OSS - SITUATION IN HAWAII RELATIVE TO THE UNIFIED COMMAND/JAPAN FOREIGN LEGION FOR SERVICE IN MIDDLE EAST/THE ARMY'S FUTURE POLITICAL POWER, 1942

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: OSS Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 55
• Document Creation Date: November 3, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 30, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 30, 1943
• Content Type: MISC

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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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lot+ tiomp sato movtiioi 1 itAW rop Any tetioth or time
io taloa ototosly or lo to hhotiont witih tho wtooptitnno
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ovotoeI ?y b%ti ho wol V$'1 id ot othor
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tto wttu bo p1n44 tmloti !.4P1 f1 lows Ui wi1t toms. bho PIO
oihoti 1)400010w, fitioy hholati tio woo tho livivtim1.
low, Ito arrooi4 owl tiho worhinam tir 1-1110 MtlItory uovorommut
tioisoll Ity cow p0000roh AIM y m topoPboonii e Ph nifty
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30 CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
Attached please find a memorandum from Alex Budge. Mr. Budge, I believe,
is on of the most influential and biggest men on the Island today. He
is President of Castle and Cooke, President of the Hawaiian Sugar Planta-
tion Association, and, I believe, is President of the Matsui Navigation
Company.
He has no axe to grind, is just a real patriotic citisen like you and my-
self, and his criticism is, I believe, quite timely. No, obviously would
rather not let too many people know that he has written this memorandum.
thought it should be brought to the President's attention.
_ AFru- Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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There ultimately must be a wOrking central Orakandi: ,40oid.4,nated,ai-?
between the Arm and Navy right down the line this oommand sholil4'adt*U1.,
out rear- or favor as to civilian, Army or Navy pecreonnel,., Smdh ,S .0601msnd
must overlook sentiment, must overlook rank, must'reeognise abilitvandiriono
that ability authoritr to go to mork.
;
To be effectively defended, Hawaii must be recognized as a war:sone-
and military and naval precedent and redtape eliminated. The Vilitery Governor
sod haw:, an able representative in Washington, who can call on any depart.
malt of the government to aid in clearing problems which arise. The Military
Governor should be able to communicate with this individual by telephone at
will.
It so happens that because of redtspe and cuMberaome gyatem, I have
done a great deal of telephoning to our offices in San Francisco and Washington
on behalf of the Army - particularly with reference to supply and shipping.
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It has bcen apparent during the past few months that while!techniCalrli
under Tarttibl law the Commanding General can do whatever he wants to expedite
defeneet actually Washington has let it be known that'll? has to be very wary of
Feder-41 statutes and normal administrative department*. As a result, there is .
a hesitancy to act because of a fear of criticism from Washington.
The General In Command under martial law should be advised from the
71r. Deoartment that he is to act in accordance with his best Judgment and not
nave any hesitangy in IRO doing. He should know that the War Department will
naek him and hip actions as against the criticism of other and possibly more
oolitiPally-ininded departments.
Vartial law nes narried on exee:Atonally well, all things considered,
tr Ty opinion. Hever, again we have a reaidue of civil government which is
loath to act, inclined to play politics and by not acting throw a monkey-wrench
in th,/ mechinery of progress. Thie must finally be made cooperative with the
nerviv:es, withatt respect to dignity, title and politics, if we are going to do
a lele.
There are too man, authoritieu out of Washington operating locally who
Inrt reeognAze the necessity fo: coordinating everything througn the Military
peeeener'e office. Teis must finally be achieved.
The Commanding Gtine.ral in Hawaii, from a tactical standpoint, covers
a trotendone arob. lk thould not he boteered with the details of administration
e! the talitary :!nvernorfa office. Thte work should be delegated probably to a
vith adelinief,rotive experience, in Whom the Commanding General has &boo-
, !:!enridence. The one woeld then be free to devote his time to the tactical
:,_svAnd and ita rtipisIbtlittftsi, and the other to the adainietrNtive raw /manta
offlees *11:7h bro many and varied.
MANI
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U orders issued from Wash on, to adMinistrattve dptnii
!)-le Territorial or Federal governments loeatta ehould,be- sate
lutjeet to the approval of the Commanding General,
A definition oe the duties of the General Staft and those of the.
,Iffice of the Militury Governor Should be made to prevent overlapping and repeti-
tion of effort.
Streamlining is a good re)rd,,
Army and Navy training aed routine does not permit direct line through
-,m,nectionA with action. Something will start at the to of the line, a portion
cr 4h0) story mAy be elven to a civilian, then it in token up by another department
mid finally there la the probability of a eolossal mistake became? the whole
-ro,-lem was not 1.aced in any one individual's handa to Ivo* out, as it mould be
ordlnAry commercial life.
In other worde, a General m4y carry on so far, then a colonel picks ups
MaiOr comes into the picture, then a Lieutenant, and hero possibly MO
rA,n.ks froaxd for any Pacif!c wart and of clmrse the cross-
w%ic- praCtically all cupplies ane troops
7;a:- 1!,), reaf-htIvt fortcific frot..:4; In entablishing an
)f:Ici; :1.6re care erxr,ild be taken at; all times to point out
t- ilyr%r a4t..oritiea thAt our f?Anction is to
m-yro!n,!t,n riLlanci al.gmant and not to d pose or 118pol/seem;
r.e. mre, rfsal17 a CA;arternanter'/I store for infOrnation
,ne! sne not mpor :5entayiie atma to out
7-1 }t'J-fr .1-Y4s11!gence carvIcesm Ihoever comes out
Nu;lber One man In thle offfee ahemld haVe a good
_z1,vre?7 Irnloy?
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re,t'ler th.s.n 11T7,0 name liat4Onluen
cia77, rf:r:14,p5 bot-V name cro. Sweat tbfat
If 1.1ot e'll-zr,flt sway, -oe roill$P1Ored itn
-7;- tnF..c -11.jor and alt az iialgoni bettmen the
.'.olrpr a/AA, inftlrect2y, ttv, nvoo
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Jatitt WATA4N VAPPWION8 001WERNINOmiOUTOOMffl OP MART*.
an..51; t alM114.110Zr 3;
A ktionbor or twomotonm ditrivod by tho wvitor Pram persona
4416twit4I44otingovAtionfi# daring A fi1A4f in Honolulu o ihdirt -
i014,T4 In tra$0 001 413# oubltrold Weir* 114 obtoffipt id Mittli, te'
;,040ait lgeAt AlmogontOn or Winilod ottitIV of mtPtial law,and
Hg-g orraoti, Tho romorko Oloh roltow# r@lato In moot Inotmoon
mtsIttvri Golohening thn 1@lond a 001tio
motut.141 14w woo prooloimod tn TerriOry or Haw411 folloWn
iHr pp,1014mAtjan lootiod POWIMWEI 7# 1041# by tho Oovernor of tho
T4p,ritory ot4 itownii# whoPoin 1i i
towo otalto4 von thp Oommnding (10110P4i, HftwAttan
flopqrbmotai to prtri-qeit # 0 it 0 inywilonj
"4 dk, hoposv amapon4 tbo pvivilog4r tiho writi of
noboho t-oppag twithhe noblool
sido hproby plftoo tho 4Aid Toevttory. unclor
EfortiAt
"AM t ao hott#44 outhorlto and poquont Ultio Oommanding
Oottlar4lf i411,41.1,411 00P4PhOtalltp duritig himOvenimb *MOO oneY
Ahd thA 4nogor Qr Invoolon tiromovod to oxoro oft
titt ti-so soWMOtty 44)XtirOiht04tiMft 411 tOVOPUOPI
"imul t 4o ratftor antihorino aod rostmot tho maid Oommondo
Inv 14,114t,of UntyaMnilooetmont0 opd thon* ombovdinate
-tflittary tO ValoM mAy aplooto tmoh AuthoPity#
414piv 010 mhotIont omorgowly gitn4 titt1 tho Ungor or inv*mton
lA row4v040 4AorgtaoIEfl puitorr$ oommlly imorolood b
44t0A1 otnloppo ovloywo# or tido Tooritorr 6.04 o.
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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10 Exmination or tho genoval ordord :toned by the Military
Governor (up to Jr 17# 1942) disol000d the promulgation of Poguu
14tione, oontrolling In major ratihAon, dlrootly OP indirootiy, the
ocionomlo ao4ivitioo onci wollpboing or tho entiro ?Within populations
The Vollowing mattoro dwolt with thoroin aro oitod ao tlluotrative
r th6 4000 or thnoo ctqw)ral ordoros and their appliotttion to
iltan Wairet
ao civil eourt uotivitioo and autboritloo APO pr000ribods
All oil:mina.), 04?14, whothov efooting tho military 000urity Or
tho Virrttnry or obbovwtoo, Aro hondlod by provoot oourto prom
aldnd ovar by oorvtoo pormon010 Wo juoy t,vialo aro permitted.
Poroonn havo booft hAld in ofmrinomont t000mmuntoodo, for A
mitribOr Or licAyMe rut' violattoo or iowo not afrooting
wIlitttry
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amonrity, I./Strout prorormont of ohorgens
Portionn OUP probihktad Prom onitina, doltvovIng, or
raualgIng any otimmoOtty In violation tir ony mAximum prio*
rogulation Or priOn mohodnlo intuod by Lim Mi1tbary Ovvornors
Many olviltan wagoratoo tufa ottpulaLado nrood nofio
tri-F1 la axaro14441 war labor oval') to tho extant or proonvibm
tnn t141 followines
"Ally In4iviehtal row or horotift4r omployod by
Wooltlnd omployqrm) t fl0 It who r*iln to rapnrb
lOthin m roanonAblo Um' thorogrtor, to tam Job
te3 whloh ho la oraorvd b7 bin ompinyeep 01411, upon
fotivi(Aioni h4 Tle444 tlat morn then WO or be Imer
prioonod tor not motto tbAn two montho, or boW0
a, t000d lawa o guakblinhad and WIWI Otia nLopa opoolfied
taw, eartath otraota,
44, fiolt,006 r bfliAi11111: tiMatilittristAtttlolliti htiVV bOtOrl /Undo
.e? 44iFr,4"?=1'f''
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t77,1FT? nAciassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
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to Rules and ronulationi have boon enunciated eovering
tho sale and distribution of gasolineu
g- A pork center (made up of two private oorporations)
has boon ontablinhod and donignated an the,sole distributing
norm, for tho purohAeo, slaughter and distribution of island
hogs and pork for ronnle in tho Honolulu area&
he A privkte oorporation is designated as the sole super.
vloory agonoy for tho produotion and dietrIbution of misa food
rrom I witsrn watora. (A markod shortage of moat has existed
on Oahu and prootionlly all finhins from bot e in prohibited
nxoopt alabloot to th000 rogulations. A matoria livine coot
in ihun datorminod.)
1. Tho uao of pork in any form in proparing hamburgers
In prohroltod?
4.7
2. Conoldorution la boing givon to froozing oivilinn employee'
to thettr rurrent positionn and patron of pay,
Tho roguluLlon of prootitution in Honolulu Imo reoently
or am itunad by tho provoat mnrohal and military polio?.
4, no autual adminintration and intorprotation or gonoral
order!) ront3 In tho hando or tho40
44* Drown, in many inatannea, from civil life (often
om tiuninomo inatitutione or with afftliationo rinnnoinlly
or oth*rolso afrootod by thoir deolainnn &uid aotivibioa)
b. Whoo military bookground hnn,in moot oanoo, pro-
v14od exporienoto to oope with t,ho 000nomio and
problomo rulod upon
490 411I.MO 0111
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/30 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100480001-1
An analytle 1 review wolad wear to be warranPod to lpperr
mine whether the all-inslusive military control mecourOso norr
operating under the jurisdietion or tho Military Governorp plfky
ligpt livito hostile critioipm or Army utreinistre.O.on in Waallia09p
a.nd eloewhoret through
Citation or the pattern and ovtoome or Martial lavf in
4twd I, af a rsaaonable rorooast or what my ?sour to soMe ot4or
American coituntinits ohould it OhanQ40 ti Qom suestdonly within
a ho3tilitle3 (a highly elastic Arca 4efinition When
vlewc,* t)4 the light or aeral warfaro)
/11-conoldered aotion or subordiLato corsonxtel
A Temporarily absorbed Into the ovganizcAlon or
tL0 L111 Levy Ovvernor, mid whose financial efVairs und
rlituro mAy be influoncod bI the adminis tvittion and ' intor-
retation of gotioral option)
natured and inexperienced in 000nomio and
civu adminlotraLivo probloms
mao mtne inoquitit,0 of withal th* MIlitary Govornor would
unal4kroo but for wILich tho any vioulli WI hold rouponniblo?
MILITAn) 4)11116-1.1a-aqinalga-IHRIPP...
oxiowd little Indioation of tiny desire to question
tivo o.,411votion o sivIneso or military uonLrol. No evidence
wa7.i apparoa 0V aTu gpeup dAsoussion, outlining oonditionn or
vuturv vgitich witi.t. 1)0 doomed uppropriato for the repossession
c1,it I-104to glany exproomed willini;ness to forogo oleotiono
1?watolli 4o404.tiod for thp noar futuro.
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24 By virtu* or tho rigid military eontrol of all Would
4 outward freight movomont, of looal prioec knd through other
411-ino1ualve resolationns loofa bucinecn le oomplotely under
Lb* domtnanoe or the Military Governor and aetn acoordinglyi
3, Large agrleultural and corpora:be bunineco organigationn
Wive boon outntandImay eooperative In providing perconnol, eq4p$4
mant nnd otholl raqi1itledv for dorenne AotivLtioa.
4. Moo* omall tnloinoncoo width aro not catering from
Inot or noruhAndiim throw)) priority aoaroltious are enjoying
highly ppotit4b1o opovat1one4
6, Nopligiblo oondidoratton In hoIng given by buninoam
10 1 It to utitiga toderal n1* i4 tkeir oaphbilitions to
flnantui find oonotruot at an appPoPvia46 tint? in tno futtwo,
ruci1.1t1t40 tot. 1cml iwoduation at matorinln and 4upp1ioal flooded
durint tha ouvrotr', orrtargonily; anti potonttully oil uonaltiarable
vnitutiiiow,I flr. with 14ntiolpot6d tor4 Loplal 1)001...witty omploymont
prbi4nrn,
Pii0011,6:j
1. '7ftdual I tn Indiontod thAto at, Inntit OHO out. of
:orA43a ?itC,orad 00 Lho alrootn or n000ltau tiath 4 /1014103'
c,r 124iior. -4.14111;0ot oft:: on" dtayo tinier Ind 1,41mo Ga wal too MAtikti ?
1'1'140'41)6111y thr, e4itsiro b440h APOI or Claim la litold with
:)Pb tbiro ep 110144 or rtro aro aloovo4 ror maohino a7n4 and
-0 t)4tm trtplod. r411;/. aro oonoupnlodo
Pc.l Vr?qt; 91.0 orftwdod Iiimniq Innttobohlie
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MOM
_
4. Bidden and camouflaged artillery posts exist on man
of the mountain ridges, commanding bays and beaches.
5. Every civilian haw has been required to construct
an air raid shelter adjacent to the house. Practically all parks
and school ground areas in the City of Honolulu are also provided
-with extensive air raid shelters.
6. Civilian organizations, made up of many hundreds of
Individuals, htve been developed for the handlins of evacuation
from congested aroas, hospitalization, gas attack, fire emergency,
and to provide extra police and accumulate a blooa bank.
7. Over 00 percent of a computed six-months, reserve for
c!.vilian food requirements has been accumulated. A seed supply
has been stored for emergency use, for local production of a
number of Important food products.
8. wide15- scattered depots have been filled with construction
aupplis and vaterials for the Army and Navy.
9. Tile writer was informed that the U. S. Engineert in
charge of Army constrretion activities had mrrently on their
employment rolls over 20,000 persons.
10. :nformation was received that on other Hawaiian Islands,
defense preparations were being rigorously carried on and would
soon upprc,ximate Oahu;s strength.
FERTPINiNG TC RE3IDENTS MO ARE JAPANBSE ALIENS OR ARE OF
AllaSTRY AND ELEMENTS ASSOCIATED, THEREWITIL
1. A l&rge proportion (possibly exceeding 50 percent) of
cot-Awn aad artisan labor used on defense projects on Oahu, are of
thts cls.. Defense work would be seriouPly hampered if such were
certralp jrdbs, the Japenese aliens are excluded.
6.
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e?
2. Bawalian National Guard mats which were on duty, and
contained a large number of this group were withdrawn from the
seashore and strategic areas during the Midway battle. Approx-
imately 1,000 from this racial group have been sent to the midwest
to serve there as a military unit in uniforme
3. A proposal, recommended by Army authorities and G-2
in Hawaii, has been forwarded to Washington to permit a volunteer
force from this group to be inductedr for active military service
in non-Pacific areas. No rejoinder to this recommendation has
been received. It is possible that lack of an answer may arise
from the non-desire of Army headquarters to provide a precedent
for the handling of special racial groups (which might be embar-
rassing in view of the request of Jews, Poles, etc.) The transfer
from the Territory of this volunteer force (which has been
estimated might number 10,000) is looked upon as having major
long-range implications in territorial population trends.
4. Conduct of this group has been most circumspect since
December 7th. Besides the operation of normal law abiding in-
fluences, the group has been constrained by the known inclusion
in concentration areas in the Territory, of a considerable complement
from their number, the black-out and curfew laws prevailing, fre.
quently repeated comments of recently arrived U. S. troops concern-
ing what they were prepared to do to the group, and the publicized
action or aentries, the result of whose unheeded challenges, had
brought inatantanoous fatal shots.
5 Young wombers of the group have been organized at the
requeet of local authoItios, to assist in wfaclaating their group
fron congested eas, and to handle thAir casualty and indigent cases;
itCr'
-?? rifdz
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r=z7.41-44r-
111*.i4
-rsz?ret.
?
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60 'Responsible military And civil authoritioa voice the
?pillion that tho situation portainirel to this group is well in
hsnd and has been erroctivo17 handled.
TRUCX CROP PPODUCTXON, TVRNITORIAL ACREAGE MVO= THERETO, AND
Lump INVOLVED THERM
1. Out of approximately 260,000 acres normally devoted to
corporate sugqtr and pineapple produotion in the Territory, it was
rtaiably reported that lona than 1,500 acres were allocated to
producing truck crops aa of July 1, 1942.
*.? 0
Approximately 2,000 acres in addition, ao of tho same
date, is being turmoil to truck crops by small growers.
3. Th.1, aforenoted acreage tn truck crops (approximately
3,500 acres) reproaenlin about a ono-third Increase in poreage as
compared with n year preview; (pro-war).
4. Using the month of July an a comparison, it is estimated
that July 1q42 hervent truck crop production of only approx-
imately 10 porcont greater poundape than wnn eatimated was pro-
Ouced :'or July 1V41 (approximatoly 5027b,000 pounde)4,
b. While adoquate ohippinf.; rocilition from the mainland are
frocA3'md to bo available, military authorities are not pressing
for local production. rrimary raanono rivon for tilts non-
ntimul&tIon of love' Loh crap production, arc the convequent
elimination of demand_ for the Importation of bulky fertilizer
a.no lnneotiolde requirements, and the 1.0(141 shortage of labor/
C. There hap been n noteworthy non-000rdination or importa-
tic,nv rrum thot mainland, with maLurIng local truck crops.
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ovor.ampOy Lao rosulto4, with ruinous prises * oonicaumos
not) a largo mount awantages
It Wow,. AppoAra to bm no forookating of roquirammilta Por
tetiak crop pro4u4o by alm Army and Nan,* No oombinad purohAaing
4e0107 w44 round, LAoking ttpraarantss of puvohamo 4 gtvon
voptity. 4 opoottiad prim', or A poriod ln which dolivary 0:
pr6doot wo1.414 bo cwooptad, largo Agrtoultural intaramtm AN) withm
foot an,l, inpantivo for produoina tvooh oropm,
0, WM no raliAblo tntarmia3an1 Mapping m000mmodationm
up Wiil. dohodulom afVordodi oontadarabla eottint.. of truok orop
prodmio hom oncluod th tho otawtdo 141Anda (etbor bhan OfthOs
V. It wtim vdpoPt04 that' only omall groworm hAd the* voquini6o
oxporipm,0 to ppoottoo t*t*teti4U I i'X3.1 truolf oNspn*
1. Inctloationo woro p000lvod thut Ulm O. Mi VInat and Navy
tklittivEtnit 13 t 1'0 40t-A lifjt (3011(441-qt t00111 W1 MI th0 poltotan
oppviotono or tho Mllitkvy OUVPMOVe
P44 tivOrloritIn ot thtl loo41 4otivit1oa iut1 pvwry4mo
,k;,0 p,0.1, hp thely portnin Lo tho LolAnd population, ham
714.tWi proviaoa rt).1. taidor Lho cJrt lidtmo or 0.11.
it ffon roi.tirtnei t441, 40,1v1ty twivtirdti 41l1plirlod oemanlmam
?,,ion or 101Jov al) dotoflmo pujooto 1444 oatiapti ator D000mbov
4. mnthunlotont WW1 MAIM+ Oh tho inapt, or oltivaltin 000141,0tod,
.ii.,1,4athoomorit tho uptotoltititiont fir um now '.Vorritorimi
JtI11r,0 anlb6tioh.
,f1Wk tho rovbrifth 011/11
P43+ 1 S fir C.
olJnntruotion mntAvity, and ova.
4Ate1110100 mminly orapttitorl, m How oyoto 4ormion to
041
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1111111111111111111
ot4htftWoo tho MilitoTIAB614 Or moral@ in it
vollOibly in Vo Aofto# will OthotibUto a oefitilderablA ppoblom$
TWA oaoom* of tho moofit Mithlty bollttls, brought An imitiOd A103.
loVadowl4
1.11',32614.0
- -
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? COORDINATOR Or 1NFOPIMA1ION
INTEROPPICE MEMO
rtmoft Captaft Doering
To! Colonel Donor.=
SUOJECTt AZIOXIMUMAjajbargl
F
Pv?
X
r
DATE July 21, 1942
have examined with a great deal of
inter4st Mr. Mchards, memorandum doted Julys 6, 1942t
which was attach to your memorandum to me dated
Jul 18th.
I have no doubt that the conditions
which he describos prtsent very serious problems for
tho military authorities. However; in my opinion, this
subject is not within the scope of the duties assigned
tc this office, and any suggestions from us, unless
carefully handled, might be misinterpreted.
It is my recommendation that if any action
it takon in regard to this matter, it should be done on
a purely Infcrmal basis.
1 am returning herewith Mr. Richards'
menorvn4um, together with an article from Harper's
Moraine on the Army's future political power.
nu's.
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1-1
v '
NALL.^1rUG.:.4-62..;-.1.4 Aga.' Woili&L7.34....1L.T.ivi.
THE ARMY'S FUTURE POLITICAL POWER
BY HAROLD NI, FLEMING
D. mi. likely that the Army will take con-
I trot of the country after the war?
Leaders of our armed forces have, with
startling suddenness, betotne the largeat
buyers of goods and Nervicea in the United
States. They are now the largest direct
handlers of man power in American his-
tory. They are the largest customers
American industry has ever had and
they are spending the biggeit stIM8 of
money ever handled by any group in
American hiatory. They operate the
moat extensive mechanical equipment
over men in any comm. ? cept in Ger.
iii
many and perhaps It 1i____ they have a
hand In operating what soon be the
largest merchant shipping fleet ht our
history.
Oniy two years ago the Army men
were fighting, Congress for a couple of
billion dollars a year; now they spend
that much every twenty days, and the
appropriations which are expected this
amid next year to their maintenance and
equipment will run to $150,000,000,000,
Cr nearly twice the nation's entire hi.
Cot in 1929 and five times its 1932 in-
come. Only three years ago Congress
argued over Army and Navy approprin-
th0113 of a million here and ten millions
there It recently passed an approprin-
ti,att bil; of eighteen billion dollars with
no more than is momentary hesitation in
order to keep in mind its nominal control
over the national pulse,
Ail of this spells unprecedented poten-
ti tti politictl power for the armed services
of the United States. Within the year
item!, set-vitro will be the employers, di-

rectly or indirently, of at least half of
America's man power, Thereby they
have acquired also a majority interest in
the methods by which the whole Amer'.
can economy is runt in who gets how
much, in the level of prices, profits, and
wages, and in who hires, fires, and directs
labor, threat of Army or Navy set-
auto and operation now hangs over all
labor and management, mince it was ac-
tually exercised last year by the Navy at
the Kearney shipyard and by the Army
at the North American Aviation plant.
Now there is talk of the Navy's taking
over our merchant natrIne.
The "industrial mobilitation plan" of
the nitietven-twenties and -thirties was a
recognition by such farsighted persons as
Bernard M. Baruch that for effective
war-making the Army and the Navy
must take a direct hand in the ?minim.
tion and running of the national econ-
omy. "M-Day" never actually came
off, but ch lefty been arie the distinction be-
tween a state of peace and a state of war
had bectIne progressively blurred from
1937 on.
"Beyond a doubt," said Douglas Mac-
Arthur seven years ago, "any unkior war
of the fliture will see every belligerent
nation highly organized for the single
purpose of victory, the attainment of
which will require integration and in-
tensilicatIon of individual and collec-
tive effort. Economic and industrial re-
sources will have to assure the adequacy
of munition, supply and the sustenance of
the whole civil population. In these
latter fields the great proportion of the
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POORIMPRIMPRIPECIPIERIFIRRIFFinwilmiplIMErimmimmovemaimmown
-
TRH
vimmild wiper, docribeA the dkattt
Ore taI ihtitt: "It trit tOld the hot tiltplt
out t Wtt3klopittq untitt lilaqket
with well 4 lieu. bi LIigJim
kif whit tittic kopt tayitig tti Oki)
'W e me tome or that blanket,' liut he
wottldn't ltt -kw*. finally I ItrablA
froto Ith 3ttt ity milt, I
ttiutheti itls hand . ; It was mgt.( .
hit wag dead the wIttAtt
The pattol tpteat Is slip tiot adt%
qthtahhottO vs:41vh%med. .tt a
it tter t Seleittlq of tht Nnvy Knox last
ttiarelt. Iviesitient loseph thttratt of the
ritati-ohat lkItaritittat tJtiteti angoro:sted that
Ow flootttf boittli MOO ttt
which nit il?t)VV lkth be fitted mit tut
rtt bmits the' :Want* tom, at
was done thuirtg he last with The
st,ottrt this Is door the bettet,
TheTe Is no doubt t?but lt, the niet%.
rttant ,teittnen took It :in the (shin tinting
Ow !trio: holt' tf titbi tItt Witt%
ottrott, antitInaked lireLelts, _and
practically tro w.fety pteautiont. They
citi* OVIt helpitg: targets for the
sobs; bat thvir %notate viols at maw-4-
,441f tt wag tenheraltied That ittes
vittit tons ate WM, bring lAk111 tk, Phlkt'et
1110.1'4 thltASII1 tteirfel 64eAll th*ir VOkirtage
Ali tin. iiettftlett kttOtly whAt they are
ihrittg thy ship out. Vet they
16-4-45 %In itattinz ltrvit.s.nber, they don't
hare vet. 11A1 MN+ in the private trier-
14i ant 11%44'1:UN thi they ran (Oct any
tittle ritev want to Most or theft% tontd
vet Avpoid show kolt.s. wot-king tit ship-
rtlYtt Wetcters i.!tted me,
chant./ and mitat-nm, where ktie dna'
worty wonM lit the iLltet rowitotre
kin-owing a wrench on tiveir Feet
immtev that keeps them
Oa Ott tvnistuiirr **lit New Vs,
yet 'Num. Ithev 4gtt a war t.mtrats whieh
miotlat- oat to atottnil a day, Narelty
4.,ret% titikint !Awn- tar for Also the
twAvett vty to
At rtglittet form former rrtavertm
1.4.mfv.rivt, tv#IN veot4ktrt* Iktottlithe livAn
aiive Wit; Itt4-41 T-11 rell, A few rittoldalu
&o thNtthmal Mathittiblitittiii issued
tti BRAWL' samba, Siete theft'
over 21000 tit4ttlItita have tutted up to
gap Wit ataliii huuthttit of them at the
mitt% halt le the port of New Vorit ahme,
tutioug them itlett who have httii
hitt AI At,triem truek delvers, elect&
dots oftitt workert)attort; tutisttottlati
Voirketat tightit) *Am) mid bake*
ThOtt wRiu htiVe beta torpedoed and
istsidittti Alp right out agaiu as toou at
they.euu get out of the hotpitai, That
takes piettlit of fterves but the kuertitatit
havti they don't get meth
publitity, ttL b11 *eltlOkit ha t ahydrit5
hitiktirg speochtt About them, They
don't get 11%* pt* to the theater or the
ihtiNittiattI to tit* girrts dates Air them)
with prettl voting attrestet amt. debt.
tatttel hi entertain theft No one twi.
thinks ninth about their "morale" th?
how to keep it %Yip: It will. only recently
that a Witt was pasted to give them
kittams, And ban so th,ty wtat
ottifortnt they don't even have the satit-
fattion havirl people In the atteets
and sttbwa k at them with respect
when they
It is not he seamenthentselvest,
ate askit4 for any toetial et'-edit or hon.
ors. When you mention words like
heroism ott. pattiotimit to them they look
enthartaxted. "Lime% brotherN there%
XPtt on they say. Ashot, they fec.
oitrentIy tyrttoiid that they are not brave
at MLNot long ago I wat talking
to a littAtt tAtikkil Windy, mAto had fast
Witte bit 'ate' Dotal van and had been
thased Itv a submarine for time days,
"No OmN ot that for rtter saiO.
"I ten yott4 way rty who keeps on sitip.
pint klrege day* hat got IntiliblesInMs
thitak,tattIA ?My Ica* rim is Orval
St. Lovas n'arrittnati. I'm going to
get tne a *tore Why ekniteatit mi
otde at tw.iy avr We believed hint;
anti ram. tre. of ot mold blame hint.
Tire next ii,?ty 4yohrd tht
Oh. vefiktt itttlitih, tie is vow on the
t vex% en wart to Indic
121111MINIMINEINISIIIIIIIIIMI111111111
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Ti116 Aithil"S FUTUkt POLIMAL POWL14. 213
employable population will find its war
duty." Foresighted military mett were
evert then taking no hottest in matters
once considered purely civIllatti, Stich MI
they had never before taken ih Vertu,.
&net or e'en In wartime except &tilt%
the last war.
If the services took such tin Interest in
hitherto civilian altars in peacetime
Woe this war, they will take a vastly
greater interest In the civilian etotiotny
after it ends. This time there may be
no disarmament conferences except those
car ed by the victors for the disarmament
of the vanquished. Continued arma-
ment for ourselves will not mean 3Imp1y
the maintenance of a large standing
army, but also the maintenance' of ti
large degree of supervision over the civil
ectmoitty by the armed services with a
view to continued preparedness fist an.
other total war When economic plan-
ning becomes a peacetime habit it only
be ei monde planning for national secu-
rity under the close supervision of the
Army and Navy
The political wherewithal to support
this new economic power will not be hard
to find. Ily the end of this year the
Army will have 3,600,000 men anti the
Navy perhaps 500,000, and the totals are
iiiated to go on up to 10,000,000 or more
if the war lasts This will be a higher
proportion of the population under arms
than was ever seen before in AnterIran
history. Those men Mean votes, not
c.nly of the men themselves but or their
relatives and friends. It will be the big-
rest rIefiritite group we have ever known.
After the war a considerable part of
this Army will be demobilized, but it will
not cease to be a political pressure group.
he vete /title vote is one of the ()lent of
all tortet phenomena, long antedating
the actual fimt like Only the suciolo-
gists seem to have overlooked it The
am toed farmers of Athens drove their hop-
lite formations through the Persians and
went hone to ttifikt new economic gains.
over amid over ntaitt tkmiughout history,
iiho, members of a ViuttitititiS HMS, have
hvoti un as a prz.sittte group, demanding
and getting advantages' benefits' and
sinecures. More simply 'Jut, to the Vita
tors bkititig the Spoils, tit home att WO as
tihrelatil It has been SU ttli through Otit
otvit history Vetetatit of the kektualtItitii
of the War of 1812) and tit the Meideitit
War ail desired to be looked eller,
The Civil War of course produced the
(CAA., one of the biggest prthute
groups of modern times. Pot thirty
yeses ono the war the waving of the
bloody shirt was deemed Indispensable to
political success; high and low, the mettiu
bers of the Grand Army of the Repulilic
got theirs in the shape of pensions, laid
granti, receivership: 7 and offices front
that of constable to the Presidency. Iti,
deed, the demands of the Civil War
veterans finally outwore the public
gratitude, and In the muckraker days the
popular magaelties ran lurid articles
about pension scandals and the burden
Imposed by those whom "the nation tie-
lights to honor." The Spanish War
produced a President fbr us and a pension
army of ita awn. The pensioners of the.
First Worldr were most numerous of
all and the !ideal influence of the
American Leg mi was feared and courted,
one of the most hopeless of Herbert
Hoover's political blunders was his ejec-
tion of the bonus marchers from Ana-
made tiros There is nothing new flit oil
about a crowd of veterans looking fbr
lam gesse. Our situation this time, Itotve
ever, is difierent. For the pressure group
of veterans after this war may be so large
as to dwarf all other pressure groups.
The civilian's attraction to Army 11113
to-day, for peculiar social and econunile
reasons, is grmiter perhaps than it has
been In any other time In our history,
and is in sharp contrast with the civilian
reeliag toward Army life twenty-live
years ago. Despite time superficial con-
trast between twenty-one dollars a month
In the Army and fbrty a week in the Me-
tory, the financial comparison Is by no
means as sharp as it looks. hut that
Is It Millar factor compared with the
lure of security to members of a civilian
world which appears to be falling apart.
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214 HARPERS
Twenty-five years ago men looked upon'
war as a temporary interruption to an
established way of life which they ex-
pected to find intact upon their return
from a purely patriotic interlude. To-
day there is no such confidence, and the
soldier has a feeling of being in a socially
safe. berth. A younger generation enters
the Army feeling that civilian life was
never secure anyway. An older genera-
tion of men looks for commissions even
at financial sacrifice believing that the
Army is the safest part of the community
to which to belong during a period of
bewildering social and economic change.
Though history repeats itself after ma-
jor wars in one way, in another it
changes. Soldiers and veterans exercise
grear power after each major conflict, bet
they use it in si.fferent ways. The
Athenian hoplite farmers wanted relief
from debt. The English yeoman archers
wanted currency depreciation and the
freezing of rents. Criiit's veterans
wanted homesteads andWnsions, and
the veterans of the First World War
wanted cash subventions. This genera-
nen of veterans, it already begins to ap-
pear, wall want sometaing else. That
something will he the future peacetime
equivalent of the present soldier's with
for equality of sacrifice.
This wish and its outcome were curi-
ously foreshadowed after the First World
War. Getting cash relief out of the
federal government was only 4 part of the
organized activities of the veterans of that
war. The other part was "law and
order" enforcement. The veterans took
4 conspicuous part in the battles between
eapital and labor in such ways as the
roughing up of the 1WW in the Pacific
Northwest in the early 'twenties and the
quiet preparation for strong-arm moves
which helped bring a halt to the syndi-
cid at sit-down fartkes in Detroit in the
late *thirties. Somewhat similar fed lags
p;row to-day in the breast of the enlisted
man sold this commissioned officer.
MAGAZINE
Army men are already speaking their
minds in this direction. "News of high
profits," said General Ben Lear recently
in Detroit, "of strikes, of stoppages of
production over petty quarrels, bluffing
and horse-trading, are blows at the bod-
ies of American soldiers."
"There has been a good deal said
about labor," remarked General Brchon
Somervell a fortnight later. "I'd like to
say a word about the officials of big com-
panies who are out playing golf when we
try to get them on the 'phone. We've
got to have the same devotion to duty
from these men as management expects
from ite employees if we are going to put
this thing over."
General MacArthur does not stick to
communiqu6s on traditionally military
matters. He follows economic develop-
ments here even from "down under."
He wires congratulations to men and
managements of armament plants that
beat their munition-making schedules.
And the voice of the enlisted man is be-
&no. ! to be heard. He writes to his
Cong mouton, or more often his relatives
and friends do so, reflecting his views.
He comes into every home through the
radio script of "This Is War" and is cited
in the President's fireside speech. Shop
certoons remind the factory worker that
the soldier walks a long way for his
twenty-one dollars a month. And this is
oniy the seventh month of the war.
Meantime the way of the civilian pres-
sure group and special Interest gets
harder. "Capital" loses ground as taxes
cut deeps'. Into the profits and salaries
which corporation managements them-
selves fail to limit. Labor leaders have
lost the right or power to call strikes, and
the new general price ceiling makes any
further 1;fting of wages unlikely except as
sub-standard scales are lifted in an evens
lug-up process. Hence labor leaders
have little in the way of inducement to
hold their members, and become de-
pendent en awards of' the War Labor
Board to hold their unions together
through "maintenance of membership,"
maintenance of dues, union security, and
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THE ARMY'S FUTURE POLITICAL POWER 215
so on. Price ceilings also jeopardize the
position of the farm bloc in Congress,
which faces more determined Adminis-
tration resistance, defection of farm or-
ganization support, the conflict of interest
between grain and dairy farmers, and
adverse public opinion.
More and more also, economic clues
-
dons once settled by the push and shove
of competing legislative blocs are coming
to he settled by administrative author-
ity acting on obvious war needs. The
sugar-quota system was once an annual
political frce-for-all among different pro-
dueling interests for a share in the sugar
market; to-day the supply, not the
market, is subject to quota and along
lines determined by the Office of Price
Administration in order to effect the
greatest economy in transport. Sec-
tional blocs once struggled over the pork
barrel of river and harbor improvement,
power dams, and transmission lines.
To-day these things are allocated largely
on Arategic and economic patterns, and
Congressmen must go hat in hanci to the
WPB or the Army and Navy authorities
on the shrinking hope of wheedling a war
plant into the home bailiwick. Few
housing plums remain accessible to po-
litical pressure; defense housing must
follow the arms plants regardless of votes.
This is a one-way trend, and in large
part it means steadily more power for the
heads of the armed forces.
All these things add up to the prob-
ability of frozen wage scales, horizontal
price control, rigid profit (imitations, and
rigorous rationing. Such moves may be
on.ly a beginning. The recent sensa-
tional letter of William Beveridge to the
London Tunes may have meaning for the
United States as well as for Britain, where
war economy is further developed, with
all its wider implications. He called for
"the prineip!e that service rather than
personal gain should be the mainspring
for the war effort in industry as in fight-
ms" Criticizing the whole "system of
economic rewards," he said, "hit is true
that the output of our factories improved
suddenly when Russia came into the war,
this does not mean the workers are stupid,
preferring Russia to their own country.
It means that in war the most effective
spur to heroic efforts is an idea, not hope
of personal gain."
"Equality of sacrifice" is likely to mean
that the gap between the soldier's twenty-
one dollars a month and the workman's
forty dollars a week is due to be narrowed
in one way or another so that their real
wages will be evened up. The soldier
may get more mcney or more payment in
kind, or the workman may be able to
buy less because of rationing, pay roll
allotment, higher prices, or all three.
Likewise the gap between the pay of
Army and Navy officers and that of min
in positions of comparable civilian re-
sponsibility is likely to narrow. If the
war lasts long enough it is quite possible
that, as in Germany, civilian and Army
living standards may reverse their pres-
ent relation, with those in the armed
services getting the best of everything.
III
the positioll the Administration may
With su astic possibilities in sight
be jeopardized. Its rearguard defense
of economically indefensible positions
makes it appear to occupy the same posi-
tion in relation to the war and the public
mood that the Hoover Administration
occupied in relation to hard times and the
public in 1931. Too little and too late
has ben its program on prices, profits,
wages, taxes, rationing, stock piling, and
all the other essentials of war economy
spelled out by Baruch and the Army and
Navy authorities years ago. The atti-
tude of both the services and of the public
is likely to get tougher, and a political
shake-up in November may be only the
first omen of the significance of the new
poli cal force now due to be predominant
in America.
The armed services can scarcely exer-
cise the economic and political power
they seem likely to achieve without feel-
ing and showing a heady sense of power.
This is already beginning to appear, not
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P34444*
:.? ?-? Min
216 HARPER'S
on the record but in asides and implica-
lions. "From here on the public and
the government will have to do what we
want," is the feeling. Army men have
stated, though not publicly so far, that
military control of our newspaper* is de-
sirable. Stubborn under-cover str?tggles
between the civilian "defense" authori-
ties and the Army and Navy have already
occurret. and are likely to increase in
scope, as the long-standing American
tradition of ultimate civilian control over
the Army receives its greatest test in our
history.
The structure of military society is
usually reflected in civil society. Alfred
Vagt, in his History of Militarism, traces
for the past two hundred years the close
connection between the mores of the
army and those of contemporary civil life
in Europe. From the perspective of
1942 it scems to be a story largely of the
Colonel Blimps of Europe and Britain in
the eighteenth and nineteenth century;
the officer caste of the peacetime army
was always the custodidn of the aristo-
cratic tradition of consp* us leisure.
a
Now that new equalitari ations be-
tween officers and men being im-
posed on modern armies by the nature of
model' . ultra-open-order warfare, this
influence may he reversed in the next era
MAGAZINE
of American-patrolled world peace, if
and when it comes. The social implica-
tions of this subject take off in so many
directions that more questions are raised
than can possibly be answered.
Perhaps tt type of civilian or a civilian
group will develop, capable, by reason of
tough-mindedness, of compriting with
the new post-war military influence.
But that does not mean that such a rival
group, a merger perhaps of hard-boiled
politicians, labor leaders, and indus-
trialists, might not work closely with the
Army and Navy authorities. A group
of this character would have to eschew
the visible emoluments of power for the
inner essence. Ii: would be essentially
fascist in nature, but probably would be
considered "anti-fascist," confirming Huey
Long's prediction that if fascism comes it
will be in the name of anti-fascism. It
would, however, be essentially radical,
in the sense that a man is now radical
who puts the war program ahead of every
other consideration or tradition.
Periodic upsets in Washington are al-
ready weeding out conservatives who
still cling to other things than further-
ance of the war and of the armed serv-
ices' interests. Further similar upsets
are almost certain, and their significance
for the future may be great.
,
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?
UNITED ?STATES -9POORNMIENT
COORDINATOR Or, ISlirORMAT10141
WAHfllGflV*4 D,C41
Jul7 6D 1942
TO: Colonel Donovan
FROM: Atherton Richards
SUBJECT: Twc.....ac'atrit..atexampleats in Hawaii.
Opportunity has recently been af.17orded to review
general orders issued by the Military Gomiernor of Hawaii
and secure some informal reactions to local developments
there since commencement of hostilities.
The experience of Hawaii, a U.S. community under
martial law, will doubtless be used as an example to the bal-
ance of the U.S. of the probabilities inherent in military
control. It is likely that considerable publicity may take
place in tIm% United States on this subject. Already there
has appeared in leadinc newspapero, discussion as to the dubi-
ous legality or the application of martial law to Hawaii.
smjor slcnifIcitnce, however, is the possibility
Li FIT the inclusiveness of Army dominion over all phases of
life in Hawodi may be used politically, as a means of creat-
inc a MO...ay suspicious and antagonistic public attitude to-
wrdA-inay administration in Washington and elsewhere. A number
illustrations could be drawn from Hawaii under military eon-
troi which would be irrefutable and might prove embarrassing
:Y041V
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? (-i?
? _
Colonel Donovan . 2 .
to the Army authorities in Washington. In large measure this
condition arises from the comprehensive control which the Mil-
itary Governor in Hawaii exercises.
An examination of the Military Governorts general
orders discloses the issuance of regulations controlling, in
major fashion, the economic activities and well being of the
entire civilian population. Illustrative of the scope of these
general orders are the following matters dealt with therein:
le Civilian Wage Rates Established.
2. A private corporation is designated as the sole
supervisory agency for the production and dis-
tribution of sea food from Hawaiian waters. (A
marked shortage of meat exists on Oahu and prac-
ticclly flshing from boats is prohibited ex-
cept subject to these regulations. A material
living cost is thus determined.)
3. Rules and regulations promulgated covering the
sale and distribution of gasoline.
4. Rentals fixed,.
5. Control of prices of food and feed established.
6. The slaughter of immature hogs Irevented.
7. Speed laws established and even bus stops spec-
ified for certain streets.
8. Broad control exercised over labor oven to the
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Colonel Donovan
a
- 3 - July 6, 1942
extent of promulgating the following:
"Any individual now or hereafter employed
by (specified employers) * * * * who falls
to report within a reasonable time there-
after, to the-job to which be is ordered
by his employer, shall, upon conviction,
be fined not more than $200 or be impris-
oned for not more than two months, or both".
9..Civil court activities and authorities prescribed.
From the foregoing can arise a basis for contending
that a new form of dictatorship may be in process of establish-
ment. Since much of the activation of these general orders
comes through local civilian personnel, temporarily absorbed
into the organization of the Military Governor, it is probable
that cases of provable inequity may ariae of which the Military
Governor would not be aware, but for which the Army would be
held responsible.
The extent of control over labor is doubtless the
feature which has the greatest explosive potential. Despite
what might be the local necessity for such action, it can por-
tend baneful interpretations.
Solution of this problem could come with a voluntary
d fferentiation between actions required for the Military exi-
gencies of the situation and the restrictions and control of
activities needed, of a purely civilian and economic character.
The satisfactory achievement of this can arise with close col-
lat,oration between a civil Governor of ubility (operating with
1111
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Colonol tiolovnn
;ay 6, 1042
martial law torminatod)i who WI tho oonfidonoo of tho Milm
ttot7 Aothorttloo, ond who oould orf@obivol$ tunobion undor
th4 wido latitudo of Iowa Iowa now in orrocit, whlob W0110
dootmod to opt wtth tho qpo of omorsonoy nrAvailIngs
Anothor ovIttoal probtom popalgtin in nAWAii, whigh
aloo dedorvon tho oonotrttottve attontion or tho Uigh Oommand.
004pIto tho doalrahtlity or m000rtnttLnUuui foaolb10 produo-
tioll or fvod atttfro in Lho 'tory from %Oath AOW040 tho
MiAttary forooa owl lnoal populotton oot114 bo otiotatnod,
tho btirdon 011 ohi p tonntwo from tho mtatitnne b* roliovod oort-
Ouvrantiy nor:IWO:10 pPOSVOg0 heIg boon modo LO Aohlovo tho
goal.
hgok or Iii t()1 rop tntor.lalmid tranaportatton
id otirviht- to doovonno golf gariotonoy rnthor Limn anhanoo
thn pugatbIlity thoroor. Ol000 coordiriaLion botwoon Army
nnti Navy puvoltago
utilintion
V0110104, Protdotlon ror Int0P.Inland ohtp-
or Lhei omnproiloy rimmoilw at14 ot.hov 1'odop41
raal11tlom owl* oo tho :;tivoluo Vit4motlatom Covpovatlon, tho
O., thn onrnion CurporaLicttio and n ropwat'd
loon' p;OvorIlmont 4t t1) ? WOU1 4 Iuijci L t total moth-
tion to thin probloM.
16"
. _
??? ?
?
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(MA