OSS - MEMORANDA FOR THE PRESIDENT REGARDING FOOD AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES FOR FOREIGN NATIONALS, 1943

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: OSS Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: November 3, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: November 16, 1943
• Content Type: MISC

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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/13: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
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Declassified and Approved For Release.2013/09/13 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
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MWORANDUM for - The Uirectar,
Office or StrPtlo JervAci4A
Subject: The use of etabrino by ths
-
1. For the past fifteen months the ,Cm7
used atebrine almost e.:.olusively for til suppcf479
treatment of malaria when necessary tn troop; 41cw14(i
in tropical oversees theaters. Eundrods of teloiagm:Ig
of men have taken the Oeug re.;ularly fo: pg)riod;
ranging from several weeks to several atontcls
Although toxic reootions have boon obs4)rv?90 ttl
relctively small proportion or la4IviduA11. t',117 a4744
usually been mild in oharncter, havfo
oipally when the drui; was first str,rted, n.11
general have not interfered with th,)
edministrstion of tho drus,
2. To a large extent mtabrin rinz suppl''Lt1,1
quinine in the treatment of ollaicai e44,02_1 ):
among Army personnel. Atahrino is recommtaltIld t.J. 11
generally used for the majcv portion o: Lt.!) taorl-
peutio course of treatment.
3. Experience has been that iltdriTL-1 too
general, as effeotive es quinine for the sta;.prea$Iv
and curative treatment of malaria.
ikAALA I\ \AA40.41%ti
Tes 5. Ems,
leneral,
entive 2:edicine
A11. Cam MUNOCATIONs sHoULD 0400POSSOKO TO -THillt SOIROS0.4 0410,11CRAL, U. S. ^More. WekilliNIONIO:r0f4 Q C
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Attached herewith 13 the or-11,e,..tnal.
Atrnished you Law. Tr:rons 711i1Th,yryil :11 rmr:411
time or tho mootinc, with'Or. C.
Vie also ttrteh tho o r nal or ths, 4',1 r
to you on the subject nf tpn tra #,eti t I. 1:11 11.
Captain ii*offrnan Arzl I am n trriftz te.) vmec
the vitandns and thra atabrine, v ich nv bra heap.N.1
as well a3 the oth?ni theatres where thm sup917-1.ng t` Noise) two -); - =1, t.
Release 2013/09/13: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
I
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERviCES
WASHiNG1011, O. C.
I;
1
Ellery C. Huntington, Jr.
Atabrinv
All OSS can do do Ls preen rIct4
this would make some more bad frtends for
out of our field in this project, In-my opinIn.
1
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OFFICE OF SINATIEGIC SOIV4VICE111
?h. attachod memorandum wns prepared at th* r..1144et
of %altar O'Meara. It is a sequel ti his momortArnthalk ta you,
of March 29. I understand that it wns OiNeara-s lat4ntioo
that this memorandum Os forwarded for your aossiliorAti4n,
A
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OFFICt OP IIITRATtOIC StRVICtili
INTE OtOrriCit 04040
TO: Wa Otilears
FROM: J. A. Hamilton
SUBJECT: Atabrins
Pursuant to your rsquost I am herevitN hriaging
the atabrine situation up to date.
1. $ome time ago, at the request at the Naar last
Division of the Stete Departmeat, we made ea tafe'etai
examination of the Iaternational Red Cross requirement,
for Greece, and made various reeme-Jeadatilne with re-
*pact to food and medical supplies.
Z. On March 24, 1943, lir. Foy Kohler of the State
Department informed as that this teternational aad :rood
had been forbiddes to purchase atabrine beoause oC alacat
complete absorption or present and an lolpated supolide
by United Nations military needs.
3. Examination of the atabrine Rrodueation sLtuati,At
revealed the following*
a. The armed forces, traditiozally depom-ent on
quinine, had made no strategic aver-all sstlmate
of atabrine requirements. As ictormati:a from amtaan
and Guadaloanal began to trickle in, their require.
meats were slowly but gradually raised.
U.S. armed roroes were not very sensitive to
the shortage, since they had first priorities on what-
ever amounts of atabrine w!?re produced.
b. Lend-Lease supplies, hawcArer, were reduced to
47% of the absolute minimum requirements for troops,
with no provision for United Nations civilians cutai.*
the Western Hemisphere. There was no alloy:Peace for
such countries as Greece, whore 2,600,000 will'oe ta-
footed with malaria this summer, and 200,000 will die,
if antimalarial treatment is not begun at once.
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c. Despite the fonts thtt. atabrine oloodurrtion
requires relgtivttly gmill quastltbes stretoKle
materials, and that U.S. produntion la ",noorelins;Py
unlimited, expansion of prnduntl:,n h144a 1,1*.
sistently held back.
d. Basic patents for *tabrine ***** ciamelocivi by
Farbenindtistrie, and wAre hold in thls lemultry
by Winthrop Chemics1 Company. Contr*1 of the latner
company, 00.% German-ownd, WMA 40quIrei 67 thol 4/144
Property Custodians when he vitsted lenoral Antlino and
?ilia Cott oa April 24, 1042. *Lathrop, hawe-rer, 004
pormitted to Continue to holci the *"ins **-,ente,
with the understanding that Winthrop woqit 4xoan4
production to swot atabrine needs.
Winthrop did expand productio .0 and iater ii-
censed Merck and Coapany to produne atebrice for the
duration or the war plus SIX menthe.
e. A large share of the responsloitity for reetriatLon
of production lies with the blvision RequLr4ment4
Committee on Drugs, of W.P.8., dominated by Mr.
J. Stook and Major John A Purtnton. Thes4 awn wocv
formerly minor executives In the Prescrption ;epar-.019nt
of Walgreen Drug Stores, ari Parke-L:3411s. reso4ett7ely.
They have consistently lisregArded civIllan *a.
brine needs throughout the world, ,And assumed ree,00.
sibility for drastic cuts (to 47%) ur United Rati.)ns
minimum military requirements.
f. As of March 29, 1946, the estimated totak pro.
duotion of atabrine for 1943 was 2J0,000 poqn.ls.
4. When the vurious persons and a,;enc.es corwerned oftth
atabrine were canvassed, a remarkable sltuatiaa was re7,c.vd:
In at least ten t,overnmental and quasi-governmental sgencLg.
there were persons who were u1 Liar with one or more aspActs
of the &atter, and who were literally exploding with rags.
Yet, for one reason or another, they were not able to take
definitive action. Examples:
a. The Justice Department after aocumulating lo,)0L
documents relating to German-American chemical indus-
tries and patents, was called off the case because of
political pressure. Persons concerned with the matter
were so disturbed about it that we were able to ootain
pertinent bits of information as a private citizen, wIth-
out OSS idcitification.
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b. Various *omit-Wm of the Watianal Reseso a
Council were quits &Imre of the Ootiouotot* *0 kb*
situation, hut their *honer apsoilise that tAwy
are to furnish reports at the request of grA,Jornrayat
agencies, rather than to Initiate oOtion*
6. la the light of the facts ',Lich ieveluped, t4 00t,Tmme
anparent that pressure fro sourooa *mad hiti, te 1*
exerted to effoot any appreelabl, chanot La tto eituati,n.
Furthermore, every day lost worsened no already ivolottely
situation* The following &talon* were taken'
a. A memorandum was forwarded to iff O'Veartt oula *arch
29* 1943* with recommendations for J.C.S.act1411.
b. The State Department put us IA boanoll *1th (r8r 4
Of Governor Lehman's Office of Foreign Reiter. This
group was surprised and iisturbed* as *ell they
might be, Limo their relief requirements would *
filled only after Lend-Lease needs *are mot. we
suggested that they request an independent anaiyeke
of the matter by the National esea-ch Council.
c. The National Research Council, Camilittmee an
Kedicine and Drugs, (moo activated, not Phlia-
delphia and within three days submitted a rgport
to the Lehman organisation. (Annex 0
d. The Office of Foreign Relief, in the person' of
Messrs. Osborne and Xanthaolcy* made aa aggressive
representntion of their oase to the DivisLan Re-
quirements Committee.
e. Gradually becoming aware of incrtmz.ag pressure
for production, the Division, Req4roments Committee
began negotiations leading toward licensing undtnr
pharmaceutical companies, including Abbott Labora-
tories, Eli Lilly and Company, and E. R. Squibb alad
Sons. As a result, the anticipated production Cor
the calendar year 1943 was raised to ,;00,000 [manage
(from 290,000 pounds on linrah 29? 1943).
It should be noted, however* that this anticipated
increase is largely on impe, end that volume approskching
80,000 pounds per moall willnot be reached before
December, 1943.
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b. Various committees of the Saeml Reseerdh
Couneil were quite aware of the seriousness f tWe
situation, hut thair charier rpilcIfise that they
aro to furnish report* et the giequest of talksrame t
agetoiee, rathor Oats to 1)11%9A-tee aetion.
6. In %he liKht of the foots which developed, it boowno
anparent that proseure from many sow*** 'mold hate
exerted to effect any appreelabie change In the situat,Son.
Furthermore, every day lost woreened the already lopiorttble
situation. The following .tions were tokkoat
a. A memorandum was roreatded to X. COlicArs on Maroh
29, 1943, with recommendations for 4.(S. action.
b. The *tato Department put us La touch eith ofrl$01r1
of Governor Lehmaa's Office of Porelgs rhis
group was surprised and lieturbed, as ttehl they
might be, &IMO their relief recolremenes would be
filled oily after Lead-Loase needs wee, aot.
suggested that they request an Inuopectieint analysis
of the meGter by the National Research Council.
C . The Sational Research Council. Committees on
Vedioine and Drugs, once activated, met in Phlia-
delptia and within three days submLtted a report
to the Lehman organisation. annex 0
d. The Office of Foreign Relief, La the persons
Misers. Osborne and Xanthazky, Mk40 an aggressive
representation of their case to the Divislon Re-
quirements Committee.
e. Gradually becoming aware ot tucc-143.aK prossare
for production, the Division Requircoonts Committlo
began negotiations leading toward liceoslng undor
pharmaoeutical oompanies? including Abbott Labor*-
tories, Eli Lilly and Com/pa/on and E. R. Squibb and
Sons. As a result, the anticipated proohotion for
the ?slender year 1943 was raised to 40.000 pounas
(from 290,000 pounds on March 29, 1943).
It should be noted, however, that this anticipated
increase is largely on paper, and that volume approachini
80,000 pounds per moal will not he reached before
December, 1943.
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64 The expftndiod produatAen whitth holt 0*** 0411004 dwitut
the past fortnight right be loOed tra sottt ellseniJNIty. loirs
it not for the following (0/41.A4U* fe-te,
a. The plannsd expensidn witl not protwo itiftlf:Leolt
atabrine in time to supply teed* foe thl ouiv,de, stimotor.
Rvou it a few tone of etebrine el,. fru litesi to gtoakog*,
this quantity will have to a* outarected Cram an4 aleedy
reduced roquiromat* or United NAtt(14 trow*.
bo The companies licensed Or Innthrlp Kft * to
Otintive to push produetioa et the expense of ilk**
essential eammodities? since thole ilooba* to 44o
the German patents expires six towtAs aftoir the' wte,
o. As was the as** with the Merck pleat* thft mew
producers will have to wait for prioriql** en le* 0/TAtp-
malt. This required equipment it not large* LA lastOkty,
but proouring some of It conflicts with othor ornevg*noy
projects, cuob as the rubber prograft. ror example,,
to reach a rats of 6.000 pound* per moath? 46bott e,-.
quires liatoou worth or now aquipmpat, Inol,4dIng speotei
kettles, glassware and filters. With 4A1 priorttAo$,
they gilt get this in 3-4 *oaths
d. With the same psrsoas la ocratrol of tho Nirlaton
Requirements Committee on Drugs of W.P.d., thore 4s ood
reason to believe that, once a substantial Incrsase is
planned and the immediate pressure is eased, these por.
sons will not continue to push production, la the past
they have put off claimant agencies Croix moth to month,
with continuous promises of abundance wust around the
corner.
e. Malaria has been inoreasinc by leaps said bunds R3
a result of the breakdown af sanitary facilities and the
increasing movements of troops and populati,:as throu4sh-
out the world.
f. The attached Ratioaal Resecrob Council report estim-
ates that the present world requirements for atabriae ars
"more than 9,OOO,OOC pounds per year", or lb times tha
.hped for production in 1943.
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SECRET
PIVen if India and oerhein other ikr4n4 *eo Nriti*.4n
Oft as non-essential, present antloietoft ,?)roduatL)h
for 1943 is still only 1A, to L/10 ,5f too fl000k144r7 50q04r0,
without provision for spread of the 41seeme,
g. The seriousness of the melArlii, problem is qrymal4tey
out of proportion to the teahnoLc4ical prc,oleut 1r
incroesin tabrine production. Mew prodiwtoo
ment to raise pro.Wotton one mIllion Dn4n4a ;).3r
(i.e., more than double the ho ad-for clApsto,?1 3C
Deoember, 1243) would cost lees trnn ode Lt
This is less than 0000 GI the 'oat o07 the ribber
program for 1943.
7. In the light or the situation an o4tithed elo-Fed N4e$i t
olarifioations and actions moos to be af utmofC! ttopn-tsato.e?
a. The Natinnal Researoh Counci L hes d#t triswt
adequate produotion *OSA best be achl4v4dy th*
lisnment or oentrallAed sAthorLty s4ch its Ls eiholq
in the oontrol of rubber".
Very pointedly, the ohole-41 Is between oermittimf,
the Wmision Requirements Committee to continuo; Ito
incompetent management of the situatin on * pmton-eorit
basis, or denoting the job to some ,)tAlor *4thortty
with sufficient over-all $;rsisp or the siutil.,torx an4
trol over production materials to uarantAo the praauotA.1!k
of an adequate supply of atabrine.
One of the advanta es of such *n authority youtd Je
its powmr to secure the unoonditi nal release or the ,;ermaA
patents, to the end that the private InitlatLve of ?harm-
oeutical oompanies would be stimulated by post.war ,)43LAOS4
prospects. This would probably airect Lamadlately * flon-
siderable productive maohinery from leis vital pharma-
ceutical manufacturing. In addition, rese4rch an awe
variations of the atabrine molecule olow only a ,air anti-
malarial) would be stimulated. Another alvIvta6, bf an
over-all authority would be its power to mobi.itl olutp
merit now in existence outside the pharmaoeutioal ind,J,atry.
For example, the most oritical piece of tl.p,tratus ls the
Pfaudler kettle. Many or tho$0 miotht pt* obtained from
breweries.
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41%
b. The Nationel Researeh Ceunati rukit flinalamontod
"That antimalarial& must be cetiti4arad in
or of munitions of este.
0. Some military sanitarian-a, hold tm4t tn cclitloy164
army's antimalariel proivam is relktively indopInden1
or the degree of Infestation in the civilian ocioulAttan.
This conteution may tot be valid. Other 41ftetal$ss 44oh
as plague, typhus and yellow fever tend to increA411 Un
a malaria-infested populQtion, and U14,7 tow conetitute
a threat to occupying troops. The reduntion efiwm
in a civilian population may reduce the number of Infootiod
mosquitoes, end thug reduce the frequency of trlop trIfecOtion.
Within the lest ten months the stated military
requirements of the U.S. and otter J;ITaiiallattons have
been raised over fifteen times. The stated military
requirements may continue to Increase.
d. A final example of U.S. 'awkwardness Ls thu tan.
agemout of malaria Is seen IA the high, proportion of
our troops which have been incapacitated by taie ciismese.
In some theaters tais as ranged from 10 to 16% and tool..
By contrast, there is rairly ocirvi1tcta6 evirleace Mitt
the Germans, in heavy endemie North African areas, rarely
lost as much as 1% of their offeotive strength to talmria.
8. Insofar as OSS is concerned, our activitles d4rin4 the
past fortnight hey* boom carried out an SA informal 'oasis.
14 have only suggested lines of action to other orgaaLizationa.
such as the Office of Foreign Relief and the National Research
Council. We have not presumed to express or imply any p,.1loy
or special interest of OSS.
9. Summary and Recommended Action:
The proposal of March 29 prftsented the atabrine situation
principally as it pertained to Cresco/. Developments since thmt
date indicate that the matter is muoh more serious, &ad thAt its
ramifications extend through military as well as civilian organ.
izations.
In the light of this, and in view of the necessity for immed-
iate action, the need for Presidential examination and directive
is apparent.
It is therefore recommended that the atabrine sitamtion be
submitted to the President.
Enclosure: Annex I
Natimal Research Council report
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CONFIDENTIAL
STATEMENT OW MALARIA AND ANT1M4LARtALS N1TH PARTICULAR OFgRAICg TO AtilAR-14t4
IWPARED AT THE REQUEST OP THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN RRLIEF nHASIttifrtne:5 Z?tA3
OP THS DEPARTMENT OF STATE BY THE COMMITTEE ON MADICUM o TiSATI6NALgRIMAARrat
OIL IN COMULTATION WITH THE CRAIRMAN OF THE DIVTVO; Of CiftrANTRY CAP In 7hTi: 446
RESEARCH COUNCIL AND THE CHAIRMAN OF TUR cottxtrrn ON lEtqCAL itg.M/ACR OV rtilg w7;:r1
OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Malaria threatema allied military *waves A '1 hemith-
it many parts of the world.
Most estimates place the inoidet?oe of matAria tn the *r l4
at 3O0000,000 cases a year, although, &pools plows, the figure 44 htgh
as 700,000,000. Malaria is the cause of more deahhe than *my other
infectious disease. The mortality every year from malaria Is esti
mated at approximately 4,000,000.
War has lost to the allies more than 00 per aant or Nainine
production and has increased the danger of malaria by eterveitiml,
debility, and disrupted sanitation and by sending millions cf sol-
diers into malarial areas. Also malaria and secondarily other
demi? diseases will certainly increase as war *prowls and now 41.044
will be infeoted as soldiers return to spread the disease. The
qutntity of quinine now coning from South America is so mlaate as
to be wholly inadequate to meet the needs for antimmlarials as
phylaotic and therapeutic agents. If malaria is to be kept within
bounds dependance must be placed on other antiaalarlais. Search for
new *.ntimalarials, natural or synthetic, isbeinc enere,t'oally pur.
sued by appropriate research groups of the National Researoh Co4not1
and the Committee on Medical Research, 0.S.R.D.; howevqr the dis-
?ovary, evaluation and production of any new antimalarial caznot De
predicted in ti mo to meet the immAiate urgent need. Reliance ror
the time being will have to be placed on Atabrine the only efficient
antimalarial other than gJinine known today.
Malaria is endemic in the area* in which our largest armies
are fighting. In these areas antimalarial& are Imperative for sup-
pressive treatment for every man every day six to twelve maaths or
the year and additional amounts are needed for those who develop symp-
toms of malaria and require active treatment.
0-,
Ile the quinine stockpile available to the United States X707
and Navy is reserved for treatment only of the acute cases and for
pressive therapy in the small pers,entave that may act tolerate Atabrine
it is obvious that enormous amounts of Atabrine are needed :or thera-
peutic and suppressive treatment in our Armed Forces.
If in addition Atabrine is to be supplied to our Allies
only for their military forces the required amount immediately is
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r Release 2013/09/13 CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/13 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
If, however, it is desired to eAtend the distribwtian- of
Atabrine to the civilian populations of Allied or reoocupled er)unte144
the amount of Atabrine required enormoutly exoelde the emount$ mow
being produced or whioh will be produoisd under present piens. (i*
production figures Page 3 and attached table). If civill?n cooperm
tion with the Armed Forces ih 000upied oouatries is to 41 Inff41444
suppression of malaria among the olvillans is essential.
6efore the war the world's annual producti_t 0; InIte
was estimated at 2,240,000 lbs. (Tim* Atabrina equivalent st the
emtablished ration of 6 to 1, ill 448000 lbs.) This peacetime peodum
tion, because of the Cartel, was far below the need. The ?ciao cf
quinine made it entirely unavailable to lsege MA4Ses of tho poula.
tion where malarial infection is heaviest.
For long distance plan ing, the present small stookpkLe
of quinins in this country can best be ignored as it must be sa-7.4
by the Army and Navy for special 1A3.1 in special oa.es. and the
portation of South Amerioan bark at its prAment rte will not materl-
a14 affect the overall picture.
If Atabrine is to supply the antimalarial needs 4rLsing
from war conditions more than 9,0)0,400 lbs. may be required.
The estimated production for 1943 is allocated 1,31 fOlkOWSI
Existing quinine stockpile - allocated for
Armed Forces . Reserved for special cas,ss.
Totaquine allocated to U.S. oivilittax
Quinine to be allocated to U. S. Armed Forcos.
To the United States Amy and Navy 150,000 lbs.
To Allies through Lend-Lease 425,000 lbs.
To the Board of Economic Warfare 55,000 Las.
To the United States Civilians 12,0 0 lbs.
Little is left for any distribution whatever
to reoccupied countries through Offices of
Foreign Relief, or other federal abencies,
to occupied countries through Rad Cross.
tV:411.
.if !izr 17:4
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4.?
The attached table gives in very rough figures
the nalaria problem in various oountries with
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/13 : CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
the &mounts of Atabrine which might be unefully miloo4
effort
was to be made to costbat malaria there.
The following aro the current figures OA AtAbrine pre
(a) At present the rat* or pdtk Is 257, i41 1*01,
per year in U. S. A., 36,600 in nti,lienti
(b) By the end of 1943 the capacity le olpooted to
reach 957,000 lbs. per year in U. B. A.,. 110,000
In England*
(c) Total anticipated produotion Cor 1944 Is
in U. S. A., 66.000 Ix imgland.
The inevitable conclusions ares
1. That antimalarials must be considorad in
munitiuns of wsr
2. That groat y increased production or ataDeLne is
immodiataly lapor tile.* aId a substantial stockp.14 must be es-
tablished without delay.
3. That increased Importation of South AMMCLCSA
cinchona bark is urgent.
4. It is the opinion of this group that these
can best be achieved by thn establishment of centralised
as is functioning in the control of rubber.
Approved by the Committee on liedloine, National
Research Council in consultation with*
Dr. A. 14 Richards, ChaIrman of the
Committee on Medical Research of the
Office of Scientific Research end Development
Dr. W. Mansfield Clark. Chairman of the
Division of Chemistry, National Research
Council
0. H. MO FTPFER
Chairman. Committee
on Medicine. N.R.C.
A40W7fi-W-44244W,104Wit--,-
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/13: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100180005-0
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Vt-r.
Estimate of annual .
Incidence of Malaria
Vicent of *maw of
Population Cases
Annual Atabrine requirement in Pounds
For a 5 day for 3b week* sup- Treatment alai
Course of Treatment presAve tretttment Suppressiom
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