
patch at the top which had to be
bitten off and used to help 'ram
home the bullet into the rifled
barrel.
Unwittingly, the British muni-
tions makers greased the cartridges
with animal fat. To the Hindu such
fat is anathema. '
The first big LiareuP occurred at
Meerut. 40 miles from Delhi, in
Northwest India. A group of Ben0Y11
who had 'refused to practice with
the disputed cartridge had been
sentenced to long prison terms. At
review that day they were made
to parade, shackled, in front of
the sullen lines of their fellow-
native soldiers. ?
The Uprising
The next day--Sunday.?as Brit-
ish soldiers and civilians ordered
their carriages for church and
white soldiers, on pass, strolled
through the bazaar, the crackle of
gunfire came from the &pay area.
Instantly the bazaar sector arose.
Crowds of natives poured into the
streets bent on murder and plunder.
Europeans were hauled from
their carriages and hacked to
death on the spot. -A colonel who
tried to halt a body of &IVY& was
shot dead. Finally, British units
went into action and the mutinous
troops disappeared under cover of
darkness.
The mutineers swarmed into
Delhi, where other Sepoy troop",
admired by Britons, were stationed.
The native troops turned against
their ?Meer' when they were or-
dered to oppose the invaders
Scenes of 'Arnett greater than
those of Meerut followed.
But the greatest tragedy was
reserved for the city of Cawnpore,
containing a native PoPulaticei of
60,000.! There were English troops
.numbering 300 in a total European
population of 1,000?and 3,000
Scoff soldiers.
When the fighting broke out. the
Europeans fortified themselves in
the hospital barracks.
' There, soldiers, civilians, women
and children held out for three
weeks against tile besiegers.
But it was a trick that finally
made the defenders give up their
position. Offered *are passage out
of Gavomore by water, they agreed
to lay down their arms and
out.
As they left, a colonel being
carried on a litter, was hacked to
death by a group of Sem*. His
wife was Main also.
? The remainder of the evacuees
were led to the waterfront where,
as they attempted to push off in
boats, a withering fire was rained
upon them. Virtually all the men
were slain.
The women and children, 301 in
all, were imprisoned in a two-room
building, each room 10 by 20 feet,
? When their captors learned that
a British relief column was on the
Way. all the captives were slain in
one night of incredible butchery.
Remember Cownporet
The tragedy affected the British
as the Alamo had Americans.
"Remember Cawnpore" became the
rallying cry aa British than*
rammed the bayonet home.
In their rage and horror, the
British gave vent to excesses. Na-
tives who were believed to have
aided the mutiny were lashed to
catuttin murales and blown to hits.
Others were hanged front trees
and used. as live targets for shoot-
ing Parties.
But probsbly the cruelist punish-
ment devised was that worded
ringleaders who were sewn in pig-
skin before execution thereby mak-
ing certain their sternal damna-
tion according to their own un-
shakeable belief.
Colonial powers have learned s
.great deal about other religions
since the Indian massacres. The
French, in fact, have been careful
in Morocco to avoid conflict. with
Mohernmedenism. The incident of
the deposed /mem, however, shows
that serious mistakes still can be
Made.
? (;)
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OZ. ricr
SEP 15 1955
on liosiess to
Equal Voice, in World Affairs Sought
By C. Elizabeth Hunseverth
'Written joy The Christian:Science Monitor
Colombo, Ceylon
'j Women must be accorded
! equal rights and opportunities
I with men to take their place in
; international organizations and
In deliberations on world proh-
I.Lerns.
This was the conclusion of the
I International Alliance of Women
' at its Golden Jubilee Congress
here Aug. 1841, ?when a resolu-
tion was passed Urging the wom-
en of each country to press
their respective governments for
such rights.
Miss Esther Graff of Copen-
hagen, former managing director
cif a worldwide advertising
agency, and president of the Al-
liance, told the delegates "equal-
117 of opportunity exists no-
where except on paper." .
Although the motto of the Al-
liance is "Equal rights?equal
pcsponsibilities," and the funda-
mental aim of the movement,
she said, "has always been the
development of the individual,
irrespective of sex, race, or
creed, and the "recognition. of
woman as a person," the werld's
great need is still equality of
opportunity. ?
E'qual Moral Standards
Equal moral standards, the
prevention of traffic in human
biiings, and the establishment of
equal economic and political
rights wr mong subjects of
vital international concern
which the delegates discussed.
Although there . were many
veteran workers present from
.Australia and the European
eountries, a large nitmbee of
keen young delegates also rep-
resented the so-called under-
developed countries of Asia and
.Africa. Their needs and ;reports
were, given a special place on
he program.
Picturesque scenes attended
the welcome in Colombo of the?
, More than 100 women who
eahte as delegates to the con-
gress, representing 35 countries.?
Ceylon's contribution was
found in the colorful Oriental
decorations of the specious, Pil-
lared hail, the attendant drum-
mers and Kandyan dancers, the
Mtge bras oil lamp of many
wicks which was lighted during
the ceremony, and the fragrant
jasmin garlands offered in turn
to each delegate as she re-
sponded to the roll call. But the
Hags of the nations participat-
ing, massed on either side of
the steps to the dais, served to
remind onlookers that, despite
Its Eastern setting, this was
truly an internationahgathering.
Long History
Back of the platform, a little
discolored after so many years
of honorable service, hung the
fringed white silk banner of the
original "International Women
Suffrage Alliance," planned in
the United States in 1902, under
the inspiration of Susan B. An-
thony and Carrie Chapman Catt,
constituted 1n/904 at a congress
In Berlin, and subsequently re-
named the International Alli-
ance of Women.
Ceylon's governor general, Sir
Oliver Goonetilleke, who with
the mayor of Colombo was pres-
ent to welcome the distinguished
visitors, mentioned their special
pleasure in baying with them not
only Miss Graff, Danish presi-
dent of the Women's Alliande,
but two of its three former presi-
dents?Mrs. Margery Corbett
Ashby of Britain, who had been
connected with the movement
from its inception and had been
president for 23 years, and Dr.
Hannah Rydh of Sweden, who
had succeeded her in
1946..1952.
Greetings
Greetings were brought to the
congress from Africa by Mrs.
Carmel Renner, from Asia by
Begum Saida Waheed, from
Australia by the veteran Mrs.
B. M. Rischbleth, 0.8,E., J.P.,
from Europe by Miss Marion
Reeves, from Latin America by
Mrs. Daniela Celcis, and from
?
7
the Middle Feist by Printers
Safiyeh Firouz.
Mrs. Eelynn Dertinieetgala,
president of the affiliated =
Ceylon Women's Conferee,
and chairman of the congress
organizing committee, toldelte
delegates: "We appreciate "Yieir
eagerness to share with us your
advantages. To all women of 0,hr
country this is a memorable tilo-
fold experience?a widening of
horizons, yet a minglinywith tte
world in rin tur ."
In the same hall, cleared pf its
festive trappings and disPlarg
a workmanlike simplicity, ,-
gates then met daily for -ed-
dresses, reports, and grouplith.-
cussions on their manyssidellic-
tivities, which stemmed fain ewe
main standing committees;
namely, peace and hurnanAM-
time; equal civil 'and pollteka
rights; equal economic aghast
equal education rights; eivral
moral standard. 44' ?
Brilliant Speakers
Among those invited tsi.:49!4-
dress the congress in session vets
Dr. Spencer Hatch,? from the
United States, who has i
completed five years' work fl
Ceylon on a UNESCO tipPoint-
meat, to establish a Fundementhl
Education center in theretnote
villages of ceylon's interior. ,
Another brilliant speaker from
the United States was Mita
Frieda S. Miller, whose wait nt
the government-sponsored Wom-
en's Bufeau in Washington.: attui
later in helping to form one Ctil
similar bees in Japan, was 61 in-
terest to countries which are
hoping to establish similes., b9-
reaus.
In addition , to their heaver
program, the conference dela-
gates were algo invited tee at
tend numerous entertaining*
in their honor, incl
special Golden Jubilee birth
party at Colombo's fashions
"Eighty Club," and also to
On brief tours to see .as moth
of the island as possible before
they departed.
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sEp 2 1S5c
MOVE ON TO BRING'
KOREA ARMY HOME
Drucker Says Some Military
Leaders Want All Troops
Out 'at an Early Date'
WASHINGTON, Sept 25 Cie
?Wilber ILL Brucker, Secretary
of the Army, said today some
United States military leaders
felt that all Aanertean troops
should be brought home from
Korean at "an early date."
Mr. Brucker declared he was,
opposed to returning them "at
this time" but he was going to
Korea in three months to ob-
serve the situation personally.
As of now, he Said, he feels the
troops are "serving a worthwhile
purpose."
Appearing on the National
Broadcasting Company's televi-
sion "Meet the Press," the Sec-
retary also disclosed that an
Army program, enlisted man ''in
the field" had made the mistake
that resulted in false security
charges against. Dr. Alfred H.
Kelly, Wayne University profes-
sor.
Professor Kelly was falsely acsi
eused of supporting a Comm..;
nist -front organization, Mr.'
,Brucker apologized to the De-
troit educator after, it had been
found that work ori data con-
cerning him had been "improp-
erly 41 rt d carelessly performed."
Mr. Brucker did not further
Identify the enlisted man guilty
of the error. He said the Army
was reviewing; several eases that
had occurred in recent months
to make 'sure there were no
similar slip-ups.
Mr: Brucker said all informa-
tion available to him indicated
that American troops in Korea
were in danger of no ipmediate
attack from the. Communists.
But he 064,1_ BIO Army Always
had to be prepared for "whatever
may occur."
In the future, he mid, he
might favor the withdrawal of
all troops if South Koreans were
properly trained to take their
place and other cOoditions war-
rant. it. He acknowledged that
some United States military
leaders felt the troops could be
used better elsewhere.
Mr. Brucker. also conceded
that enlistments in the new Re-
serve training program "are not
as large as we hoped they would
be:" But he said the expected
them to pick up the first of next
month as the:deadline for start-
ing the program neared.
In reply to question', Mr.-
Brucker said that, at present the
Army had no cases of Commun-
ists pending. But he said some
did involve men accused of Imo-.
elating with Communists or
Communist sympathizers. ,
He also said there. had been
instances in which men avoided
military service by declaring
they were Communists when
there was some doubt they ac-
tually were. But he added that
such. draft dodgem were "marked
men" in their communities from
then on.
LI. Theo
SEP 2 '9!)S
'CAMBODIA SEVERS
TIES WITH FRANCE
Declares Her Independepce
?Prince Norodom Takes
the Post of Premier
PNOIIIPENH, Cambodia, Sept,
25 (UPI The Indochinese King- '
dom of Cambodia formally dee
dared her independence from
France today after nearly 100
years of association. Prince Nero-
dont Sihanouk was named Pre-
mier.
The Cambodian National .toii-
gress, in its first action, severed
the kingdotit's last formai ties
with Prance by striking from its
Constitution all mention of aseo-
elation with the French Union.
It th'en asked the 33-year-old ,
Prince, who abdicated from the
throne last March, to become
Premier. He agreed to take the
post for at least three months.
The Congress is composed en-
tirely of Deputies of Norodom's
Socialist Peopies Community,
which the new Premier led to
victory in the first nation-wide
:elections early this month. It
:met for the first time today.
. The Congressmen voted to re-
place the words "Cambodia, au- .
i totionious state belonging to the
I French Union as an associated
reign and
with "Cambodia, a sover-
eign and independent state."
In 1863 France signed a pro-
tectorate agreement Waif Cam-
bodia and saved it from Siamese
domination.
The Congress was opened by
King Norodom Suramarit, father
of the new Premier, in the royal
palace.
Members of the Government
and the entire diplomatic corps
attended the session while 40,000
Cambodians massed outside the
palace.
The decision to sever formal
relations with France came as no
surprise.
PeSit9K
Last of 10 Freed
By Chinese Reds
HONGKONG (Monday), Sept.
26 (INS)?Dilmus T. Kanady of
Houston, Tex., the last or 10
Americans the Red Chinese
promised to release immedi-
ately from imprisonment, ar-
rived today in Hongkong.
Earlier two others were re-
leased.
They were identified as Miss
Eva Stella Dugas, 62, a Carme-
lite nun from Boston known
as Sister Theresa, and Mrs.
Marcella E. Huizer of Wolcott
vile. but. Mrs. iluizer was
acoompanied by her husband.
LI. Timer.
ET
MANILA LOOKS ANNAN
In ordering az restudy of the eco-
nomic plans for the - Philippines,
'Ffresident Magsa.ysay has laid down
six principles that should guide the
efforts ,of the National Economic
Council. They are realistic as well
as imaginative. They reject doc-
trinaire Socialist concepts and place
emphasis on individual initiative and
effort.
Here is the program OA he out-
lined it: Stabilize the value of the
peso; abolish the onerous economic
controls; balance an economy be-
tween agriculture and industry; ef-
fect a complete return to the free-
enterprise system; provide private
enterprise with proper Incentives;
make sensible use of Japanese repa-
rations in capital goods on s. sound
business basis.
i All this cannot be accomplished
In a "five-year plan." The develop-
ment of a "balanced economy," for
example, will be difficult when the
' Philippines, must increase agrieul-
Hirai exports to obtain the required
revenues for essential operations.
In this connection the Philippine
President has insisted, that increased
production is the only proper means
of increasing revenues and national
wealth. Similarly, Mr, Magsaysay
has rejected the idea of devaluation
of the peso and states that it wilt
continue to be pegged to the dollar.
The Philippine President has been
winning some significant domestic
political victories in recent weeks.
The economic antagonists, wrapped
up in the facts of productive life,
are more formidable than the politi-
cal. He .has outlined a program in
this field that is sensible. It may
.not all be accomplished in a short
time, but it represents movement in
the right direction.
wash. Dr TN. MeA
SFR ?I? 1(iq
Sandberg Will Spurn.
1Trip to Red China
CHICAGO, Sept. 22 Ma? Poet
Carl Saindburg discloses lie will turn
down an invitation to make a visit
to communist China.
The 77-year-old poet and biogra-
pher of Abraham Lincoln was
among six Americans named in a
Red Chinese broadcast to attend ft
celebration in Peiping next month
of the 100th anniversary of the pub-
lication of American poet Wall
Whitman's "Leaves of Grass,"
Mr. Sandburg said he had "too
much work on hand" to make the
trip.
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SEP 2 1 1'it15 0-9000zwoz000t1917000-179dati-vi3 60/ZUCOOZ eSeeleti .10d peAwddv SEP 2 1 1955
Ms Again Punish Shanghai
Iii Hunt for Foes of Regime
Special.
Bong Kong
S.hanghai, aormerly one of the
world's ;.y,,,!at cosmopolitan
cities, is being punished again?
for the fourth time since the
Chinese Cinainunists came to.
power.
Its pmulation (which Peking
now glees as more than 7,000,-
000) toia.y is being harried and
intimidated, to say the least?
just as'it was daring the brutal
1951 cam.peign against counter-
revolutonaries, and again dur-
ing the harsh "3-anti" and "5-
anti" campaigns that followed.
Now there is a new nation-
wide ea mpeign against counter-
revoluteonaries, and as it gath-
ers imeetus it becomes more
and more apparent that the net
is large cmi its mesh very fine
indeed.
As in the least, Shanghai is a
special target. For confident as
they are, the Chinese Commu-
nists always have been uneasy
about the nation's largest city.
-Population Driven Out
Western ideas linger . there
still; but, rn.ore than that,
Shanghai always- has been an
unruly, rather arrogant city, de-
fiant oe the stringent controls
Peking must impose.. Your true
Shanghii resident has -always
conside::?ed heinself quite a bit
smarter and much more sophis-
ticated than ether Chinese.
Now the city must pay once
By Frank Robertson
Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
more for the debonair worldli- marshalled to handle the
ness of its past, and for the at-
titudes this has produced. It
seems safe to assume that a
disproportionately high propor-
tion of the counterrevolution-
aries unearthed during the pres-
ent inquisition will be found in
Shanghai.
But the Peking government is
going further than that to tame
this now surly metropolis once
and for all. It has opened a
drive to strip Shanghai of much
of its population?and, impor-
tance.
Early in August the Shanghai
Daily News reported that the
city's municipal authorities had
approved a plan to move 1,000,-
000 of the city's inhabitants to
the countryside. Private reports
Indicate that the target may be
considerably higher than this.
One long-time British resi-
dent of Shanghai who has just
reached Hong Kong said the
evacuation had been slowed re-
cently because the hardships in-
volved had led to a number of,
suicides. Miss M. J. Sinclair, an
Interior decorator in Shanghai
until her firm was closed two
years ago, disclosed that up-
ward of 30.000 persons a day
had been forced to leave the
city.
Those who have no family
In the country are told to stay
with friends, and extra trains
and river steamers have been
touts Pest--DiSpeat
SEF 21 MS
KOREA ARO
INTERPRETER ARRESTED
!SEOUL. Sept. 21. (iSP) ? A
Korean employed by the United
States Army as an Interpreter
for the Armistice Commission
has beei arrested on charges of
spying for the Communists, po-
lice saiel today. '
? They identified him as Kim
Sam Yut, who worked as an in-
terpreter and translator for the
United :Nations armistice team
from January 1954 until last
Aug. 26 when he was arrested.
A U.N. spokesman said Kim
sometimes interpreted for
American Maj. Gen. Harlan C.
Parks, senior U.N. member of
the Commission who meets with
the Communists at Panmunjom.
The spokesman said "We know
nothing derogatory about him."
N.Y. Tinto
exodus,
Meanwhile, the Daily News
reports that black marketeers
are active in Shanghai?and in
the People's Park, of all places!
Members of one such group
have lust been tried as counter-
revolutionaries, the paper said,
and given prison terms ranging
from three to five years.
Strict Food Rationing
Miss Sinclair testified that
there Is much unemployment in
Shanghai, and said that food ra-
tioning was strict; she received
10 pounds of rice and six ounces
of sugar a month.
The serious unemployment
problem In Shanghai undoubt-
edly has contributed to the
Peking decision to reduce the
city's population. But, from the
economic point of view, this
would appear to solve little, for
the rural areas are known to
have less food than the large
cities.
It appears, then, that the
principal motivation is to break
up Shanghai as an incorrigible
center of unrest. Although Miss
Sinclair reported that the
evacuation had slowed some-
what, other reports of some
substance indicate that tho Chi-
nese Communists eeentually
plan to reduce the population of
their Largest city by as Much as
half,
ERICKUT B TTLE
Mother Greets Set-Gescribeci
Spy Freed by Chinese Reda
SEATTLE, Sept. 25 f/Pa?Wal-
ter A. Rickett, former Seattle
resident released last week by
the Chinese Communists, re-
turned home early today.
The one-time Marine officer,
who said after his release that
he had engaged in espionage for
the United States, arrived by
plane from Honolulu.
Greeting him was his mother,
Mrs. A. J. Rickett, other reign
three and friends and a score of
newsmen. His wife, Adele, who
was released previously, is in
Yonkers, N. Y.
He said that Thirteenth Naval
District officials "just mentioned
to him casually" before he went
to China as a Fulbright scholar
that they would "like me to keep
my eyes open." A Navy spokes-
man said it had no record of
having discussed espionage with
Mr. Rickett.
2
Stil for Hong Kong?
Indian,, Dunes Aida
Confer.
WASHINGTON, Sept, 21 (API
?State Department authorities
said yesterday the -last of 39
Chinese students who sought to
return to Communist China
have left the country. The final
three Chinese sailed for Hong
Kong and home last Saturday.
They were part of a group of
129 Chinese technical students
whom immigration officials de-
tained, as a result of Chinese
Communist participation in the
Korean war. While the detainer
orders were lifted last April the
remaining 90 Chinese techni-
cians and students had given
no indication they, wish to go
bickfto Communist China.
The question of India's role
In helping Chinese nationals re-
turn to Communist China was
discussed during the day by
Ambassador G. L. Mehta in a
'Ce5riference with two assistant
secretaries of state.
7afekta saw Walter Robertson,
in charge of Far Eastern af-
fairs. and George Allen, head
of state's South Asia and Mid-
dle East division, to deterinine
what steps the Wiled States is ?
taking to publicize the oppor-
tunity of return of all Chinese
irately:ads who desire to exercise
each rights.
-? Under terms of an agreement
reached at Geneva Sept. 10 be-
tween the United States and
Communist China, India Is to
essist Chinese nationals in this
country while Britain will help
Americans in leaving China.
Mehta said that he discussed
the details of this arrangement.
Be refused to say whether India
has .received any requests thus.
farefrom Chinese desiring to go
home.
The ambassador said progress
has been made at Geneva and
the release of American na-
tionals by Communist China "is
bound to be helpful."
He noted there are two sides
to this question and that "if,
India can play a useful part it
lit-always available."
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TOKYO KYODO IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH 9/23
(TEXT) TOKYO--THREE MAJOR JAPANESE STEEL FIRMS HAVE REACHED
AN AGREEMENT WITH COMMUNIST CHINA FOR THE IMPORT OF 409,000
TONS OF KAILAN COAL IN EXCHANGE FOR 5,040.TON$ OF GALVANIZED SHEET
IRON AND OTHER GOODS, THE "NIHON KEIZA" REPORTED TODAY.
THE BARTER AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN NEGOTIATIONS
CONDUCTED IN PEKING BY PRESIDENT ICHIRO HATTORI OF THE KEIMEI
TRADING COMPANY FOR THE YAWATA -IRON AND STEEL,
FUJI IRON AND STEEL, AND NIPPON STEEL TUBE COMPANIES.
THE "ECONOMIC JOURNAL" SAID IT WILL BE THE FIRST TIME SINCE
THE KOREAN WAR THAT SUCH A LARGE QUANTITY OF KAILAN COAL HAS BEEN
IMPORTED. IT ALSO IS THE FIRST TIME THAT STEEL PRODUCTS HAVE
BEEN EXPORTED TO COMMUNIST CHINA. ?
- ALTHOUGH GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS ARE LISTED AMONG THE BANNED
.ITEMS IN TRADE WITH RED CHINA, STEEL CIRCLES AS WELL AS GOVERNMENT
SOURCES ARE CONFIDENT THAT THE COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR
EXPORT CONTROL WILL GRANT SPECIAL PERMISSION FOR THE EXPORT
OF TUNE ITEM TO CHINA.
BESIDES THE 5,000 TONS OF :GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS, COMMUNIST
CHINA WAS REPORTED DESIRING OTHER DAMMED ITEMS SUCH AS SHEET
METAL, FOR THE KAILAN COAL,
IF THE DEAL IS SUCCESSFULLY CONCLUDES, 150,000 TONS OF KAILAN
COAL WILL BE IMPORTED BY THE END OF MARCH OF NEXT YEAR.
THE REMAINDER WILL BE IMPORTED AT THE RATE OF SOME 30,000 TONS
A MOTH FROM APRIL. THE PRICE PER TON WILL BE 54 SHILLINGS,
WITH THE FREIGHTAGE FROM CHINWANGTAO TO BE SET AT SOME 4 DOLLARS
PER TON.
JG 9/23.-.455A
44W.
PEKING NCNA IN ENGLISH MORSE TO SOUTHEAST ASIA EUROPE AND NORTH
AMERICA 1513-9/23
(TEXT) PEKINGTHERE FOLLOWS IS A RESOLUTION PASSED TY THE
22D SITTING OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL PEOPLE'S.
CONGRESS RELATING TO THE CONFERMENT OF THE TITLE OF MARSHAL OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUPLIC OF CHINA. IT READS:
THE 22D SITTING OF THE STANDING COMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL
PEOPLE'S CONGRESS ON SEPTEMPER 23 EXANINED THE PROPOSAL OF CHOU -
ENLAI, PREMIER OF THE STATE COUNCIL. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
REGULATIONS ON THE SERVICE OF OFFICERS OF TUE
CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIDERATION ARMY IT RESOLVED TC CONFER TEE TI LE
OF MARSHAL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUPLIC OP CHINA ON CHU TE, PNC
TE...HUAI, LIN PIAO, LIU POCHENG, HO LUNG, CHEN I, LC JUNG-
:WAN, HSU HSIANCCNIEN, NIEH JUNGCHEN, AND YEN CHIE!!....YING.
' EC 9/23-1225P
3
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at. Lotts Post..-Dispatcit
sEp 2119,13-9000Z 1.00Z
- - ""-
What is a Spy?
US., Chinese
Views Differ;
3 Freed by Reds
Gathered Informa-
tion, Gi?e Rise to
Question.
By KEYES BEECH
The Chic:tp AJb Ilews?Post-Disysteh
Ratho 1.9a3.
tiONG KONG. Sept. 21
HAT is a spy?
That question has been
tees:Ming foieign observers
here in the last week as they
listened tie stories; of 10 Ameri-
can civil iiians emerging from Red
Chinese prisons.
Three of the ha?a Fulbrigiht
scholar, Catholic priest and a
Baptist misatimary?readily ad-
mitted they gathered and passed
on to tar United States nrsits
allies isolltical, economic or
military infre mat ion.
Fulbright scholar Walter A.
Rieke:tit, Seattle, Wash., was
most irsistent that he Was a
spy. Ai though Ricked showed
familiar evidence of Commu-
nist brain-washing, his story of
spying ectisittes for American
naval intetieeisco sounded au-
thentic.
Admission by Churchmen. -
The Rev. Harold W. Riney,
of chicago, former rectdr of
the Ciitholisi University of
Peiping, readily admitted that
according to Cematunist defini-
tion he was a spy, but not by
American definition. The Hetes
Levi L. Loviee,rien, Cherry
Grove, Oren approttlmatetY-
s the Salt,?. thing.
None 7of there Men was a fate i
time professional spx, although
the Communists seem to have
done a mod lob of convincing
Rickett :hat he was. As a for-
mer Malne 'Corns intelligence
officer and language expert,
Rickett, according to his story,
was asked by naval intelligence
to "keep his eyes open."
He reported to the American
consulate and when Americans
left China he continued report-
ing to the British and Dutch.
He ado need he learned no
military secrets-- his job was
to gather political information,
Correspondents r emin ded
Rickett that they gathered sim-
ilar information, but didn't
consider theinse:ves ,spi e s.
Rickets said that was different,
that he was dealing with offs-
clot agencies.
Ne Lime fps': Reds..
Unlike Rickett, 'Father Rig-
nay had no love .or the Reds.
But throigh ahowls*, of more
thiniss.1410C..4109
Pother filyptey stilt gath-
ered Political and economic in-
formation on North China. He
sent this information to the
Vatican sad passed it on to
OSS and Americas newspaper
men.
Lovegree said that before the
Communist takeover he sent
military information to his su-
periors le the ljelled States
Who in turn passed it on to the
000t1917000-179dCIU-VI3
Stafe- Mpartnient. After the
Communists came he sent no
more information.
What does sa this add up to?
Certainly, by Communist defi-
nition all three men were guilty
? of espionage. Political and
economic Intelligente is often
just as valuable as military? in-
telligence. Nor was any of the
three acting out of motives
friendly to Comrhunism.
On the other hand, much if
not most of the Information
they gathered could be had by
the United States simply by
reading newspapers or govern-
ment handouts.
What is a spy? Apparently
it's a matter of definition.
31E. LOUIS
60/Z I?abliZZIga PeACLIddV
? .
Freed American Says Navy Told i
Him 'To Keep Eyes Open.' '
TOKYO, Sept. 21 (API?Wal-
ter A. Rlekett said today that
United States naval officers i
told him "to keep my eyes
open" when he first left for
Communist China on ai Ful-
bright scholarship.
The 34-year-old ex-Marine
language officer told reporters
that officers at Seattle's Thir-
teenth Naval District Headquar-
ters gave him; these instruc-
tions on the, bolds of his pre-
Corps and Intelligence.
Rickett arrived in Tokyo to!,
day enroute home after more
than four years an Red Chinese
prisons on charges of espionage.
Rickett repeated that he-was
guilty. When released at Hong
Kong last week, he said he had
spied for the United States.
Rickett added it is his "firm
conviction that the present Cht?
nese government has the firm
support of the majority of the
people. They have done a lot."
Of his own activities and im-
prisonment, Sicken related!
"1 did what I did largely
because I thought it was in the
interests of the United States."
Rickett said he did not see
his wife. Adele, while he was
Interned. She was arrested as
an accessory, then released by
Red China last February.
United States officials said
at the time she appeared to be
thoroughly brainwashed. She
'readily admitted she was guilty
of spying for the United States,
and she praised the Commu-
nists.
Rickett refused to comment
on her statements.
Mrs, ita3ntiond Clapper; Back From Far
East, Warns RuSsian Propaganda
Is Effective:
Fear that the free countries
of Asia will slip into the Com-
munist orbit was expressed here
today by Mrs. Raymond Clap-
per, widow of the newspaper
columnist, who returned re-
cently from a tour of the Far I
East.
Mrs. Clapper, director of the I
I,Veshington, D.C., office of the
Committee for American Re-
mittances to Everywhere, Inc.,1
(CARD, warned that Russia and '
Red China are waging a tre-
mendously effective propaganda
campaign in Asia.
She said the current $200,-
000,000 American assistance
program for that part of the
world was "quite inadequate"
and the American information
program cannot be compared to
that of Russia, which is spend-
ing two billion a year.
Mrs. Clapper addressed the
Missouri Federation of Wom-
en's Clubs at Hotel Sheraton.
Through the agency of CARE,
the federation has "adopted" ;
the village of Bazitpur, near ,
,Delhi, India, furnishing -farm
0 tools and other help in meeting ,
the village's specific needs. 1
Major Effort by Reds.
In an interview, Mrs. Clap- I,
, per, whose husband was killed !
In a plane crash in the Pacific
In 1944, said it was difficult for i
,an American to realize the im-
pact of Communist propaganda
in Asia unless one had traveled
there and seen at first hand
the major effort that is being
made to woo the people.
"I got the feeling," she said,
"that there would be no war,
but that these countries might
go one by one behind the Iron
Curtain." '
Communist 'China, she said,
? has succeeded in creating the
impression that great economic
advances had been made under
Communism. She said this ar-
gument exploits effectively the
burning desire of Asia to 'come,
into the Twentieth Cenjury"
and enjoy the fruits of modern
civilization.
"You have to face it," Mrs.
Clapper, who is 59 years old,
sald, "Communist China is a
great power today, and the
people of Asia realize that."?
Says Japan h Shaky.
The most difficult nations
for the Communists to take
over by infiltration would be
India and the Philippine Is-
lands, she said. She added that
Japan was shaky because of
need for trade with Red China,
while Viet Nam and Laos also
were in precarious positions.
Russia has given Red China
! eight times the amount of help
4
that the United States has
proffered India since World
War II, Mrs. Clapper said. She
told of an attractive "Life" size
magazine that Russia circulates
throughout the Far East, depict-'
ing the good life that is possible
under Communism.
"I don't think we are doing
enough," she said emphatically,
CARE now is concentrating on
India, Pakistan, Viet Nam and
Laos, she said, and is a chan-
nel by means of which individu-
als and organizations in this
country may offer direct assist-
ance to Asians.
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,fte
SFP 1; 195)
S, REARS
.before extending hscogniti?11 t'cl) LoNARDI AGREES
gevernment in the harestent
Hemisphere. This was done orally!
on Saturday by United States
LONARDI REGIME; Ambassadors to the other twenty
American republics.
While declining to claim any
record, the State Department of.
PERONISLEliViNc ficialsptrthbolemdesal woIrth nth: tecithinoin-
calsaid they thought President
Lonarties government had been
Washington Acts Promptly as served as quickly as any in the[
past. In some caws, as when
Token of Goodwill Toward President Fulgencio Batista took
power in Cuba, the United States
Argentine Insurgents I
has hesitated as long as two
months before deciding that the
new regime qualified for recog-
nition.
After revoiuntionary changes
of government Latin Ameriean
BRITAIN ALSO SETS TIE
10 Nations Have Established
Relations With Provisional
Buenos Aires Government
-------
Special io The New York Thnek
WASHINGTON, Sept, 25--The
United States recognized the
revolutionary government of
provisional President Eduardo
Lonardi of Argentina today.
State Department officials
said they bad. rushed through
the recognition "as fast as was
diplomatically and technically
possible." The speed was intend-
ed to demonstrate United States
goodwill toward the new regime.
Britain also decided to recog-
nize the Lonardi government.
fauan D. Peron left Buenos
Aires aboard a Paraguayan
gunboat for exile. The General
Confederation of Labor, one of
the main pillars of the PerOn
regime, announced that the
new goyernment had made
concessions to it, including
promises to respect its eights.
The confederation said the con-
fiscated newspaper La Peensa
would remain the property of
the workers.]
In lint announcing the recog-
nition, the summer White House
at Denver said that "the United
States Government looks for-
ward to the continuance of the
friendly relations Which have ex-
isted between the United Stites
and Argentina."
Naval' Delivers Note
Anabamarlor Albert le. Nufer
called at the Argentine Foreign
Ministry in Buenos Aires this
morning, the summer White
House said. He presented a note
saying that the United Miami
''recognized the new Government
headed by Maj. Eduardo Lonardi
as the government of the Repub-
lic of Argentina_
The United States was the
tenth. government to recognize
the new Argentine regime. Other
governments were able to act
more swiftly because they re-
sponded automatically to General
Lonardra note last Friday morn-
ing. The note said his govern-
ment was in control of the mom-
try, would respect its interna-
tional obligations, and would
maintain order.
The United States makes a
practice of at least going
through the forms a consulting
the other American governments
countries usually change their
Ambassadors, State Department
officials noted. They said that
while Ambassador Dr. Hipobto
.1. Paz of Argentina had submit-
ted his resignation to the new.
Government, the State Depart-
merit would continue to recog-
nize 'him as Ambassador until
notified that his resignation had
been accepted:
One former economic counselor
of Argentina's Embassy in
Washington, Cesar A. Bunge,
who resigned his post during the
June 16 rising against the Peren
Government, turned up today as
Minister of Commerce in the new
Argentine Government. He had
been waiting in Peru since the
failure of the June 16 revolt.
London Establishes Ties
RPtCliti to The New York Timm
LONDON, Sept. 25?The For-
eign Office announced ,tonight
that the British Government'
had decided to accord recogni-
tion to the new Argentine Gov-
ernment,
Italy At Also
ROME, Sept. 25 Ill P)--The
Forel= Office announced to-
night that Italy had recognised
the new pronal Government
of Argentina.
Formosa is Beeogulf ion
epeeist tome Ste York ?num
TAFEL Formosa, Sept. 25--
The Chinese Nationalist Gov-
ernment today extended recog-
nition to the provisional Gov-
ernment of Argentina.
TO LABOR PEACE
UniCiteSTh at Supported Peron
Announce 6 Concessions
From His Successor
By EDWARD A. MORROW
spew to The New York Titgek
BUENOS AIRES, Sept, 25?
Gen. Edward Lonardi's new Gov-
ernment made peace with organ-
izectiabor tonight.
in a five-minute nation-wide
broadcast Hugo de Pietro, scere-,
tary general of the General Con-
federation of Labor, announced
that the Government had made
sis. concessions to his organiza-
Lion. The confederation was one;
of the main pillars of the ream'
regime. The concessions wore.; I
gnat PerOn would enjoy Brill
guarantees of the right of
asylum.
.1Thai, all social benefits and
collective bargaining agreements
would be honored.
That the rights of the Gen-
eral Confederation of Labor and
all its syndicatea would be re,
spected,
liThat the newspaper La
Premia, which was confiscated[
by the Peron regime in 1951 and!
made the official organ of the
Confederation of Labor, would
remain the property of awl
workers.
Ill.That all stops taken in the
provinces against various unions
would be reviewed,
slThat .no injunction would be
issued against the confederation
I itself.
I Return to Work Urged
In the light of the assurances
,the Peroniat labor leader called
on ,the nation's workers to
; return to their jobs tomorrow
without staging further strikes
or violentrdemonstrations,
The Government thus appar-
ently hopes to. restore complete
peace to the nation so that it
can recuperate from the civil
war and the effects of Peronism.
The Government announced to-
day that some of Pereres close
colleague e had been arrested.
The former Governor of the
Province of Buenos Aires, Carlos
V. Aloe, aid his brothel Vat_ A. Abrahan the new Minister of
',
entin Armando, who were cap- Al,- also was retired in October,
tured near the- City of Reals-
51
19, when it was found that he
tencia while attempting to flee, had been involved in the plan to.
La Paraguay were brought back overthrow Peron.
I The new Minister of Treasury'
I,, Buenos Aires yesterday.
A search of their bags din- and Finance. Dr. Eugenio Jose
closed 'that they had fled Withr ?mini; well known economist,'
16,000,000 pesos (approximatelyiwas several times approached by
5e,142,000 at the official rate.p.tilc Peron GOVernmeot to defend,
and are undisclosed additional' desperate solutions to its eto-
sum in dollars. nomic problems, lie has vo-
lt also was reported that for. mained a technician- in the
nation's central bank:
met' Vice President Rear Ad-
miral Alberto Teisaire and other -
,high former government officials
,were tinder arrest.. II is believed
'?the new Government may at-
. tempt to try all who have been
-captured for embezzlement of
public funds.
'Asettnri far Heron
General Peron, who is also re-
ported to have a large 'concealed
fortune in Swiss and other banks,
has escaped this fate Inasmuch
as the provisional government
has allowed hint to dpart, thus
honoring the Latin American
conventions of political asylum.
In his brief announcement,
Senor de Pietro omitted the:
lintlal courtesy of calling General'
Lonardi "His Excellency." He
'declared he had called upon the
firovisional President to clear tin
the situation no fat as labor wasi
concerned and hadreceived "firm
goarentees" on the points eei
mentioned.
Some observers considered the
concessions a severe -setback for
the Government. Upon assuming:
ipower, General Lollard' hadi
ipointed out that he was for the!
"free trade unions," which he!
-added were, in Ids opinion, "in-;
dispensable to the dignity of the!
worker."
Among the other develop-
meats of today the Government!
ordered that all Navy men whoi
had been dismissd by the PerOrii
Government for -having partici-)
tinted in the June 16 revolt be:
reinstated. On July 17 the Pc-,
ronist Government dismi2secti
106 officers of the Navy and'
Air Force.
News of the Cabinet thati
General Lonardi appointed last .
night WAS received with enthu-
siasm by the press. Although
the overawe age of the Cabinet
members is 131 years 2 monthsi
most of the ministers never bed
fore had participated in Argon":
tine politics. But all have fliS^.i
tingfirished records in their own!'
The new Minister of Interior
and justice, Dr. Eduardo Busso,
57 years old, is one of the na-
tion's outstanchng lawyers. he
1045 he refused to be named to ft.!
high professorial post by T'eren1
because "for me it would be in-
admissible that ray title to teach
law be derived from th'ose who
represent the very negation of ,
that law."
Rebel Gee Army Poet
The new Minister of Army, 4R-
year-old ?Brig, GGen. Leon Justo
!Bengoa, was for a long time pro.'
fes.sor at the nation's war col-
lege. General Bengoa was com-
mander of the Third Division of
the Army and had promised
Army support fee the Navy re-
volt of June 16. He then was
retired from the Army and sec-
retly put under arrest until last
week's snecessful uprising.
Rear Admiral Teodoro E. Har-
twig, the new Minister of the
Navy, who studied for a time in
the United States was Chief of
Staff until he retired in Sept,
28; 1951 tater a tevolution Gen-
eral Lenard!, was then planning
failed.
Air Vice Commodore Ramon
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4,Ep 2 e
BOLIYIAlii
CUT IN LATIN ARMS
To Ask U.N.. to Back Program
for Redur,tion That Would
Free Dev.slopment Funds
By KATHIE:PM:air altiLAUGHLIN
Stte:Ial to TAttkfew York Thug,
UNITED NeliTIONS, N.Y., Sept.
25- -?Bolivia plans to propose to-
morrow that e :1,1sierntament pro-
gram for Letin-American na-
tions be launebed under United
, Nations filleip:!:...co. The program
wouid he ee pare te from that
under discuseicet by the great
powers.
Here en Siles-Zuazo, leader of
the Beileien delegation, will
submit the idea during his sched-
uled talk before the General As-
semble, probably at the after-
noon meeting It is understOod
that the poestbiliter of a prcimpt
movement toward. reduction of
forces and armaments expendi-
tures has already been discussed
, on a peeliminery basis with sem.
oral Le t i n- A. mem i can govern-
ments, and that ehe response has
been favorable.
A major theme lef Sefior Sites-
Zuazo's presentation, it was
learned tonight.? will be that
cuts in arraittnente expenditures
would free fends badly needed
for the economic advancement
of underleviikped countries.
He will aim+ I;tress the anti-
? democratic a,seeete of maIntain-
' tog in power by military force
regimes that have gained as-
cendancy through the use of
weapons rather than of ballots.
The Bolivimi. 'point of view as
reported tonight is that 'valuable
time will be Joel: by the Latin-
senttel p0.4.113.
American touritriee in achieving
arms reduction If the start is
delayed until ttill major power;
have reached nieleement ,on
Amen none of the
aatiarAalailtiSaStahlica-Paisese
automatic erlispe 0 it is empha-
sized, the feta" among them
would cionceer ,exChtelvely the
convendipnal 'tytia of ?14,m13.
Within this Ober*, however,
the last few yeteia have marked
a tendency on the part of some
of the smaller Latin-American
nations toward *build-up of their
armies and tic.unitiors. The Bol-
ivian attitude is that some of
these aequisitiens have been ex-
cessive, end hive stimulated "an
aggressive spirit."
In this connection, a Latin-
American snurie outside the Bol-
ivian delegatien commented to-
night that the ilem inican Repub-
lic had recently placed orders
for twenty military planes; that
Peru was IS110YM to have built
up her armed forces consider-
ably recently; and that news
dispatches had reported in-
stances of similar actions by
other countzies in Latin America.
Acceleration of Pissu Sought
The Bolivian effort le designed.
to accelerate the extension of the
limitation and reduction of arm-
aments in Latin America in the
minimum time.
To date, attenttyn to limitation
of armarnente in the United Na-
tions has centered on the closed-
door meetings of the disarm.a-
ment subcommittee, with the
United States, Britain, France,
Canada and the Soviet Union
participating. Until and unless
these "atomic powers" reach
agreement on the main points in-
009giValiRnetb2SliCigigialt:
program could be successfully
undertaken.
Currently, the subcommittee
has been conthetting at New
York headquarters of the orgiud-
tion talks held earlier in Lon-
don. The area of dispute has
narrowed especially since last
spring, but with no perceptible
progress over the last few weeks.
If the regional program spon-
sored by Bolivia is favorably re-
ceived, a logical sequel might be ?
a shriller move in other areas of
the world, looking toward limita-
tion and reduction on conven-
tional armaments and militaty,
forces.
Sefior Sites-Buse? is expected
to empliaiditif liBmorrow fie&
nomic advariCat aide in his-own
country as a result of the ecm
nornic and social revolution
headed by President Victor Paz
Estenssoro. He was said to have
organized the revolution that put
Seater Paz Eatenssoro in the
Presidential palace, on the basis
of a 45 per cent plurality 'of the
votes in the preceding election.
N.Y. Times
SEP 2 f 1955
GEN. PERON SAILS
TO LIFE IN EXILE
Gunboat Is Transporting Him
to a Haven in Paraguay?
Heavy Guard on Pier
By TAD SZVECI ,
Special to The New York Times,
BUENOS AIRES, Sept, 25?
Gen. Juan D. Peren left i Argen-
tina for exile in Paraguay -this
afternoon.
He sailed aboard the Para-
guayan gunboat Paraguay at
.5:30 P. -M., the sixth day after
having been overthrown by a
military revolution.
The former President was ex-
pected to reach Asuncion, the
Paraguayan capital, Thursday
at the end of a 900-mile trip up
the Parana and Paraguay Riv-
ers. He was accompanied by his
aide de camp, Maj, Jos?gnacio
Ciaiceta.
The Associated Press report-
ed that the Humaita, a sis-
ter ship of the Paraguay, was
under orders to meet the Para-
guay and take General Peildll
to Asuncion.
It was not known tonight what
General Pereres long-range Plane
were, but it. was understood that
the safe conduct granted hint
by the provisional governing&
of President Eduardo Lonardi
placed no restrictions on' his ul-
timate destination.
Argentine Ship Is Escort
An Argentine Navy torpedo
boat escorted the Paraguay out
of her berth at a downtown dock
in Buenos Aires harbor. The sun
was setting over the capital,
where General Peron had been
President for nine years.
A detachment of Argentine
Marines, bayonets on their rifles,
formed a semicircle on the pier
to prevent anyone from ap-
proaching as the gray 700-ton
gunboat eased out into the
stream.
Permission for General PeriOn's
departure had been given to
Paraguayan Ambassador Juan
R. Chavez. At the same time,
the Government offered the oust-
60/rIft-Pooi ?spaiiti Jod,peAwddv
Argentines Sett a Poittical Truce
Among the Anti-Peronist Parties
By SAM rorz BREWER
Nteeelal to The
BUENOS AIRES, Sept. 25?A
? political truce among anti-Peron-
ist parties is expected while they
work together to bar a come-
back by Gen. Juan D. Perin and
his supporters.
Many sources have stressed
the unanimity of these parties in
their determination to end
Peronism in Argentina once and
for all. All the parties have has-
tened to announce their full sup-
port of the provisional Govern-
ment headed by President
Eduardo Lonardi.
Their success may depend on
their ability to keep factional
ambitions in the background. All
the larger parties split into fac-
tions during the years of the
Perin dictatorship.
Immediate Action' Urged
Some political leaders are
calling for immediate restora-
tion of full political liberty. The
Federal Democratic Christian
Union issued a statement today
urging "immediate and equali-
tarian political liberty that will
permit, within limits, the action
and proselytizing . of parties
vehose principles and methods
respect the juridical order."
The Democratic Prpgressive
party has announced its faith in
President Lonardi's intent to re-
store "authentic social justice
and effective democracy." The
party's national executive board
added: "To achieve these aims
the provisional Government will
have the support, without impa-
tience, of the Democratic Pro-
gressive party, which is conscious
of the task that confronts it [the
Government] and of the gravity
and importance of the moments
New York Times.
through which the country is liv-
ing."
Persons active in the move-
ment that brought down the
Peron dictatorship have warned
that patience will be necessary
and that full liberty of action
cannot be restored immediately.
Pride in Unanimity Noted
On ll sides there is pride in
the unanimity of action achieved
by various groups in carrying
out the revolution. It is asserted
repeatedly that all contributed to
the movement without seeking a
leading role for one party. Mili-
tary men directed the action but
knew they had the parties behind
them, it was said.
The Peronist party still is the
strongest in Argentina, in the
opinion of observers here. If
completely free elections were
held in the near future, the
Peronistp probably would win.
There was great Itnd spon-
taneous rejoicing over General
Perdn's downfall. That does not
mean his movement has no sup-
port. A considerable part of the
population gained more than it
lost by the Peron dictatorship.
What it lost in freedom of criti-
cism it made up in material ben-
efits and in power, exptessed
through the mob,
Firm declarations by Presi-
dent Lonardi that his Govern-
ment would not take away from
the workers the benefits given
them by the Peronist "social
justice" program have helped
to reassure the public. The dec-
larations will not pacitfy the
thousands who benefited by
their position as cogs in the
Peronist political machine, It
will take many months to die-
mantle that machine.
ed dictator every guarantee arid]
form of protection.
Earlier in the day General
Perin went on deck for a bit of
? exercise. His view of Buenos
Aires was limited to docks, ships,
piers and a corner of the city's
skyline.
Before his departure, General
Peren could look from his cabin
onto aie pier patrolled by khaki-
dad and helmeted Argentine sol-
diersr carrying rifles and sub-
machine guns. He could see the
windowless walls of grain eleva-
tors rising high above the pier
and the iron legs of huge cranes.
The whole length of the long
piee ens guarded by soldiers,
sailors gra 'Air Force officers,
who allowed amen te a reporter
after careful and repeated. scru-,
!tiny of special Artier Ministry
!credo) tie is.
1 Two soldiers stood guard on
the pier end of the narrow, rick-'
sty, -Wooden gangplank running
from :the stern of the ship. Two
Paraguayan sailors wearing navy
blue winter jackets and caps and
holding rifles stood at the head
of the gangplank. Aboard the
gunboat small groups of sailors
drilled on deck.
No One Allowed Aboard
The captain, Lieut. Comdr.
Cesar E. Chrtese, had strict
orders not to allow anybody
aboard except Ambassador Cha-
vez and Paraguayan Embassy
personnel. In accordance with
international law governing the
right of asylum, General Peron
remained incommunicado. For
this reason Commando' Cortes
refused even to relay to General
Perhn a request for an interview.
The Paraguayans felt such an
interview might jeopardize the
right of asylum.
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C.S. Monitor
SEP 2 1 1955
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Nor
Argentine Regime Faces Huge Task
Buenos Aires
The takeover by a provisional
Argentine Government under
peace agreements between loy-
alist and rebel generals provides
the opportunity for restoration
of normal, conditions in that
South American republic.
The new government, how-
ever, faces major economic
and political problems.
The complete capitulation of
the pro-Peren Army forces to the
rebel demands and the naming
of Maj. Gen, Eduardo Lonartila
rebel commander in the provi-
sional rebel capital of Cordoba,
as provisional President marks
the formal end 'of the Peron
regime.
The former President is still
In "exile" aboard a Paraguayar
gunboat in Buenos Aires harbor
although rebel leaders have de-
manded that he be seized.
interim Solution
Setting up of a provisional
government, largely composed of
the military, is the expected in-
terim solution to the vacuum left
with the disappearance of the
pampa dictator . from supreme
power. Even Argentine liberals
have admitted that a firm hand
of order and autho?rity will be
necessary for several months
until conditions stabilize suffi-
ciently for elections and a return
to constitutional government.
General Lonardl is little
known outside Argentina. He re-
tired voluntarily from the Army
in 1951 after writing a letter
protesting the plan-slater aban-
doned?to designate Eva Peron
as Vice-President, according to
the Assopiated Press. no was ac-
tive in a short-lived revolution
in 1951, and in 1952 was included
in a group reported under arrest
for plotting ? against General
PerOn. He began his Army career
In 1914 and rose to command of
the Third Army. He also served
as military attache in Chile at
one time. .
'His provisional government
will bear a heavy responsibility
?that of leading the battle-torn,
long-oppressed, divided Argen-
tine people back to stable condi-
tions of life.
It is expected that, perhaps
with some gradualness, demo-
cratic ways will be restored.. In
the few days the rebels were in
control in COrdoba, they an-
nounced freedom of the press
and of religion.
It is likely that La Prensn,
fammes Buenos Aires newspaper
taken over by General Peron,
will be returned to the Gaines
Paz family, its owners before
confiscation. General Peron':
seizure of this outstanding daily
created an international furor.
EXikee to Return
Hundreds of exiles from
General Peones tyranny in
Uruguay, the United States, and
other nations of the hemisphere
no doubt will soon return to
take up normal lives in Argen-
tine society.
At the same time, other Ar-
gentines who held high position
in the Peren government will
seek salictuary on foreign soil.
Already Palmists have been
knocking on foreign embassy
doors in Buenos Aires.
Prison gates will swing wide
for anti-Peronistas. Already it
has been announced that two
leaders at the June 16 revolt are
to be freed. They are Admiral
Anibal 0. Olivieri, former Mini-
ster of the Nave. and Rear Ad-
By Robert M. Hallett
Latin-American Editor of The Christian Science Monitor
Others jailed in cannection 'with!
that revolt are scheduled to be!
freed.
Among problems- faced by the ,
provisional government are the
following:
Inflation. During the Peron
Tom, Sept. 20,
1955 St LOUIS POST-DISPATCH
regime, and at least partly due r
rgentmes, Used to I3emg Bossed
to' his policies, living costs have
? ? ?
risen rapidly and consistently.
Prior to the Peron era. Argen-
thee prices had been so stable we re ? I
bronze plaques placed outside
that, many stores listed prices on by reron, Wonder What's Ahead'
their doors.
Pacification. A meane must be
found to weld o single people
out of the divstions, tensions.
and rivalries left in the wake of
the Peron regime. In pauticular
that element among the laboring
classes that followed General
Peron must be made to feel it
has a stake hi the new Argen-
tine, or will have to be sup-
pressed if It rises.
liteations with foreign business
Interests. Throughout much of
his regime General Perdn had
been anti-United States_ and
Conducted a vicious "anti-
imperialist" campaign. Suddenly
In m1d-1953 he did a turnabout
and became friendly with the
United States. Thereafter he
courted new American business
interests, although other com-
panies that had been in the
country for **long time com-
plained that their treatment had
not improved much. Worsening
economic conditions apparently
motivated hia switch.
The new government must
,evoive is-giolley toward foreign
_enterprises. There are Indica-
.tions thet-flie 'fiew government
may not be quite as cordial as
General Peron during the last
two years of his tenure. Marty
Army officers are traditionally
nationalist to the core and op-
pose the influxof foreign enter-
preneurs.
Yet at the same time the gov-
ernment must face the economic
realities. Economic machinery
has been in low gear since the
poor harvest two or three years
ago. President Peron never was
able to bring the country back
to normal prosperity.
And where can the Argentines
get -money to keep their eco-
nomic wheels turning' except
from the United States? This
consideration may tend to
moderate anti-United States
sentiment among certain ele-
ments of the Army.
The contract between the
Peron government and the
Standard OR Company of Cali-
fornia for oil exploration and
exploitation in the southern part.
of the country Is bound to be
seriously questioned in the new
Argenlina. Even General Perlin
was having difficulty forcing
through the necessary authori-
zation.
A
Per_Tie Arc Confused, Uncertain of Future,
Will Have to Learn Art of
Self-Government.
By BRUCE HENDERSON
BUENOS AIRES, Sept. 20
(AP?A. labor leader ran his
finger across his neck.
"What happens now?" be said.
A young Argentine girl said,
"the little things count so much.
Those little fears we were fight-
ing against." -
These were fragments of the
reaction which ran through this
capital last night and today,
after the downfall of Juan Do-
mingo Peron, Argentina's self,
styled "leader."
What fears were the rebels
fighting? T h e young anti-
Peronista girl spoke seriously:
Vie couldn't say what we
thought for fear of being arrest-
ed. You were afraid of going to
jail, and staying there indef
&Wein You spoke in whispers,
em' not at all.
; 'And when you went ? abroad
you were embarrassed. You
were an Argentine, and he was
your president. It was 11 stigma
we carried. Those are what you
might call the little things that
are so important in life."
out of windows lining the
streets.
Militant groups broke into
Peronista precinct .headquarters
scattered around the city and
ripped pictures of Peron and
his late wife, -Era, from the
walls.
Although Peroras supporters ;
-were not in sight, his influence
was not completely gone. ,
Argentina had known Peron,
and only Peron,' for all these
years. His pientres and his
words would not be torn down
in a day.
Argentines, untutored in guid-
ing their own political fortunes,
must learn the ways of sea-goy-
_eminent anew. In a nation still
tied to the past, tile first few
hours of the future were con-
fused and beset by doubt and
uncertainty.
K.Y. Thies
SEP:a c
Who will grasp the loose
reins? ? What new road will this NEW EFFORT IN STRIKE
richest of Latin lands take?
Crowds laughed at the cold,
slashing rain. Some, bareheaded,
they skipped through rain pud-
dies, kissing and embracing,
u ;
waving flags in damp but tri-
umphant parades. The blue and
white flag of Argentina broke !
???????????????=..mo
Costa Rion Seeking to Prevent
Banana Walkout's Spread
Spec WA to 110 New VW( Uwe"
COSTA RICA, Sept. 25---As
the San. Jose CcriimuniSt? pro-
moted banana workers' strike
entered its third week, the La-
bor Ministry made a fresh ef-
fort to prevent its spread. Reil
leaders have threatened to carry
it to the main United Fruit Com-
pany production area of Grain),
Labor Minister Otto Pallas,
called a conference tomorrow
with United Fruit officials and
two worker-, representatives.
Although one of the latter be-
longs to the communist-domi-
nated Banana Workers Federa-
tion. Senor teethes said they
would not attend as minion offi-
cials. He hopes to avoid having
the company sign a pact with
the Commimist-run group, a pos-t
sibility that. has been a stumb-
ling block to settlement since
the strike began.
Tho workers demand higher
wages. job security for union
officiate and improved housing
conditions. The company eon.
cedes the latter but has offered
a wage increase smaller than
demanded and insists on a three-
year contract, which the workers
have refused an .far.
rig ral Samuel Toranz% tiltron. ?
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ST. 1..0U1S POST-DATCH
T. ceepoDmoz000tap000-ndcw-via 60/Z1./COOZ eseeieu Jod peAwddv
Per Naked Up Many Ideas,
From' Mussolini, Liked to Talk
To Clowds From a Balcony
. Was Skilliul at Playing Off Opposing
' Elements Against Each Other, Then
Destro3ring Both ? Wrecked Argen-
tina's Economy.
The writer, formerly United Press general manager for
SonA Meeeica, lived in Buenos Aires for 12 years and'
knew Peron wen. He is now vice president and assistant
general manager of United Press.
Ey THOMAS R. CURRAN
NEW YORK, Sept. 20 (UP).
J
UAN D.' PERON picked up many of his political ideas, from
Benito Mussolini, He liked to make speeches from a balcony
to his followers massed in the streets below. Peron watched
Mussolini in action when he was Argentine military attache in
Rome. He listened and learned. He became a politician in
uniferin,
Like Mussolini, Peron is a great talker, and he had a
knack rf idling his listeners exactly what, he thought they
wanted to hear.
Whiti"ff
Once when Guy Ray. United that a ninfeinildret-eliange
the editorial volley of the lead-
States counselor to Argentina, big United States nevespapers
reproached him for an anti-
if it really wanted to
? -
American speech Peron said:
"You mast always keep in mind Peron was very skillful at
playing off opposing elements
the people I'm talking to."
Peon is handsome in a florid against each other and eventu-
way, lei !recentally liquidating both.
years he kept His entrance on the political
his hair jet-black by the use of
dye. He is husky in build, tend- scene was due to the revolution
Ing to pudginess. of the Argentine Army in 1943.
He Is a spores enthusiast.
But despite that he set out to
do everything he could to. cut
During ithestudent days he had down the power of the army.
seen an outstarding boxer and The big Campo de Mayo just
swordsman and when he took
over Argentina he sponsored outside Buenos Aires w`as cc-
everything that favored the
develop:nent of :sports in the
schools.
Whenever visiting American
business men called on Peron
he had a set speech for them.
First he thanked them for giv-
ing him some of their valuable
time. Then* he kid he didn't
want to meddle in the internal
affairs of other countries, but
he would like! to suggest that
the United States quit ?making
overly generous loans to Latin
American countries.
"If the United States lends
them millions of dollars," Peron
would any, "these South Amer-
ican conatries lose incentive to
produce wealth for themselves.
Quit lending them money!
Make them go to work them-
selves!"
The average business man
from the United States thought
that wan very sound, indeed
and was inclined to consider
Peron a misunderstood or mis-
represented figure. What was
overlooked, was that Peron him-
self got a $.14000,000 loan
from Uncle Sam in 1951 al-
though he irsisted it was not a
loan but a "credit.'
Clidrolled Press.
Peron had absolutely no con-
ception of- a free press. , He
knew that after he had confis-
cated the great independent
newspaper La Prensa nothing
was printed iri Argentina that
was contrary to Ws wishes. He
- couldn't understand why the
same thing won't true else-
where.-
One United Stales Ambassa-
dor after another would be met
with Peron's request to "do
somethin,g''' about the un-
friendly .sttitude of the Ameri-
can newspapers: toward his
regime. He couldn't believe
often he would run the pro-
jector himself.
He also had a flair for prac-
tical jokes. The governor of
the province of BUenos Aires,
Carlos Aloe, got too close to a
swimming pool. Peron shoved
!Aloe in, clothes and all, and
! howled with laughter. Before
his first election when he had
some time to kill he picked up
the telephone directory and
started calling names at ran-
dom, urging them to vote for
Tarnhorini, the candidate run-
ning against him. He was de-
lighted with the reaction of
many Argentines who resented
being polled politically over the
phone.
Rote of Evils.
Many people in the United
States had the idea that Evita,
Peron's vigorous wife who died
three years ago, was the more
dominant personality of the two.
I do not agree. I think that
she had great Influence over
Peron, but I also think that he
used her for his own purposes
?often to do dirty work he
didn't want to take the respon-
sibility for himself.
' Peron prided himself on be-
ing "the first worker of Argen-
tina." All the official news-
papers printed daily a schedule
of his work day, invariably
starting off with the fact that
he arrived at his office at 6:20
a.m. Once when a delegation
of American labor leaders were
In Buenos Aires Peron invited
them to a meeting at 8 cm.
'and was irked when they re-
plied that that was too early.
Part of the secret of his early
show-up, however, was that he
went to his office with his
clothes put on over his pa-
jamas. At the office he would
bathe, be shaved, read the
morning papers and have break-
fast before his first appoint-
duced sharply in number of de- .
Peron's regime wrecked the
tachments and armament. The economy of the country, spend-
naval air base at Punto del ing all that had been -accumu-
indio rarely had enough gasoo lated before he took ovet and
, all the income during his ad-
ministration. If rumor? are con
, rect, much of the deposits
non, machine guns, trucks and ! placed in the pension fond for
tanks assigned to the various the future also were spent, First
regiments. Also he screened through his brother-In-law and
carefully the officers and set
later through his brother-In-
up an elaborate spy system to
law's associate, Jorge AAtonio,
watch over them. Peron was supposed to be in on
Helped Communists. the pay-offs of almost all the
line to mount a full scale at-
tack against the capital city.
He limited- the number of can-
had a dozen or so talks with
Peron during th,e time I was
assigned to Buenos Aires. On
most of the visits I found him
smiling and amiable and trying
to convince me that he was a
great lover of the United States.
He also insisted he was strongly
anti - Communist. He would
make references to the strength !
Of the
and Chile and then point out
that in Argentina he had cut
down their force to almost noth-
ing. Actually, the Communists
gained in strength under Peron
because his campaigns of pro-
moting class hatred fitted per-
fectly into their strategy. He
told me last year that he had
weakened the Communist party
"not with my speeches but by
giving them. something." By
that he referred to the wave of
pay increases he put through by
Government decree which had
won the votes of the workers.
Peron had several hobbies.
One was riding fast motorbikes.
He built a special concrete track
at the presidential country resi-
dence for motorcycles and en-
joyed spending weekends with
17- and 18-year-old girl stud-
ents from a student federation
of secondary schools which he
created. Another hobby was the I
special showings of movies.
important business done by the
Argentine state.
Diesel locomotives could not
be bought for the railroads
which Peron nationalized.
Frozen meat could not be
said to Peru or carpet wool
to the United States without
Peron getting some share of the
take, He is supposed to have a
large fortune staked away in
Switzerland.
4
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Approved For Release 2003/12/09 : CIA-RDP64-00046R000200120006-0
woe Nor
Wash.- Daily News
sFp ---
7,
Banana Union is Seized in Central America
U. S. Fruit Firm Is Latest
to Feel Hot Breath of Reds
By EDWARD TO9ILINSON winces tor Sertyps Howard Newaparlete
PUERTO ARMUELLES, Panama, Sept. 22?The communists have struck again in Cen-
tral America. This time the blow has fallen on the Costa Rican-Panamanian frontier,
only a few hours' drive over the Pan American Highway from the Panama Canal.
As in Guatemala, honduras
and elsewhere, the giant United
Fruit co., symbol- of the "im-
perialist Yankee," is their im-
mediate whipping boy.
They have seized the biggest
banana Workers union, and have
shut down operations of the Costa
Rican side of the company's vast
Chiriqui plantations that straddle
the border between these two coun-
tries.
I flew Into this banana port from
the Canal Zone to find local officials
end heads of the fruit company on
the Panananian side worried about
the poasibility of the Red menace
spreading into their territory.
NO INTEREST
So far the workers in Panama
have shown no particular interest
in the agitation in the neighboring
fields.
I flew on up o Cogito, center of
the largest plantations in Costa Rica
and the principal producing area
In Central America; There union
leaders are completing plans for an-
other wholesale walkout. Their
agents and goons are going from
house to house-- calling upon the
11.000 employes tt sign strike
pledges?or else.
All doubt? that this present move-
d'inent against the big American firm
la communist has been removed by
the Costa Rican Goverimient itself.
President JoseleIgueres, in a wide-
ly published written statement, has
called the strike leaders "known
communists." He further charges
that Isaias Marchena, ringmaster of
the movement, has traveled several
limes to Moscow and the Iron Cur-
tain countries.
Only a year ago last June the
Figueres regime negotiated ? new
labor contract with the firm that
Is not due to expire until next Sep-
tember. Minimum wages, already
the highest in the republic, were
upped 20 per cent.
NO CHEEKS
So far practically nothing has
been done .to check the flow of
this Red tide. It is steadily sweep-
ing -on vitthout effective opposition.
The president 'has said he does not
approve of the strike build up. He
thinks it will be a bad thing for
the economy of the country.
The Communist Party was out
-
!awed several years ago. Yet the
labor courts and the other govern-
ment agencies concerned have ap-
proved all the legal procedures that
smart communist lawyers have pro-
posed in their efforts to strangle
the United Fruit Co.
Some of the worst Red agitators
are aliens----Nicaraguan exiles and
Honduran Nationals. But no move
has been made to deport them.
The most notable Costa Rican
apostle of Moscow is Manuel Mora.
In 1945 Senor Figueres headed a
revolution which overthrew Presi-
dent Teodoro Plead?, because that
government was dominated by Mr.
Mora.
Back in the country, this tinregen-
crated Red is now issuing flaming'
communist manifestos. In fact, he
is the brains of the whole move-
ment. His brother is chief lawyer
for the communist union leaders.
SURPRISE
Now comes another surprise. The
GRIT, the inter-American regional
organization of workers which is
an avowed anti-communist setup
suppoked by the American Federa-
tion of Labor, the CIO. and Miter
5
U. S. unions, has given the strike
leaders a big boost.
In one breath, the OBIT "repudi-
ates all Intermingling of corn.
munists In the labor .problema of
Costa Rica." In the next it criticizes
the company and gives its official.
endorsement to the present. strike.
What worries Canal and .military
officials on thq Isthmus Is the fact
that the course of the communist
labor disturbances in Cent rat Amer-
ica has been steadily southward to-
ward our vital waterway.
First in Guatemala, then lion.
duras, and skipping Nicaragua, it
has leaped all the way across Costa
Rica to the very frontier of Panama.
CONFIDENT
Optimists, in their progress thru
the maze of- diplomatic and social
events in the salubrious Costa Rican
capital of San Jose?remote from
the scene of the present crisis
sure that the government will be
able to handle the creeping threat
to the country's "democratic re-
gime."
Realists down here in the steam-
ing lowland-s. who feel the hot
breath of the Red monster on their
necks, wonder if Costa Rica will
become another Guatemala before
the "democratic regime" wakes up
and acts with vigor.
(From San Jose, President
Fl-
gueres yesterday predicted an early
strike settlement. Ills high hopes
were shared by United Fruit Co.
Labor Minister Otto Fallaa worked
out an offer with the fruit vont-
pariy. The terms, including a 12 per
cent progressive wage increase,
were printed on flysheeta and dis-
tributed from Vanes over the ha-
mama plantations in the frontier
areas.)
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0-9000Z l.00Z000t1917000-179dCltl-VIO 60/Z I/COOZ aseeieu JoA panoiddv
THE EVENING STAR, Washington, D. C.
THURSDAY, SEPTSAIDERSLMs&
.CONSTANT1NE BROWN
Lessons Peron Never Learned
Our Volatile Latin Neighbors Will Permit
Dictatorship, but Tyrannies?Neer
The overthrow of Argen-
tina's dictator, Gen. Juan
Peron, points up again a cu-
rious fact abotit South Ameri?
can political philosophies: Dic-
tatorships are permissible, but
tyrannies, never.
All Latin 'America. since
the successful revolutions of
the 19th century broke the
colonial ties with Spain, has
become more or less aceus-
turned to the "caudille prin-
ciple of de facto rule. Despite
the existence of elaborate and
often very progressive consti-
tutions modeled on that of the
United States in the best dem-
ocratic tradition, the institu-
tions of democracy and rep-
resentative government have
been more often honored in
the breach than in the . ob-
servance,
With Indian, mestizo and
mixed populations largely il-
literate. it is not surprising
that strong men have been
able to assert and maintain
power for Andefinite periods in
most Latin American repub-
lics. They seldom need to take
the trouble to alter the basic
constitutional law of the na-
tion, relying rather on a series
of expedient "suspensions"
of constitutional guarantees
which lend a dubieus but ef-
fective legality to the estab-
lishment of outright dictator-
ships.
Latin America's educated
'classes acquiesce in this sys-
tem, as apparently do the
masses of the populations. 'But
they do not easily bow to the
lash of tyranny when it is ex-
ercised without due restraint.
The line between dictatorship
and tyranny, of course, is a
tine one Indeed, But the dis-
tinction can be found in the
methods the dictatorship em-
ploys on a general scale. Ruth-
lessness toward the avowed po-
litical enemies of the regime
may be taken for granted, but
suppression and repression of
the national life has in the
past, sooner or later, gotten
the dictator into trouble.
Gen. Peron seems to have
overlooked these facts during
the past few years, particu-
larly since the death of his
resourceful wife and codieta-
tor, Evita. His popularity in
Argentina has, in the past,
been based largely on the
Peronista - dominated General
Confederation of Labor. Emu-
lating most of the dictators of
the modern world who have
gone before him. Peron used
the weapon of the general
strike to force dissident ele-
ments to their knees.
The use of organized labor
for political purposes has been
one of the most disturbing
manifestations of the. 20th-
century political scene. When
any dictator clinches control
of the labor organization in
Wash. D y News
SEP -
_
GIVE LA PRENSA BACK
TIME wounds, all heels; even Peron
couldn't escape.
And now comes the time to heal the
wounds this cynical adventurer in dema-
gogy inflicted on his country's dignity and
reputation.
The world is cheering the men who
tossed him out, but the cheers all have a
codicil The job is only half done. The
question now is, whether Argentina is in
for more dictatorship, or whether the men
who ousted him intend to set their country
back on the path of freedom and repre-
sentative government, according to its
constitution.
The world would like to be reassured.
Nothing' more quickly would gain the
confidence of the free governments and
free peoples in the good intentions of the
provisional government now in control,
than to read that the newspaper La Prensa
of Buenos Aires had been returned to its
distinguished publisher, Alberto Gainza
Paz, whose name has come to symbolize
press freedom the world over.
his country, his power to bring
the economy of the nation
shuddering to R standstill be-
comes a terrifying weapon
against which even the armed'
fotees are comparatively help-
less.
But ? in Argentina, Gen.
Peron lost effective control of
the COT. He lost it, not be-
cause he had any immediate
rival for the affections and
loyalties of the "descamisa-
dos," but because he became
tyrannical in his methods and
lost the support of his key
followers. In such a situation,
the always restless elements
of the army, navy and air
force saw their chance to act.
It is, of course, highly un-
likely. that Argentina will now
enjoy truly democratic rule
because Peron is gone. In-
stead, there will almost cerss
tainly be de facto rule, within
the facade of constitutional
government, by a junta of the
armed forces. Until another
strong man emerges head and
shoulder above his colleagues,
the junta will rule as a com-
mittee. When the new caudillo
does appear, Argentines will
hope that he will recall the
experiences of many of his
..predecessors and refrain from
Overt acts of tyranny while ex-
ercising his diptatorial powers.
Only thus can he expect to
remain in power with the
acquiescence, if not the ap-
proval of the population, and
only thus can he head off the
ambitous military leaders eager
for Rower.
Stealing La Prensa probably was Peron's
stupidest Mistake. From that moment he
lost what chance of continental leadership
he may have dreamed of, for all free men
everywhere turned their backs on him,
The international cry of shock and out-
rage was evidence that he had done more
damage to his own regime than all the rest
of its evil behavior. For La Prensa was a
great international newspaper known for
its responsibility, decency, truth and honor.
Handing it back to its rightful ownership
and peignitting it to publish freely will be
a dramatic and welcome token that polit-
ical decency is being re-established.
Merely returning stolen property, there-
fore, will win worldwide approval, good
will and patience for the men in charge of
Argentina's affairs during the troubled
days ahead.. For it will mean telling the
truth no longer is a -crime in Argentina.
It sv11 mean the new leaders believe the
peGpie have a right to know and express
honest opinion?and that right is insep-
arable from liberty and self-government.
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C.S. Monitor
SEP 2 1 1955
Paths Ahead for Argentina
The overthrow of President Juan
D. Perim in Argentina creates an
opportunity fbr revival of civil rights
and human liberties in an important
area of the globe where they
have been long suppressed. Whether
events will take at once that pleas-
ing direction is yet to be seen.
Argentines have shown, interest-
ingly, that it is possible to depose a
personally ambitious and cynical dic-
tator without outside intervention or
prolonged civil war?but only after .
his rule had run a long and 'limb
but eventually disintegrating course.
Peron rode to power on a mixture
of social revolution, fascist methods,
and church favor. Ills downfall fol-
lowed when industrialization had
perhaps been overdone, labor union-
ism had been warped into political
puppetry, and he attempted to re-
verse some of the privileges he had
accorded to Roman Catholicism as a
state religion.
For the very near future it is alto-
gether likely and natural that a mili-
tary junta will have to exercise the
powers of government. That pattern
has been seen in Egypt, with results
that are encouraging as to internal
economic reform though disturbing
in some external manifestations.
In Latin America there are two
recent precedents, neither of which
is attractive. One is the stiff rule of
Venezuela by a military clique under
President Perez Jimenez; the other
is the increasingly repressive control
of Colombia by President Rojas
Pinilla. It is not impossible that an-
other military or political strong man
may emerge in Argentina before
more democratic ways are restored.
But there are several encouraging
factors in the Argentine situition.
There ? is an, old and strong liberal
tradition in that republic on the
pampas. There are indications that
the Navy and Army officers who led
the' revolt considered themselves
more as trustees for civil power
than as aspirants to it.
What is most to he desired is that
the military will pave the way as
soon as possible for election of a
truly representative parliamentary
government with civilian leaders.
Under such a program there would
no doubt be a rather feverish period
of reorganization of political parties.
The old Radical Party, in power
until the early 1940's and still the
chief opposition to Peronisrn, is
divided into two wings. The con-
servative Democratic Party also is a
factor. Peronistas may not entirely
disappear, though. the Argentine
Labor Party is a more authentic
movement. A new Christian Demo-
cratic Party along the lines of simi-
lar parties in Europe is possible.
Of major interest is what will
happen on the church-state issue.
Clericalists presumably will have a
strong voice in the new revolution-
ary councils; but: there is also a
strong anticlerical tradition which
may still resist Roman Catholic in-
struction in the state schools.
The chief question for the moment
it the broad one of whether Argen-
tina will move toward true democ-
racy or some new kind of oligarchy?
Let us hope the trend will be clearly
toward the building of a balanced
modern nation in which the rights of
citizens, such as freedom of speech,
freedom of enterprise, and religious
liberty, are fully respected.
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