SOVIET ACTIVE MEASURES IN THE UNITED STATES-AN UPDATED REPORT BY THE FBI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP11M01338R000400470089-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 89
• Publication Date: December 9, 1987
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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E 4716
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks December 9, 1987
in a strong military and political alliance,
sharing principles and a belief in freedom as
well as a common interest in the security
and prosperity of our nations. If two World
Wars showed us that this was a single world
as far as freedom was concerned, the Great
Depression of the 1930's showed the same to
be true in the economic sphere. The great
International institutions created after the
second World War, the UN, IMF, World
Bank and GATT, not to mention the North
Atlantic Alliance, were created precisely to
prevent a repetition of the mistakes of the
then recent past.
The world prospered under those institu-
tions. There were many reasons but the rec-
ognition of the one-world thesis was an im-
portant one. This was the period of booming
economics based on rising world trade based
in turn on greater international cooperation
and breaking down the technical and politi-
cal barriers which prevented the efficient
flow of products, ideas, capital and technol-
ogy.
For a number of reasons, since 1973 the
world has been a more difficult place and all
our countries have been subjected to politi-
cal, economic and social pressures. With the
passage of the years, and under the pressure
of short-term problems?notably the effects
of volatile exchange rates?we have come
close to ignoring the lessons of the past.
Protectionist trade pressures grow: back in
Britain in 1980/81 when the pound was
strong, in the United States over the past
two years; with major protectionist trade
legislation actually passed both Houses of
Congress. The North Atlantic Alliance is
questioned here and there. The European
Community becomes bogged down in inter-
nal squabbles. Some in the United States?I
hasten to say not in the Administration?
critical of others and perhaps not enough of
themselves, threaten that the United States
must pull in its horns in the security field or
in the trade and economic field.
The word goes out that the serious prob-
lems facing the nation are problems from
abroad. Other countries are not, carrying
their share of the defence burden. Other
countries buy Iranian oil and refuse to help
protect tankers in the Gulf. Other countries
won't buy American goods or flood, the
American market with their goods. Other
countries are buying up US industry.' Other
countries are bankrupting US farmers. I
the diagnosis takes this form, then the solu
tion seems obvious: somehow or other gel
the other countries to change the behavio
and the problems will go away.
Of course, they won't, because, as th
famous saying goes, we have seen the prob-
lem and the problem is us: We are all part
of the problem, and all part of the solution.
We all share the defense burden?some
could do more and some deserve to do less,
but the fact is that most of the west's armed
forces in Europe, in all arms, are European.
British ships, including minesweepers, are in
the Gulf, along with the US Navy. US farm-
ers increased output by 25 percent between
1975-85, contributing mightily to the
world's agricultural surpluses. US consump-
tion, investment and government expendi-
ture are more than the nation produces. But
the effect is that you have to import the dif-
ference, running a trade deficit, as well as a
large budget deficit, and foreigners have to
lend you the money to pay for it and to
make up the shortfall in US domestic sav-
ings. That is why the world has waited with
bated breath to see by how much, and how,
the President and the Congress would move
to reduce the US budget deficit.
There are faults on both sides of the At-
lantic, and plenty of blame to go round. I
would not want particularly to defend the
common agricultural policy. And in Europe
some?not the UK?could do more by stimu-
lating their domestic economies to maintain
world demand. But if Black Monday wiped
unimaginable sums off individual's wealth,
It also reminded us again of our interde-
pendence. The one lesson we have learned
from the 1930s, and that we must not forget
now, is that we can only compound our
problems if we try to solve them separately,
and can solve them only if we work togeth-
er.
That does not absolve us from solving our
own problems and I think Mrs. Thatcher's
Britain has set about that in a striking and
successful way. Our growth rate at 4 per-
cent is the highest in the industrial world.
During the Reagan years the British econo-
my has grown more than the US economy.
Barriers to economic efficiency, have been
removed, the excessive power of the trade
unions has been broken, nationalized indus-
tries are being privatized, share ownership
has spread to a fifth of the population, in-
flation has been brought under control, the
budget deficit has been reduced from over 9
percent of CDP 11 years ago to close to bal-
ance today. So Britain is proving a good
place to invest, as many American firms,
with total investments of some $36 billion
have found. And in the reserve direction
Britain has become a substantial source of
Investment in this country, some $70 billion
and is the largest foreign investor in the
U.S.?a two way flow which is to the great
benefit of both countries.
I would like to think that that sums up
our relationship: a two-way flow of great
benefit to us both?whether in terms of
military and political cooperation, in arms
control negotiations with the Russians or
making the Gulf safer for shipping, in eco-
nomic affairs by promoting the consolida-
tion and expansion of the world's open trad-
ing System, or at the level of personal ex-
changes and sentiment, like tomorrow's Re-
gatta. I am sorry that there are no British
boats but there are lots of good British
boats available, as I saw for myself at the
Annapolis boat show last month. I look for-
ward to a time when a British boat wins the
Regatta, thus redeeming 1776. Meanwhile I
am delighted to be here and thank you all
for listening.
" SOVIET ACTIVE MEASURES IN
THE UNITED STATES?AN UP-
DATED REPORT BY THE FBI
HON. C.W. BILL YOUNG
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 9, 1987
Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Speaker, yester-
day President Reagan and Soviet General
Secretary Gorbachev signed a treaty that will
for the first time in history eliminate an entire
class of nuclear weapons.
As the Soviets themselves have said, how-
ever, this agreement is only a beginning and
Only addresses short-range nuclear weapons.
There are still many other areas of concern
we have with the Soviets including their reli-
ance on active measures operations to dis-
credit our Nation in the eyes of our allies and,
in fact, in the eyes of our own people.
Throughout my. 6-year tenure on the Perma-
nent Select Committee on Intelligence, and
also as member of the Defense Appropria-
tions Subcommittee, I have done everything I
can to provide the American people with infor-
mation about previously little-known or little-
understood Soviet active measures operations
designed to give them a diplomatic and politi-
cal advantage over the United States by un-
dermining United States credibility with our
allies throughhout the world and advancing
their own foreign policy objectives.
The Intelligence Committee has held exten-
sive hearings over the years with 'Jnited
States intelligence and counterintelligence of-
ficials testifying about the wide range of active
measures techniques employed by the Soviets
here and abroad. These include the use of
forged documents, written and oral disinforma-
tion, agents of influence, political influence op-
erations, Communist parties, and an interna-
tional network of Soviet-controlled front
groups.
The committee also has received testimony
from Soviet and East-bloc defectors who di-
rected many of the active measures cam-
paigns against the United States. Among
these defectors, who have been an invaluable
source of information to our intelligence com-
munity, was Ladislav Bittman, the former
Deputy Chief of the Disinformation Depart-
ment of the Czechoslovakia Intelligence Serv-
ice, and Stanislav Levchenko, a former high-
ranking officer in the Soviet KGB who was re-
sponsible for active measures campaigns in
Japan.
In an effort to increase public awareness of
these Soviet activities, I persuaded the chair-
man of the Intelligence Committee to declassi-
fy and release large portions of these hear-
ings, and the FBI to declassify a 1983 report
by its intelligence division detailing Soviet
active measure relating to the United States
peace movement. Increasing public aware-
ness and understanding of Soviet active
measures operations will improve our ability,
and that of our allies, to expose Soviet active
measures operations and diminish their effec-
tiveness. American journalists and scholars
are becoming increasingly aware of Soviet for-
gery and disinformation campaigns and are
taking great care in checking their authenticity.
Similar caution is being exercised in Europe, a
favorite target for the Soviets to initiate active
measures operations.
Although we are experiencing increasing
success at uncovering and derailing these
Soviet efforts, we still have a long way to go if
we are to expose the thousands of forgeries
and countless Soviet agents and contacts that
are damaging United States credibility
throughout the world. There is no way to know
precisely how much the Soviets spend on
their active measures operations, but the CIA
estimates that it is in excess of $4 billion per
year.
In an effort to further increase public aware-
ness of Soviet active measures, the FBI has
provided me with an update of its 1983 report
on Soviet active measures operations here in
the United States. The complete report enti-
tled "Soviet Active Measures in the Untied
States 1986-87" follows my remarks.
Mr. Speaker, while I share the hope of all
Americans that this week's summit meetings
will be productive and lead to a better under-
standing between United States and Soviet
leaders, I caution my colleagues to be aware
of Soviet active measures efforts, especially
at a time when the world's media is focused
on these negotiations. Active measures such
as forgeries and disinformation are an impor-
tant foreign policy tool of the Soviet Union
and I commend this latest FBI report to my
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December
9, 1987 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions_ of Remarks
colleagues so that they might better under-
stand Soviet efforts to alter United States
policy and _world opinion and to increase
public awareness of this Soviet effort in the
months and years ahead.
The text of the report follows:
SOVIET ACTIVE MEASUFtES IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1936-87. PREPARED BY THE FEDERAL
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
, I. OVERVIEW OF, SOVIET ACTIVE.MEASPRES ,
OPERATIONS
Definition and Objectives
The term active measures is a literal
translation of a Russian phrase used to de-
scribe overt and covert techniques and intel-
ligence operations designed to advance
Soviet foreign policy objectives and to influ-
ence events in foreign countries. In the
United States, Soviet active measures oper-
ations utilized a wide range of techniques
which include: forged documents, written
and oral disinformation, agents of influence,
political influence operations, use of Com-
munist parties, and an international net-
work of Soviet-controlled front groups.
Although most Soviet active measures
occur overseas, those activities that occur in
this country contribute to advancing Soviet
foreign policy interests and in general dis-
credit the United States. The Soviet leader-
ship in Moscow takes a long-term view of its
active measures operations directed against
-the United States. Through these oper-,
ations, the Soviets attempt to: directly influ-
ence the policies and actions of the U.S.
Government; undermine public confidence
in U.S. leaders and institutions; influence
public opinion against certain U.S. military,
economic, and political programs; disrupt re-
lations between the United States and its
allies; and demonstrate that the policies and
goals of the United States are incompatible
with the growth of developing nations.
The Soviet leadership views active meas-
ures as an important instrument to carry
out its foreign policy goals and objectives.
The highest level of the Soviet government,
the Politburo of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CC, CPSU), ultimately approves the major
themes of Soviet foreign policy and active
measures operations. Under the Politburo's
general direction, a large and complex bu-
reaucracy designs and implements specific
active measures campaigns. The Politburo
still considers the United States the "main
enemy" and therefore directs a large per-
centage of its total resources against the
U.S. Government.
The Soviet Government's Active Measures
Apparatus
During 1986 and early 1987, the Soviet
Union restructured but did not reduce its
vast active measures apparatus in Moscow.
They reorganized the International Depart-
ment (ID), abolished the International In-
formation Department of the CPSU, and
named new experts on Canada and the
United States to top leadership positions.
Alexander Yakovlev, who was the Soviet
Ambassador to Canada from 1973-1983, was
named* as a candidate member of the Polit-
buro in January 1987. Yakovlev also heads
the Propaganda , Department of the CPSU.
Anatoliy Dobrynin, the former Soviet Am-
bassador to the United States, was appoint-
ed by General Secretary Gorbachev to head
the reorganized ID. In addition, Dobrynin
was appointed to the senior position of
CPSU Secretary.
Both Yakovlev and Dobrynin lived and
worked in the West for many years and per-
haps understand the culture and Govern-
ments of Canada and the United States
better than any other high-level Soviet offi-
cial. They also are acutely aware of previous
weaknesses in Soviet tactics and operations
directed against the West and will likely
modernize the active measures apparatus to
make it function more effectively.
The ID is responsible for the overall su-
pervision of active measures operations and
designs many of the specific active measures
operations and campaigns. The ID also im-
plements active measures operations
through its mandate to control and direct
pro-Soviet Communist parties, international
front organizations, and friendship societies
such as the National Council of American-
Soviet Friendship (NCASF). These organi-
zations are largely financed and controlled
by the Soviet Union, and their campaigns
are principally directed at the policies Of the
United States and other NATO countries.
Because they pretend to be non-aligned, in-
dependent,organizations that promote
causes suc as peace and disarmament,
these front' organizations often attract
broader public support and are usually more
effective than openly pro-Soviet Communist
parties or organizations.
Communist front organizations have also
played a prominent role in Soviet efforts to
establish reliable channels of influence in
the United Nations (UN) and in Third
World countries. The Soviets' commitment
to "anti-imperialism" often establishes a
common focal point of interest for inde-
pendent organizations of women, peace
groups, youth, and students. Some U.S. and
Third World organizations, normally under
financial stress and lacking organizational
expertise, see benefits in conducting joint
programs with well-organized Soviet con-
trolled front groups.
Soviet Active Measures Operations Against
the United States
The Soviet Union continues to conduct es-
pionage and active measures operations
against its main enemy?the United States.
These 'activities are carried out in the
United States and abroad by Soviet intelli-
gence officers (I0s) from the Committee of
State Security, which is commonly known
by its initials KGB, and by the lesser known
Soviet military intelligence organization,
the Chief Intelligence Directorate (GRU),
of the General Staff of the Ministry of De-
fense. Both of these powerful organizations
operate on a world-wide basis and have IOs
stationed in each Soviet embassy. The FBI
estimates the number of known or suspect-
ed Soviet IOs stationed in the United States
is approximately one-third of the total
number of Soviet officials assigned to this
country.
The KGB and GRU report directly and
indirectly to the CPSU leadership and to
the Politburo through their respective
chiefs. Viktor M. Chebrikov is the current
Chairman of the KGB and has been a full
voting member of the Politburo since April
1985. In May 1987, Dimitri T. Yazov re-
placed Sergey L. Sokolov as Minister of De-
fense. General Petr I. Ivashutin has been
Chief of the GRU since 1963.
Although foreign covert operations are
conducted by both the KGB and the GRU,
it is the KGB's First Chief Directorate that
Is primarily responsible for implementing
covert active measures operations. The First
Chief Directorate of the KGB is organized
by both geographical and functional depart-
ments. The geographic department that op-
erates against the United States and Canada
is known as the First Department. In addi-
tion, one functional and specialized compo-
nent of the KGB's First Chief Directorate,
Service A, plans, coordinates, and supports
active measures operations worldwide.
In addition to KGB and GRU I0s, the So-
viets also rely on the Eastern European in-
E 4717
telligence services to assist them in their op-
erations against the United States. The in-
telligence services of each of these Soviet-
Bloc countries serve in varying degrees to
assist the Soviet Union in its intelligence
collection and active measures operations.
The FBI is cognizant of recent active
measures operations against the United
States that have been carried out by East-
ern European intelligence services under
the direct Soviet guidance. While these Bloc
services are not large in comparison to the
total number of Soviet officers, they signifi-
cantly increase the total number of hostile
IOs in the United States. The FBI estimates
that approximately one-third of the Soviet-
Bloc officials in the United States are pro-
fessional I0s.
In the United States, those KGB officers
responsible for political and economic intel-
ligence operations support the International
Department's mission by handling many of
the monitoring and liaison functions in con-
nection-with Soviet front organizations. Cer-
tain KGB officers currently assigned to the
United States are in regular contact with of-
ficials from the Communist Party, USA
(CPUSA), the NCASF, and other front
groups. In addition, the KGB is responsible
for developing agents of influence, planting
media stories, and surfacing forgeries in
support of active measures campaigns.
Before examining recent active measures
operations impacting on the United States,
it is important to note that many active
measures operations utilize overt or semi-
overt elements as well as clandestine or
covert ones. Although many active measures
are planned and executed by Soviet I0s, it
should be emphasized that all Soviet offi-
cials, journalists, scholars, trade union offi-
cials, scientists, and even some students who
visit the United States could be used for
active measures and influence operations.
Most of these individuals are not profession-
al intelligence officers, but rather are co-
opted by the KGB or GRU for certain pur-
poses. If any Soviet citizen refuses to coop-
erate, he will not be allowed to travel, and if
he does not fulfill the intelligence require-
ments set for him, he will never be permit-
ted to travel outside the Soviet Union again.
Representatives of other Soviet public or-
ganizations, and a network of pro-Soviet
international front organizations, commu-
nist parties, and individuals are also used to
implement these active measures oper-
ations. Thus, active measures operations in-
volve individuals from virtually every ele-
ment of the Soviet society and are closely
integrated and coordinated with traditional
diplomatic activities and long-term Soviet
foreign policy objectives.
II. SOVIET FORGERY OPERATIONS
The Soviet Union conducts forgery oper-
ations to discredit the United States and its
allies, influence political action and public
opinion in America and abroad, and pro-
mote worldwide Soviet foreign policy goals.
These forgeries are often designed to supply
the "factual evidence" needed to prove the
disinformation that Moscow has already ad-
vanced through other active measures oper-
ations and propaganda. Many of the Soviet
forgeries are aimed at influencing Third
World countries as well as the United
States. The Soviets try to get forgeries and
disinformation stories printed in the non-
communist media. If the Soviets are success-
ful in these efforts, they usually will then
reprint these news accounts in their own
media. Even when the U.S. Government
issues prompt denials of the authenticity of
a forged document, the Soviets believe that
the denial will never entirely offset the
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E 4718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Extensions of Rens:Yrks December 9; 1.9-87
damage caused by the initial release of the
news story based upon the forgery.
Many U.S. Government officials and orga-
nizations have been targets of Soviet disin-
formation and forgery operations. Although
most forgeries surface overseas, the infor-
mation and documents used in these oper-
ations are often acquired in the United
States. Through defector sources and FBI
Investigation of KGB operations in the
United States, the FBI has determined that
KGB Residencies collect the types of docu-
ments and information that subsequently
surface, in altered form, in forgery and dis-
information operations.
During August 1986, a fabricated letter,
believed to be a Soviet forgery, was mailed
anonymously to The Washington Post and
U.S. News and World Report. This docu-
ment purports to be a letter by United
States Information Agency (USIA) official
Herbert Romerstein to Senator David F.
Durenberger, former Chairman of the
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
The letter, dated April 29, 1986, described
an alleged USIA campaign to spread disin-
formation on the Chernobyl nuclear power
plant disaster. The forgery was designed to
discredit the U.S. Government and damage
Its relations with Western Europe.
On August 19, 1986, The Washington Post
reported some of the details of the USIA
forgery. The forged letter suggested that
USIA would attempt, among other things,
to spread reports that the Chernobyl disas-
ter had claimed 2,000 to 3,000 victims. Only
29 persons are said to have died from acute
radiation sickness due to the accident. Al-
though such inflated death statistics did
appear in subsequent news reports on Cher-
nobyl, USIA officials stated "the reports
stemmed from the confusion and rumors
that swept Europe in the days immediately
after the disaster." USIA officials insist that
they made no effort to encourage or spread
the rumors and that neither Mr. Romer-
stein nor anyone else at USIA advocated
such an idea to Senator Durenberger or to
anyone else. An employee of Senator Duren-
berger's office reported that according to
the Senator's office records no such letter
from USIA was ever received by the Sena-
tor.
Mr. Romerstein reported some additional
details concerning this particular forgery
which makes it an especially interesting ex-
ample of Eastern-Bloc support of a Soviet
active measures operation. The USIA letter-
head and the signature block on the forgery
were taken from a geuine letter Romerstein
had previously written to Lt. General
Robert Schweitzer concerning the analysis
of another Soviet forgery allegedly written
by Schweitzer. During September 1985, Ro-
merstein testified before the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee on Soviet forgeries
and offered to provide them with a copy of
his letter to Schweitzer for Congressional
publication. Subsequently, the Press Atta-
che of the Czechoslovakian Embassy, Vaclav
Zluva, requested a copy of Romerstein's un-
classified letter to Schweitzer. Romerstein
provided him with a copy, but uniquely
marked the one copy he gave Zluva.
When the forgery bearing Romerstein's
name surfaced in the United States, it was
obvious because of the unique markings Ro-
merstein had put on the Schweitzer letter
that it had been used as the exemplar to
fabricate the Chernobyl forgery. When Ro-
merstein confronted Zluva with the forgery,
Zluva denied being involved in its prepara-
tion but admitted sending a copy of the
Schweitzer letter supplied by Romerstein to
Prague. Romerstein, who is an expert on
active measures operations, believes Prague
officials sent the Schweitzer letter to
Moscow where it was used as the exemplar
for the Chernobyl forgery. This forgery
technique of photocopying a genuine letter-
head and signature onto a document that
contains a bogus text is common among
Soviet forgeries. It facilitates preparation of
the forged document and generally makes
the task of analysis more difficult.
Another document believed to be a Soviet
forgery surfaced in the United States and
overseas during 1986. This forgery was iden-
tified by its drafters as "a copy of a summa-
ry paper on U.S. foreign policy approved by
the National Security Council in February
1985." It was sent to a number of embassies
in the Washington, D.C. area and to news
services overseas. The forged document is
ten pages in length and discusses U.S. for-
eign policy objectives. It reported the al-
leged United States' goal of strategic domi-
nation over the Soviet Union by accelerat-
ing the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
research program and thus establishing "an
effective first-strike capability by the year
1995 which would mean victory in a nuclear
war and survival thereafter."
This second forgery did not receive wide-
spread dissemination or publication in the
United States. It was, however, sent to em-
bassies in Washington, D.C. in an apparent
effort to damage U.S. relations with various
foreign countries. It appears to also have
been designed to negatively affect world
opinion on the real purposes of the SDI pro-
gram. The Soviet Union has long main-
tained that the real purpose of the SDI pro-
gram is to develop preemptive nuclear-strike
capability. This document certainly intend-
ed to help reinforce that perception, al-
though the U.S. Government publicly de-
nounced the document as a forgery in
August 1986.
III. SOVIET EFFORTS TO INFLUENCE THE ARMS
CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT MOVEMENTS
The Soviet Union continues to devote
manpower and resources in overt and covert
attempts to influence the arms control and
disarmament movements in the United
States. The KGB has covertly requested its
contacts in the peace and nuclear disarma-
ment movements to continue to report on
meetings, participate in upcoming confer-
ences, and obtain information on individuals
who are active within the movement. Sever-
al KGB officers currently assigned to the
United States have been in regular contact
with the leaders of Soviet controlled organi-
zations such as the CPUSA, the U.S. Peace
Council (USPC), and the NCASF. In addi-
tion, the KGB is particularly interested in
information concerning the U.S. -peace
movement's plans for conferences or demon-
strations, its organizations and leaders, and
its relations with European anti-war groups.
The current campaign against SDI seems
to be aimed at the U.S. Congress, which
must approve the funding of SDI. The Sovi-
ets hope to convince Congressional leaders
that the SDI program is technically una-
chievable, prohibitively expensive, and
easily countered by the Soviet Union.
Communist Party, USA
The CPUSA has historically been one of
the most loyal, pro-Soviet communist par-
ties in the world and has received substan-
tial financial support from the Soviet
Union. Although relatively small and politi-
cally weak, the CPUSA continues to system-
atically promote Soviet views on arms con-
trol proposals and the peace movement
through its overt publications and Party op-
erations. The CPUSA also operates a small
network of front organizations in the
United States.
Since the late 1910s, the ID. CPSU has
provided direction to international Commu-
nist front organizations and their U.S. affili-
ates, the CPUSA, and CPUSA front organi-
zations concerning the issues of arms con-
trol and disarmament. The Soviets have
urged these organizations to mount cam-
paigns against the neutron bomb, NATO
theatre nuclear force modernization, U.S.
defense policies, and more recently the SDI.
The CPUSA has sponsored and participated
in demonstrations and rallies, formed coali-
tions with other peace organizations, and
sponsored seminars and workshops to pro-
mote Soviet views and influence the Amer--
6in liFiCe oVenient.
The CPUSA has also directed its major
front organizations to support Soviet arms
control and disarmament intiatives. The
FBI has determined that there are several
groups in which CPUSA members have
leadership roles or take an active part. Some
of these groups are spin-offs from tradition-
al CPUSA fronts, and some deal with arms
control and peace. These organizations are
often more effective than CPUSA in reach-
ing and forming coalitions with other orga-
nizations because they are not always easily
identified as CPUSA-controlled or pro-
Soviet organizations.
Recent comments made by Gus Hall, the
long-time CPUSA General Secretary, clear-
ly indicate that the CPUSA is conducting
active measures operations against the SDI
program that are in line with the Soviet
active measures campaign against SDI.
In response to CPUSA and NCASF nation-
al directives, local chapters of these organi-
zations have initiated the following pro-
grams to combat SDI:
(1) Wider distribution and circulation of
anti-nuclear, peace, nuclear test ban, and
"Star Wars" literature and petitions.
(2) Attempts to influence and mobilize a
broad movement with the participation of
church groups, unions, and civic organiza-
tions to end the arms race.
(3) Initiation of a telephone calling pro-
gram and letter writing campaign to Con-
gressional representatives and to President
Reagan calling for an end to SDI.
(4) Support of the aggressive efforts by
the USPC, the U.S. affiliate of the World
Peace Council, to halt the SDI research pro-
gram and promote a comprehensive test ban
on nuclear weapons.
(5) Placement of nuclear disarmament
matters on the agenda of union and church
groups.
The CPUSA and its various front organi-
zations have been instructed to form coali-
tions with other peace organizations and
sponsor workshops, seminars, and demon-
strations to promote Soviet viewpoints, to
Influence the U.S. peace movement, and
halt the SDI research program. The CPUSA
continues to identify possible agents of in-
fluence and exploit unwitting contacts for
the Soviet Union.
Soviet Intelligence Operations in the United
States
KGB Residencies in the United States
task their intelligence officers and co-optees
to overtly and clandestinely collect a variety
of political, economic, and military informa-
tion about the United States for intelligence
purposes. One of the KGB's top collection
priorities is for its officers to obtain infor-
mation on the SDI research program which
can be utilized in certain active measures
operations directed against the SDI pro-
gram.
In 1986, the U.S. Government expelled or
declared persona non grata 80 Soviet offi-
cials assigned to the United States. This
action dramatically reduced the number of
known intelligence officers of the United
States and will likely result in at least a
temporary reduction of operational activity.
However, the Soviets are expected to at-
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tempt' to rebuild their intelligence network
in the United States during 1987.
One of the Soviets expelled in October
1986 from the Soviet Embassy in Washing-
ton, D.C., has been identified as a known
KGB intelligence officer who specialized in
nuclear disarmament, arms control negotia-
tions, and U.S.-Soviet relations in general.
This KGB officer often contacted numerous
well placed individuals not only in the gov-
ernment but also in private sectors. When
he arrived in the United States in 1982, he
started to establish valuable contacts in
such places as the Arms Control and Disar-
mament Agency, the Congressional Re-
search Service of the Library of Congress,
the American Political Science Association,
and the Brookings Institution, he seldom
used hardline Soviet rhetoric with his con-
tacts, but instead tried to portray himself as
a scholar. If there was a strong disagree-
ment on a particular topic, he often moved
to another less controversial issue. The pur-
pose of these contacts was to promote
Soviet foreign policy objectives through the
use of various active measures techniques.
During 1986, KGB officers stationed in
the United States attempted to:
(1) Gather information on U.S. peace ini-
tiatives, arms reduction proposals, and the
Geneva arms talks.
(2) Promote the creation of pro-Soviet
U.S. peace and disarmament organizations
that will discredit the United States and the
SDI program.
(3) Create anti-nuclear coalitions and en-
courage bilateral peace programs like the
Sister Cities program.
(4) Establish nuclear-free zones or ports in
the United States.
(5) Influence both U.S. and world opinion
against SDI.
(6) Utilize the SDI issue to divide the
United States and NATO.
(7) Influence and manipulate legitimate
U.S. peace and friendship organizations in
order to promote Soviet arms control poli-
cies and halt SDI research.
(8) Influence U.S. religious leaders and
groups to oppose U.S. military spending for
new weapons systems like SDI.
(9) Influence U.S. Government policies by
creating a large, vocal, and influential body
of public opinion that is based on Soviet dis-
information.
(10) Obtain SDI studies conducted by
well-known foundations or "think-tanks."
(11) Increase the use of active measures
operations in the United States to disrupt or
halt the SDI research program.
Soviet correspondents in the United
States continue to have a particular interest
in SDI research and the ongoing Geneva
arms negotiations. Several correspondents
have traveled extensively throughout the
United States gathering information and
speaking out on such topics as the growing
concern of college campuses about accepting
U.S. Government contracts to do SDI re-
search. The articles written by these corren-
spondents for worldwide dissemination fre-
quently contain disinformation on SDI to
discredit the United States and advance the
foreign policy goals of the Soviet Union.
The People's Appeal for Peace
The People's Appeal for Peace (PAP) is
one of the more recent Soviet efforts to in-
fluence public opinion in favor of current
Soviet foreign policy priorities and to exert
pressure on U.S. Government officials to
effect changes that are favorable to
Moscow. The goal of this operation is to col-
lect millions of signatures on petitions circu-
lated in the United States and the Soviet
Union and then to present the petitions to
President Reagan, General Secretary Gor-
bachev, and UN Secretary General Perez de
Cuellar on August 6, 1987, which is the an-
niversary of the nuclear bombing of Hiro-
shima.
The principal control and direction for
this program comes from the Soviet Com-
mittee for the Defense of Peace in the
Soviet Union. This organization has utilized
two Communist front organizations, the
NCASF and the USPC, to carry out its ob-
jectives in the United States. On August 8.
1986, representatives from the Soviet Union
and- U.S. peace organizations gathered at
the UN in New York City and signed the
PAP. The signing ceremony took place
before an audience of several hundred UN
officials, diplomats, and members of the
general public. This signing marked the be-
ginning of a one-year campaign to collect
millions of signatures from U.S. and Soviet
citizens on the petitions. The Soviets esti-
mate they will get 180 million signatures,
while the U.S. goal is 15 million signatures.
An important fact, which is unknown to
many endorsers and signers of the PAP, is
that the document was secretly drafted by
high-level Soviet officials months earlier
and only received a "rubber stamp" approv-
al from various front organizations in the
United States. The following four initiatives
are a major part of the PAP:
(1) A verifiable comprehensive nuclear
test ban.
(2) A freeze, phased reduction and eventu-
al elimination of all nuclear, chemical and
biological weapons.
(3) A transfer of resources from military
to human needs.
(4) An increase of people to people con-
tact.
This major active measure campaign was
touted by its supporters as a contribution by
the US. and USSR peace movements to the
United Nations International Year of Peace
and was organized in cooperation with the
United Nations Secretariat for the Interna-
tional Year of Peace.
Although the PAP did not receive much
support from various U.S. organizations in
1986, it has thus far in 1987 received the en-
dorsement of several large national organi-
zations, religious groups, trade unions, state
and national elected officials, and other in-
dividuals. The appeal has been publicized
internationally by one well known Soviet
front organization, the Christian Peace Con-
ference. In February 1987, the NCASF
claimed to have received a total of over
200,000 signatures from almost every state.
The People's Peace Appeal is perhaps the
best example of a political influence oper-
ation which is run by front organizations in
the United States and directed by the Soviet
Committee for the Defense of Peace in
Moscow. Some of these front organizations
have already been directed to send xerox
copies of the signatures collected for the
People's Peace Appeal to U.S. Congressmen.
The CPUSA and some international Soviet
front organizations with affiliated chapters
in the United States had their members
send preaddressed postcards to the Presi-
dent of the United States and to members
of Congress.
The Generals for Peace Movement
In 1981, a group of former NATO generals
and admirals formed an international orga-
nization known as the Generals for Peace
and Disarmament (GPD). The GPD has
been active in the peace and disarmament
movements in Europe. Since its inception,
the GPD has been targeted by the Soviet in-
telligence services and the International De-
partment of the CPSU in Moscow. The
GPD has echoed views consistent with
Soviet arms control objectives and against
NATO. In the past few years, there has
been an increase in contact and cooperation
E4719
between the GPD and retired military lead-
ers from the Eastern-Bloc and the Soviet
Union. During 1987, several Polish and Hun-
garian generals formed into groups that af-
filiated themselves with the GPD move-
ment.
The Center for Defense Information
(CDI) is an organization of retired U.S. mili-
tary officers that describes itself as one of
the foremost independent research organi-
zations which analyzes military spending,
defense policies, and weapons systems. Al-
though the CDI is not officially affiliated
with the GPD, it engages in similar activi-
ties and supports the activities and state-
ments of the GPD and former Soviet mili-
tary officers.
The Soviets have effectively utilized state-
ments made by GPD and CDI officials in
their active measures campaigns. Some of
these military officers possess a high degree
of credibility not only with the general
public but also with various government
leaders. The statements and reports from
these former military officers are often cov-
ered by the United States and foreign
media. Some of these former military offi-
cers have access to the highest levels of for-
eign governments.
Mikhail Milshteyn is an excellent example
of one Soviet general who enjoys extended
media access in the West. Milshteyn, who
speaks English, is a senior researcher at
Georgi Arbatov's Institute of the USA and
Canada and is considered by many to be one
of the Soviet Union's foremost experts in
the field of military policy. Milshteyn is a
retired Lieutenant General in the Soviet
Army who is affiliated with the Soviet intel-
ligence services and occasionally represents
the Soviet Committee for the Defense of
Peace.
Milshteyn has traveled to the United
States on numerous occasions and usually
promotes Sovet views and Soviet disinfor-
mation on arms-control issues. During 1986
and 1987, he made several television appear-
ances on the major networks in the United
States. On August 1, 1986, he was inter-
viewed on the NBC's "Today" show in Han-
nibal, Missouri, as a member of the Missis-
sippi River Peace Cruise. He has also ap-
peared on "60 Minutes" and other television
programs as an official Soviet spokesman.
On August 8, 1986 he was one of the Soviet
signers of the PAP at the UN who also
spoke at a UN press conference following
the signing of the Soviet directed active
measures operation.
On April 21, 1987, The Washington Post
reported Lieutenant General Milshteyn was
one of seven high-ranking Soviet officers
who visted the United States to discuss mili-
tary policy at the Carnegie Endowment and
at Notre Dame. Milshteyn was again fea-
tured on the nationwide television program
"Today" to discuss arms-control, this time
with the director of the CDI, Gene La
Rocque. Milshteyn has met with La Rocque,
who is a retired Rear Admiral of the U.S.
Navy, on numerous occasions.
In December 1986, a new Soviet organiza-
tion of nine high-level World War II officers
was founded in Moscow. Known as the
"Soviet Retired Admirals and Generals for
Peace and Disarmament," this group's
stated purpose is to make a contribution to
the Soviet people's struggle to avert a possi-
ble nuclear war, prevent the militarization
of space, and reduce the number of nuclear
and conventional weapons. During a Soviet
television interview on December 25, 1986,
Lieutenant General Milshteyn made the fol-
lowing comments on the group's work:
"If we come out in support of the Soviet
initiatives then it is not because we are some
kind of conformist, or that we support all
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E 4720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks
our Government's proposals without even
thinking. Our stand simply mirrors the fact
that the objectives of our movement are
common with the objectives of the Soviet
leadership."
In addition to his work in the arms-con-
trol area, Milshteyn also helps carry out
Other active measures campaigns. on differ-
ent topics. In his recent trip to the United
States in April 1987, Milshteyn, who is
Jewish, stated the problem of Jewish emi-
gration from the Soviet Union has been
solved. He declared that all Jews, except
those with "state secrets" are free to go "if
-they want to." These statements to the
press help to support Soviet foreign policy
objectives.
IV. SOVIET INFLUENCE ON LABOR ORGANIZA-
TIONS AND TRADE 'UNIONS IN THE UNITED
STATES
The Soviet Union has attempted for many
years to mobilize labor organizations and
trade unions in the United States to join the
pro-Soviet peace and disarmament move-
ment and to support Soviet foreign policy.
The CPUSA and the World Federation of
Trade Unions (WFTU) were traditionally
the main organizations that attempted to
infiltrate and influence U.S. labor. Ameri-
can labor unions, for the most part, do not
support activities that are put forth by
known Soviet front organizations. As a
result, in addition to the continued pressure
directed toward labor unions by the WFTU
and the CPUSA, the Soviets are also utiliz-
ing new channels in hopes of gaining addi-
tional support for their foreign policy objec-
tives.
World Federation of Trade Unions
The WFTU is currently headquartered in
Prague, Czechoslovakia, and is a pro-Soviet
international trade union organization that
claims a total membership of over 300 mil-
lion. Of this number, 130 million members
are from the Soviet Union, while about 90
percent of the -total membership is from
Communist controlled countries. The
WFTU is controlled and directed by the
International Department (ID) of the All
Union Central Council of Trade Unions
(AUCCTU), which is in turn, directed by the
ID, Central Committee, Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (CC, CPSU).
Since coming under Communist control in
1949, the WFTI.J has been a major Soviet
propaganda agency, its ultimate aim being
to set up a unified, worldwide, COnuntinist
trade organization and to support Soviet
foreign policy. Fred Gaboury is the current
WFTU representative to the United Nations
(UN) in New York City.
There are at least two issues which Will re-
ceive attention from the WFTU during the
next year. The first issue will deal with
Soviet efforts to denounce and neutralize
the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) re-
search program. The second program, close-
ly associated with the first, will concentrate
on the issue of "economic conversion." This
concept, to divert funds from military hard-
ware to domestic spending, has been utilized
In the past by Soviet-controlled organiza-
tions to combat Western military develop-
ment by emphasizing the tremendous cost
of defense programs. The highly publicized
cost of SDI research has provided the neces-
sary impetus to revive the viability of "eco-
nomic conversion" in Soviet active measures
operations that will be directed against SDI
and the military budget program of the
Reagan administration.
Labor Research Association
The Labor Research Association (LRA)
which was founded by the CPUSA in 1927,
is the U.S. component of the VVFTU. Its
self-stated goals are "to provide publica-
tions, research materials, and educational
programs for U.S. labor and trade unions."
LRA is headquartered in New York City,
and employs at least four fulltime employ-
ees.
One of LRA's main functions is to publish
a monthly newsletter called "Economic
Notes" which portrays the Communist view-
point on current economic conditions and
labor matters in the United States. Copies
of the newsletter are made available to
many labor organizations throughout the
United States.
LRA receives its direction from the Labor
Department of the CPUSA and has an Advi-
sory Board of Directors comprised of 13 in-
dividuals who are nearly all CPUSA mem-
bers. The LRA continues to conduct re-
search and investigation into economic and
social questions in the interest of the labor
movement in the United States. LRA es-
pouses the official line of the CPUSA and
has become increasingly more active in
world labor matters. During 1986, LRA was
actively involved in the peace and disarma-
ment movement as it affects the labor
movement in the United States. Specifically,
LRA endorses peace events and publishes
U.S. Government economic statistics pur-
porting to show how much better off the
United States would be economically if tax
dollars were diverted from missiles to social
programs.
LRA receives some of its funding from the
CPUSA. However, finances are also raised
through donations, subscriptions to "Eco-
nomic Notes," and from labor seminars con-
ducted by LRA officials. All contributions to
LRA are tax-deductible and it is listed as a
non-profit tax-exempt organization.
In 1986, the LRA advertised in various
publications that its "special trade union re-
search service" could supply national, re-
gional, or local unions in the United States
with the following items that would be
useful during labor-management negotia-
tions: corporate reports, in-depth industry
studies, international contacts, various ref-
erence materials, plant shutdown-strategy
studies, and speakers for educational pro-
grams.
In adition, LRA announced that it has
computerized its operations during 1986 and
now has the ability to network with other
computers across the United States. They
are now using this computer equipment to
meet the growing demand for LRA's publi-
cations and research services. According to a
recent LRA letter to "Economic Notes"
readers, the LRA is attempting to -purchase
access to computer information banks on
corporate financial records, and to build a
specialized data base uniquely geared to
trade union needs. LRA has asked for addi-
tional contributions so they will be able to
afford the access, fees and thus be able to re-
spond to trade union requests from all parts
of the country within a matter of hours.
Communist Party, USA
American labor unions, for the most part,
do not actively support the WFTU. Conse-
quently, the CPUSA and its front organiza-
tions conduct many of the activities on
behalf of the WFTIJ in the United States.
CPUSA National headquarters continues to
task its districts to focus on the infiltration
of labor and trade unions. CPUSA members
have been able to join the locals of some
trade unions.
One of the major priorities of the CPUSA
is to mobilize trade unions in the United
States to join the pro-Soviet peace and dis-
armament movements. Soviet officials con-
tinue to emphasize to American trade dele-
gates the importance of mobilizing the
trade unions to join the peace and disarma-
ment movement in the United States.
December 9, 1,987
The WFTU and CPUSA continue to be-
lieve that the time is propitious to influence
trade unions because of the Reagan admin-
istration's economic policies and budget
cuts, and the unemployment problems in
the industrial sector of the United States.
These topics and others are routinely dis-
cussed in monthly CPUSA-sponsored labor
publications such as "Labor Today" and
"Economic Notes."
Local CPUSA districts have also been
active in creating new political organiza-
tions which are involved in labor matters. In
1973, the CPUSA, Wisconsin District was in-
strumental in creating an organization
called the Labor Farm Party (LFP). This or-
ganization was basically dormant until the
1986 election year, when it ran a slate of
candidates for public office in Wisconsin.
A long-time CPUSA member in Wisconsin
ran on the LFP ticket as a candidate for an
office in Milwaukee County. Other CPUSA
leaders in Wisconsin have commented that
LFP is challenging the legitimate labor
movement by running its own candidates for
political office.
On June 3, 1986, the CPUSA started pub-
lishing a new daily newspaper called the
People's Daily World (PDW) to replace the
Daily World, CPUSA's east coast paper, and
the People's World, CPUSA's west coast
paper. The PDW is published by Long View
Publishing Company and is printed in New
York, Chicago, and San Francisco. On May
8, 1986, the PDW stated the initial print run
of the PDW was over 250,000 copies. Arti-
cles in the PDW remain strongly pro-Soviet
and every issue contains "factual informa-
tion" on the labor movement in the United
States.
V. THE SOVIET CAMPAIGN TO /NFLUENCE
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
It is clear from developments within the
past few years that the Soviet Union is in-
creasingly interested in influencing and/or
manipulating American churches, religious
organizations, and their leaders within the
United States. This campaign represents
Soviet awareness that churches and reli-
gious institutions are important factors in
the formation of public opinion in the
United States. The apparent Soviet objec-
tive is to generate a bloc of opposition
against increased U.S. military spending for
new weapons systems, specially SDI, and to
influence religious opinion against only U.S.
defense policies.
Previous Soviet efforts were directed more
? at limited __elements within the Christian
community. This new campaign has target-
ed the members and leaders of a broad
range of religious institutions within the
United States. In an effort to neutralize per-
ceived anti-Soviet feelings, the Soviets have
directed increased efforts against the more
conservative religious groups and leaders in
the United States. One example of this new
active measures campaign is the Soviet use
of disinformation about the degree of reli-
gious freedom in the Soviet Union.
Religion in the Soviet Union
The Soviets have several organizations at
their disposal for the conduct of active
measures campaigns: _
1. The Moscow Patriarchate of the Rus-
sian Orthodox Church.
2. The Foreign Relations Department of
the Moscow Patriarchate.
3. The Special Commission for Contact
with Foreign Religious Circles of the Soviet
Peace Committee.
4. The USSR Council for Religious Af-
fairs.
5. The USSR All-Union Council of Evan-
gelical Christian-Baptists.
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December 9, 1987 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks E 4721
The most significant and largest religious
body in the Soviet Union is the Moscow Pa-
triarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church
(ROC). The spiritual and administrative
leader of the ROC is Patriarch Phrien of
Moscow and All Russia. The ROC apparatus
is carefully monitored and controlled by the
Soviet Government through the Council for
Religious Affairs which is under the Council
of Ministers of the USSR. Therefore, only
politically loyal and obedient church leaders
and administrators reach positions of au-
thority and are allowed to have contact with
foreigners. In this way, the Soviet authori-
ties are able to maintain strict control over
the ROC.
Soviet church officials have convinced a
significant number of their Western coun-
terparts that the Soviet Government is com-
mitted to promoting the religious freedom
of its citizens. In order to reinforce this
facade, the Soviet Government and the
ROC are preparing a sophisticated world-
wide media campaign in 1988 to commemo-
rate the 1,000th anniversary since the adop-
tion of Christianity in Russia. The Moscow
Patriarchate Publishers has announced that
it will republish a fifth edition of the Bible
to honor the millennium of Christianity in
Russia. The number of copies printed will
likely follow the example of the previous
four editions and thus be very limited.
The Foreign Relations Department of the
Moscow Patriarchate is the agency responsi-
ble for all relations the ROC has with the
Soviet Committee for the Defense of Peace,
the Christian Peace Conference, and other
Soviet front organizations. It also coordi-
nates activities with the U.S. Peace Coun-
cil's Religious Circles Committee, the World
Council of Churches, the U.S. National
Council of Churches, and other religious or-
ganizations outside the Soviet Union. The
Patriarchate's Foreign Relations Depart-
ment has greatly expanded its international
activities in recent years and has moved to a
larger facility, the renovated Danilovsky
Monastery, in Moscow. Metropolitan Filaret
of Minsk is the Chairman of this influential
body and is also the Chairman of the Spe-
cial Commission for Contact with Foreign
Religious Circles, which is in turn part of
the Soviet Committee for the Defense of
Peace. The Soviet Government maintains
strict control over the religious activities
inside the Soviet Union and is able to spread
propaganda or disinformation outside the
USSR.
The USSR Council for Religious Affairs is
responsible for maintaining overall control
of church-state relations in the Soviet
Union. During October 1986, Konstantin M.
Kharchev, Chairman of the Council for Re-
ligious Affairs, visited the United States and
participated in a three-day conference on re-
ligious tolerance which was held in Minne-
apolis, Minnesota. Krachev stated at the
conference that the situation in the Soviet
Union has improved and true religious free-
dom now exists. He indicated that addition-
al Soviet Jaws would be permitted to emi-
grate and also promoted the idea of a
Soviet-hosted international conference on
religion in 1987 or 1988.
Kharchev stated that mistakes may have
been made in the past with regard to the
suppression of religious activities in the
Soviet Union, but things have changed and
"real religious freedom" does exist in the
Soviet Union today as long as its practice
does not challenge the CPSU or the Soviet
Government.
Kharchev was not scheduled to make a
formal presentation during the conference,
but he did hand out an 11-page paper, in
English, which argued for peace and nuclear
disarmament on moral grounds and present-
ed selected examples of religious tolerance
in the Soviet Union. Kharchev was de-
scribed as knowledgeable, articulate, and
well-mannered during the conference. Khar-
chev's style in promoting active measures
themes and supporting Soviet foreign policy
issues appears to fit neatly into Kharchev's
new "glastnost" or openness policy.
The All-Union Council of Evangelical
Christian-Baptists (AUCECB) is officially
recognized by the Soviet Government and is
registered with the State Committee for Re-
ligious Affairs. It is composed of only those
Baptist and Pentecostal congregations
which, collaborate with Soviet authorities on
both the national and local level and should
not be confused with the "unregistered" dis-
sident Baptists and other Christians who
are persecuted by the same Soviet authori-
ties. Moscow utilizes the AUCECB in its
contacts with evangelical and fundamental-
ist Christians in the United States. The
AUCECB has its own International Depart-
ment within its Moscow headquarters,
which is the largest and best funded section
in the AUCECB headquarters, and conducts
extensive propaganda activities on behalf of
the USSR. The AUCECB is also a constitu-
ent organization of the Soviet Peace Com-
mittee's Special Commission for Contacts
with Foreign Religious Circles and with the
Christian Peace Conference.
Three high level AUCECB officials, who
are also actively involved in Christian Peace
Conference activities, frequently visit the
United States at the invitation of such
Soviet front organizations as the NCASF
and Christians Associated for Relationships
with Eastern Europe (CAREE). Alexey
Bichkov, Alexi Stoyan, and Anatoly Sokolov
are all fluent in English and act as spokes-
men for the Soviet Government. They are
occasionally invited to attend meetings of
various Baptist groups while they are in the
United States, and therefore are able to
spread propaganda or disinformation about
religious freedom in the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Government believes it has
been successful in utilizing the visits of
prominent, conservative, and anti-Commu-
nist Christian leaders to show that it en-
courages religious freedom. By obtaining
statements from prominent conservative
American religious leaders while they are in
the Soviet Union, the AUCECB is attempt-
ing to encourage the development of a more
favorable attitude toward the Soviet Gov-
ernment.
It is likely the AUCECB will continue
these operations to support various propa-
ganda and active measures campaigns. It ap-
pears that the Soviets have acquired an ap-
preciation of the vast audiences and sub-
stantial political influence of conservative
religious leaders in the United States. They
correctly understand that if the anti-Soviet
sentiments can be diminished or neutralized
within this particular section of the Ameri-
can public, they will have gained a notewor-
thy success.
Christian Peace Conference
The Christian Peace Conference (CPC) is
a major Soviet-backed international front
organization that has, since its founding in
1958, sought to influence opinion within
church-related groups on a variety of topics.
The CPC has its headquarters in Prague,
Czechoslovakia and always has been direct-
ed by a prominent Soviet or East European
theologian or religious figure.
The current President of the CPC is
Bishop Karoly Toth of Hungary, who is also
a member of the Presidential Committee of
the World Peace Council (WPC), another
well-known Soviet front organization.
Bishop Toth is adroit at presenting Soviet
policies and actions in such a way that they
will be viewed favorably by American and
other Western church officials, clergy, and
laymen. Toth has many contacts in the
American religious community and enlarg-
ing and developing those contacts is a prin-
cipal reason for his visits to the United
States. Bishop Toth is an unfailing and con-
sistent defender of all Soviet actions,
though his methods are less crude than
most Soviet propagandists. In international
religious circles he has defended the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan, martial law in
Poland, and the shooting-down of Korean
Air Lines Flight 007.
The CPC continues to support a variety of
Soviet active measures operations in the
United States. It has actively supported and
endorsed the People's Peace Appeal, which
is an active measures operation directed by
the Soviet Committee for the Defense of
Peace. Philip Oke is the CPC permanent
representative at the UN in New York who
utilizes his position and status to support all
Soviet active measures in the interrnational
community. Several U.S. citizens hold
prominent positions in the CPC hierarchy.
The U.S. affiliate to the CPC is known as
Christians Associated for Relationships
with Eastern Europe (CAREE). This organi-
zation carefully follows CPC directives and
has increasing contacts with the National
Council of Churches and other U.S. reli-
gious organizations.
The USPC, which is the U.S. affiliate of
the WPC, also contributes to Soviet efforts
to influence and manipulate the American
religious community by actively establishing
and promoting a Religious Circles Commit-
tee. This organization was formed in 1985 at
the request of the Soviet Committee for the
Defense of Peace to involve U.S. church
members in more USPC activities and to
provide a degree of legitimacy to the USPC
in the eyes of the church community. The
USPC named one of its top leaders as the
Religious Circles Coordinator.
The ultimate Soviet objective is to influ-
ence U.S. Government policies by influenc-
ing a large, influential, and vocal body of
public opinion. The Soviets apparently rec-
ognize the strong support that religious or-
ganizations can lend to the disarmament
movement and to? any perceptions concern-
ing the Soviet threat. Many individuals with
sincere desires for disarmament, human
rights protection, and religious freedom in
the Soviet Union are purposely being misin-
formed by the powerful Soviet organizations
that control the activities and actions of all
state-sponsored organizations in the Soviet
Union.
VI. USE OF SOVIET MEDIA REPRESENTATIVES
Soviet communications media are con-
trolled either by the Soviet Government or
the CPSU. All Soviet media, including radio
and television stations, news agencies and
printing facilities, are state-owned and are
therefore subordinate to Soviet political and
intelligence goals. News is frequently sup-
pressed and oftentimes distorted and manip-
ulated for active measures purposes.
The Novosti Press Agency (APN) was es-
tablished in 1961 to disseminate news and
feature articles, commentaries, and photo-
_ graphs about Soviet life to foreign coun-
tries. It also publishes books, brochures,
magazines, and a variety of other materials
in many foreign languages. Novosti claims
to be commercial and unofficial, but is
under Soviet Government control. The lead-
ing Soviet newspapers are Pravda, the offi-
cial organ of the CPSU, Izvestiya, the offi-
cial newspaper of the Soviet Government,
and Literary Gazette, one of the country's
largest newspapers with a circulation of 3
million copies. -
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The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet
Union (TASS) is the official news agency of
the Soviet Government and is administered
by the USSR Council of Ministers. Both
TASS and Novosti send large numbers of
correspondents on foreign assignments
around the world; however, Pravda, Izves-
tiya, Radio Moscow and other Soviet media
organizations also have limited numbers of
correspondents in many countries, including
the United States. TASS also prepares spe-
cial classified background reports on foreign
countries and their leaders, as well as di-
gests of the uncensored foreign media, for
use by high-ranking Soviet officials.
As of April 1987, there were over 35 Soviet
correspondents working in the United
States. While all the correspondents are em-
ployees of the Soviet Government and must
support Soviet foreign policy objectives, ap-
proximately one-third of those correspond-
ents are actually known or suspected KGB
intelligence officers. Their overt assign-
ments as correspondents permits them easy
access to all areas of the United States. It
should be emphasized that it is the direct
assignment of these KGB officers and co-
optees to influence public opinion and U.S.
Government policy through active measures
operations approved in Moscow.
On the ABC News program "Nightline,"
which aired on March 5, 1987, Ted Koppel
reported that he and other members of the
U.S. media had received a direct communi-
cation from Moscow concerning the hunger
strike of an American scientist who opposed
SDI and all nuclear weapons. The telex was
from Georgi Arbatov, the Director of the
Institute of the USA and Canada, who is a
member of the Communist Party's Central
Committee and one of the leading Soviet ex-
perts on the United States. Because of his
status, he receives numerous requests for
interviews and invitations from television
talk shows when he visits the United States.
This media exposure allows him to present
Soviet active measures themes to a vast
American audience. Arbatov is a skillful
propagandist who uses disinformation, intel-
ligently designed half-truths, and factual
omissions to support his contentions. Ted
Koppel, who is well aware of Arbatov's
background, stated that he was indeed sur-
prised to receive such a blatant anti-SDI
telex from Arbatov.
The hard-line Soviet rhetoric of older and
oftentimes arrogant spokesmen such as Ar-
batov and Joe Adamov, a Radio Moscow
commentator, are being replaced by the
more refined approach of younger and ar-
ticulate Soviet spokesmen. Recent television
appearances by Vladimir Pozner, who ap-
peared on the "Donahue" television show in
1986, Dmitry Titov, of the Soviet Mission to
the UN, and Vitaliy Churkin, a First Secre-
tary to the Soviet Embassy who spoke
before Congress on the Chernobyl nuclear
disaster, are three exampales of Soviets who
speak almost perfect English and present
their messages in a Western style that the
American public and media can better iden-
tify with and appreciate. This new genera-
tion of scholars, journalists, and Soviet offi-
cials is more knowledgeable about the West
and the importance of the media. They real-
ize that American television can be useful
and that they can have an impact on the
public's impression of certain issues just by
appearing candid and forthright in their
contacts. .
Soviets Allege U.S. Has Political Prisoners
The Soviet Union continues to allege that
the U1S. Government has hundreds of polit-
ical prisoners in correctional facilities across
the United States. These stories are part of
a carefully organized Soviet active measures
campaign to divert attention from Soviet
political prisoners. During 1986, Andrei Sak-
harov, the well-known Soviet dissident, was
on a hunger strike to protest the unwilling-
ness of Soviet officials to allow his wife,
Yelena Bonner, to leave the USSR to seek
medical treatment. To counter world opin-
ion directed against the Soviet Government,
Moscow attempted to convey the impression
to its own citizens and to the world that the
United States also had political prisoners.
Soviet correspondents in the United States
began to write articles about Leonard Pel-
tier, the T.Y.S. "political prisoner" and
"victim of American injustice."
Leonard Peltier was a leader of the Ameri-
can Indian Movement who was convicted of
the 1975 shooting deaths of two FBI Special
Agents on the Pine Ridge Indian Reserva-
tion in South Dakota. Peltier is currently
serving two consecutive life sentences for
these murders. He contends that he did not
receive a fair trial and that the evidence
used against him was fabricated by the FBI
In order to ensure a conviction. Support for
Peltier's most recent request for a new trial,
which is now pending before the U.S. Court
of Appeals, includes some Members of the
U.S. Congress and the Canadian Parliament.
In December 1986, Peltier was awarded
the International Human Rights Prize for
1986 by the Human Rights Commission of
Spain. The Human Rights Prize has been
given each year since 1982 to people who are
outstanding in the defense of human rights.
Carmen Caroro, spokeswoman for the
Human Rights commission said: "The award
was given to Leonard Peltier because he de-
fended the rights of his people, because he
defended their rights to hold onto their
land, and because he defended the culture
of the American Indian People. Leonard
Peltier symbolizes the whole Indian struggle
in America." Peltier's case has received
worldwide attention based largely upon the
Soviet disinformation-program.
VII. SOVIET FRONT ORGANIZATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES
In the United States, the Soviet Union ef-
fectively implements active measures oper-
ations through its ability to direct and ma-
nipulate Communist front organizations. In
order to mislead the public and circumvent
the requirements to register as agents of a
foreign government under U.S. law, these
front organizations attempt to conceal
Soviet financial support. In many cases, this
concealment process extends to nearly all
the general membership of these front orga-
nizations. Only the top leadership positions
are aware of the extensive Soviet funding
and control over these organizations.
A standing Soviet requirement of the
front groups in the United States is to unite
as many different groups as possible under
the general causes of "nuclear disarment,
peace, jobs, and justice." Front organiza-
tions often attract broader public support
because they pretend to be non-aligned and
independent. In this way they are able to
manipulate larger collections of individuals
and groups into supporting ideas and ac-
tions that consistently support Soviet for-
eign policy objectives and are directed
against U.S. and NATO policies. The Na-
tional Council of American-Soviet Friend-
ship (NCASF) and the United States Peace
Council (USPC) are two of the more active
front groups in the United States today.
National Council of American-Soviet
Friendship
The NCASF, originally formed in 1943 by
the CPUSA, currently consists of approxi-
mately 25 active chapters in the United
States. Future plans call for at least one
chapter in each of the 50 states. The
NCASF claims to be an independent and im-
partial organization that depends entirely
on legitimate contributions for financial
support. In actuality, the Soviet Union pro-
vides funding for NCASF operations.
Publicly, the NCASF continues to state
that its purpose is to promote friendship
and understanding between Soviets and
Americans through cultural, educational,
and travel exchange programs. In practice,
however, the NCASF works to advance the
foreign policy and propaganda objectives of
the USSR. The NCASF operates as a Soviet
front group which provides the Soviets with
an excellent conduit to promote its active
measures campaigns, meet with U.S. persons
of influence, spot and assess U.S. persons
for recruitment operations, and influence
certain groups of activists in the U.S. peace
movement. The NCASF is used by the Sovi-
ets as a bridge to reach people who would be
reluctant to participate in an openly pro-
Soviet disarmament organization.
Soviet direction of the NCASF is chan-
neled through the Union of Soviet Societies
for Friendship and Cultural Relations with
Foreign Countries (SOD), with ultimate au-
thority resting with the International De-
partment. Soviet representatives of SOD are
in regular contact with NCASF officials and
direct the NCASF to conduct activities to
support Soviet active measures campaigns.
The NCASF is currently sponsoring more
visits by Soviet groups to the United States.
These groups are generally referred to as
"Goodwill Tours" and are composed of cul-
turally oriented Soviets traveling under
tourist visas. In the past, many of these
tours have been "peace" oriented and illus-
trate a Soviet attempt to present themselves
as friendly, peace-loving people. One KGB
officer expressed a clear and strong interest
in having more Soviet entertainment groups
visit in order to encourage more contact
with larger U.S. audiences and with persons
in the U.S. entertainment business. The
recent increase in local NCASF chapters in
various cities affords these Soviet groups at
expanded geographic range within the
United States.
These NCASF local chapters act as spon-
sors, handle logistical requirements such as
hotel reservations, etc., and arrange various
fora and functions with a variety of domes-
tic groups. During these visits, the NCASF
is in a position to assist the Soviet gorups
visiting the United States. The NCASF pro-
vides a mechanism which allows Soviet rep-
resentatives the freedom to travel to various
American cities where they previously had
limited access or to travel in areas closed to
Soviet diplomats assigned in the United
States. The Soviet officials who are visiting
the United States under NCASF assistance
are also in a position to provide assessments
of Americans for possible targeting and re-
cruitment by the KGB.
During 1986, the NCASF sponsored a
number of Soviet visitors to the United
States that supported existing active meas-
ures operations. Two such events that were
designed to influence the nuclear disarma-
ment movement were the Mississippi Peace
Cruise and the signing of the People's Peace
Appeal at the United Nations. Both of these
events which were previously described in
this report, attracted extensive media cover-
age and were considered Successes by the
Soviets.
There appears to be an increased Utiliza-
tion of Soviet international front organiza-
tions and their affiliated U.S. organizations
to support Soviet active measures oper-
ations in the United States. Some front
groups are filing for tax exempt status from
the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The
New York City Chapter of the NCASF has
apparently obtained such beneficial statw
from the IRS, as has the LRA.
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World Peace Council and U.S. Peace
Council
The World Peace Council (WPC) is the
largest and most active Soviet international
front organization, with affiliates in ap-
proximately 140 countries. The WPC is one
of the Soviet Union's major instruments for
political action and propaganda In the nu-
clear disarmament movement and its cur-
rent campaign is clearly directed at U.S. de-
fense and arms control policies. The WPC's
highest priority is the mobilization of oppo-
sition against the SDI research program.
The president of the WPC is Romesh
Chandra, who is a long-time member of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party
of India. Chandra has received many
awards, including the Order of Lenin, from
the Soviet Union for his work at the WPC.
He travels extensively around the world co-
ordinating WPC activities and addressing
meetings of the UN in New York City.
WPC activities in the United States are
coordinated by its affiliate organization, the
USPC. Key leadership positions in the
USPC have always been held by trusted
CPUSA members who carefully guide their
organization along Soviet lines.
The USPC, founded in November 1979,
has consistently worked to promote the
causes of the WPC and has regularly sup-
ported the policies of the Soviet Union. Be-
cause the USPC increasingly suffers from
being exposed as a Communist front, it has
become less open about its Communist affili-
ations. Early USPC letterheads openly
showed affiliation to the WPC, yet a 1985
letterhead no longer shows it. By examining
some of the organization's activities, the
links between the USPC, the WPC, and-
Soviet interests are revealed.
Robert Prince, founding member of the
USPC, is the U.S. representative on the Sec-
retariat of the WPC in Helsinki, Finland.
Prince replaced Karen Talbot who returned
to the United States to become the WPC
representative at the UN in New York City.
After she returned to the United States in
1986, Talbot was elected to the USPC's Ex-
ecutive Board. There are other high-level
leaders of the USPC who also regularly
travel from the United States to attend
WPC meetings around the world.
The USPC, under the direction of the
Soviet Peace Council, played an active role
in the formation of the People's Peace
Treaty. The purpose of this operations is to
influence American public opinion on nucle-
ar disarmament, halt all SDI research, and
exert pressure on the U.S. Government to
accept Soviet arms-control reductions. Lead-
ers of the USPC were also instrumental in
forming the Religious Circles Committee,
which is another effort initiated by the
Soviet Peace Committee to involve U.S. reli-
gious organizations in activities of the
USPC. The underlying theme of these two
operations, as well as many other USPC ac-
tivities, is to get the USPC involved as an
umbrella organization for all peace and
social movements. Once the USPC gets
other groups involved, it can step-back and
allow these other organizations to run the
program. In this way the USPC, which is
widely knows as a Communist front organi-
zation, can act as a catalyst and have its
programs carried out while not appearing to
be actively involved.
wir. SOVIET INFLUENCE IN THE UNITED
NATIONS
The Soviet Union is effectively utilizing
the United Nations and its specialized agen-
cies to further Soviet foreign policy goals
and intelligence-gathering objectives. At UN
Headquarters in New York, the Soviets not
only have intelligence officers under diplo-
matic cover in the Soviet Mission to the
United Nations (SMUN), the Ukrainian Mis-
sion, and the Byelorussian Mission, but also
in the UN Secretariat. All individuals em-
ployed by the UN Secretariat must take an
oath to Carry out their duties and responsi-
bilities as a "international civil servant of
the United Nations" and not accept instruc-
tion or guidance from any government. In
actuality, the Soviets assigned to the UN
Secretariat report directly to the SMUN and
thus are part of the Soviet bureaucracy
which is controlled by the Soviet Foreign
Ministry, the Soviet intelligence services,
and the CC, CPSU in Moscow.
The Soviet intelligence services use their
UN staff assignments to support worldwide
Intelligence and active measures operations;
monitor and manipulate UN activities; col-
lect scientific and technical information of
value to the Soviet Union; and spot, assess,
and recruit intelligence sources and agents
of influence.
The Soviet Union has effectively exploited
the system of Non-Governmental Organiza-
tions (NG05) at the UN for active measures
objectives. Although NGO representatives
cannot vote at the UN, they may attend
conferences, sessions, and meetings as ob-
servers, submit papers which become part of
the official record, and at times speak at
meetings. The NGOs are prime targets for
Soviet penetration and/or control because
of their potential to influence voting mem-
bers in the UN, worldwide public opinion,
and the internal politics of their own coun-
tries.
NGOs may become affiliated with the UN
system in a variety of ways. For example, an
NGO may be granted affiliation by a com-
mittee within the Secretariat or receive con-
sultative status with a particular UN agency
such as United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific, and Cultural Organization (UNSECO)
or the Department or Disarmament Affairs.
However, the form of affiliation which is
the most desirable and carries the highest
degree of recognition throughout the UN
system is Category I consultative status
with the Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC).
The Conference of Non-Governmental Or-
ganizations (CONGO), which has consulta-
tive status with the ECOSOC, is the largest
and most influential nongovernmental insti-
tution within the UN system and is official-
ly recognized as such by the UN, its Secre-
tariat, and various agencies. It is the spokes-
man for about 200 international organiza-
tions associated with the UN. Most of the
organizations belonging to CONGO are neu-
tral, nonpolitical groups representing a wide
range of viewpoints. Religious organiza-
tions, professional societies, and public serv-
ice associations form the bulk of CONGO's
membership. However, the following major
international Soviet fronts are also mem-
bers:
Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organiza-
tion (AAPSO).
Christian Peace Conference (CPC).
International Association of Democratic
Lawyers (IADL).
International Organization of Journalists
(I0J).
International Union of Students (IUS).
World Federation of Democratic Youth
(WFDY).
World Federation of Scientific Workers
(WFSW).
World Federation of Teachers Unions
(WFTU).
World Federation of Trade Unions
(WFTU).
Women's International Democratic Feder-
ation (WIDF).
World Peace Council (WPC).
On April 15, 1987, the Office of Research
and Information Collection replaced the
E 4723
Soviet controlled Political Information and
News Service (PINS) at the UN. PINS was
established by the UN in 1982 to provide
Secretariat staff and member states with
summaries of media reports. However, the
Soviets used their influence over PINS to
select and edit press articles that only re-
flected an anti-U.S. bias. With the creation
of a new research facility at the UN, the So-
viet's have lost their ability to manipulate
the news at the UN through PINS.
During 1986, the Russian Book Club
(RBC) at the UN celebrated its 20th anni-
versary as a UN Staff Recreational Council
(UNSRC) club. From 1962 to 1980, the RBC
appeared to serve as little more than a gath-
ering point for Soviet emigres and UN Third
Country national staff members interested
in learning more about the USSR. However,
since 1980 the RBC has become a much
more aggressive propaganda tool for the
Soviet Government. The RBC, following the
UN's lead, dedicated the year 1986 as the
International Year of Peace and disseminat-
ed disinformation and propaganda regard-
ing alleged Soviet peace initiatives through-
out the world.
Current RBC direction and control comes
from the SMUN and more specifically from
the International Department, CPSU, and
the KGB. Since 1986, the RBC activities are
directed at creating an overall favorable im-
pression of the Soviet Union to the UN com-
munity and, to a lesser extent, the general
public. The RBC is the only club within the
UNSRC that has propaganda and intelli-
gence objectives; no other member state has
a similar organization within the UN staff.
In January 1986, the UNSRC informed
the RBC that it must reduce the size of its
membership, as the large RBC meetings
were causing increased confusion and con-
gestion around the Dag Hammarskjold Li-
brary auditorium at the UN complex in New
York City. The UNSRC sent the RBC a
letter reminding them that UNSRC clubs
were established exclusively for UN employ-
ees and their imrnedaite families. Based
upon the UNSRC constitution, all individ-
uals who were not members of the UN Sec-
retariat were ineligible to continue attend-
ing the RBC meetings. During the second
half of 1986, the RBC, in violation to the
UNSRC directive, continued to send person-
al invitations to large numbers of CPUSA
and NCASF members. It appears that the
RBC officials have chosen to violate the
UNSRC guidelines because they need these
individuals to support their active measures
operations.
IX. SOVIET POLITICAL INFLUENCE OPERATIONS
Soviet political influence operations
against the United States have steadily in-
creased in the past few years. These oper-
ations often utilize several types of agents
of influence and tend to be one of the more
sophisticated active measures programs.
The U.S. citizens involved in political influ-
ence operations are not usually recruited
agents in the strict sense of the term. In-
stead, Soviet intelligence officers try to
secure the assistance of certain individuals
to assist them in advancing established for-
eign policy goals on certain issues. Often-
times, these individuals are unaware that
the Soviet citizen they are dealing with,
who they believe is a religious leader, trade
representative, journalist, UN official, or
diplomat, is in fact covertly working for the
Soviet intelligence services.
Soviet Embassy Contacts Public Relations
Firms
A new twist in political influence oper-
ations recently surfaced in the United
States. On January 11, 1986, the Washing-
ton Post, reported that the Soviet Embassy
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks December 9, 1987
had contacted several private consulting
firms in Washington, DC to explore the pos-
sibility of obtaining public relations advice.
The vice president at one firm was quoted
as saying: "We were contacted by a Mr. Al
Levine of the information department of
the Soviet Embassy and asked if we were in-
terested in discussing the marketing of cer-
tain information. He was told we do not rep-
resent foreign governments for political
propaganda purposes."
The Washington Post also talked to a
spokesman for the Soviet Embassy who
stated that the Soviet Government normal-
ly handles its own relations with the Ameri-
can news media and dismissed the afore-
mentioned reports as "talk around town."
X. FUTURE TRENDS OF SOVIET ACTIVE MEASURES
OPERATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
The FBI believes the following events will
receive priority attention in active measures
operations conducted by the Soviet Union
and its front organizations in the United
States.
People's Peace Appeal
On August 6, 1987, the People's Peace
Appeal is scheduled to conclude a one-year
campaign to collect millions of signatures
on petitions supporting Soviet arms control
positions. There will likely be an official
ceremony at the United Nations when the
petitions are presented to UN Secretary
General Perez de Cuellar. Copies of the pe-
tition are intended to be presented to Gen-
eral Secretary Gorbachev and President
Reagan on the same day.
Chautauqua Conference in New York
The Chautauqua Institute of Chautauqua,
New York, has scheduled a large conference
from August 23-28, 1987. This conference
will be the third in a series of conferences
alternatively held each year in the United
States and USSR.
The Chautauqua Institute and the U.S./
USSR Friendship Society in Moscow have
sponsored these events to provide a forum
for discussion and debate on a wide range of
issues that affect relations between both
countries. Certainly the issues of arms re-
duction, 'SDI research, and a possible
Reagan/Gorbachev Summit will be dis-
cussed. Approximately 200 Soviets and 5,000
Americans are expected to attend this major
conference which will feature several high-
level officials from both countries. It is ex-
pected that a number of ranking CPSUA of-
ficials and Soviet Government leaders will
attend. This event is expected to generate
substantial public interest and media atten-
tion. Inasmuch as the ID controlled U.S.!
USSR Friendship Society is sponsoring this
event, the Soviets undoubtedly will try to
use this forum to advance Soviet arms con-
trol objectives and influence the American
public.
Projected Active Measures Operations
Against a Future Summit
The Soviet Union will probably initiate a
series of active measures operations de-
signed to support Soviet foreign policy ob-
jectives in any future Summit meeting be-
tween President Reagan and General Secre-
tary Gorbachev. Local chapters of the
CPUSA, NCASF, and other Soviet front or-
ganizations will direct some of the active
measures campaigns against the U.S. Gov-
ernment.
Prior to the 1985 Summit meeting, one
state's local CPUSA and NCASF chapters
Initiated a campaign to send 8,000 pre-ad-
dressed postcards to U.S. Senators, Con-
gressmen, and President Reagan. These
postcards were not identifiable with either
organization, and public stands were set up
so the general public could donate 25 cents
and send the following message to President
Reagan:
"The summit meeting with Soviet leader
Gorbachev holds the key to a future of
peace. A halt to all nuclear tests, and end to
Star Wars, and deep cuts in strategic mis-
siles will mean more security for all Ameri-
cans and all humanity. The world is waiting
and watching for a meaningful agreements
to end the nuclear arras race! Don't come
home without it!"
The 13th World Festival of Youth and
Students
The World Federation of Democratic
Youth (WFDY) and the International
Union of Students (IUS) are the two Soviet
front organizations which have jointly spon-
sored a series of 12 World Youth Festivals
since 1947. The 12th World Festival of
Youth and Students was held in Moscow
from July 27 to August 3, 1985, and esti-
mates indicate 20,000 delegates from 157
countries took part in the activities. These
Soviet-subsidized, large-scale events mix pol-
itics with sports, entertainment and interna-
tional friendship. The United States Nation-
al Preparatory Committee (USNPC), which
was staffed by high-ranking CPUSA and
NCASF members, sponsored 300 delegates
and 250 observers to attend the festival.
The Soviets used this festival as a political
stage for the USSR to attack President
Reagan, U.S. "imperialism," the American
military buildup, and to attempt to influ-
ence world opinion on peace issues and nu-
clear disarmament. Soviet organizations
such as Soviet Friendship Societies, the
Committee of Youth Organizations of the
USSR, and the Rodina Society were direct-
ed to commit their resources and personnel
to the World Youth Festival and the theme
of nuclear disarmament. The Rodina Socie-
ty, a Moscow-based organization which de-
velops and maintains cultural relations with
Soviet emigres worldwide, is known to be
dominated by the KGB, which utilizes these
cultural exchanges as a cover for its illicit
operation. This event brought the Soviets
into close contact with numerous influential
political, academic, religious, and media
leaders, as well as thousands of politically
active youths from around the world.
Through CPUSA and the CPUSA front
organization representatives in the USNPC,
Soviet officials carefully screened the Amer-
icans who applied to participate in the
World Youth Festival. It is known that the
KGB exploits such events to spot and assess
youth who appear to be sympathetic to
communism and/or the USSR. The ulti-
mate KGB goal is to recruit individuals who
may eventually acquire positions where
they are able to collect intelligence informa-
tion, support Soviet intelligence operations
or otherwise be useful. In addition, the
Soviet officials did not want disruptions or
serious disagreements to arise during the
conference and therefore they carefully
screened U.S. applicants to determine their
attitudes toward the USSR.
In the summer of 1989, the 13th World
Festival of Youth and Students is scheduled
to be held in Pyongyang, the capital of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The
WDFY attaches special significance to this
world festival which for the first time will
be held in an Asian country. Various Soviet
front organizations have already started to
promote the 13th Festival to youths around
the world. In the United States, the NCASF
and the CPUSA's youth group, the Young
Communist League, have already started to
promote the festival. These groups play a
major role in determining who attends the
festival as representatives of the United
States. In addition, these groups will at-
tempt to secure as many endorsements for
the festival as possible from local govern-
ments, public officials, and prominent citi-
zens.
Soviet Efforts to Influence the 1988
Presidential Elections
Soviet intelligence officers have already
started to collect information on the 1988
Presidential candidates and their positions
on various issues. It is possible that the
Soviet Union will institute a new series of
active measures operations designed to dis-
credit those candidates who have platforms
that are not acceptable to the Soviet Gov-
ernment. These operations can also be di-
rected against Congressmen and other elect-
ed officials by front organizations, agents of
Influence, Soviet influenced organizations,
and the CPUSA.
The FBI publicly denounced a Soviet for-
gery that surfaced in the United States in
January 1984. The forgery, dated 1947, pur-
ported that Ronald Reagan was working in
collusion with the FBI and the House Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities concern-
ing Communist infiltration into the Holly-
wood film world. This forgery was designed
to discredit President Reagan by raising the
Issue of "McCarthyism" during an election
year.
The CPUSA announced in 1984 that noth-
ing was more important than the defeat of
President Reagan. They utilized their front
organizations and publications to attempt to
convince the American public that the re-
election of President Reagan would be a
grave mistake and would have significant
political and economic ramifications.
An Assessment of Future Active Measures
Operations in the United States
In the United States, Soviet intelligence
officers will continue to actively target and
seek to cultivate influential American citi-
zens, U.S. Government officials, journalists,
and political activists. Much of this activity
will be overt in nature, although Soviet in-
telligence officers are always alert for the
opportunity to recruit Americans who are in
positions to facilitate or assist Soviet active
measures operations. The Soviet Union
relies extensively on the CPUSA and other
front organizations to support Soviet active
measures campaigns in the United States.
Front organizations of the CPUSA tend to
be more effective than the Communist
Party because they are not as easily identi-
fied as pro-Soviet or Communist-dominated
organizations.
One of the major Soviet active measures
campaigns currently underway in the
United States and Europe is the Soviet cam-
paign to undermine the SDI research pro-
grams. The Soviets are specifically interest-
ed in exploiting disagreements and creating
divisiveness between the United States and
its NATO allies on this issue. In the United
States, the CPUSA and other front organi-
zations have been directed to undertake op-
erations to influence the activities of inde-
pendent peace organizations. One objective
of the Soviet campaign is to influence U.S.
and European peace and disarmament orga-
nizations to focus only on the American SDI
program, while ignoring Soviet strategic de-
fense programs.
One of the best known and most frequent-
ly used Soviet active measures techniques is
the surfacing of forged documents. Howev-
er, in the United States this technique is not
being used as effectively or as often as it is
in other countries. Although most forged
documents do surface overseas, there have
been some recent forgeries which have first
surfaced in the United States. The Soviets
believe that even when the U.S. Govern-
ment issues prompt denials of the authen-
ticity of a forged document, the denial will
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December 9, 1987 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks E 4725
never entirely offset the damage caused by
the initial release.
Although it is often difficult to judge the
effectiveness of specific active measures op-
erations, the Soviets believe these oper-
ations have a cumulative effect and are det-
rimental to U.S. foreign policy and national
security interests. Furthermore, the Soviets
believe that their active measures oper-
ations in the United States do contribute to
their overall strategy to advance Soviet for-
eign policy interests, influence U.S. Govern-
ment policies, and in general discredit the
United States.
THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF
THE BLUE RIDGE HAVEN EAST
CONVALESCENT CENTER
HON. GEORGE W. GEKAS
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 9, 1987
Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, Blue Ridge Haven
East Convalescent Center recently celebrated
its 25th anniversary. Blue Ridge East opened
its doors on March 4, 1962, and was the first
new facility in the greater Harrisburg area de-
signed to give 24 hour nursing care. The facili-
ty was built by Morris and Etta Abrams, ad-
ministrators, and Dr. Donald B. Freedman, the
medical director. Ruth E. Mumma, RN, was
the first director of nursing and retained this
position until her retirement on June 1, 1977.
Blue Ridge Haven East, with a bed capacity
of 67 beds, is certified to participate in the
Medicare and Medical Assistance programs.
The center also has a contract with the Veter-
ans' Administration to accept veterans from
the VA Medical Center in Lebanon.
In addition to 24 hour nursing care, Blue
Ridge East offers audiological services,
speech therapy, physical therapy, and various
medical and personal services. The social
services and activities departments offer a
wide range of social and recreational activities
with a therapeutic emphasis. The center en-
courages community involvement through its
Adopt-a-Grandparent Program, community
gardening project, and its annual campaign for
the Arthritis Foundation. The facility welcomes
volunteers of all ages to participate in one of
its already existing programs, or to create a
unique program of their own design.
Mr. Speaker, I would like to offer my con-
gratulations to Blue Ridge Haven East Conva-
lescent Center on its 25th anniversary. Its em-
ployees and volunteers have provided its pa-
tients and our community with many years of
faithful service and support and for that we
thank them and salute them.
SEAT BELTS IN SAN GABRIEL
SAVE LIVES
HON. MATTHEW G. MARTINEZ
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 9, 1987
Mr. MARTINEZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to
commend the San Gabriel City Council for the
adoption of a resolution declaring December
1987 as "Seat Belts Work Month" in San Ga-
briel. Mayor Janis Cohen, along with city
council members Sabino Cici, Mike Falabrino,
Ed Lara, and Jeanne Parrish, should be rec-
ognized as leaders in promoting the benefits
of seat belts as a means of improving public
safety in our communities. In conjunction with
this resolution, the San Gabriel City Council,
with the help of the San Gabriel Chamber of
Commerce, the San Gabriel Police Depart-
ment, and the Automobile Club of Southern
California, is conducting a citywide campaign
this month to both improve community aware-
ness and increase the usage of seat belts in
automobiles.
In my home State, California, 3,000 are
killed and over 240,000 are injured as a result
of automobile accidents. It is in our neighbor-
hood streets where many of these accidents
take place as a result of everyday -driving; 75
percent of these accidents within 25 miles of
home, with more than 50 percent of all injury
producing accidents occurring at speeds lower
than 40 miles per hour; 20 percent of all seri-
ous injuries suffered in accidents result from
nonbelted occupants being thrown into each
other. The most frightening statistic is that
traffic accidents are now the leading cause of
death -among people under the age of 45.
The benefits of seat belts are well docu-
mented. Seat belts worn properly cut fatalities
by 45 percent and reduce the probability of
suffering a moderate to serious injury by 50
percent. Seat belts also help drivers in emer-
gency situations maintain vehicle control as
well as avoid being thrown from their vehicles.
Seat belts are now designed to allow riders to
move freely in their cars, but are also de-
signed to lock in place when cars come to
sudden halt. Most alarming is the fact that,
though nearly all cars now have seat belts,
less than 20 percent of all Americans buckle
up when they operate their cars.
Mr. Speaker, actions such as to encourage
the use of seat belts should be commended.
It is my hope that other local governments will
follow San Gabriel's lead, and remind their
communities that seat belts work and save
lives.
WHO IS WATCHING OUR
CHILDREN'S HEALTH
HON. GEORGE MILLER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 9, 1987
Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. Speaker,
today, a very important report "Who Is Watch-
ing Our Children's Health?" was issued by the
Children's Defense Fund. The report found
that U.S. leadership in the vaccination of the
Nation's children is floundering, and that we
will not meet the Surgeon's General's 1990
immunization goal of having 90 percent of all
children complete a basic series of immuniza-
tions by age 2.
Most startling is the erosion of the immuni-
zation status of the Nation's youngest chil-
dren. For each of the seven targeted dis-
eases, immunization rates for children age 2
years fell during the 1980-85 period.
These findings are particularly disturbing in
light of UNICEF's worldwide campaign to im-
munize children against preventable diseases.
The United States already lags far behind
other industrialized nations in our rates of
teenage pregnancy and parenthood, in infant
mortality rates, and in other important indica-
tors of the Nation's health. Once again, we
have been given the dubious distinction of
running behind the pack, instead of in front.
This is inexcusable when we have the
knowledge to prevent poor health status, es-
pecially among the Nation's most vulnerable
children. We also know that when prevention
strategies are implemented, money is returned
to the Federal Treasury. The Select Commit-
tee on Children, Youth, and Families docu-
mented in its report on cost-effective preven-
tion strategies that for evrey dollar spent on
the Childhood Immunization Program, the
Government saves $10 in medical costs.
For 1 million 2-year-olds, rubella vaccination
would save $9.8 million in net medical costs
and an additional $7.4 million in productivity.
The cost of lifetime institutional care for a
child left retarded by measles is between
$500,000 and $1 million. A Center for Disease
Control study indicated that the $180 million
spent over several years on a measles vacci-
nation program saved $1.3 billion in medical
and long-term care by reducing hearing im-
pairment, retardation, and other problems.
I urge my colleagues to study the report's
findings, and to take immediate action to pre-
vent a national tragedy by continuing to sup-
port all of the report's recommendations, in-
cluding enactment of the full authorization
levels for the childhood immunization pro-
gram, the maternal and child health block
grant, and the Community Health Centers'
infant mortality initiative. The introduction from
"Who Is Watching Our Children's Health?" fol-
lows:
At a time when UNICEF and third world
nations are conducting a world-wide cam-
paign to immunize children against prevent-
able diseases, U.S. leadership in the vaccina-
tion effort at home is floundering. The im-
munization rates of American children are
stagnating overall and even declining for
some crucial age groups. Congress and the
Administration must act immediately to re-
verse this course.
As a result of more than a century of re-
search, today vaccines are available to pre-
vent illness, disability, or death from a
number of the most common communicable
diseases of childhood. The use of vaccines to
prevent disease has been one of the major
success stories in public health and modern
medicine. Across the world, similar interven-
tions have been proposed to save the lives of
millions of children. Yet, because this
nation has not eliminated any major child-
hood disease except smallpox, the potential
for infection still exists in every community.
Thus, in order to maintain past successes
and achieve further progress, the nation
must continue its efforts to provide ade-
quate immunization levels for children.
In the past, successful efforts to improve
immunization status and reduce preventable
childhood diseases have used a three-
pronged approach. The key elements of
these efforts were: , (1) achievement and
maintenance of high immunization levels;
(2) development of strong and effective sur-
veillance systems; and (3) aggressive re-
sponse to disease outbreaks. As a result of
problems in the vaccine delivery system and
inadequate funding levels, the nation's ef-
forts in each of these critical areas have
been reduced since 1980.
We are moving backward rather than for-
ward:
The nation will fail to Meet many of the
Surgeon General's 1990 Immunization Ob-
jectives for the Nation, including goals for
reductions in the incidence of measles.
mumps, pertussis, and tetanus; and the goal
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E 4726 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks December 9, 1987
for having 90 percent of all children com-
plete a basic series of immunizations by age
two years.
General levels of immunization for pre-
school-age children worsened or showed no
improvement between 1980 and 1985. For
example, the proportion of one- to four-
year-olds receiving no doses of polio vaccine
rose by 40 percent for children of all races
and 80 percent for nonwhite children; and
the percentage of children who were not im-
munized against rubella before age five rose
during this period.
The erosion of the immunization status of
the youngest children is particulary trou-
bling. The proportion of infants inadequate-
ly immunized against diphtheria, tetanus,
and pertussis increased for all races and for
nonwhites. Furthermore, for each of the
seven targeted diseases (polio, measles, ru-
bella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and per-
tussis) immunization rates for children age
two years fell during the 1980-1985 period,
and none is approaching the goal of 90 per-
cent.
While there is no danger of soon return-
ing to the levels of disease experienced
before 1970, during the 1980-1985 period the
nation experienced a significant increase in
the number of reported cases of measles,
mumps, and pertussis.
The number of cases of measles reported
in the United States has risen dramatically
since 1983, and there were more cases in
1986 than in any year since 1980. Preschool-
age children had the highest reported rates
in 1985 and 1986. The U.S. Centers for Dis-
ease Control (CDC) found that 83 percent
of the cases among children age 16 months
to four years were preventable through ade-
quate immunization.
In 1986, after 15 years of continuous de-
cline, there was a nationwide increase in the
reported number of cases of mumps. For the
first six months of 1987 more than 9,000
cases of mumps were reported. This is more
than four times the number reported during
the comparable period of 1986.
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping
cough, can be a serious and even fatal dis-
ease. With immunization efforts, the inci-
dence of pertussis dropped to an all-time
low of 1,248 cases in 1981. However, the
number of reported cases nearly tripled be-
tween 1981 and 1985, reaching 3,589, the
highest reported number since 1970. During
the upswing, the rates of pertussis were
highest among children younger than one.
Over half of these infants were hospitalized
and one in five suffered the complication of
pneumonia. As with measles, inadequate im-
munization is a key factor in recent out-
breaks of pertussis.
Surveillance of immunization status virtu-
ally has been eliminated. In 1985 the U.S.
Immunization Survey, which had been con-
ducted by the Census Bureau for the CDC,
was discontinued. No nationwide immuniza-
tion statistics were collected by the federal
government for 1986 or 1987.
The cost of vaccines has increased dra-
matically during the first half of this
decade. Even in constant dollars, the cost of
the combined measles, mumps, and rubella
(MMR) vaccine more than doubled between
1979 and 1986. And the actual cost of the
combined diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
(DTP) vaccine rose by more than 2,000 per-
cent in a two-year period.
In the face of skyrocketing inflation in
vaccine costs, federal funding for the pur-
chase of vaccines has become inadequate. In
FY 1979, funding through grants to states
totaled $25 million and was used for pur-
chase of 17.4 million doses of vaccine. In FY
1986, federal immunization grant dollars to-
taled $45 million, yet only an estimated 16.2
million doses of vaccine could be purchased.
? As a result of limited numbers of manu-
facturers that continue to supply vaccines,
the liability concerns of manufacturers, and
the limited stockpiling (storage and preser-
vation) of vaccines have created increases in
costs and vaccine shortages. The system for
production and distribution of vaccines is
suffering under extreme pressure and al-
ready has reached one point of crisis during
which childhood immunization schedules
were cutback.
WHAT MUST BE DONE NOW: SIX STEPS
The Congress and the Administration
must show a sense of urgency about protect-
ing children from preventable illness. Six
immediate actions are necessary:
Inclusion in the final federal FY 1988 ap-
propriations bill of funding up to the full
authorization levels for the Childhood Im-
munization Program ($94 million), the Title
V Maternal and Child Health Block Grant
($557 million), and the Community Health
Centers' Infant Mortality Initiative ($25
million, with a total of $425 million for
health centers). Full funding for these pro-
grams is essential to the provision of an ade-
quate system for assuring that vaccines, and
providers to administer vaccines, are avail-
able for all children.
Immediate enactment of S. 422 and H.R.
1018, the Medicaid Infant Mortality Amend-
ments of 1986. These bills would continue
Medicaid coverage for the poorest five-year-
olds, permit immediate coverage of children
younger than five living below 100 percent
of the federal poverty level, and raise the
optional level of coverage for pregnant
women and infants to 185 percent of federal
poverty. Enactment of these provisions
could ensure the financing of immuniza-
tions for tens of thousands of low-income
children.
Appropriation of sufficient funds to
enable the CDC to maintain an adequate
vaccine stockpile. The stockpile authoriza-
tion level for FY 1988 is set at $5 million.
Enactment of the National Childhood
Vaccine Compensation Act with recent
modifications. This will require passage of a
small excise tax provision adopted by the
House Ways and Means Committee. The
new vaccine compensation program is a
first, and essential, step toward reducing
vaccine cost inflation.
Restoration of the immunization surveil-
lance system or replacement of the prior
system with a new annual survey. Other na-
tional health surveys do not provide ade-
quate information regarding immunization
status. Given certain adverse trends in im-
munization status and recent outbreaks of
diseases across the nation, abandoning this
system is a serious mistake in public health
terms. Surveillance activities should be re-
sumed as soon as possible to chart progress
for the end of this decade.
Congress and the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services should begin
now to adopt policies and provide funding
which can assure an adequate system for
providing childhood immunizations by 1992.
Meeting the Surgeon General's Objectives,
by even that late date, will require a com-
mitment such as was made during the late
1970s: continued increases in funding levels
for key child health programs to compen-
sate for vaccine price inflation and growing
need for publicly-provided vaccination; ag-
gressive efforts to improve and sustain im-
munization levels: studies of disease out-
breaks and their causes; public education
campaigns regarding the importance of
childhood immunizations; and ongoing sur-
veillance of a specific and detailed nature.
Every American ought to ask what kind of
government would seek to hide, rather than
energetically watch, the health status of its
young.
STATEMENT IN OPPOSITION TO
THE DORNAN AMENDMENT ON
MILITARY AID TO GUATEMALA
SPEECH OF
HON. DON BONKER
OF WASHINGTON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, December 8, 1987
The House in Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union had under
consideration the bill (H.R. 3100) to author-
ize international security and development
assistance programs and Peace Corps pro-
grams for fiscal years 1988 and 1989, and for
other purposes.
Mr. BONKER. Mr. Chairman, I rise in strong
opposition to this amendment, which would
eliminate the present statutory prohibition on
lethal military aid to Guatemala and permit
United States weapons and ammunition to
flow to that country's armed forces.
At the time this provision was enacted into
law in 1985, the Congress was disturbed by
Guatemala's inability to achieve control over
the military and security forces; to eliminate
kidnapings, disappearances, forced recruit-
ment, and other human rights abuses; and to
respect the basic human rights of the coun-
try's indigenous Indian population. Today, de-
spite President Cerezo's efforts to establish
mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting
human rights violations, and despite a number
of witnesses' and even victims' positive identi-
fication of the police or military forces as per-
petrators of abuses, not a single member of
the police or military has been tried.
Incidents of political violence in Guatemala
unfortunately remain very high. The respected
human rights monitoring group America's
Watch found press reports on 1,201 political
killings and 28 cases of torture between Janu-
ary 1986 and August of this year.
We in the Congress must lend our whole-
hearted support to President Cerezo's at-
tempts to instill civilian control over the armed
forces and police. However, I believe the pro-
vision of lethal assistance to the Guatemalan
Armed Forces would serve neither this goal
and the cause of accountability for human
rights violations, nor the achievement of a re-
gional peace settlement under the Guatemala
accord. Moreover, I fail to see how any mili-
tary aid can be justified when the country
faces such severe economic problems. ,
I urge my colleagues to vote down this
amendment, and to support the committee
bill, which extends for an additional 2 years
the current statutory prohibition on weapons
and equipment for Guatemala.
RESTORE RAILROAD RETIRE-
MENT BENEFITS INCORRECT-
LY SEQUESTERED
HON. BOB WHITTAKER
OF KANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 9, 1987
Mr. WHITTAKER. Mr. Speaker, I am intro.
ducing a concurrent resolution today express.
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