REVISION OF THE STANDARD GUIDE TO MEET PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE INTELLIGENCE NEEDS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP61S00750A000700080001-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 7, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 9, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

REVISION OF THE NIS STANDARD GUIDE
TO MEET
PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE INTELLIGENCE NEEDS
on the basis of suggestions from
Army, Navy, Air Force, U.S.I.A.
June 9, 1955
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REVISION OF THE NIS STANDAriD GUIDE
TO MEET
PSC HOLOGICAL WARFARE INTELLIGENCE NEEDS
REVISED
on the basis of suggestions from
Army
Navy
Air Force
U. S. I. A.
June 9, 1955
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1955
CONFIDENTIAL
State Dept. deal) svf tib*4kel' 8i MVWt*011 0080001-4
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CAgTER IV
Section 40
Section 41
Section 42
Section 43
Section 44
Section 46
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Section 40. Introduction
This Section should provide a concise synthesis of the general
character of the society, its civilization, and social stability. The
dynamic factors in the society and its cohesiveness and flexibility
in relation to social change should be pointed out briefly. This
Section should not be merely a summary of Chapter IV but should present
such
a brief overview of the people and their society, with /historical
as
factors woven into the text AMW necessary to explain or give
perspective to present-day social institutions, characteristics and
attitudes.
The Section should answer succinctly and in broad terms such
questions as the following, emphasiz ng wherever possible the interplay
of significant forces and factors in shaping the society:
1. What are the main patterns and trends of social life and social
organization? Are they based primarily on an agricultural or industrial
tradition, on a mixed or other type of economy? What is the status of
and relationships among the various classes, races, religious, nationality,
or language groups?
2. What has been the effect of environmental factors (including
locational, topographical and climatic factors as well as availability
of natural resources) on a) population composition, growth and
distribution, b) social organization, and c) cultural, including
technological, development.
3. Is the society stable or unstable, is it confused, disunited, or
imbued with a sense of common destiny and mission?
4. What are the dominant social motives of individuals? In
broad terms what social values motivate behavior and how do social
institutions reflect these values? Do the people have an individualistic
or collectivist bent or tradition?
5. Is there a dominant tradition of learning, philosophical,
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scientific or artistic? Are the people predominantly literate or
illiterate? To what extent is language a unifying factor or a barrier
to unity. and strength?
6. What are the most powerful internal and external forces molding
public opinion and group behavior? What is the pattern of public opinion
formation and of individual thought?
Such an evaluation should take into consideration the homogeneity
of the population, its age or youth, its manpower resources, the attitude
of the people toward their cultural-political heritage, and the adequacy
of social institutions in meeting defined social needs. The relation
of the society to neighboring nations, the U.S.S.R., and the United
States,.. especially in regard to cultural development, should be noted.
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Section 1,.1. Population
A. General
B. Size, composition and geographic distribution
1. Size and composition
2. Density
3. Pattern of settlement
4. Urban areas
5. Internal migration
C. Population structure
D. Population change
1. Historical growth and future trends
2. Vital statistics
3. Immigration and emigration
E. Population problems and policies
F,: Comments on principal sources
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Section 41. Population
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the
material in the remainder of the SBction. It should include a brief state-
ment of the significant aspects of population as a whole and its major
segments, giving the most important and distinctive demographic facts as
they relate to economic, political and other major problems of the country.
It should not be merely a digest of what follows.
B. .-Size, composition, and geographic distribution
1. Size and composition
Give the total size of the population by the most recent census
or estimate. Identify the major segments, racial and/or ethnic (national),
giving numbers,and regional distribution (with map if possible). Have
realignments of boundaries or migrations due to war or economic or
other disaster affected the composition of the population? In mixed
popul.tion.state definitions used by the national census for identifying
individuals with these segments. For each major segment of the
population, give quantitative data such as rural-urban ratio useful
in understanding the sign.ficance of social, political, economic and
other characteristics of these groups.
2. Density
Give data on the density of the total population of the
area as a whole and present a table of area and population in the chief
administrative subdivisions (province, departments, states, etc.) with
number of persons per square mile, preferably accompanied by a map
of population density.
3. Pattern of settlement
Discuss the general pattern of settlement - orientation
toward the sea, natural resources, river commerce, industrial activities.
Note characteristics of major segments of the population in the patterns
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of settlement. Give percentage of population which is rural and urban
as defined by the census of the country under discussion. Is is
concentrated in major agglomerations or dispersed and why? Note the extent to
which the rural population is collected in villages,, hamlets, or in isolated
4. Urban areas
households.
Tabulate population of major cities and the chief metropolitan
areas, including the total Population of each with the percentages of
the significant segments of the population. Comment on the patterns of
settlement of these segments in metropolitan centers. Do they tend
to form a symbiotic or diffused urban pattern?
5. Internal migration
Discuss the role of internal migration in the distribution of
the population. Indicate the chief origins, destinations, causes
of internal migratory movements, particularly rural-urban migration.
Comment on seasonal migrations. Note any marked differences identified
with the major segments of the population.
0. Population structure
Tabulate total population (in thousands) classified by five-year
groups (0-4, 5-9, 10-14...65 and over) for males, females and total as
of post war census or estimate for January 1 of the year of the NIS
publication or NIS section out-off date. Illustrate by using an age-sex
pyramid. Is it a young or old population? Point out any significant
deficit of males and state ages? Is there a large spinster or widowed
population arising from late marriage, war casualities or other factors?
Give number of single, married, widowed, divorced, and head of families
with size of families.
Give similar data for significant segments of the population,
(racial or ethnic) in so far as these are important. Compare these data
for major segments and show their relationship, to the statistics for
the nation as a whole.
Indicate the percent of the total population in working ages (e.g.
15-64) and in dependent ages (e.g. 0-14 and 65 and over). Is there a
marked variation from the national pattern in the various significant
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segments of the population? Is there a marked regional variation?
Comment on the degree of dependency on the working population, pointing
out any significant variations for major segments of the population.
(Cross reference to Section 42 where pertinent.) Comment also on the
size of the Armed Forces.
D. Population change
1. Historical growth and future trends
Cite the dates and figures for national censuses and note any
special problems of census taking in the area. Give brief comparisons
of population with neighboring or rival countries. Has the country been
a population vacumm (of. France) or a source of outward population
pressure (Germany and Japan)? Give best available estimates for
casualties of World War II, military and civilian. What are the factors
affecting growth and the present trends? Indicate prospective future
population trends.
2. Vital statistics
Tabulate births, deaths, and excess of births over deaths for
postwar years. Give vital rates per 1,000 of the population for postwar
years and such earlier dates (e.g. averages for 1921-25, 1926-30, 1931,
35, and 1936-39) as are necessary to give proper prospective. If
possible give infant mortality rates (infant deaths In first year of
life per 1,000 births) for the same dates. Are there significant
variations for major segments of the population? Comment on the major
social, political, economic, environmental and mental and physical health
characteristics affecting the vital statistics.
3. Immigration and emigration
If available, give table showing immigrants by country of origin
and birth, and emigrants by chief country of destination for postwar years
and summarized for prewar periods (cf. vital rates above). Indicate
the residue of migration as measured by the number of foreign-born and
the number of aliens and naturalized citizens. Discuss war migration
across national borders and other population dislocations if any.
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E. Population problems and policies
What problems are presented by growth, decline or distribution of
the population? Have these problems particular significance for
major segments of the population? Note the attitudes of different groups
they
of people toward these problems if t~wm/are significant to national
stability. What policies have been proposed or adopted by the
government to affect the size or distribution of the population?
Indicate migration policies and discuss the present and prospective
role of migration and settlement in relieving population pressure or
in developing thinly populated areas. Has the government adopted
policies in regard to the encouragement of marriage and births, such
as bonuses or taxation measures, the provision of housing or maternity
and child care clinics, maternity health insurance, hospitalization
or other ~ene#its? Cross reference to Section 46 where appropriate, and to
NCS areas 1 here these problems and policies have significant impact
F. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material
used in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
ereditibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in this Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which
information is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of
information with collection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 42. Characteristics of the people
A. General
B. Physical characteristics of the people
C. Languageo
1. Distribution
2. Content and structure
3. Social significance
4. International ties
D. Social organization
1. Class structure
2. Minorities
3. The family
4. Local community
5. Social groups and movements
6. The elite
E. Social values and attitudes
1. Basic values
2. Basic attitudes
a. Toward own society
b. Toward other societies
c. Toward international conflict
F. Artistic and intellectual expression
G. Comments on principal sources
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.3. Social significance
To what extent are languages, dialects, or distinctive pronunciations
identified with social or ethnic groups, and what is their prestige value
(such as cockney English or Oxford English)? To what extent is-language
used as a tool of official policy (e.g. in the schools, on the ratio, and
in the armed services)? Comment on the attitudes of each of the major
linguistic groups toward each other's language or dialect and their
status in relation to the nationally dominant group.
4. International ties
Are these language groups related to similar groups across national
boundaries? If so, comment briefly on the relations of these peoples of
common language traits. Indicate the degree to which there is a local
knowledge of English (including American English), and other foreign
languages of the world. Note any significant attitudes of the people
toward these languages and dialects which reflect a fundamental social
sympathy or antagonism.
D. Social organization
1. Class structure
Describe and analyze the structure of the society indicating the
basis upon which the important social status distinctions are made,
whether racial, religious, economic or other, including the historical
elements which have given rise to the present situation. What changes
are taking place in the size and composition of the social classes?
Indicate briefly the prestige factors which determine the individual's
relative place in the social structure and the important influences of
social status which mold individual behavior. What degree of social
mobility exists? By what means can the individual gain or lose social
status? Is upward mobility an important factor in individual motivation?
The traditional functioning of the society and the social forces at
work which make for change in the social structure indicate the dynamic
nature of the society. How does the changes taking place in the social
structure affect individual behavior?
What are the effects of social divisions upon political ii
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nationso ar y. Do some classes combine for political power
over other,
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What combinations of this sort now exist? Are social distinctions
forgotten in a national emergency? To what extent do the various classes
exercise leadership or control over national life and in what way? How
are the, leaders influenced toward the United -States or other foreign
countries by their class identification? (Cross reference to Section 59.)
2.' Minorities
In the society are there groups which do not share fully in the
rights and responsibilities of the dominant members of the society? Are
such groups identified on the basis of religion, race, ethnic background
or social status (like the untouchables in India)? Note their size in
relation to the dominant group and to the society as a whole (cross
reference to Section 41). Describe the distinctive features of each
group major unassimilated group, and if a degree of isolation is maintained,
what are the reasons? At what points do these groups have contact with
the dominant society and what are their attitudes toward it? What are
their atttitudes toward each other? What special provisions are made for
them under the laws of the land? Is there a problem of divided loyalties?
What is their value as factors in the national strength or weakness?
Summarize the social motivation of each minority group?
3. The family
Explain the characteristic forms of family and kinship groupings
(whether single family, joint family, clan, etc.). Note important
antra-family relationships (including the status of the father and the
mother in the family, the relationships of the sons and daughters with
their parents and brothers and sisters to each other). Discuss the
prestige, privileges and responsibilities of women in the family. What
is the place of old people in the family? Note any significant prevailing
pattern of attitudes of adults in the family toward young people and their
contacts outside the family? Comment on the disciplinary training of
children and the processes and symbols of growth. Analyse the role of
the family as a basic unit of the society. To what extent does family
affiliation determine social status? Compare the family pattern and
influence with that of the family in the United States. Do family patterns
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differ significantly for different segments of the population, racial,
religious, regional, urban, or economic? Are family patterns changing, if
so, in what direction and why? Special attention should be given in this
subsection to marriage and those distinctive processes of child rearing
from birth to maturity which demonstrably form or affect basic social
attitudes. (See below under Social Values and Attitudes.)
4. Local community
Do the villages and cities display distinctive patterns for different
regions or for different racial or ethnic groups in the society? For agri-
cultural and industrial communities, rural and urban? Illustrate with
photos. At what level of development are community facilities and services`
How do the physical characteristics of these communities affect their socia:
organization? Is there a concern and aptitude for sports and recreations?
What are the customay leisure-time activities (e.g. dancing, sports, card
games, etc.), and to what extent do the people engage in these activities?
Does the community cooperate in providing facilities for these activities?
To what extent does the family participate in community affairs? Are most
marriages within the community or with persons coming from outside? What
community patterns prevail for the care of the aged, the poor and the
chronically sick? Is there social mobility in the local community, or do
individuals seeking higher position have to move to other communities?
5. Social groups and movements
Note extent to which the people seek self expression and prestige
through organized groups in the society and are traditionally "joiners".
Describe important social groups (and movements) other than those formed
on the basis of social status or family or those political, economic,
labor, and military groups discussed elsewhere. This discussion might
include such organizations as significant patriotic societies, veterans
organizations, civic groups, secret societies, cooperatives (other than
those covered in Sections 44 and 61), lodges, business and professional
associations (not covered in Sections 43 and 44) women's organizations,
youth and student movements, sports organizations, and other special
interest groups not covered elsewhere.
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Concerning each major organization indicate the; size, geographic distribution,
and character of membership, stated objectives of organization, and financial
resources. Link together those groups which give expression to a clearly
defined social movement such as the youth movement. Note those groups
which have become targets of Communist infiltration, and extent of their
vulnerability. A table listing these organizations and giving the essential
data on each would be appropriate and valuable.
What important factors determine status, prestige, and leadership
within each? What are the professed and apparent real aims? Estimate the
influence of each organization as a center of group action and its strength
in attitude formation. How are the attitudes of their members molded?
Comment on the composition and distinguishing characteristics of the
leadership within the group. Note attitudes and predispositions of each
organization toward the United States, U.S.S.R. and other bloc countries,
neighbors, other countries with which the society has ties of influence.
Does it exert leadership in regard to major internal or foreign policies
and what tools are used to influence the public? Comment on the leaders
of each group with cross reference to Section 59 is appropriate.
6. The elite
Identify the national elite or chief elite groups, and comment from
the following viewpoints: usual background of the elite membership,
breadth of social base from which members are recruited, their education,
the ease of admittance to the group, antra-group mores, nature and type
of influence, training and discipline, their media habits, interest in
and level of understanding of national and international problems, and
basic attitudes and predispositions toward the United States, U.S.S.R,
etc., manner of exercising influence and molding opinion, flexibility and
accountability of the leaders and the response to them. To what extent does
the public support them and by what means? Indicate probable future trends
concerning their effectiveness.
What is the typical motivation of individuals of the elite group, to
what extent are they satisfied or frustrated and what are their v .7xterabii.-
ties both as individuals and as a group under the impact of domestic or
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does the elite give expression to the expectations or needs of the society
as a whole? What combinations of power, either through overlapping leader-
ship or agreement on concerted action are apparent or likely to develop?
E. Social values and attitudes
1. Basic values
Describe briefly the central values of the society, especially those
derived from religious and educational systems (refer to Section 43).
For example, what are the major goals of the average individual -- material
wealth, economic security, racial superiority, fulfillment of religious
ideals, etc.? What are the generally accepted means of achieving these
goals? What are the goals of the.society as a whole'.*-; material property,
peace, conquest, preservation of the culture, propagation of a religion
or ideology, etc: Do the.:means of achieving these accepted individual
and collective goals accord generally withobmocratic or authoritarian
standards? What are the characteristic fears both of the individual and
of the whole society associated with the effort to achieve the respective
goals? Indicate briefly any significant similarities and contrasts in
basic values existing between the society concerned and the United States
or other countries with which the society is.-intimately concerned.
Are the basic values undergoing change and, if so, what is the direction
of this change, what are the chief factors causing it, and how rapidly is
it proceeding? Is man's role conceived to be that of opposing, accepting,
or provoking social change; of accepting his physical environment or
changing it, for example, through adoption of improved methods of production
or new modes of life such as urbanization?
What are the most effective sanctions motivating or inhibiting behavior,
such as prestige, material rewards, ostracism, legal punishment, the out-
standing beliefs, traditions, myths and taboos, etc? (Cross refer to
Section 43 under Religion.) To what extent is deviant behavior from group
norms tolerated?
Describe any significant rural-urban, ethnic, sex, class, or racial
group differences in basic social values and motivations. Indicate the
extent to which these differences threaten national solidarity.
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2. Basic attitudes
Discuss under this subheading only the basic and more lasting atti-
tudes rather than current public opinion which appears in other Sections.
Identify the specific groups whose attitudes are presented. Where possible
indicate major group differences from national norms. The attitudes dis-
cussed here should be the deep-seated concepts growing out of the basic
value system, Cross reference to other Sections for attitudes on specific
national, domestic, and foreign conditions or issues.
a. Toward own society -- Where specific data are available,
information on such questions as the following would be pertinent: What
group attitudes toward their own society and toward various classes in the
society are developed by the culture and how are they molded? Is there a
clear and widely held concept of patriotism? Do the people take pride
in their nation, its history and achievements and in what do they take
special pride? Note also basic attitudes and awareness of the people
toward freedom or the subordination of the individual. What factors in
the social experience of the various groups foster this attitude?
What are the prevailing attitudes in regard to. aggrandizement of
their nation? Are the economic conditions a source of dissatisfaction
or group tensions? If consumer intersts are organized, note the attitudes
of these groups and the source of their leadership Does the society
support economic planning? What attitudes tend to divide the people
into antagonistic groups? Are the unifying attitudes basically strong
enough to prevent divisive attitudes from being a threat to the: national
solidarity?
What are the established national symbols (e.g. caricatures, slogans,
national anthem, flag), and what is their present effectiveness as they
operate upon individuals or groups? Comment briefly on the major social
rituals such as national holiday celebrations, and on the texts of
national songs or historical monuments and documents reflecting important
symbols of the nation. Note their effectiveness in crystalling thought
and attitudes. What symbols are currently used by the leadership for
most effective persuasion, and on what motivations do theyy ?
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What symbols appeal most to each important target group, suches labor?
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In order to illustrate group attitudes, it is suggested that the following
be examined briefly: The chief sterotypes of leaders and the behavior
such sterotypes evoke, using the great leaders of the nation's past to
illustrate. Do they consider leadership a group or individual responsibility
and prerogative? What behavior is expected of followers? What emotions
are attached to structured positions of leadership --- the crown, the
governor-generalship, the presidency, the prime ministership, party presi-
dency, etc. Is the people's attitude toward their leaders characterized
by widespread feeling of cynicism, unquestioning worship, confidence, or
something else? When appropriate point out briefly general characteristics
of the key political figures as a,grou.p. -- their social status, education,
experience , and religious, political, and other group affiliations.
Cross reference to Section 59 wherever appropriate.
b. Toward other societies -- What are the basic attitudes toward
peoples of:other societies and other cultures -- curiosity, fear, friendli-
ness, respect, hostility? How are these attitudes fostered? Do the people
have interest in, and do they make an attempt to understand, cultures that
differ from their own? Do the people consider their way of life superior
to all others, or to certain others, and if so, which other? Do they
understand, like or dislike, Americans and American culture, and for what
reason? Other countries? Do any classes in the society identify themselves
with foreign groups? Similarly what are their attitudes toward Soviet
citizens, nations, and culture or those of other Communist societies?
What caricatures do they use to designate foreigners? (Cross reference to
Section 55.)
Is there a prevailing attitude in favor of cooperation with other
nations in the achieving of common goals and, if so, among what segments
of the society is this attitude most marked and. how much effect does it
have on national policy? How are these attitudes expressed? Cross
reference to Chapter V where appropriate.
c. Toward international conflict -- What are the marked attitudes
toward war as an instrument of foreign policy, toward military activities
and traditions, toward military service, and toward national defense,
(includi
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by the class origins of the military leaders? Do veterans hold a position
of prestige in the society? Cross reference to Section 55 for attitudes
on national policies.
F. Artistic and intellectual expression
Describe briefly outstanding intellectual, literary, artistic,
religious, and other forms of expression with the primary aim of indicating
what symbols are traditionally used to evoke behavior according to the
patterns described in other parts of this Section. Is each form of ex-
pression founded on well-developed native traditions or borrowed? Discuss
briefly popular or folk music, folk art and folk theater (e.g. traditional
pageants, pantomines, etc.). Indicate the degree of popular appreciation
of or participation in the various types of artistic expression. Does the
symbolism derived from the outstanding achievements appear static or in a
state of flux? What are the extent and pace of present-day changes? Do
artists and intellectuals enjoy prestige in the society? To what extent
are artistic forms and "schools of thought" (philosphical, scientific,
literary, etc.) important as expressing or determining the national out-
look?:Identify important individuals and evaluate their work in this regard.
Intellectual and artistic organizations should be discussed,here with
reference for details of organization included above under Social Groups
and Movements.
G. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources
(not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 43. Religion, Education, and Public Information
A.
B.
General
Religion
1. Significance of religion in the country
2. Principal faiths
a. Size and distribution
b. Organization and facilities
c. Leadership
d. Tenets, practices and official attitudes
0.
D.
Education
1. Education in the national life
2. Educational system
3. General content of instruction
4. Noncurricular activities
5. Educators
Public Information
1.
Communications development, use and control
2.
Press and periodicals
a.
b.
c.
Important individual newspapers
Press services
Periodicals
3.
Book publishing
a. Publishing houses
b. Distribution
c. Foreign publications
4.
Libraries
5.
Motion pictures
a. Domestic production
b. Distribution
c. Foreign films
6.
Radio and television
7.
Other means of communication
E. Comment on Principal sources
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Section 43. Religion, Education, and Public Information
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
contained in the remainder of the Section. It should include a brief state-
ment of the role and relative importance of religious, educational, and
informational institutions in shaping the life and outlook of the people.
It should not be merely a digest of what follows.
B. Religion
1? Significance of religion in the country
Indicate the relationship between the government and religious groups
including government policies and the reactions of religious elements to
them. Estimate the influence of religious affinities and differences on
national unity and stability. What is their effectiveness as a barrier
to subversive movements? Discuss the extent and ways any of the prevailing
beliefs are compatible with or influenced by either Communism or the
democracies of the West.
2. Principal faiths
a. Size and distribution -- Give the numbers percentage and
distribution of inhabitants adhering to the principal faiths. Include
important sects. Illustrate with a map if available. Indicate whether
specific religious faiths are linked with specific ethnic, linquistic, or
racial groups.
b. Organization and facilities -- Give a brief account of the
organizational structure of each major religious group. Is there an
established church? Discuss the churches and other buildings, schools,
real estate and other interests, and finances of each religious group.
Describe any organizational ties the groups have outside of the country,
e.g., with the Vatican and the World Council of Churches.
c. Leadership -- Discuss the spiritual and lay leadership, the
extent and manner organized, educational qualifications, position of leader-
ship in the society, and inter-relationship with other religious leaders.
Include in the discussion of each a'. statement on the role of,women. Discuss
also the extent of control over its leadership exerted by the church
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d. Tenets, practices and official attitudes -- Describe the
traditional tenets and practices of the principal faiths which have special
importance for the society, including deviations in the faith, resulting
antagonisms and their significance. Indicate the extent to which formal
church adherence actually reflects religious faiths and practices. Discuss
the official position taken by the various religious organizations on
secular matters in general and toward specific national and international
political, social and economic problems. Note the influence such actions
have on national life.
Describe the part religion plays in the nation's culture and its effect
on the value system. (Cross reference to Section 42.) Discuss the status
of religious leaders in community and national life. Indicate features
of religion which are important in the daily life of the people and in their
relations with and attitudes toward foreigners. Are there sympathies or
antipathies toward those of other sects or faiths within the country or in
other countries for religious reasons?
Discuss the activity and influence f Christian ud:ssions intthe society.
Discuss any major antireligious movements or organized persecution of
particular religious groups.
C. Education
1. Education in the national life
Present the character of education and estimate its thoroughness and
effectiveness. Is education compulsory and through what grades? How well
is compulsory attendance enforced? Are text books and/or instruction slanted?
Is academic freedom guaranteed and respected? Discuss the aspirations of the
government and the people in regard to the development of education and the
progress being made toward achieving the system's goals (e.g., education for
the many or few, coeducation, educational and teaching opportunities for
women at all levels). Discuss the nature of educational opportunities
available to the various socio-economic classes and the incentives or lack
of incentives involved; and especially where opportunities for formal
education are lacking or inadequate, discuss the educational role of the
family and other sarial.. groups,
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Comment on the college-level student group, in regard to class, origin,
motivations, position in the society, media habits and attitudes on national
and international problems, particularly in regard to the United States and
U.S.S.R. Describe the role of educated persons in the society. Estimate
the success or failure of the regime in gaining the support and loyalty of
students at various educational levels, of teachers and of other intellec-
tuals. Discuss the level of literacy and educational achievement, as a
whole, and with reference to socio-economic classes and women. Explain the
extent and effectiveness of efforts to reduce illiteracy or broaden educa-
tional opportunity.
If the country has been the recipient of, or contributor to a program
for the exchange of students, professors and others with foreign countries,
ha;.this contributed materially to the knowledge and attitudes of the people
or their leaders? It is suggested that the broad significance of the
educational exchange programs be discussed here with reference to specific
developments, past and present, such as the Boxer Indemnity and Fulbright
programs.
2. Educational system
Indicate briefly the general organization of education, both public and
private, from elementary schools through the universities, including
facilities for adult education, vocational and industrial training, and
graduate education. Describe the position of public education in the
governmental structure. What is the role of research institutions? Point
out notable inadequacies of the educational system Discuss student-
faculty relations, and living and recreational facilities.
3. General content of instruction
Discuss the content of formal education, its major emphases, e.g.,
acquisition of formal knowledge or technical and practical knowledge, and
its effect. Indicate the control of government or other groups over such
content and any types of political pressures on administration, faculty,
and students.
Describe the changes in content of education during the past generation
and its effect on important age groups now or soon to be active in public
life. What role does education play in inculcation of prevailing mores,
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ideology, and orientation toward the nation's history? Estimate its impact
on attitudes toward foreigners and foreign nations, especially the U.S.S.R.
and the United States, U. S. civilization, and use of English.
4. Noncurricular activities
Discuss the extent to which the school authorities at the primary,
secondary, and university levels encourage noncurricular activities by
providing facilities, professional guidance, and controls. Note the agencies
other than schools which provide trained leadership or other assistance
to the schools for specialized noncurricular activities for students at
different educational levels. How well developed and important, for
example, are student publications and associations? Are there noncurricular
student political military or other significant activities? Note the extent
to which student activities have social and political significance beyond
the schools groups. To what extent have the student activities been
influenced by subversive elements? Cross refer to Section 42 for student
organizations of national importance and their relation to youth movements;
to Chapter V. Section 53, Political Dynamics and Section 57, Subversive;
and to Chapter VIII, for.:nilitary activities.
Are student activities of an international character encouraged by
educators? For example, foreign language clubs, organized student vacation
visits to foreign countries and organized entertainment of foreign students,
correspondence with foreign students, fraternal association and/or support
of foreign "sister institutions", etc., should be discussed, noting specific
programs, the countries preferred in such activities, and the extent and
nature of governmental assistance provided. Note especially student
activities in relation to the United States and U.S.S.R.
Is student participation in noncurricular activities a factor in later
career development? If so, to what extent and how is this influence exerted?
Is student leadership in noncurricular activities democractically chosen or
predominantly determined by the student's social or political status or by
the school authorities? Is there any fraternal association among student
groups or leaders from different schools (e.g. student editors, inter-
collegeate sports, etc.) and, if, so, by whom is it fostered? Is there
national interest in M's tyfSofA8 o AtR 6T5vo''0-6ibg6~60;8096Ts~`
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5. Educators
Discuss the level of competence of those responsible for the adrnini.stra-
tion and teaching at the various levels of education, in both public and
private schools. Include not only the school administrators and teachers
but also nationals provincial and local officials charged with the adminis-
tration of education and the members of boards of education or other policy
groups.
Give the number of teachers in relation to the student body, their
general socio-economic level and other background factors, their educational
levels how they are selected. How do their rates of pay compare with those
of other professional groups? Discuss their prestige in the community,
their media habits; awareness, interst and level of understanding of national
and international problems; and prevailing attitudes toward the United States
and U.S.S.R. Note any marked predispositions and attitudes as a group. To
what extent are teaching appointments politically determined? Do teachers
have permanent job tenure and pension provisions? Assess their role as
molders of opinion within and without the schools. What contribution do
they make to industry, labor, and governments and to the formulation of
national policy and how? Is there a marked difference between the
characteristics of the teaching force in rural andurban areas; in different
sections of the country; in different types of schools? Note the number
of women teachers at each level and any special limitations in their
appointment, training, advancements or pay.
Discuss the training of teachers at various levels in relation to the
prevailing concepts of pedagogy. What qualities are considered essential to
a good teacher and what provisions are made to inculcate these qualities?
How large a proportion of the teachers have training and/or experience
abroad? Does the educational system utilize this foreign experience and
does it provide additional prestige and advancement for the teachers?
To what type of foreign training is greatest prestige attached?
Important teachers associations or organized groups should be identified.,
with a description of each major organization, including its size, geographic
distribution, level of teaching of its members, and other characteristics of
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membership, objectives, finances, program of activities, influence over
members and on the status of the teaching profession as a whole, publications,
national meetings or conventions, vulnerability to subversion, and character
of the leaders. Note the group's international ties, if any. In some
cases tabular presentation of these data may be desirable.
D. Public information
This subsection is designed to provide overall mrosentatjon of on the level
of development of public information. Chapter V, Section 58, Propaganda,
presents an:integrated analysis of governmental and nongovernmental action
designed to influence behavior and collective attitudes in support of
national policies.
1. Communications development, use, and control
Describe briefly the level of development of mass communication of
ideas and information. Note the principal, and most popular media of communi-
cation used, noting the extent and characteristics of their use. What is the
relative importance of other media, and the chief purposes for which they are
characteristically used. For example, to what extent are ward-of-mouth
(e.g. rumor cafe talk, grapevine) and non-written signals, e.g. drums used?
What are the main media used for dissemination of news and information and
transmission of messages. How extensively are postal, telegraph and tele-
phone systems used? Are they adequate? How are records kept and information
stored (e.g. archives, legends etc,)? Are movies, radio and television well
developed means of communication?
Do the uses of different forms of communication differ among social
strata? What are the main barriers to different types of communication
within and between groups? Is any social significance attached to different
forms of communication? Note briefly the medium in which people tend to
place the most trust and why? To what extent, and how, does government
use the various media of communication?
Is freedom of speech and of the press guaranteed (coordinate with
Section 51,D)? Discuss the degree of responsibility assumed by the
government in this field, noting specific laws and/or administrative
machinery designed to control communication and al types" of public
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information and/or protect guarantees of freedom: Note the extent of
government financial support of the various media. Note the overall extent
of government or other forms of censorship, control, or influence over
media including significant subversive or foreign influence.
Note the nature and scope 61' important professional groups in the
communications field, such as editors, publishers, writers, and producers.
Give in tabular form, where suitable, location, size, character and qualifica-
tions of members, aims and objectives of leadership, amount of influence
exerted, and orientation toward the United States and U.S.S.R.
2. Press and periodicals
Under this subheading should be noted the level of development of the
industry as a whole., the nature and extent of the audiences reached,
languages used, the nature and source of content, the nature and influence
of ownership and control in the industry, including interlocking interests;
sources of news; relative influence on public opinion; and the general
characteristics of the system of distribution. Note the extent of use of
foreign publications, those that are most popular, the language in which
written, the source of origin and agencies of distribution.
a. Important individual newspapers -- Describe important individual
newspapers, using the tabular form if suitable, and covering the following
points: name, location, language, frequency of publication, circulation,
audience reached, source of revenue, ownership and control, political
leanings, editorial policy including general policy toward the United States
and U.S.S.R., key editorial personalities, relative influence, physical
plant, and estimates of the amount of space given to national and inter-
national news and other subjects.
b. Press services -- Describe the important domestic and foreign
press services available including U.S. agencies. Indicate the extent to
which each service is used; the type of news for which each is relied upon;
the accuracy and reputation of the service (domestic only); the extent of
coverage provided; and any outstanding editorial personalities.
c. Periodicals -- Describe and analyze genrally along the same
lines as noted for newspapers above.
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3. Book publishing
Describe and analyze the overall book publishing industry in terms of
total size of press runs and sales, location, physical facilities, quality
and type of output, price structure, languages used, exports, markets
reached, ownership and control, political leanings, subsidization, censor-
ship, and influence.
a. Publishing houses -- Identify and describe the principal book
publishing companies, covering the following points: name and location,
ownership and control, physical facilities, press runs and sales and
significance. Use tabular form where suitable.
b. Distribution -- Describe the distribution system, giving the
number and location of major wholesalers or regional distribution points
and retailers, and include some information on. the system with regard to
ownership and control, size of various establishments, and evaluation of
the medium,
c. Foreign publications - Comment on the extent of importation
of foreign books, the type most widely circulated, and special government
regulations concerning their importation and distribution.
4. Libraries
Describe the system and general types of libraries, covering: size
and popularity, control, location, method of operation, character of stock,
and groups reached.
5. Motion pictures
Briefly describe the industry and medium:!as a whole covering such
points as: audiences reached, languages used, popularity of various types of
films, both domestic and foreign, and the audiences they most appeal to;
imports as compared with domestic production; sources of foreign films;
places and hours of showing; extent of government censorship and control;
leading personalities; and general effectiveness as a medium,
a. Domestic production -- Describe domestic production facilities
covering: number of companies and location; volume and type of films pro-
duced; ownership and control; sources of financing; physical plant and
facilities; sources of equipment; technical quality; artistic quality;
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Note foreign investment, foreign technical assistance, and foreign talent
used in domestic production.
b. Distribution -- Describe the distribution system and the
methods of exhibition, giving the number, location and capacity of theaters,
and analyzing ownership and control, technical equipment (size of projectors,
screens, etc.), frequency of showings, and prices.
e. Foreign films -- Discuss the distribution of foreign films
including: the volume used, analyzed by country of source, the channels of
importation, the major agencies of distribution, and government or other
controls. Note the relative screen time afforded U. S. and non-U.S. films
and estimate the long-term affect of U.S. pictures on public attitudes and
opinions.
5. Radio and television
The physical plants, equipment, and technical quality of radio and
television stations are discussed in some detail in Chapter III, Section 38
and Supplement III. Describe here each overall medium, giving the number
of broadcasting networks and stations and their location with relation to
the potential audience and covering the following: languages used, general
characteristics of ownership and control, source of financing, source of
news, number of receivers by wave bands and distribution, general character-
istics and economic status of listeners, estimated total size of audiences.,
type of programs most popular, most popular listening hours, vulnerability
of media to use for subversive propaganda (cross reference to Section 57),
political leanings, important personalities, and relative influence and
effectiveness of medium. Also describe any important managerial-or pro-
fessional groups and organizations connected with the media.
Important individual networks and stations should be described also
with coverage of the following: name, call letters, and location; ownership
and control, source of revenue, program schedules, types of programs with an
indication of their degree and source of popularity,languages used, hours of
broadcasting, political leanings, program personalities,'and relative
popularity and influence. Note which networks and stations are foreign
sponsored and list the foreign elements involved.
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6. Other means of communication
Discuss other mass media of communications such as public address
systems, posters, pamphlets, leaflets, wall newspapers, mobile theaters,
balloons,., etc., using in general the criteria listed in the subsections
above. Include also,, where pertinent, information and analysis of word-
of-mouth, person-to-person communication (rumors, whispering campaigns,
public meetings, cafe talk, etc.), and indicate (if not already covered in
A. General above) to what extent informal word-of-mouth communication
supplements or contradicts the regular mass media.
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be'indicated.
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ec ono manpower
A. General
B. General manpower resources
1. Civilian labor force
a. Industrial distribution
b. Occupational distribution
Occupational status
d. Geographic distribution
2. Governmental services personnel
a. Armed forces
b. Police and other governmental personnel
3. Labor reserve
C. Standards and practices of employment
1. Utilization of the labor supply
a. Manpower control
b. Utilization of capabilities
c. Unemployment and underemployment
2. Wages
3. Working conditions
4. Productivity
5? Mobility of labor and hiring practices
6. Forced labor
Management
1. Characteristics of management
2. Organization of management
3. Management leadership
1. Organization of labor
2. Political ties
3. Leadership
F. Labor-management relations
1. Labor problems
2. Collective bargaining
G. Labor legislation and government policy
H. Comments on principal sources
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power
A. General
The purpose of this Subsection is to provide an appropriate approach to
a full consideration of the problem of manpower and its capabilities. It should
not be merely a digest of what follows in the remainder of the Section. How have
the basic characteristics of the society affected manpower utilization? Has it
developed a scientific maturity in the utilization of manpower and the exploita-
tion of its natural resources? What is the dominant economic activity? Has it
a primitive or mature economy? Is the society rigidly organized along economic
lines or is there a fluid situation? Analyse briefly the extent of opportunities
for economic advancement, utilization of specialized schools and trainings,
attitudes toward work, especially manual labor,, the role of the individual in
choosing his occupation and the extent to which these factors are an influence
in national attitudes or social unrest.
Describe briefly the extend and nature of the organization of major business,,
financial, industrial and other management groups and the cooperative and labor
organizations, indicating the status and prestige of such groups in the society.
Do they work together harmoniously or do they clash? Does this affect the
national strength and stability? Has the society had experience in centralized
governmental control of its manpower resources in the past, and what is the
situation today? To what extent is forced or slave labor utilized and what is
its significance to the economy?
B. General manpower resources
In view of the fact that the manpower of a country includes not only those
currently engaged in economic activity (the labor force including both civilian
labor force and governmental services personnel) but also all those who could
participate in case of crisis (labor reserve), give a brief summary and
evaluation of the total manpower potential. Statistically this would include all
those between the ages of 15 and 64 exclusive of the mentally and physically
disabled. Of the total manpower potential, what proportion are now in the labor
force, (including the armed forces)? Comment in regard to the age-sex distributor.
(See Section 41.) Illustrate, if possible, by a labor force pyramid superimposed
on the population pyramid. Comment on racial or other minority groups in the
labor force.
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p ntage are ra
experienced in the techniques required for the modern industrialised segment of
the civilian economy? Now large a percentage are trained and/or experienced in
a primitive or subsistence economy? Are there skills readily transferrable to
meet modern industrial or military requirements or would this segment of the
population qualify only as unskilled workers?
1. Civilian labor force
It is expected that the following analysis will not only establish the
size and occupational distribution of the labor force but will evaluate the
capabilities of the various categories and groups within the labor force.
Analyse the characteristics of the labor supply as shown through quantitative
statistics, pointing out trends and factors of special importance to the
development of a modern industrialized economy. Note the occupational,
specialization of minority groups, if such exists*
a. Industry distribution -- Show the distribution of the labor force
by industry groups, in tabular form if possible, commenting where possible on the
significance of numbers employed to the operations of the industry including
agriculture. Discuss the trends in mechanization and other factors necessary
to an understanding of the statistical data.
b. Occupational distribution -- For many countries, because of the
methods of reporting labor statistics, breakdowns will be available for either
industry group or occupation but not for both. Where possible give both, with
an appraisal of the extent to which occupations are found in industry groups.
The data for each occupational group in the table should show number of males,
and females, and percentage of total labor force. Also analyse the labor force
as to the proportion of managerial, technical, skilled, and unskilled workers,
if possible with a breakdown for age and sex. Comment on the manner and extent
to which the mechanization of industries have affected occupations. Include
comment on the established professions with cross references to other sections
where pertinent.
c. Occupational status -- Analyse the distribution, based on a
statistical table,, of the employed (.1ncluding unemployed), the self-employed and
the employers by industries, with an age-sex breakdown. Comment on the
prevailing retirement age and other well-established manpower practices bearing
on this distribution. Note the extent of family employment and the size of the
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entrepreneur class in relation to wage workers.
d. Geographic distribution -- Indicate the significant aspects of
geographic distribution of the workers, especially as to concentrai1ons of
types of workers and skills in specific localities. If possible illustrate with
a map showing the locations of major types of industries and the approximate
number of workers employed, indicating whether these areas are predominantly
rural or urban. To what extent do the areas offer a variety of occupations?
Are they areas in which there is a high degree of competition for certain types
of skills or for unskilled labor?
2.. Governmental services personnel
a. Armed forces in relation to the civilian labor force What
percentage of the population are in the armed forces? Are theie wwmen in the
armed forces and for what type of work are they eligible? Do the,, armed forces
provide training in skills which are transferrable to the civilian economy?
(Cross reference to Chapter VIII,) Show the manpower used in the armed forces
by means of an age-sex pyramid superimposed on the total labor force pyramid.
Indicate what percentage of the population is enrolled in the military reserve
forces and would not therefore be available to the civilian economy in case of
total mobilization. Indicate also if possible the percentage of the civilian
labor force which is composed of veterans of the armed forces.
b. Police and other governmental personnel -- In some countries the
police and other governmental personnel constitute a large element of the
population. An evaluation of this situation has an important bearing on the
burden imposed on the economic manpower and should be noted. How large a civilian
force is employed by the government to service the military and in what types
of work are they utilized? Is there a large police, fire-fighting, protective,
and custodial force maintained by the government? (Cross refer to Section 54+.)
3. Labor reserve -- Discuss the proportion of the manpower potential now
economically dependent in full or in part and the extent to which the problem
is met by the state through old age insurance and other social security measures.
(Cross reference to Section 4+6 for a fuller discussion of these measures.)
Discuss briefly the characteristics and activities of the labor reserve
(not now in the labor force), pointing out skills and experience of the residue
which would be available in time of emergency. Note the customs of the society
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which would condition the full utilization of this potential. To what extent
and how are women educated and employed? What is the attitude and practice of
the society in regard to the employment of children? Are there religious or
social taboos concerning types of employment for special classes or groups in
the population? Of the residue, how many are now in training (school) or
apprenticed for entrance into modern industrialized activities? Is there a
marked difference between men and women in the training and experience they
receive? Comment on the practices and policies concerning the utilization of
those over 65 years of age.
C. Standards and practices of employment
1. Utilization of labor supply
Is there any centralized planning on the utilization of the labor supply,
on the part of management, labor, or the government? Describe the overall
pattern of practices and attitudes of workers and employers in regard to the
method and degree of employment; Discuss the activity of management, labor and
the government policy formulation and practices in regard to employment. Is
forced or convict labor, used by the government?
a. Manpower control -- Are there government manpower controls over
all labor, or over important segments such as over those with scarce skills;
or is it an entirely free competitive labor market? Were there wartime manpower
controls and, if so, comment on the organization of the manpower resources and
the degree of public support.
b. Utilization of capabilities --Y Is the labor supply utilized to its
fullest capacity? Is the economy sufficiently fluid for the worker to move
upward as he develops his skills through training and experience? Can he become
a manager or employer? And are there social distinctions (based, for example,
on class, family, race or religion) or other impediments to the free exercise of
a worker's ability in the securing of suitable employment? State whether any
trades or other occupations are the special province of any particular religious,
ethnic, or other groups, If so, indicate any institutional or other handicaps,
to efficient development cX the manpower potential?
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c Unemployment and underemployment -- Unemployment is one factor
which operates against full utilization and its causes should be briefly
discussed. What industries and what occupations are most affected? Identify
that part of the labor force which has the largest number available but not
actively employed. They may include migrant, refugees, displaced persons,
workers laid off through cutbacks, those in process of changing jobs, unpaid
workers (dependents who are usually family helpers) and victims of misfortune
(on relief). Discuss technological unemployment. Do technically, trained or
educated personnel experience difficulty in securing employment because of the
system of recruitment such as the appointment of family connections, political
preference, or preference for heads of families? Discuss the special problem
of youth in competition with older workers, women, and racial or other minority
problem of employment. Discuss fron standpoint of availability and qualification:
for work and also as possible sources of economic and social unrest. What is
their attitude toward the system of which they are a part? Do they have the
assistance, public or private, to which they feel that are entitled? (Cross
reference to Section 46). Does their economic status create an element of
instability for the society as a whole?
Discuss under-employment and the industries in which this most prevalent.
What are its causes? To what extent and in what types of work are partially
disabled workers and convicts and prisoners employed?
2. Wages
Describe methods of wage determination. Indicate briefly trends of wage
rates and real earnings -and the effects on these governnierrt wage-price policy.
Where possible,, show the range of wage rates paid skilled., semi-skilled, and
unskilled labor, and of salaries paid white-collar and professional workers.
Specify wage rates for both men and women; include also beginners' pay and that
for apprentices, young workers. Indicate "low-wage" and "high-wage" industries
and trends in the wage gap between them. In those economies where compensation
is paid wholly or partly in kind, indicate nature of payment. What additions to
real income are derived from such items as social services and family allowances,
housing and purchasing discounts, old age pensions, sickness insurance, etc?
What is the attitude of workers toward the wage scale?
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3* Working conditions
Indicate briefly the character frwoxking conditions in general and
in important industries. To what extent are working conditions controlled
by the government? Is there a highly developed understanding of industrial
hygiene and occupational hazards and are the workers insured against disaster?
Are specialized clothing and safety devices required? If possible, include .
pictures of typical working conditions in major industries. To what extent are
housing, stores and other community facilities and services provided or
controlled by management? Are the working conditions and fringe benefits or
lack of them a source of employee discontent?
4. Productivity
Discuss the productivity of labor in agriculture and other important
branches of production, with special reference to human and technological factors
affecting output, eg., ability and willingness of labor to learn new
techniques, and adjust to the demands of the work situation, system of
training, quota system, interchangeability of manual labor, managerial ability,
government and union restrictions, and incentives such as high pay, job
security, status factors, and other benefits. How much do absenteeism, work-
slowdowns and other forms of worker-resistance affect production? Are they an
indication of social unrest?
5. Mobility of labor and hiring practices
Discuss methods of recruiting, systems of apprenticeship, labor
contracts, training with pay, conscription, etc. Can labor move freely from
geographic location, from occupation to occupation and from industry to
industry? How much and what kind of labor movement is there; e.g., primarily
seasonal, or sporadic? Have well-defined trends developed? Does this movement
of labor indicate a condition of instability or growth?
6. Forced labor
In these areas where forced labor exists, present a quantitative and
qualitative analysis of the forced labor population, including sources and
methods of procurement, geographic distribution, nature and conditions of
forced labor camps and work (food, housing, guard system, etc.) and physical
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and medical care available. What is the life expectancy? Comment on the rights
and penalties of families of forced laborers. Are there provisions for
releases, paroles, movement and utilization? What are public attitudes toward
forced labor and what is the attitude of organized labor.
D. Management
1. Characteristics of management
Evaluate owners and managers in business, industry and agriculture as a
group. Does absentee ownership constitute a manpower problem? Is corporate
ownership a characteristic of the economy? Is there a large class of salaried
top and middle management employed by private industry and government? To what
extent are they trained in the methods of scientific management? Discuss for
the levels of management educational practices and information facilities,
international ties and exchanges, especially with the United States and U.S.S.R.
In addition to an overall appraisal and description of the entrepreneur and
management groups, such questions as the following should be noted; the part
management plays in national life; regard for the public interest as opposed to
personal interest; and predispositions and attitudes toward the role of
government and toward national policies
Include a brief description and analysis of U.S. and other foreign
industrial and professional activities in the country in regard to information
and training programs and when significant, what the attitudes of the people are
toward such activities.
2. Organization of management
To what extent are employers organized? List the major organizations with
their constituent members, giving the basis of the organization and their
separate and total membership. State the objectives and structure of each
organization and describe the way in which they operate. If they are primarily
a pressure group cross reference to Section 53. Note also professional and
technical associations and analyse the part they play in raising the standards
o management. Note the part they have played in the development of national
economic and political policies.
3. Management leadership
Comment on the leaders of business and industry with cross reference to
Section 59. Is there a close tie between military, government and industrial
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leadership? Note the international ties of management and the part they play
in public policy.
E. Labor
Describe the prevailing patterns of work, exclusive of management and the
armed services, indicating whether these are in process of change and, if so,
what forces are precipitating such change. Is the work which is necessary for
the maintenance of the economy done largely by a labor force highly specialized
and highly organized in unions, or by people working in traditional family,
clan or caste patterns of association? Are there any pronounced pattern of work
related to ethnic or political factors in the community (e.g., as a result of
colonialism)? If the economy is in process of change from nonindustrialized
agriculture, crafts or herding to modern industry, including mass production,
note the occupation(s), geographic areas and segments of the population most
affected by the change. What percentage of the civilian labor force is
working in occupations which are frequently unionized in industrial societies
and compare this number with the actual extent of unionization.
1. Organization of labor
List the national federations of labor organizations each with its major
constituents showing the basis of their organization (whether industry or
occupation) and their separate and total membership. Describe briefly the
characteristic structure, tactics, aims, policies and financial support of
organized labor, Do the unions have any international affiliations? Discuss
the major objects which they wish-to achieve, noting where pertinent, their
attitude on such questions as:
The wage-price policy of the government
Efforts to increase productivity
Vocational training
The relocation of industry and land redistribution
The use of foreign labor
Foreign enterprise
National defense
2. Political ties
Cross reference to Section 53 to indicate briefly the political
affiliations of organized labor and political role it plays. Has the government
or any non-labor group established or sponsored any labor organizations? If so
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why? Note reaction of labor. To- what extent and how does labor participate in the
formulation of national political and economic policies? Discuss the attitude
of the government toward organized labor.
3. Leadership
Is labor well established and highly representative of industrial and
agricultural workers? Is the labor movement an indigenous development or
inspired and/or organized by outside interest? Comment on the calibre of its
leaders and their training for leadership. What degree of control can or do the
leaders exercise over the rank-and-file? To what extent does the opinion of the
rank-and-file influence the leaders? What is the attitude of organized labor
and labor leaders toward non-support and non-conformity within the country? What
is the attitude of the public press and important elements of the population
toward it? Note its international affiliations and the part they play in
public policy. Comment on the leaders in the labor movement. (Correlate
with Section 58.)
F. Labor management relations
I.. Labor. problems
What is the customary relation between the native employer and his
employee? Is large scale employment a characteristic of the country's economy
or is it a characteristic of only a special type of work or region? To what
extent do labor-management relations involve foreign employers and/or foreign
workers and what special significance does this have in interesting the
government in the problems of labor?
What are the specific sources of friction? What are the causes of the
problems requiring solution? What are the prevailing methods for settling
these disputes?
2. Collective bargaining
Indicate the extent and character of collective bargaining, the number and
with industrial
duration of strikes and lockouts and the methods of dealing/disputes. Are there
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Section 46. Welfare
A. General
B. Levels of living
C. Social problems
D. Social security
E. Comments on principal sources
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Section 46. Welfare
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
contained in the remainder of the Section and should not be merely a digest
thereof. It should contain a brief statement of the level of public welfare and
its relationship to national strength or weakness and unity or disunity. The
prevailing attitudes of the people toward governmental or private responsibility
for improving the public welfare and toward various needy and dependent segments
of the population, as well as the dominant ideals of social welfare, should also
be dealt with here. What are the general types of public and private groups
engaged in social welfare work? Note the traditional concept of the government
of its responsibilities in the field of public welfare and indicate recent trends.
B. Levels of living
Describe the general material welfare of the population as reflected in
diet, clothing and housing (including electrification plumbing and heating) and
recreation, and compare it with that of the people of some other countries
including the United States. (Cross refer to section 45 for health and sanitation)
Discuss major class or regional variation in material welfare and significant
gaps between actual levels of living and the country's existing standards of
living. Is any group particularly affected by an adverse wage-price relationship?
Give particular attention to important related social tensions. Are standards
of living well defined for different social classes and are the differences a
source of resentment?
C. Social problems
Discuss the various social situations which appear to have significant
adverse affect upon the public welfare, clearly indicating those situations
which the society itself regards as threats to its values. For example, is
prostitution and the traffic in women and children or the use of narcotics of
such proportions as to have an important adverse effect on the public welfare and
does the society itself regard these as social problems constituting a threat
to its values or causing them to be vulnerable to subversive influences? Comment
in this connection also on extensive slums, alcoholism, juvenile delinquency,
begging, vagabondage, etc. Comment on the incidence of crime as an indicator
of social problems and of the effectiveness of the authorities in providing
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solutions to these problems. (Cross reference as appropriate to Section 511.)
Examine the causal factors underlying and the tensions generated by the social
problems. Are technological innovations or other cultural changes at the root
of these problems?
D. Social security
This subsection should deal with important public and private practices,
modern as well as traditional ones still in use, designed to or having the
effect of protecting and assisting dependents of those in need of help,, Where
pertinent describe the laws and the extent of their operation, including
unemployment and other social insurance, old age pensions, joint family arrange-
ments, maternity aid, aid to dependent children, aid to the aged and physically
handicapped, provisions for emergency relief, etc. To what extent and in what
way do political leaders regard these?
Important public and private groups engaged in social welfare work should be
identified and discussed. Information should be given on each concerning its
objectives, its source of support, the type of personnel directing its activities,
and the public attitude towards iiE services. A brief statement should be made
concerning the nature of the work carried on and the location of its major
endeavors.
Is there a necleus of professionally trained and prestige-bearing
personnel to provide leadership in this field? Discuss social service training
facilities.
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources
(not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 50
Section 51
Seotjon 52
Section 53
Section 54
Section 55
Section 57
Section 58
Section 59
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Section 50. Introduction
The Section should serve as a political introduction both to the
country and the chapter, drawing upon chapter content but not presenting
a summary. It should show the strategic significance of the political
aspects of the country. Include a brief overall evaluation of the
political strength and international influence of the nation in terms
of degree of national unity, will to Independence, strength of purpose,
fighting spirit, relative stability and efficiency of the political
system, locus of power, the nature and significance of the relationships
between the military and political systems, and basic objectives of the
government and the nation at home and abroad.
Historical factors affecting present day political attitudes and
institutions should : be. woven into the above discussion to the extent
necessary to explain these attitudes and institutions. (Political back-
ground material in Section 50 should be so correlated to the discussions
of historic setting in Sections 40 and 60 that together they will give
a rounded picture of significant social, economic, and political
history.)
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Section 51. The Constitutional System
A. General
B. Constitution
1. Origin and development
2. Principal features
C. Constitutional position of the legislative, executive, and
judicial branches
D. Civil and religious rights and privileges
Comment on principal sources
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Section 51. The Constitutional System
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the
treatment of the material contained in the remainder of the Section.
It should be brief and should show the significant historical background
of the nationts constitutional system, taking into account such factors
as traditional respect for and adherence to constitutional processes
and -civil rights. Features which differentiate the present constitution
from those of the past and of other countries may also be considered
briefly. The subsection should indicate the relationship between the
contitutional system and the degree of national political stability and
efficiency. Include an estimate of the degree of popular support of
the constitution.
B. Contitution
1. Origin and development
Discuss the immediate background of the formation of the
constitution, the political, economic, and social groups dominant in its
adoption., the foreign influences present, and the extent to which it
represented public opinion at the time of adoption.
2. Principal features
Delineate the features of the constitutional system needed to
grasp its character, including a definition of the type of government
established, the relationship between the provisions of the constitution
and the actual practices of the government, its economic and social
provisions, and unusual provisions. Attention should be given to the
degree of flexibility, to constitutional and legal provisions for
amendment compared with actual practices in order to indicate popular
control over constitutional change, and to provisions for, and
actual practive in, handling disagreement in interpreting the meaning
of the constitution.
C. Constitutional position of the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches
Briefly compare the constitutional and legal position and powers
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with actual practive. (Reserve description of organization and
procedure of executive, legislative, and judicial agencies for
Section 52.)
D. Civil and religious rights and privileges
Give the constitutional and legal provisions and a statement of
the actual situation in respect to civil and religious rights and
privileges, considering especially freedom of speech, press, radio,
assembly, organization9 and religion, but also including other rights
and privileges peculiar to the country. The rights and privileges of
foreigners, particularly Americans, should be examined and compared
with those of nationals. With respect to the suffrage, only law and
practice concerning the qualifications of electors, such as age, sex,
and property should be considered. ( Percentage of the population
excluded from voting and extent of actual participation in elections
should be left to subsection 53C.)
E. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material
used in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of infor-
mation with collection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used should be
indicated.
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Section 52. Structure of the Government
A. General
B. Central government:
C. Regional government
D. Local government
E. Dependencies and associated states
F. Comments on principal sources
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Section 52. Structure of the Government
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the treat-
ment of material contained in the remainder of the Section and should be
brief. It should take into consideration conditions, situations, and
practices which alter operation or organization of government as provided
for in the constitution. There should be a discussion of the relationship
of the central, regional, and local governments. It might also indicate
the extent to which the framework for regional and local government differs
from that established for the nation as a whole. Indicate the. nature and
degree of popular participation at all levels of government and the extent
to which government officials are political leaders. Describe briefly
the general characteristics, qualifications and performance of the bureau-
cracy as a group. Note any significant regional or other variations.
B. Central government
Describe briefly the legislative, executive, administrative, and
judicial organizations and procedures of operation, including a limited
study of the major agencies of each. Character of personnel should be
included, with specific reference to significant individuals. (Correlate
with Section 59.)
Any significant demands for change on the part of influential groups,
e.g., the military, should..-be pointed out with cross reference to Section 53
The material should be presented in such a way as to give the reader a
clear conception of the effectiveness of the agencies and the actual
locus of power in formation and administration of public policy.
In discussing the judicial organization characterize the body of
law, written or unwritten, upon which the system is based. Point out any
significant deviations in actual practice with the code. In this and other
subsections, avoid excessive quotations from laws and regulations (Refer
to Section 54 for discussion of the penal code.)
C. Regional government
Delineate the major political subdivisions, e.g., states in the
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United States, and describe structural organization and procedures of
operation. It may be essential to include some data g!veri3 above in
cases where an understanding of the nature of the regional governments
is necessary to an understanding of the operations of the political
systems as a whole.
D. Local government
The considerations applicable in subsections B and C above are
applicable here.
E. Dependencies and associated states
Discuss types of dependencies (colonies, trust territories,
protectorates), their governmental organization and relation to the
mother country, the extent of internal conflict and its domestic and
international implications. (Tabular treatment may be used to supplement
discussion.) Describe the structure and internal relationships of
associations of states (e.g., British Commonwealth of Nations, French
Union, etc.) which have grown out of previous colonial relationships.
Where a country has no dependencies, omission of this subsection is
appropriate and such lack of dependencies would then be mentioned in
O.ibsection A.
F. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following purposes:
i) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used
in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which
information is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors
of information 'with collection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 53. Political Dynamics
A. General
B. Political parties
C. Electoral procedures
D. Pressure groups
E. Comments on principal sources
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Section 53. Political Dynamics
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
contained in the remainder of the Section. It should outline the salient
features of the political system, indicating the locus of political power, the
nature of political leadership and the amanner in which it is exercised, the
extent to which political power is used within or outside of the constitutional
system, and the degree of governmental and constitutional stability and
instability arising out of the political system. It should discuss the develop-
ment and extent of political awareness among the people and should indicate the
degree to which education and past experience prepare them for political
responsibility. Throughout the subsection an effort should be made to relate
political surface phenomena to underlying social, economic and cultural forces,
with cross references to the appropriate Sections in Chapter IV. In this
connection attention should be given to the political effects of such social
tensions as class struggles, labor-management tensions, the aspirations of
minority groups, religious beliefs and similar factors. Finally, the subsection
might compare the system of political dynamics and its leadership with those
of the United States or other appropriate countries.
B. Political parties
This subsection should set forth the constitutional and legal
provisions defining a party, regulating membership, governing collection and
expenditure of money, and the control of campaigns. These should be compared
with actual conditions and significant proposals for change. The major
existing parties should be described -- including economic, social, and religious
interests represented, internal organization, avowed program, position on major
issues of national policy, attitudes toward the United States, U.S.S.R., and
other foreign nations, propaganda and propaganda methods, finances, recruitment,
rank-and-file control, and intraparty disputes. Mention should be made of the
outstanding national leaders and their major influence on party policies.
(Correlate with Section 59.) The function of the parties in the formation of
public opinion as well as their own susceptibility to propaganda, both foreign arr.
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domestic, should be analyzed. A brief account of the history of political parties
should be included where necessary to explain trends in political alignments
and objectives. There also should be a comparison of party strength at the
national, provincial, and local levels. Significant concentrations of strength
should be noted, and an effort should be made to estimate the role played by each
party in provincial and local government as well as in national affairs. Quasi-
political parties or groups having political influence to an extent greater than
that normally attributed to pressure groups should be discussed here. Portray the
major party distribution (or other significant parties) to include the ratio of
party strength to the population, urgan and rural, extent and location where
there has been a significant turnover in party membership at any level. As
appropriate use graphics or tabular presentation.
C. Electorial procedures
This subsection should describe in detail the. mechanics of important
elections, evaluating them as representative procedures. It should include the
important constitutional and legal provisions governing the character of the
ballot, guarantees of secrecy, accuracy of counting and a discussion of actual
practices. It should also note any significant demands for change. With respect
to the suffrage, the groups excluded, percentage of population excluded, and the
extent of actual participation should be discussed in detail.
D. Pressure groups
This subsection should examine in detail the function of pressure groups
in the political system, the manner in which political pressure is exercised and
its effect upon the political process. It should discuss the constitutional
and legal position with respect to lobbying, propaganda, expenditure of money,
and participation in elections, as well as the extent to which public opinion
sanctions, tolerates, or disapproves the exercise of political pressure by private
groups. It should identify the groups or organizations of major importance,
indicating the race, size and character of membership, organization, financial
resources, their media habits, and relation (if any) to foreign governments of
each group or organization. When feasible, this information should be presented
in tabular form. Mention should be made of the outstanding national leaders and
their major influence on the groups with which they are associated. (Correlate
with Section 59.) An effort should be made to estimate the influence of each grog,
U.S.
in national and local affairs, and its over-all ability to affect/iutersts.? In
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addition, the discussion should bring out the position of these groups
on major issues of national policy, their attitudes toward the United
States, U.S.S.R., and other foreign nations, their propaganda and
propaganda methods, and the role they play in molding public opinion,
as well as their own susceptibility to propaganda, both foreign and
domestic. When' vIrs." appropriate, cross reference should be made to
Section 58. The treatment of pressure groups should differentiate between
groups specifically organized for the purpose of influencing government
policies and activities other than through elections or subversive action,
and those special interest groups that are primarily organized for other
purposes, but that may act as political pressure groups when the occasion
demands. Only the former are to be given primary treatment in this sub-
section; the latter, including labor unions, employers; organizations,
consumer cooperatives, veteranst groups, youth movements, and similar
organized groups whose membership, organization, finances, etc. have
been discussed at length in other Sections of the NIS (notably Sections
42,44, and 46.), should be treated merely in connection with the issues
on which they become pressure groups, making cross references to the
appropriate NIS Sections.
F. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purpose:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used
in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general
credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject sabout which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 54. Public Order and Safety
A. General
B. Police system
0. Penal system
D. Comments on principal sources
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Section 54. Public Order and Sefety
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
contained in the remainder of the Section. It should include a brief discussion
of the conditions affecting the maintenance of public order and safety, including
public attitudes toward the administration of justice. The subsection should
indicate any significant aspects of the police and penal system as a whole, such
as size, adequacy, extra-legal procedure, or importance as a political, social,
or economic force, which distinguish it from those of other areas,
B. Police system
A breif description should be given of the organization and operation of
the police system, including a discussion of the relation to other parts of the
government. Also describe briefly the criminological facilities (such as
fingerprinting and fingerprint files), techniques of riot-control, organization
and jurisdictions of forces for suppression of crime (including traffic in
narcotics), and the extent of use of police informers. What are the attitudes
of the public toward the police system? What is the general ability of the
police to preserve public order and safety? Illustrate, where applicable, with
recent incidents that have left a mark on the minds of the people.
Discuss the police personnel, with respect to honesty and efficiency, the
social base from which the personnel are recruited, the attributes of leadership,
the type of indoctrination and training received, relations between officers and
men, intra-service rivalries, discipline, incentives, and in general any factors
affecting the morale of the police and the spirit in which they approach their
task. The social standing of the police and the extent to which police
officers can become national, leaders should be discussed.
C. Penal system
A brief description should be given of the organization and operation of the
penal system including its basic position in the legal system, relation to other
parts of the government, honesty and efficiency of administration, and the public
attitude toward it. Indicate abuses of ethical jurisprudence from
the standpoint of the society under discussion. This subsection should
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include a discussion of the criminal codes and procedure, types of offenses
and punishments, legal or constitutional rights of the individual (with a cross
reference to Section 51,D) and the extent to which these rights are respected
in practice, the incidence of crime, and the prison and reform system. In
discussing the rehabilitation of former criminals special attention should be
given 'to women and juvenile delinquents. Explain the differences, if any, in
the handling of criminals and others sentenced to forced labor for major or
minor criminal or political offenses,;
In discussing the penal institutions, including forced labor and concentra-
tion camps, note the governmental agency responsible for overall administration
and control component of the forces exercising local jurisdiction and depict by
map, where feasible, the number and location of penal institutions and camps,
giving the name, location and size of each, distribution of estimated total
in such institutions by main categories of inmates, such as political prisoners,
criminals, ethnic groups, religious sects, foreigners, etc. Note work conditions
and morale, effectiveness of indoctrination system, policy in regard to length
of sentence, term of actual service and screening for return to private life.
What are the restrictions placed on released prisoners? (Correlate with
Section 44.)
D. Comment on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Secticn and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information is
deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targda. In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated..
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Section 55. National Policies
B. Domestic policies
C. Foreign policies
D. National defense policies
E. Comments on principal sources
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Section 55. National Policies
A. General,
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
presented in the remainder of the Section. It should be used to discuss
briefly the fundamental political, psychological, economic and social factors
necessary to understand national policies as a whole -- their origins and
the major factors conditioning their formulation and implementation, including
characteristics of individual policy-makers (with cross reference to Section 59).
In some instances, it may be necessary to emphasize the impact of history upon
the development of national policies. This subsection might also set forth the
important interrelationships among domestic, foreign, and defense policies,
especially as to cause and effect, disproportionate emphasis, and inconsistencies
and conflicts. The popularity of national policies as a whole and their
significance to the political system might be discussed. Any significant
differences in the extent of public awareness, interest and level of understanding
of naticnal problems and policies in contrast to international should be noted.
Detailed discussion of domestic, foreign, and defense policies should be left
to the following subsections.
B. Domestic policies
This subsection should provide a general statement on domestic policy as
a whole and analysis of major issues and individual policies that are
fundamental to the stability of government, that preoccupy public
opinion, or that strongly affect foreign and defense policies. Important
domestic issues or policies treated in detail elsewhere in the NIS, especially
in Chapters IV and VI and in other Sections of Chapter V, should be discussed
briefly here with appropriate cross reference. Such discussions should emphasize
long standing and probably continuing trends, and should include a brief
consideration of the characteristic political reactions of the people (mistrust
of power, informal political forums, etc.), the implementation of policies, and
the effects of domestic policies upon the political system. In
individual instances, it might be advisable to show the extent to which
the domestic policies are patterned after or integrated with those of
another government, The attitudes of the principal opinion-forming
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groups toward important individual issues or policies should be
discussed in some detail. Whevener such groups have been given
primary treatment in other Sections of the NIS (e.g., political
parties and pressure groups in Section 53, social organizations in
Section 42, religious groups in Section 43, labor unions in Section 44)
cross reference should be made to the appropriate Section.
C. Foreign policies
This subsection should present as concisely as possible the
important relations of the country to and its alignment with individual
countries and major power blocs, the extent of participation in international
organizations and the ,extent of popular satisfaction with foreign policies
and their conduct. The organization and powers of foreign policy-making
components and their relations to other agencies of the government should
supplement, as necessary, the treatment given in Section 52. The sub-
section should treat such factors as evidence of desire for rectification
of borders, measures for exchange of population, measures of expulsion
of ethnic groups, extent of adoption of immigration quotas, and efforts
to extend control over foreign areas. X discussion of major treaties
and agreements of a strategic nature, particularly those with the United
States, should be included. There should be a brief discussion of the
attitudes of government leaders and various groups of the people toward
foreign nations (particularly the U?S.S.R., and the United States and
Americans) and toward international organizations (especially the
United Nations or regional groupings for defense or other purposes), and
toward foreign investments and foreign aid and the causes underlying these
attitudes. Public attitudes and popular support for policy in this and
the following subsection should be discussed primarily in relation to
specific, current issues, leaving the sociological and psychological
analysis of basic and more lasting attitudes to Section 42, to which
reference should be made. While the discussion should indicate whether the
attitude of a group or of the public at large on a specific issue is deeply -
rooted or of a more ephemeral nature and whether it can more or less
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easily be influenced by propaganda, it should not attempt a detailed
analysis of the processes of opinion formation or of prevalent social
values of the soci?ty.
D. National defense policies
This subsection should discuss the present defense policies of
major political importance, including civil defense, and the influence
of these policies upon domestic and foreign policies. A discussion of
World War II policies and postwar changes may be included to provide
necessary perspective. The subsection should describe the role of the
defense establishment and of the armed forces in the government as
far as it affects defense policies. Differences in viewpoint between
the military establishment and the civilian policy-making bodies which
are significant in the formulation of defense policies should be pointed
out. The subsection should also discuss wartime morale and the
influence upon defense policies of official and popular reactions
toward war, rearmament, and compulsory military training. It should
identify important organized groups (such as veterans) organizations)
that seek to influence the government, the legislature or public
opinion on issues of national defense. It should estimate the impact
of action by these organizations on specific policies, but it should
leave the primary treatment of these groups to appropriate other
Sections of the NIS such as Sections 53, 42, 43, and 44.
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used
in preparing the Section and thereby inform the user,of the..general
credibility to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information
with collection targets, In this connection, the principal sources (not
necessarily all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 57. Subversive
A. General
t. Soviet and Communist subversive activities
0. Other subversive activities
D. Comments on principal sources
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Section 57. Subversive
A. General
This subsection should provide an appropriate approach to the material
presented in the remainder of the Section. It should be used to discuss the
fundamental factors affecting subversive capabilities in the country. Toward
this end it should analyze the underlying social, political, diplomatic,
religious, cultural, and economic factors making for susceptibility -or resistance
to Communist or other subversion. Vulnerabilities should be related to the
social structure, cultural values, political institutions, and economic conditions
as discussed in other Sections of Chapter IV, V, and VI. Particular attention
should be given to manifestations of social disunity and to target groups that
are responsive to subversive action or propaganda.
This subsection should present an overall picture of subversive activities
from within or without directed against the country, identifying the principal
subversive groups and estimating their relative strength, discipline, and
influence. It should review government policy with respect to subversive
activities, including the policy and attitude of the country's political leader-
ship, legislative and administrative measures designed to contain and control
subversion, and the effectiveness of police and security forces in dealing with
subversive activities. The subsection might conclude with an estimate of
subversive capabilities and an analysis of.subversive trends. Separate and
detailed discussion of Communist and non-Communist subversive activity should be
left to the following subsections.
B. Soviet and Communist subversive activities
This subsection should include a discussion of Soviet and Communist
subversive activities within and directed against the country, with emphasis upon
the activities of 1) the Communist Party, 2) Communist or Communist-dominated
trade unions, and 3) Communist front organization, designed to appeal either to
the nation as a whole ("Peace" movement, Soviet Friendship Societies) or to
special groups in the population such as veterans, students, youth, women, racial
and religious minorities, and intellectuals. Each organization or group of
importance should be presented with information as.to name, size, character of
membership, techniques of recruitment, affiliated national and international
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organizations, key figures, funds, aims, methods of operation (both overt and
covert), propaganda policies and techniques, utilization for the purpose of
espionage and sabotage or as a cover for paramilitary activities, strength or
weakness of Communist influence within the groups, internal differences or
rivalries among the leadership, influence in national or local affairs, and
ability to affect U.S. interests. When feasible, such information may be
presented in tabular form. Discuss the significant history, cover] apparatus
and relationship of these agencies to Communist and Communist influenced organ-
izations outside the country. (Correlate with Section 53.) Note should be made
of the extent and manner in which subversive-activities are supported by
economic, political, military and other action. The discussion should everywhere
indicate to what extent these organizations have succeeded in infiltrating the
economic, social, political, military, and cultural life of the country and
have gained control over key positions in government, the armed forces, commerce,
industry, transportation, and communications. Whenever possible the reasons
for failure or success should be explained and probable trends should be indicated.
C. Other subversive activities
This subsection should include a discussion of all non-Communist extremist
groups that threaten to overturn the existing order by extralegal means,
including any underground, guerrilla or resistance movements. It should
privide detailed information on the origin and history, political doctrine,
aims and tactics, character of membership, organization, leadership, financing,
methods of operation, propaganda policies and techniques, affiliations with
other national and international organizations, and clandestine activities of
each group and should attempt to estimate its subversive potential. The
relationship of such movements to the Communists should be noted, including
Communist cooperation, support or influence, It should also include the
subversive activities of representatives of non-Communist countries directed
against the country or against the. prestige of the Western democracies.
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D. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes.
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section..
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information
is deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information with
collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not necessarily
all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 58. Propaganda
A. General
B. Domestic propaganda
C. Propaganda directed abroad
D. Propaganda by foreign countries
E. Comments on principal sources
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Section 58. Propaganda
For the purposes of this Section,-propaganda covers governmental and other
group action to influence for national purposes individual and collective
attitudes and behavior at home and abroad. This Section will indicate the
content, extent, and adequacy of domestic and foreign propaganda. Mass communi-
cation media and extent of their use are to be discussed in detail in Chapter IV,
Section 4+3, under Public Information.
A. General
This subsection should endeavor to bring into perspective the categories
of propaganda contained in the remainder of the Section. It should give an
overview of the relative importance of the following elements of the propaganda
effort: the process of conscious manipulation of any or all means of
communication, the ideas and doctrines disseminated by means of such manipulations,
and the plans and projects as well as agents established or used to..further such
ideas or doctrines. The prevalent attitude of the people toward propaganda
should be noted, i.e., resistance toward or awareness of propaganda as such, both
the domestic variety and foreign. The part played by important educational,
religious, and social groups and traditions should be noted. This subsection
should also discuss the extent and aims of the nation's propaganda effort abroad
in relation to its regional and international political and economic status.
B. Domestic Propaganda
Explain overall domestic propaganda activity, both governmental and private,
with a general overall analysis of objectives, content, method, overall effective-
ness and target groups. Sdme general observatacne should be made concerning
the degree of susceptibility of the target groups as a whole. (Correlate with
Section 42 and other pertinent sections.) Discuss the organization and func-
tioning of the major domestic propaganda agencies and efforts in terms of the
following criteria:
1) Identification and description of activity or group. In addition to the
name and principal location of each organization or group, indicate: any inter-
national connections; approximate size of effort -- giving number of offices and
personnel; source of funds; level of expenditures; leadership in terms at least of
names, general background, connections and ability; real source of sponsorship
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or control, with an indication as to whether target groups are aware of such
control; and method of operation, whether overt, clandestine, or both.
2) Objectives, themes, and target groups. Give the major long and short
range objectives of each propaganda group and the principal themes utilized to
achieve them. Indicate briefly specific-target groups at which the effort is
aimed in terms of themes and priorities. Discussion of the target groups them-
selves here ahould be limited to an evaluation of their significance and why
they have been selected as a target group by the agency concerned. (For the
primary treatment of such groups correlate with other appropriate sections.)
3) Content. Describe, wherever possible, specific message content used to
put themes across, such as use of slogans, eog., "Asia for Asiatics," catchwords,
"Iron Curtain," symbols, "capitalism," etc.
4) Communication methods used. Describe in some detail, where possible,
the methods and media used by the agency concerned oovering the extent, kind, and
effectiveness of use of: press and periodicals, books and libraries, information
centers, exhibits, posters, radio and TV, motion pictures, and person-to-person
communication, e.g., planted rumors, whispering campaigns, lectures, paid
agitators, etc. (Correlate with Section 43, Public Information.)
5) Effectiveness. Where possible, analyze the effectiveness of coverage
and the degree of penetration.
C. Propaganda directed abroad
Deal very briefly with the organization and functioning of the effort
and major agencies or groups involved in directing propaganda abroad. Because
recipient phases of the effort involved, e.g., target audiences, organization
and methods abroad, and effectiveness will be dealt with in some detail by the
NIS written on the recipient country(s), these phases need not be dealt with
here; rather emphasis should be on an identification of the headquarters' organ-
ization, objectives, control, foreign influence, source of funds, leadership, etc.
D. Propaganda by foreign countries
With the exception of a deemphasis of discussion on the facilities and
organizations physically located outside of the country which will be covered in
some detail by the NIS on such country, discussion of this phase of propaganda
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should be conducted generally along the lines of the criteria listed above on
Domestic Propaganda. The major efforts of both friendly and unfriendly countries
should be covered and the relative effectiveness of each major effort should be
estimated. In addition to the points listed above, note should be made of the
extent and effectiveness of exchange programs, binational centers, and visiting
official, cultural, scientific, and sports delegations. (Correlate with
Sections 42 and 43.)
E. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in
preparing the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information is
deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information with
collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not necessarily
all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 59. Key Personalities
A. General
B. Individuals'
C. Comments on principal sources
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Section 59, Key Personalities
A. General
Point out briefly the general characteristics of the group of personalities
selected for treatment in this Section, particularly with reference to political
affiliation, education and training, experience, religion, and social status.
Also note the nature and social status of the groups through which the individuals
rose to power.
Indicate clearly the basis on which personalities were selected for treatment
in this Section. If the nation produces few leaders or if there are few or not
leaders in certain fields such as labor, indicate the major factors underlying
this situation.
B. Individuals
This Section should consist of individual studies of key people who play or
are likely to play vital roles in the fields of politics, government, religion,
education, art and cultural activities, labor, business or public information.
Each individual study should cover the following areas: 1) the subjectts position,
influence and potentialities in his respective field; 2) his or her personality
as revealed by significant attitudes and behavior, and interests and aptitudes;
3) education and occupational history; 4+) group (family, class, racial, ethnic,
national, and other) affiliations; 5) religious background and extent of partici-
pation in religious activity; and 6) personal accomplishments (publications,
knowledge of languages, etc.); 7) attitudes and predispositions toward the United
States, U.S.S.R., and other countries and toward major national and international
problems; 8) any significant personal interests or hobbies which might have a
bearing on accessibility and a determination of vulnerabilities; and 9) media
habits.
C. Comments on principal sources
This subsection is to serve the following purposes:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal source material used in preparing
the Section and thereby inform the user of the general credibility to be accorded
the intelligence contained in the Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about which information is
deficient or unavailable and thereby provide collectors of information with
collection targets. In this connection, the principal sources (not necessarily
all sources) actually used should be indicated.
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Section 60
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SECTION 6O I rstzaductian
A. Economic structure
B. Economic dynamics
C. Economic planning
D. Strategic aspects of the economy
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Section 60. Introduction
The purpose of this Section is twofold. Firstly, it is designed
to give an integral view of the structure of the economy, the pattern
and direction of its development, and the capacity of the economy to
adjust itself to external or internal political, economic and social
changes. Secondly, it is to serve as a frame of reference for proper
evaluation of the material, both factual and interpretive, presented in
the subsequent ections of the chapter.
Detailed accounts of the component parts of the economy are to be
presented in the respective sections of this and other chapters and
supplements. Here, the task is to define the signficant aspects of each
sector of the economy, to assess the part it plays in the total economic
scope and direction of the economic process. It should present the over-
all production or other figures needed to indicate the position of'any
.vital industries{suclr a?s?steel),both in the structure of the economy of the
area and in relation to world production.
A. Economic structure
This subsection should be given over to a statment in broad terms
of the main structural features of the economy. It should examine the
position and importance of the various sectors of economic activity both
in terms of their contribution to national income and in relation to the
country's resources and to their potential development. Note the relation
of the various sectors of the economy to national stability.
It should also discuss types and rate of domestic capital accumulation
recent pattern of utilization,and factors stimulating or limiting capital
formation such as private or government investment policies, domestic
and foreign markets, foreign investments, etc. The discussion should,
moreover, analyze the nature of the economic development in terms of
changes in the composition of the gross product.
B. Economic dynamics
This subsection should be devoted to a definition and analysis of
the forces, including socio-economic trends and attitudes, which at present
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determine the orientation of the economy. The discussion should examine the
technological advance of economic processes as it affects the various sectors of
the economy. Note the effect, if any, of U.S. and other foreign activities in
the country which have significance to the economy. Evaluate the competitive
strength of the economy in terms of productivity of labor, degree of mechanization,
etc., and appraise the ability of the economy to
make appropriate adjustments to change, including changing patterns of world trade.
It should also examine the role of the state in controlling and influencing
economic organization, activity, and development and should evaluate the
significance of entrepreneural activities of the state.
C. Economic planning
Describe briefly the orientation of current national policy and indicate the
areas of economic activity to which it applies, the scope and orientation of long-
range economic planning, and examine critically the degree of disparity between
plans and economic capabilities of the area. Note important factors influencing
economic planning and development such as the ability and attitudes of the
economic elite, its political power and international ties. Indicate how the
government proposed to finance the realization of its long-range economic plans,
and examine the extent to which such plans are being realized. Discuss the natui
and amount of assistance, if any, from abroad (e.g., ECA, Eximbank, Morrison
Knudson, etc.) in furthering plans.
D. Strategic aspects ef the economy
In this subsection discussion should cover the problem of the strategic supply
position and economic war potential. Here must be examined the extent to which
the country is or can readily become self-sufficient in its major requirements
and what conditions must be fulfilled in order to increase the degree of self-
sufficiency of the area. The problems of self-sufficiency and economic capacity
for war should be considered not only with respect to available natural resources
but also in relation to existing manpower and its technical capabilities, and in
relation to available installations affecting production. With respect to manpower,
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consideration should be given to conclusions reached in Chapter IV on
problems of mobility, existing skills, adaptability of labor to new
productive processes, feasibility of increasing the labor force through
mobilization of over-age and under-age laborers and women. With respect
to the existing productive plant, attention should be given to the degree
of utilization of existing facilities. The analysis should indicate the
causes of significant deficiencies or surpluses. It should also indicate
the degree to which the economy is vulnerable to military attack, in.
terms of dependence on a particular sector of the economy or a particular
group ofinstallations. In this connection it would be appropriate to
consider conclusions reached in Chapter III with respect to the
transportation system and the manner in which it affects the economic
war potential of the area. Special attention should be given to the
economy's vulnerability to manipulation by foreign interest either through
infiltration of the economy or ext3rnal economic measures. To what extent
is the nation able to or does it carry on similar activity abroad (cross
reference to Section 57 and 58 if appropriate)?
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