MILITARY NEWS: COMPLEX AUTOMATION IN THE CONTROL OF TROOPS AND COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS, BY COLONEL V. SINYAK, DECENT, CANDIDATE OF MILITARY SCIENCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000403290001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 24, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 14, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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TR,')OPS
A:traf ?-nt Control. or Troops
Proble=
ty
4. Slnyak
Cand11.atr Nillitary Sciences
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There n L'r.J1W tps In mx:dern
conditions 141,1.: terri ..e3sf4l1y if the commanding
officer and tt..e staff nave a complex of the latest.tenIal
means of automation. That is t saj, a complex, and not its
eepartte Linccoriiaated Components.
Ey complex automation ve mean automated anstrol at all head-
quarters levels, in all types of arms, vhere /*Urn:0mM electronic
computerts (77:nie...ttelnaja ma4nina), compaters (achetno-reshayushofteye
ustroystv,.)), television, ra4ax, en,ziphertng es4lpment, electronic
switchboards, dup?.icators, phot,AeLsgraphy, infrared eqmdpmentorideo-
communication eqi.dpment, sout'd recording equipment, etc., are used
on a wile amle. The comp.ex ,4tilisation Of all that* means permits
the soot conp.ete saintenadce of contact between commanding officers
and headtv4arters on the one hand and the field 00 battle on the other.
Automation will bring the commamliag officers soarer to events
affect lag the subordinate troops and mill gime %hos a atones to
iatluence them in good ttme oa behalf of the cosmos Plan amd the
concept of the batt:.e and the operation.
Wr ste. try 1,:lstrato the component
plea of the meatus of at.i.tomatWa and the contro.
their place and significance la tido enmeleal,
operatlenal-tecanical requirements *Ask they
parts of tne whole c's-
ot the troops. *now
sumorfitt
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first of A, regards the oompomolikvorWalAribl* omplos.
Xs our view there are tut/ of them: the Weisamoll moos tor
obssisIsig primary intormatioa St the MOW et WIMMOUSUMIX.
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-he f'irst pa.t- :qii?: :'onc:c;1 ,tf electronlc computers ,h.W,1), -,Juated
Ir.tlf...adquarter; tne information trarsmftters (datchlk.) of those head-
q..ar-7_ers wnich are not equipped: witn electronic computers; equipment
for obsorvation and reconnalcsane. Let us pause to examine the .
characteristics of the above-mentioneJ equipment.
The electronic computers may be used on the one he.nd for ^ci-
lecting and processing information (for the headquarters 'which it serves)
and on the other as a collector of information for a higher headquarters
or the headquarters of a neighboring one or two words missing7 of some
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headquarters of electronic compu rsLone or two words missing,. How-
ever, the information collected by these headquarters mill.:st /7Ee or two
words missing7 EVM of the higher or neighboring headquarters by means of
ne or two words missini7 apparatus or of specially developed rapid-
acting 5ne or two words missing7-transmitters, magnetic tapes, and others.
in the technical equipment 5ne or two words missing7 which must be
linked with the EVM, can be includedpne or two words mIssing7 and
radar stations, infrared equipment, one Or two words missine, mete-
orological stations, and the personnel for topographical tying in.
Their linkage with the electronic computers is a rather dlfficUlt task.
Rere ne or two words miceine technical difficulties, as automatic
photo ne or two words missing7 of radar and infrared stations 5ne or
two words missing7 their ne or two words mAssiui7 to the ZAN; auto-
ratio deciphering ne or two words missiNg memory of the machine"
Working out a number Lat or two words missine it; collation and
transmittal of information give or six words miss i:07 printing or
another EVM; link the eqvtpment giver six words miss 1147 of con-
munications, the creation of the necessary channels of communications
g)tree or four words missini7.
The technical means of reconnaissance which Jour or five words
missini7 component part in the complex of automated 5hree or four
words nisei the following: radar stations; equiment cane or tw
words sissi radar reconnaissance, the tranmaitters (da chik) for
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agent intell ence apparatus for aerial radiation, meteorological,
and sound-ranging reconnaissance, seisso-intelligence infrared .
equipment, etc. There are also acme unsaved technical tear 1%...mb-
similar to those for observation equipment. 50X1-HUM
None of the difficulties enumerated has been completely over-
come at present, and therefore considerable efforts lo scientific
research organisations and military retionalisers will be required
to overecae them.
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tions eq.ipment, -
This includes: the channel-c
ment (radiozelay lines, 11
as multiplex (-:p-..dtneniyE) er
(kommutiruyushcheye ustroystvc);
equipment.
cdmp.Lex is communica-
p%: nas no practical -value.
, (kana-Loo0razuysnchaya) equip-
lines of comminication, as well
switc'o devices
termihaln; ehciperi 7 and linkinc,:
Before fcrr:,11,a-..ing; any ,. ntilal-tactical and technical re-
quirements for th.#i cne sto;;Id carry ciut
a careful evalation ahi :istric.itin of the whole flGw of ihfcr-
maticn going 3% all arm:, of tops and control elements, tearing
in mind the sharp changes in the form, content, volume, and freq.iency
of transmission, the g%lantity neadd.darters ioc-iments, lists of
urgent and non-urgent reports, etc.
It would seem that there will be no "autonomous" communications
channels for the various arms of troops and services in a complex
automated communications system. There will be no necessity for this
any longer.
One cannot, for instance, agree with the situation existing at
present: each an ever:; arm of troops and service has "its own"
rilannels and "its own" comicntions systems. All the information
will have to be "sifted through a single sieve". By this means
duplication of lines of communications will be eliminated. But,
at the same time, interexchange within the headquarters and between
the EVN of the various arms of troops and services will be increased,
while in some elements they are to exist separately.
Switch devices w-U,1 be of great importance in an automated
communications system. Paralle with the existing automatic and
manual telephone and telegraph switchboards, the need will arise
for electronic noncontact high-speed switchboards. They will be
required for automating communications Channels at the main and
auxiliary exchanges. A great need for noncontaet high-speed
switchboards will arise for tne practically instantaneous connection
of Channels carrying information from various installations. Such
switchboards atw-;-1i connect the channels carrying information with
the CM the usual channel with the terminal equipment; the50X1-HUM
communications channel with the free KW input, etc.
The high speed of electronic switchboards will probabl::
to be calibrated to the high speed of the electronic computer itself.
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wi-- be of specia_ importance for the switch-
toards whin have to connect communications channels carrying infor-
matior with the free inpits of the electronic computers. Taking
into consideration the high speea of exchange of information between
the machines, amounting to tnoAsands of bauds, and the high speed
of reading the information from the discriminators (registr) situated
between the input the tfer "memory", the high speed and
reliability of such switchboaras should be exceptionally high.
Probably the types of electronic switchboards will be determined by
the control element using tne EVM.
The terminal equipment will be of great importance in a complex
automated communication system. According to the methods of reception
of information it may be divi-U.ea into video, documentary, and audio.
The following may ce related to video equipment: electronic
computers, television, videotelephony; to documentary - electronic
computers, i:,hototeJrgraphy, and telegraphy equipment, tape recording;
to audio-telephony equipment.
Ome should stop to consider the universal applications of
electronic computers. They are able to take in the information and
reprod:ce it clearly either for visual reception or in documentary
form, they may store, update, fix, and carry out various calculations.
on the information taken in during the course of the development of
the battle and the operation. Such universal application of
electronic cocputers to an automated control system will allow the
majority of the information to be stored (zamknut) in an electronic
computer acting as terminal equipment of ? given point. In this
connection, the volume of traffic on such types of communications
as the ordinary telegraphy, radioteleprinter, and radiotelegraphy
may be greatly reduced. The need for telephone conversations will
also decrease considerably.
The use in an automated control system of electronic computers,
television/and video-telephony, which provide visual reception
of information, will greatly widen the scope of controlliair the
troops. 50X1-HUM
Information smy be most fully and comprehensively documented
with the help of electronic computers operated in conjunction with
external documentary equipment. The simplest fora of the latter is
the ordinary`telegrapb set. But its low capacity (1600 words per
hour) is already incompatible with the enormous capabilities or
electronic computers in issuing information. The task is to create
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eqr.r. In our country, such equipment
capable of printing at a speed of some 2 million symbols per hour,
has aireAdy been developed. It is true that it is still somewhat
bulky. if the speed were slightly reduced and the design
improved, it Youid be possible to get an acceptable teleprinter
device which could be successfully used in field conditi50X1 -HUM
At present, in stationary conditions, a number of recorder
attachments are widely used in conjunction with electronic' computers
which draw graphs and record spots (tochka) on paper.at.appropriate
coordinates according to calculation data. Such attachments can be
used for producing charts of the regrouping of troops, engineer
support, the limits of radioactive cloud spread, the radiation level
of terrain, etc.
In addition to electronic computers, information may be
documented by means of phototelegraphy and telegraphy, as well as
by magnetic. tape. For instance, one can record on a magnetic tape
not only from the voice but also from telegraphy and even from
television. Such recording* can be reproduced over and over again
by means of tape recorders. They can be transmitted by any means
of communication and either be sound read or rerecorded on tape-
recorders located at a great distance from the point of transmission
of the informatisn. Information recorded on magnetic tape may be
reproduced by telegraphy equipment, a television receiver, etc.
Thus, the terminal equipment is the technical equipment which
is located in the immediate vicinity of the place where the general
or officer is working. With its help they control the troops and
receive information from all levels.
The development of terminal equipment at the present time has
S tendency to increase the weight of the equipment giving visual
repro.duction of information. In our view, the terminal equipment
should not be developedme-sidely but as a complex, one type Of
equipment supplementing the other. The final aim of its develop-
ment is to provide the commanding officer with the possibility of
visualising the battle ground as clearly as possible and at the
same time enabling him to listen to all the information required
by him at a given moment. The development of new types of
terminal equipment and technical equipment Au* observation
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reconnaissance should in the main be subordinated to this IfEK1
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TL ri'ccm2r rere special equipment for
linkinr with the orinary, convehtional communications channels
(radl,Jrclay, wire, and rarlo). All the information obtained by
mear. of the varics technical means should be fed without human
interference into the electronic co:_puters through special linking
devices, where it is processed by it, partly fixed in its memory,
and partly, in summarized form, transmitted to the people who need
it.
The creation of linking devices which could ensure the feeding
of information into the electronic computer in a binary arithmetical
system (dvoichnaya sistema schisleniya) is an urgent task for
scientific-research organizations.
Having examined the complex of the technical equipment forming
an automated system of control of-the troops and the prospects of
the development of this equipment, it is possible to try to formulate
the tasil operational-tactical requirements for this system and its
components.
First of all, this system, in cur opinion, must be the same for
all arms of troops and services, and its components should be inter-
linked and disposed on a principle excluding the duplication of infor-
mation and ensuring the control of combat means. The technical equip-
ment for obtaining and transmitting information should be standardized
and provide for the information to be transmit* to all types of
terminal equipment. The whole complex of equipment of an automated
system should be interlinked by one highly reliable and flexible cos-
munications system. This meant that the switching equipment should
ensure the automatic connection of any source of information with
any echelon of control and should provide for vide maneuvering of
communications channels. The communications system, in this instance,
should be highly developed and should cover the whole area of combat
operations. The fact that any component part of the communications
equipment, or communications exchange is out of action should not
interfere with the control of the troops. 50X1 -HUM
This system will require the creation of new, more advanced
technical equipment for observation and reconnaissance, communications
equipment, and terminal equipment. It is essential to enxisage a
gradual and systematic changeover-to these from the existing equip-
ment, adapting the latter to new requirements, bearing in mind that
they are precursors of the future automated system. In our view, it
is essential even now to centralise the direction of all new develop-
ments being carried out by all arms of the ground troops and to carry
them out as a single complex.
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creation cf an autom.ted c:mplex system of control of the
troops will probably lead to the birth of a TiAlitatively new arm
of special troops, to a new organizational structure. Up to now,
the control of the troops was ensured in the main by the signal
troops. But even now their roie is changing radically, as the
quantity of equipment destined for ensuring the control of the
troops develops. Because the electronic computer, as well as all
the other equipment (for observation, reconnaissae, transmission,
etc.) will operate in an automated system, i.e., in a complex with
a single communication system, and will become its integral part,
one should also think in advance of who would operate and service
it and who would be responsible for its creation, application,
and operation.
We are of the opinion that those best qualified to deal with
this equipment are the signal troops. For this reason, it would
seem to be advisable to widen their functions and tasks considerably
and to include organizat1onall4 the technical means of the automated
system of control of the troops in the composition of this ars of
troops.
From the Editor: The Editor invites officersand generals to
discuss in this journal the questions
raised in the above article.
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