DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN 24 OCTOBER 1949

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 24, 1949
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE UNITED NATIONS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES Continued doms specified in the treaty of peace.
persecutions of persons for so-called "anti-demo-
cratic" statements or for "inciting against democ-
racy," a choice of words which would be amusing
if it did not cloak injustice and tragedy for many
innocent human beings. The opposition news-
papers have vanished one by one and freedom of
the press has ceased to exist. The process of per-
verting the judiciary for political purposes pro-
ceeds apace. And the Communist regime, having
no further democratic opposition to destroy, is
now busily engaged in wide-scale purges of Com-
munist collaborators who have become suspect and
of the cadres of the Communist Party organiza-
tion itself. The recent trial of so-called spies and
traitors in Budapest was not, properly speaking,
a trial at all but a phase of the political strategy of
the Cominform with intended effects far beyond
the borders of Hungary. Whatever may have
been the character and the record of the accused,
the point which concerns us here is that the entire
procedure, with its staged denunciations and re-
cited confessions and its ludicrous falsifications
(and here I need only to refer to the supposed con-
spiracies involving American officials), illustrates
the fact that in Hungary today the individual citi-
zen, whether a Communist Party boss or anyone
else, cannot obtain justice, a fair trial, or any rec-
ognition of his rights as a human being.
Bulgaria
Essentially, the same situation prevails in Bul-
garia. In that country also the regime has con-
tinued to strive to consolidate its power through
the suppression of all independent opinion.
The campaign designed to reduce the freedom
of the Churches has continued. My government
has received a number of reliable reports that early
in July of this year a second group of Protestant
ministers was tried, this time in secrecy, perhaps
from fear of a world-wide reaction such as fol-
lowed the trial of the 15 pastors the preceding
March. The usual paraphernalia, including
"confessions" recited by the defendants, were
again present. These trials are a further mani-
festation of the obvious determination of the Bul-
garian Government to destroy the independence
of these Protestant sects and the integrity of their
religious faith and to break their normal ties with
their fellow Christians in other parts of the world.
In Bulgaria also there have been elections, the
local elections of May 1949 featuring a single bal-
lot of candidates nominated only by organizations
associated with the Fatherland Front, which is
dominated by the Bulgarian Communist Party.
The elections were held under the direct supervi-
sion of the electoral committees appointed by the
same Fatherland Front.
Bulgaria remains without democratic opposi-
tion parties, without a press free to criticize the
Rumania
Since the question of the observance of human
rights and fundamental freedoms in Rumania has
now been added to our agenda, I shall comment
briefly on the actions of the Rumanian Govern-
ment which, in the view of the Government of the
United States, also constitute deliberate and per-
sistent violation of article 3 of the treaty of peace.
Freedom of political opinion, one of the basic
freedoms guaranteed in the treaty, has virtually
ceased to exist in Rumania. As a result of a sys-
tematic campaign, the Rumanian regime succeeded
in destroying all democratic political parties. The
largest of the opposition parties, the National
Peasant Party, was officially suppressed following
the arrest of its leaders. The National Liberal
Party and the Independent Social Democratic
Party, while never formally suppressed, were
effectively blocked from all political activities
through arrests of most of their leaders and
through intimidation.
The Rumanian Government did not hesitate to
convert the country's judicial system into an in-
strument of its oppressive policy. The most
widely known, although by no means the only dem-
onstration of this policy, was the trial, conviction,
and sentence for treason, of Maniu and other lead-
ers of the National Peasant Party in October and
November 1947. In a note delivered to the Ruma-
nian Government at the time, my government
pointed to the transparent political motivation of
this so-called judicial proceeding. The defend-
ants were denied a fair trial before an independent
and impartial tribunal and deprived of the guaran-
ties necessary for their defense. They were
denied, for example, the right of counsel of their
own choice and were subjected to a violent govern-
ment-inspired campaign of public excitation
against them both before and during the trial.
The subjugation of the judiciary has now been
made complete through the abuse of the authority
of the Government to control the transfer and
tenure of judges, through intimidation of judges,
and through the system of politically controlled
"people's courts."
The police power of the state has been exercised
in disregard of those basic civil liberties of the
peoples in Rumania which the peace treaty was to
safeguard. In the prisons are many men and
women arrested without warrant, held indefintely
without charge and without trial.
Freedom of press and publication, guaranteed
by the peace treaties, is nonexistent. By official
censorship, by discrimination in the distribution
of newsprint, by governmental ownership or
monopoly control of printing establishments and
radio facilities, and by other devices, any sub-
stantive criticism whatsoever of the Govenment
has been prevented. Only those public media
October 24, 1949
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Special Insert in Information Bulletin, Issue No. 170, Sept. 20, 1949
Reprinted from that issue
US H
ECA
REPRESENTATIVE
FOR GERMANY
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER
DEPUTY U.S. HIGH COMMISSIONER
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USI SECRETARY
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STAFF SECRETARY
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October 24, 1949
621
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h
I I THE UNITED NATIONS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
Continued
which are responsive to government direction and
render active service to ti-.e purposes of the regime
are permitted to opera ce.
This prevention of the free expression of
opinion is extended to public meetings, which in
practice can be held only by oganizations approved
by the regime.
Finally, in its determination to bring all aspects
of Rumanian life into the totalitarian pattern,
the Rumanian Government has been employing
many forms of pressure to compel subservience
r'v religious groups. Religious worship, guaran-
,,,.,,1 by the peace treaties, means, in our view,
more than a formal participation in religious
ritual. It requires freedom to teach and express
views based on religious precepts, freedom to asso-
ciate with those of like belief, freedom to worship
with clergy chosen without arbitrary govern-
mental interference. The decree concerning the
activities of cults in Rumania, of February 11,
1949, vests in the Government an unprecedented
degree of control over all religious groups and
activities, and the Government has not hesitated
to exercise it.
The Rumanian Government has purged large
numbers of priests of the Orthodox Church and
seen to it that persons devoted to the Communist
Party are appointed to high church offices. Sim-
ilarly, the Roman Catholic Church in Rumania
has been subjected to such persecution that, at
present, none of its bishops is in a position to exer-
cise his rightful religious functions. The Catholic
Church in Rumania today has been reduced to
virtual inactivity by a variety of measures cal-
culated to cripple its organization, such as the
arrests of priests, dissolution of religious orders,
and prohibition of normal activities in the field of
welfare and education.
The most glaring example of the Government's
infringement of religious freedom has been the
official dissolution and absorption by the Ru-
manian Orthodox Church of the Greek Catholic
or Uniate Church. This dissolution was accom-
plished by a governmental decree following a
virulent campaign and a sham procedure designed
has become of the freedom of more than one million
communicants of the Greek Catholic Church to
worship God as they please?
The Jewish religious community in Rumania
has been subjected to similar oppressive treatment.
Its former chief rabbi was forced out of office, to
be replaced by a Communist sympathizer with
little religious training or standing in the
community.
U.S. NOTES OF PROTEST
e
contours of the deliberate policies when . III t
view of the United States are contrary to the
treaty obligations of the three governments.
As I have said, the General Assembly is already
on record as favoring the settlement of these issues
through the machinery provided in the treaties
of peace themselves for the resolution of disputes
arising out of the interpretation or execution of
the treaties. The United States continues to sup-
port this approach and believes that we should fol-
low it through to a clear and definite conclusion.
In its resolution of April 30, of this year, the
General Assembly expressed the hope that the
signatories of the peace treaties would diligently
carry out the procedures envisaged in the treaties.
The Government of the United States has asked the
Secretary-General to circulate to all members of
the Assembly copies of the diplomatic correspond-
ence disclosing the efforts on the part of my
government, in accordance with the Assembly reso-
lution, to put the treaty machinery in motion.3
Analogous efforts were made by several other sig-
natories of the peace treaties, whose delegations
will, no doubt, wish to describe to the Committee
the steps they also have taken in this matter.
On April 2 of this year the United States for-
mally charged Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania
with violations of the human-rights clauses of the
treaties and requested that remedial measures be
taken. The three governments denied that they
had violated the treaties and indicated their un-
willingness to adopt remedial measures. It was
obvious from the replies of the three governments
that they were not prepared to explore the matter
further through diplomatic channels. As a next
step, the United States Government informed them
that in its view disputes had arisen concerning the
interpretation and execution of the treaties of
peace. In notes delivered on May 31, by the United
States Legations in Sofia, Budapest, and Bucha-
rest, the United States invoked the relevant treaty
articles, providing first for the settlement of such
disputes by the heads of diplomatic missions of
the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the
United States in the three capitals. The United
States chiefs of mission requested their British
and Soviet colleagues to meet with them to con-
sider the disputes in accordance with the procedure
clearly specified in the treaties. The British Min-
isters indicated their willingness to do so. How-
ever, the Soviet Government declined to authorize
its Ambassadors to discuss the matter on the
ground that the three ex-enemy states had ful-
filled their obligations under the treaties and that
the measures complained of were justified under
the treaties and, in any case, were within the do-
mestic jurisdiction of those states. The Soviet
Government rejected a further request by the
United States Government to reconsider its
position.
I have limited myself here to an outline in broad 'BULLETIN Of Oct. 10, 1949, p. 541.
622 Department of State Bulletin
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