PLENUM OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION 15-19 DECEMBER 1958 STENOGRAPHIC RECORD

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08T00376R000100190001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 513
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 16, 1959
• Content Type: MISC

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16 February 1959 ti, JPRS 600-D
PLENUM
OF THE CENTRAL CQWMITTEE
CO.IWf NiST PARTY OF TI-' SOVIET UNION
15-19 DECEMBER 1958
STENOGRAPHIC RECOPJ
U.S. JOINT PU LICATIOVS
RE.~Li CH SETWIC:E
WAIN OFFICE:
SUITE 300
205 EAST 42ND STREET
NL77 Y0R-2: 17, N.Y.
D.C. OFFICE
SECOND FT,OOR
1636 CCI NEG ICUTE AVE., N .W .
WAS HINCY20NN . 9, D .C .
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CSO: 2576-D
' aJ3LE OF CONTENTS
First Meeting
(15 December 1958, Morning)
Plenum Opening
Report of Comrade N. S. Kh~^ushchev : Results
of the Development of Agriculture in the
Past Five Years,, and the Tasks of Further
Increasing the Output of Agricultural Products.
Second Meeting
(16 December 6953, "Morning)
Speeches of Comrades
Podgornyy, N. V.
Belyayev, N. I.
Denisov, G. A.
Vor onov , G. I.
Lobed ev, I . K .
Dubkovetski , F. I.
Serdy~ik, Z . T
Sheol1nikov, A. M.
Loginov, I. G.
Koesnikov, A.. S.
Kalnberzin, Ya. E.
Third Meeting
(16 December 1958, Evening)
Speeches of Comrades
Kirilenko, A. P.
Mazurov, K. T.
Goryachev, F. S.
U1' dzhabayev, T.
Zhegalin, I. K.
Tellyakovskiy, V. A.
Mal'tsev, T.S.
C hernys hev, V. Ye.
Page
79
86
lr4
126
134
140
147
153
158
163
168
174
181
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(17 r?GET?y~ 1.9}u; :ll',l'Y?.in )
Page
Speeches of Comrades
Koz1ov, A. I.
Kan 1ov, S. K.
Grachev, V. V.
Gayevoy, A. I .
Mus',afayev, I; D.
LycA::zko 'L'
eyeva, Ye. I.
T; c , uv:. ya:1 S . A..
T,
.188
195
202
206
211
222
2.26
- ,
I is
1.:...el,v; N. V.
234
Fifth Yetirg
(17 Decelibe 1958, E7ening)
Speed?--s cf Comrades
fW~;,ra -e-r D. C .
242
Rud.enr.o, I. P.
243
Mzhavanadze, V. P.
2.8
Korot'kov, S. K.
253
Kebi_?, 1 1 '. G.
256
Kapi ,orLov, V.
264
Beregc'Toy, F. G.
269
Ms~?u~ovr kiy, N. F.
Z,73
Gi talov,, A. V.
277
Speeches of Coi ades
Sixth Meetin.g
(18 December 1958, Morning)
Karpov, F. A. 282
T oka, S . K. 286
Kryazh, I. Z . 288
Pysin, K. G. 2 93
Semichastnyy, V. Ye. 301
Starovina, N. F. 308
Bulganin, N. A. 313
Rozenfel'd,
Leont'yev,
Vasil'yev,
Voskanyan,
Z. M.
S. Ye.
A. I.
T. A.
323
Ignat' yev,
S. D.
325
Golovatenko, P. S. 330
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TALE OF CONTENTS
S eventk oetiig
(18 Decehber 958; evening)
Speeches of Comrades
Koncnenko, A. F.
Snechkus, A.. Yu.
Lobanov, P. P.
Ra?,takov, I. R.
Korlyakhov, V. G*
Ski: Vkov, . T. F.
Do.'onin. Po I.
Kolyshch TbOaer-: 96
dac $ .all `'b a ?j~shame 3.>d? gs
of this grahp. but flg ~ O fil i=-stfort. dr,.-tbepar# and the p*gpl* to
to boost egriau .t a ate - r "ear cam g e oar inn. ail sae the Way
this group Obsti tte3y''?eeistad' tbt'bug 1t'recent yeara?, the "IMlemctation
of key usurer to agriculture and ' them by iapaded the aomatry's economic
The anti-Party group, All you know, -fought. against-,te.;PartyIs vi gian?:
land reclsmiaticu p6licy.. But it weep asely by.-daVelbotng .the -virgiar :.,~
lends that the country sharply increased gross grain production and
paraar ement, which made it possible .ta.reise- the pbople}s welfare and
reinforce our eoQutry s might still made
.The aulleparty group opposed :. the, new elrstem of planning in agriculture.
But it is precisely this now system of planning-that has given free play
to the creative initiative of the manses: end has de it possible to
use local opportunities. more rationally. As. a result the kolkhoses
m' obtain far more from the same lentia. The anti-Party group tried
to souffle-the Patriotic movement the foremost kolkhozee and sovkhozes had
started to raise animal husbandry as fast .a possible end to. tackle the.
task of overtaking the U.S. in the shortest space of time in livestock
pSoductts per capita. This movement was supported..bly all the people and is
already bearing good. Bruit. The anii-Pe?ty gr ,wan against freeing
the private holdings of the collective farmers- s the factory and, : Oti ioe
workers from obligatory deliveries of meat, milk, potatoes, and other
agricultural Products., and-tried to scare the Central CqWttee into
thinking that such a measure would 'supposedly dislocate the, country.' a
supply of livestock products. ?'hat actually wa..at the met results? W . ,.
freeing the private holdings of the collective farmers from obligatory
deliveries, the Party elevated the creative activities of the .kolkhoz:
peasantry. In the final analysis, far from. goia doatzn., production and. pro.
aurementa of livestock products have considerably increased, which has
benefited the entire Soviet people.
development.
The opposition of the anti-Party group to key undertakings-which the Party
had slated in order to strengthen the. kolkhoeee 'azad? .promote. the wellbeing
of the collective farmers chars the Molotov, B;agasooh:,: iilenkov, and
ocmpary were ignorant of agridulture and-.wrongly. treatad.Ahe peaaantgYj,:
regarding it as a force resisting tha- building: stocl*l*em. Thies a.f e -
line with respect to the kolkboses' and: -the. calleotivw -fanners. a contrary to the views of Lenin, led in practice to that difficult position
we had in agriculture by 193.
I dedd, haw : can one reconcile with the interests .oaf . raising sga oU t ,
the proposal Molotov made and got adapted, despite, ob ctiot ,: tla8ir;.each `.
region.paroatide itself with its own potatoes. Waaz. Ws a preo iaal 491OUoa
to the problem under these coaaditins? To pcrovid ikas -t d }: ad,>
for instance, with potatoes -at the, expense of the
koltbos" of ;itoaorou- :;.
and Leningrad regions, it was necessary greatly to ex',*oteto planting.
What did this mean then for the kolkhozes?
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lteal3s . t1 t potatoes' tied - at the,,prioe;:ofz-2;.5 to 3
kopeks a -kilo,- me aaa:ese~:L -r ltt *Ol oy'~ s proposal .led to. It
led to the tllndesmdming. of thd. kolkI o ee Under such cond$tJO0,14le more
the ' kolffios would ?turu.= in of ipotatoea , 'more it would go tv yam,
because not only voul& the es 'c to p*cduoe those potatoes 4ot; be, Aota-
pensated for, but even to tre~nsport thi~se potatoes to turn them, ia, to_ the
state, ways and means had tollbe-found in other branches of agricultural
preductim. The other btt'ancheo, incide*tally, were also in a Ute of
neglect. And so this drove the kollchapes toward 'their utter rutin.
Or take another of Molo 's proposals, the proposal to increase the.
ambmit of the loan in the c tryside. Be gave as. his motive that the
ot
collective farmers were taking little part in subscription to the loan
andwdre subscribing only a Mali am, which was less than in the cities
and tams.. Molotov got thisjproposal adopted, too. Of course, the
increase in the loan could r
solve the task of providing funds. But it
.
did worsen-thepolitical btthe collective farmers who were persuaded
to subscribe to the loan but ho could not do it because of the exceed*ngly
law income at the kolkhostes i -No sastll nqW*v of other proposals were
also made, which actually he ptr - agriculture.
Today all can see boor miserably this ecatemptible group of despicable
factionaliste, whom the Cetal Committee exposed and smawhed'and than
the Pay an people have oftokod aside, failed.
The Central Com?ittee's undertakings. foar agriculture are. being sne
eessfully .realised. They are 6f truly revolutiomry in portanee for
developing agricultural production in our country.
Let us consider themain-results of agricultural developoent in
recent yearn in-3ts key branches.
I. Advancement of Land Cultivation and I -ease
in Grain Production
Comrades, in working out the program for further developing agricul-
ture, the Party proceeded ft-cm the pmemise that In forming is the
backbone of- agricultural production.. without:,solving the grain,problem it
is .itrpoesible to meet .thre 'ecoutry I a bread requirements, raise animal:
husbandry, and increaseAhe.:output of ,' industrial Crops.
But it was precisely in grain production that the lag: was- greatest,.
which brought about stagnation in same other key aspects of agriculture,
especially animal buabe dry. The amount of mwOkvtable grads-was exceddivIgly
inadequate and them were difficulties in the breaA. supply eweui in the big
cities. In 1953, the ' comtry procured 1,899,000,000 Pad .df gftin, 'hurt
2, 020,000,000 - pud went into supplies and seed loom, Far 'cusranrt needs
we had to take grain::oat of the state reserve4, . -vrhich e-acmethif8 -that
could not be permitted at all.
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W9.-
In acts feet; &O=regards grain prodncttod, the oduntrr+ was stuck
teat. a lt>mg t#mat -Con 3ev*1 -of pare-revo1uti y Russia Allow me
to give.yOtt Otte faptns to taming to this matter.
&am Arena? a OI?
am Gr2we
atf MM
-
-
.
Period
Grain
Per H"tare:
Gross Grain
Area (in
4:..
- . Crop in Cent-
Returns (in
million
ne %s (1 :Dent-
million
Ila)
ner-100 kg)
pud)
1910-1914 (average per
annum over present
territoy)
102.5
7.0
4380
1949-1953 (average per
ann*
.105.2
7.7
4942
As you see, in soon areas, crop yield, and grain returns of the
country remained, in practice, on the same level as before the Revolution
='thOugh=in numerical strength the population, especially of the industrial
centers and cities, had considerably increased and the state's grain
requirements were inomeasurably greater than those of Tsarist Russia.
Did the men responsible fpr the state of agriculture, notably
Malenkov, lanow of the country's grain shortage? unquestionably, yes.
But, in spite of the facts, Malenkov announced from the rostrum of the
Percy Ogress in 1952 that the country's gross grain returns totaled
8 billion pud and that now the grain problems had supposedly been solved
once and for all. Malenkov did a dishonest thing by manipulating figures
of the-so-called biological harvest yield, though everyone knows that the
"biological harvest" is very far from being grain that is actually in
granaries. Indeed, you' cannot bake bread with 'the concept 'of "biological
harvest yields": Bread is made of grain that is ttored in the elevators.
Actually the position as regards grain production presented another
picture. Even in 1952, which was a record harvest. year for that period
the kolkhozes and sovkhozes gathered not 8 billion pud of grain, but only
5.6 billion paid. -'Thrvg'h the kolkhozes and sovkhozes even turned in Part
of the seed stock to the state, the country proeured.only 2.1 billiaan pud
of grain, which did not meet current state requirements,- let alone the.
necessity of creating the required reserves.
The declaration that 8 billion pad of grain had been gathered. was
nothing but'hub.g. to deceive the P arty and the' people. Its aim was to
.?Cower up. the great bungling In agricitlttme of w21ieh.Uelenkev had been put
in-charge.
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Such was the pOsitio* as regards grain produetien, MONt mrgent
neaaures- had to be t6 en Ao.:boost grain farming, .The-Oent*al ,Coiiit'I
of the Party worked out these measures. Central exong them were:
Ffrat the dev:Iq
pmen4of much virgin and?lonng f$1lc 3AW.in
Siberia, Kazakhstan, and tie Southeast;
Second, the extension of make plantings and the boosting of its yields,
:'as well, as the moving p th:s crop Into new areas; a re-examination of
the structural pattc n;. of the sown areas in girder to replace crops
giving a small yield with higher yielding grain and other agricultural
crops;
Trird, t%_9 increasing of grain ret s fx' old lands under
cultivation, by raising harvest yields and rediiaing losses.
As a result of these measures, there. have been great changes in-,
t h e development of grain f a r m i n g Here are some figures for the woven
areas, gross.- returns., and grain proourenents,,fer the respective years.
1953,
1958
Scan areas under grain
(".Ilic.ba)
106.7
125.2
Gross j.-min re-`,urns
(~n:.l lic,n pud)
5,036
8, 508.
Grain Procured
(million pud)
1,899
3,495
1.955 as %
Of 1953
184,
As you see, Iai the past 5 years the. grain crop areas increased by
18,500,000 hectares, or 17 percent; gross grain returns went up by:
2, 'i'i" ".. )C0, 000 pud, or 69 percent; and grain procurements in 1958 were 84
Perce-ut more than was procured from the harvest in 1953. Altogether,
the state procured this year 3.5 billion p' d of grain, which:-:is an = out-:
standing victory for, the party and the.. people In the realization of pldbe to
Mild cormnmism. Our country, never had such an amount of grain in all its
history. .All the Sovic people are rejoicing..at this victory and are
proud that the Coaanu i' t Party is enjcyinb great success in ieplementing
undertakings to develop grain farming.
The development of virgin and long fallow land was a.deeiwive re-
quisite for increasing grain production. Under the leadership of the
Party, the Soviet people 'have performed a good many feats ? unparalleled - in
history. Now a new labor feet of the people, the bringing under-th*-plow
of millions of hectares of virgin and long-fallow lands, has been in-
scribed in the annals of the great victories which constitute the national
pride of our count::^y,
in the space of 3 years the farm folk of Siberia, . Ke zekhstan,
the Volga and other areas have, with the active support of the entire
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heeat y bh h set up cn iiij riy de aped: d#._ , No Myth'.
country has ens' kwon such a scale and rtte ofd! g new lased.
ad334qp -
~. tie Yes,
a tb , 000
an n a`e?il~ ~ i$7
o a ra 844
I `w 1d like to cite the to
imp t at des
Jat*ary 195 the .Dneporvpetrovb
gccr of a Oblast, oat v
fallow. The farm covered 39,000
form ? #ng tie has given 4
ins." ;>'ing 3,200,000 peal in 1958,
mete?ic a of gr- in` 19
state' s ica~e frtaa~ t}yeIui
86,400,000 rubles, and includ
102 million rubles:. , i
net profit of 14 million rub
'ies'- 200 domes, a anftj hall
you industrial structures
so vkhos , Already the sorlshos had' e
'3,`6130 .Meep, and m re t an, 1,200 hogs
'mss virgin Ind h - not caoly. bee a source of increasing ' grain
p ticax. 'the deve1o ment of land :has been a' aghoo of cammunist
edwAticn and la *, toughening . herds - of thousands of people. An
outstanding pert in reclaiming the virgin land has been plied by the
Leniaiert 7f4R, (Young 0cimeo ist Le ` , ; `# g oua you# who have.
ight t2 a ale to* Cc nism. At
iaasibed a be~ page in the hi of
be call of the Party, )50,0 yod ig tri`ots to plow "tip tie via fa
land and creditably performed their tasks. In the put 3 years more than
3 million college. students, and yv factory , end office workers have
bead to brim i tie :hnrreet au' virgin land, for which they have
easd the warm gratitude of our people .
When - the idea of plowing up 'virgin . lead a role, ` Molotov and the
olbder members of the anti-Party group, opposing This. measure of the Party
and the Gtioverbment, bought to prove that the cost of reclaiming the
virgin land would supposedly not be repaid and that this-matter was
ecaarosioah]y unprofitable. The past years have refuted those absurd
as iccas acid ve proved the n;11 4;4e economic bleflefits to ttre state
fret the development of the virgin
.
Aeowdingto data of the Central Statists hoard and the ;Kistry.
of'' 'e, in 19544958 'the state invested 30. b~illio4 rubles #
iia* 4S.$ btlliotr rubles fr+ 0 iariwtable `..grain Vroduaed in`'the`~
virgin and long-fallow land develownt areas. Excluding from this sum
the said expenditures on the development of virgin land, we see that the
state has not only received back these investments, but over and above
as an ialuatration of the
Uarbed aeii virgin land. In
we wt up, in Atbasarekiy
4 0 lsmd. Since its
gi
state T, Z)O, 000 - -ud ofran,
to production cost per
and ' 84 ' kopeks. Tha _ state
f i$ of this sovkhos. The
of the abv hoe, totaled ` `
duction of `this term, More
p ties, ,.publi' d baths, and
b !i1t cr1 the drOunds of the
immte t ,2,000 lad' of"oattle,
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?12',.
billion ~: r --- r 77 ;. r~*"; 3T' '?~
i : billion rubles, ' n p8 ng ~, bid} ion ambles ' . `the Russ{ an.
Resides that ' the produeti`L q `, 3 P ,Mate. farms, the ~;epe r and
h
c
a
l S
n
Tec
ri
e
t
tio
s v ad procurement organizations have. sed.b
aprpreximately 24 billion rub ,ea..frgm "those . sam state investmen is the
virgin and. Thus, ree],ar tipn o!: the virgin land was not. onl,3r~ a, deci sii
accumulations for implementing the program:.of communist ,construc ion.
b3ich, Comrades, has been a cc lishesd ou die virgin lands. IArge -
socialist establishments.bays, sprang ups.; n,.the ,almost uninhabited . steppes,
workers' settlements have muabroo ned, , elect4o,,,stations ` and elevators.
have ;'
been erected, railways. have been built, but there is still -, tremendous.
work ahead. It.must;not be. forgotten that we have Mere a-great mazy
difficulties. In the.or"ganizatl,on of production} -ancLpf gemerel,amenities.. ,*a
particularly, ibis t ye -must overcome.. In the next few years .it., ii ? neoe+ sy
to complete on`the,sov ozee the planned construction'of prosgctLgn
of cultural and * public services, of, houses. The sovkhotea. w'44
t, have...
. X . ,
permanent cadres !or carrying out "all agricultural work . ea that t re. shoo d
be no need to send either workers a students to takein'the crops, ; 'The
.`.
Party organizations,,,;the government and agriculture]; bodies must,heihten
their attention to the virgin land development areas, must spare no.sPfc~
or means to convert the new atabe farms into model socialist a.gerpriaes.:,
ny republics, ` to ,ritories, and regions. of the country, and they
Russian Federdtion. and the . l9azakh_$8 , first and, foremost, have :du3,y
contributed to tl a ace, mpl ;.
shment of the `whole coUntyyts'teak of i eas!
grain production.;
'
'
Until suite
recen -, t Russian . Fadera?ti;o# , .
seri4u behind
the other republics' in the level of output. of agricultural, 1, produc ts, . .
measures taken 'by the Central Committee, the organization: of ' a CC Bureau
for the RSM Y*i.thin ths,w . the .jncre d role Of. the, OW ci rof_ Djnisters
of the republics, the _regiona a territor#al Eparty, and.,aounc 1, nrOw
the management of tY:e.ec no y .lwr c aaieutsl, ,y :..niprr6ved the stat% :thus
problem of agriculture in.the . Bepublic,
k
r.}
"
During
the -past yeara, a
z;Pro~~ =~~ ~o~x = h~etaras , ,o! sew ls~a~d,#
were brought under the prow in the RS1 , 40 O bectar $p,
Altayskiy -Kray, 1.,496'000 hectares is New'el bfrs$aya Oblast, 1, 473,000
hectares in Orenbur eyca 10,1444
~.,35Q, Me 'e~ . i.~- tart a .. .
Oblast 1,33,004 hectares a c*nska a. -last .cane mt,U
L y
v -yam s sR iy rjM IOca '~~ 1
ct
res i
}e
a
s
Stavropol',skiy Xay, and opts hectares -3.a to,aksare (11aat
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The increase in productivity and increase in.planted area were essential
requisites for the growth of gross collection - and. marketing of grain.
The following figures show the growth of grain procurements of the regions
of the Russian Federation in 1958 as compared with 1953:
Grain ?rocured
(million pud)
1958 as
percent
1953
1959
of 1953
RSFSR
1,098 .
1,930
176 percent
Altay..'sy Kray
29
262
9.6-fold
Cmskej.u Oblast
36
90
253 percent
Novosih".rskaya Oblast
24
70
293
Krasnoyurskiy Kray
37
60
162
Orenburgskaya Oblast
68
105
155
Saratovskaya Oblast
52
167
324
Stalin radskaya Oblast
27
,
165.
'
612
Roatovskaya Oblast.
Krasnodarskiy Kray
48
105
146
144
305
137 "
Stavr.o;cl'skiy Kray
45
114
250
I should like to point out Altayskiy Kray as an. example which. emphasizes
the great economic effectiveness of bringing virgin land under the plow.
As I hyrTe already'.mentioned, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of this region have
brought great virgin lands under the plow, and at present the total arable
area of Altayskiy Kray is 7,475,000' hectares. During the past 5-year period
the government purchased 1,149;000000 pud of grain in this kray, compared
to 244 million pud in tha preceding 5-year period.
Similar figures may be' cited for the other regions.. These figures
indicate the importance of the role-which-the oblasts and krays of the
Russian Federation play in the grain supply of the country.
At the present plenum we'must,express great satisfaction with the
success with which grain cultivation has . been. expanded in the Kazakh SSR.
Four or 5 years ago the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of Kazakhstan produced a
very small amount of grain, and'had'practically no influence on the grain
supply of the country. At present, the situation in this republic has been
fundamentally. changed. Kazakhstan is the greatest. commercial.grain-producing
region in the country and takes second place only to the Russian federation.
In acclaiming the successes of the Kazakh SSR it must be emphasized
that these achievements were. supported.by:.?he friendly aid of.all the peoples,
of the Soviet Union. This is an expression 'pt ,the..'
inviolable
Leninistic friendliness of the people of oUr.;,country.
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- 14+
The changes vhich,have' talken place in the grain production of
1?:azakhstah mayrbe seen frbm't a growth of bread procurement;
Bread 'Procured
(million pud),
1958 ?as-.
percent
1953
1958
of 4953
Kazakh SSR
Kaze.:h SSR
146
950
6.5-fold greater
Alwnlinskaya bblast
21
221
10.7-fold greater
X~..::: :Inayskaya Oblast
28
101'
3.6-fold greater
Kokchetavskaya- Oblast
18
129
7-fold greater
Pavlodarskaya. Oblast
9
155
17-fold greater
However, all years are not the same in agriculture. Coed years alternate
with less favorable years. Because. of this., individual years may-not be
compared, and comparison must be based on longer periods. Daring the period.
191.9-1953, Kazakhstan gave to the government an average 'of._11 million pud
of grain per year, and this was increased to 515 million pud of grain duaing
the 195+-1958 period, which is an almost five-fold increase.
A supplement must be added to this comparison. Not all the virgin-
land may be brought under the plow and placed in production at once.. The'
work of breaking in virgin land proceeds by.degrees.. over the course of
a 5-year period, and the greatest growth of production of ..grain.is rear-t.od ?
on7,y after 2 to 3 years. During the next 5-year period the indexes will
be -higher, because all 2b million hectares of newly'broken land in
Kazakhstan will contribute to the production of grain
Considerable achievements in the` development of grain growing have - '
been gained by the agriculturists of the Ukrainian Republic,.-who t year
have produced 552 millio'n.pud of grainy or 102 million pud over.and above..
plan.
As a result of the work done by the Party in recent years, the country's
grain-growing industry has been placed on a firm footings' . ;,.is me:ans..taat
th-= whole of or agriculture is now receivir.o- a`'sound cnd sb&ble base for
its all-roand development and for the production of as much ngriculturv.1 and
livestocl: -,)rod-ace as the state. n;,eds.
However, this in no way means that the task of expanding grain
production is no longer on the order of"the day.
P1ac ; for : 3c~, 'vA.ral' d+;velxxpeat i.-.' the' Uo;xt- f . n::.., pxc .::~.e
ahai incr.^aae trhr: o :Npt af' .?: :'.cu.7:':~: al a -1 ive:sz,~ek ~dut ~; :tn o:' x
to p: ovi::' . an Q:)uuda^_t s -i '.y of those produc&,s for .he 1--a t-i n and to
meet al :%, other requirements of the state: And this can. be achieved only
if there is stable and well-developed grain-growing.
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The conclusion to be drawn from this is that the utmost expansion of
grain production, as the basis for the whole of agriculture, remains the
basic course for farming to follow in,the coming years. It has been estimated
that we must have 10=11 billion pud of grain to meet the state's requirements
to the full.
The question arises: by what means can we increase gross grain harvests
by another 2 to 3 billion pud?
The principal and decisive means of expanding grain harvests under
modern conditions is to increase grain yields.
To bring gross grain harvests up to 10-11 billion pud, the kolkhozes
and sovkhozes will have to obtain 3 to 4 more metric centners grain per
hectare than they do now. We have, unlimited reserves for doing so.
The basic marketable grain growing areas today are known to be Siberia
and Kazakhstan, the Ukraine and the North Caucasas, the Volga area, the
Central Black earth Belt, and the Urals. Each of these areas has its own
specific features which must certainly be ta1en into account in setting the
targets for increasing yields. But a feature that is typical of all these
areas is that they have large tracts of fertile flat land and large kolkhozes
and sovkhhozes with a large store of experience in grain growing. Here are
vast reserves for producing grain by raising ,ields, in the first place.
To bring these reserves into action we must, following the example of the
leading kollchozes and sovkhozes, take several necessary measures.
First, strict observance.of-dates for conducting agricultural work.
It must be remembered that part of the grain region'is located in a zone
of insufficient moisture or irregular precipitation. Therefore, under
these conditions the campaign for closely spaced dates for the performance
of agricultural work is a campaign for the accumulation and conservation of
soil moisture, and is in this case the decisive factor in obtaining a
high yield.
For each kolkhoz and sovkhoz the rule must be established that spring
planting of grains must.be done within a'5 or 6-day period, and harvesting
must be accomplished within 10 to 12 days. on every farm the organization
of work, deployment of; personnel, and issuing of technological equipment must
be completed within these deadlines. Of course it goes without saying
that for any particular -farm. these, periods are not determined by a higher
directive, but by an agronomist on the spot or by brigades of the kolkhoz
or sovkhoz.
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Second, `as soon as possible during the next, 2 or 3 years the 1co3lingzes
and sovkhozes must institute correct crop rotation on a necessary amount of
black fallow grounds. This i very important, in dried-out areas. In any eve
event, ho..rever, this problem must be solved in the proper sequence.
Furthermore, an attempt must be made to plow under all fields,, after
the crops have been harvested, at the proper time and with suitable moisture
conditions.
Third, large and firm crops cannot be attained without prcper seed.
A certain amount of work has been done in this respect during recent years,
particularly in the production of hybrid corn, and valuable types of wheat
any other grains have been developed and distributed. However, the task of
conversion to.planting exclusively the tigh-yield type seeds still has not
been resolved. Nost of all, a certain ype of unfortunate farmer still has
not died out among us who leaves the kolkhozes and sovkhozes, generally
without seed, and in the spring asks for seed loans, misses the best planting
dates, and sows whatever seed he can get. Clearly, this tyre of farm
management does not make for high yields.
Fourth, it is high time, comrades, to consider seriously the use of
fertilizer in these regions. At present, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes have.
many cattle, and within the next few years the number of head of cattle will
increase considerably. There will be many cattle, there will be much manure,
and there will be higher crop yields.
The nonblack earth zones also have large reserves for increasing the
production of grain. ale have held an incorrect view of these zones in
considering that they. could never produce high yields of grain crops.
Furthermore, because these. zones have adequate moisture characteristics
they are especially favorable for the production of good and sturdy crops.
However, it must be kept in mind. that the. decisive.factor in these zones
is the use of fertilizer to increase productivity. Because of this, the
storage of organic fertilizers and their correct application is of special
significance in the ronblack earth .zones...- Crop rotation in well-processed
fallow land will also increase the production of grain and fodder.
The most important reserve for increasing grain production in the
country is to increase the maize yield.. During past years, the planting of
this valuable crop has been considerably increased, many kolkhozes and
sovkhozes have conducted experimental cultivation of maize and have produced
good yields. It is sufficient to indicate that during the current year
more than 6 million hectares were planted in maize in the Ukraine. This
enabled the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the republic to create great stores
of fodder, and to increase the procurement of ensilage seven-fold over 1953?
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Furthermore, using part of the maize for grain, the kolkhozes and
sovkhozes of the Ukraine considerably increased the-grain reserves. For
example, on an area of 226,000 hectares planted in maize and allowed to
ripen to maturity in Dnepropetrovskaya Oblast a 'yield of 30 metric centners
per hectare was obtained, and in Solonyanskiy Rayon of this oblast a
yield of 39.1 metric centners per hectare was attained. In Bel'takiy Rayon
in the Moldavian Republic the maize yield averaged 32 centners per hectare
for an area of 6,600 hectares, and the yield attained at the kolkhoz imeni
ICotovskiy in Lipkanskiy Rayon was 71 centners of grain per hectare for an
area of 277 hectares.
In the Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR 32,000 hectares of maize were brought
to full maturity. The'average yield for.this Entire. . areawas_19..6 centners
per hectare.
However, the average maize grain yield of the country continues to
remain low. In 1958, the national average yield was 22 centners per hectare.
The experience of leading farmers of many regions shows that we may harvest
no less than 30 centners of maize per hectare. This will be an enormous
contribution to increasing the production of grain.
j 7e have great possibilities for increasing the production of beans
and large-grain crops. For example, let us consider peas. This year a
yield of 34 centners of peas per hectare was obtained at the kolkhoz imeni
Michurin in i.bnastyrishchenskiy Rayon of Cherkesskaya Oblast, and a yield
of 36 centners per hectare .was attained at the kol'..hoz imeni :X Farts'yezd
(20th Party Congress) of the same rayon.
The kolkhozes and sovkhozes must considerably increase their yields
and increase production of buckwheat, peas, kidney beans, and several other
valuable large-grain and bean crops.
Comrades;
Uith the development of'virT nsoil areas a big step has been taken
toward expanding grain production and-ensuring an.adequate supply of grain
and other products to the country. Virgin lands must continue to be
developed above all in those places where this does not call for large materia;
expenditures.
But the main thing now is to increase yields. This task is known to
have been set for many years now, but until 1953 we had not, in fact, made
an inch of progress towards its practical accomplishment. This happened
because while there was a lot of general talk about increasing yields, the
real conditions were often ignored and in practice necessary measures were
not'carried out to ensure the growth of yields.
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Under the..present conditions, with qualified staffs available on every
sovi,hoz extended technical facilities on the kolkhozes,r and with considerable
increases in the supply of organic. fertilizers brought about ;by the
development of cattle farming, and vith?tp meat production
to 20-21 -million. tons.
Socialist cgricuiture of the Soviet Union possesses such rep,,3rves
that if they are ably utilized the assignments envisaged by the target
figures. will be, exceeded both in volume and in. time.
To bring up the production of meat to a scale ensuring the
aceompliebment of the slogan to overtake the United States, it is
necessary to produce 42 metric centners of meat of slaughter' weight;
per 100 hectares of farmland. The target figures envisage 32 centners;
in 1958, 16 centners per 100 hectares have been. produced, It goes without
saying that the figure of 42 centners per 100 hectares is the average
index.for the country.. This index will differ for the various republics
and.oblasts. Many of. them, depending on the local conditions, will have to
work for higher figures.
Naturally, to'.increase meat production 2-2.5 times for the country
as a whole is.no.t. an easy matter. But that this is practicable and fully
feasible is convincingly demonstrated by the experience of the best
kolkhozes, sovkhozes, rayons,.. even entire oblasts which have sharply
increased meat production in.a short time, We have now many ko:!hozea,
which have already obtained 80-100 and more centners of meat per 100
hectares,
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Thus, while not:-.incl4ding tae figure of 20-21 million tons of meat
as a general-State assi'grnlent so'-as not to overstrain the plan, it is
necessary at the sAme time not to keep back but to encourage the initiative
of the foremost people why launched the movement for.overtaising the
United States: in a short 'time*ins t e.per-capita output of meat and other
animal products. If all kolkhozes 'and sovkhozes join this movement and
party organizations ably lead it, planned:assignments can be greatly.
exceeded and thereby the slogan of-'our foremost agriculturists will be
realized to overtake the` United States ' ini p er-capita output of animal
products.
The only thing necessary is properly to organize the work, to bring.
into action the inex.haustibJ.e reserves of the kolkhozes,and sovkhozes.
Mach organizational work, able selection of personnel,. accounting and
proper utilization of the potentie.ities of each farm will be needed. This
is the crux of the matter. Success will depend first and foremost on the
level of leadership, the will and ability of the organizers to help the
dollective.farmers and,sovkhoz workers in elaborating and applying urgent
measures fora sharp expansion of meat production.
The most important task before the party and local government
organizations of the republics, krays, oblasts, and rayons is to draft
concrete plans for each kolkhoz and sovkhoz. It is this work that will
help us to bring out and put for fuller use the reserves of korchozes and
sovkhozes in order to achieve a further sharp increase in agricultural
production. It has to be borne in mind that the drafting of plans for
each kolkhoz and sovkhoz is not a mere matter:6f adding and subtracting,
not a mere fixing of targets, but a thorough exploration of the
possibilities of every farm, the state of affairs ,in it,.and the standards
of management. It is necessary to examine in substance the capabilities
of managers of this or that farm and what must be.done to improve management.
It is well-known that different indexes in the development of separate
koikhozes, sovkhozes, and regions are e'*lained to a great degree not by
natural climatic conditions but chiefly by the standards of management
and cadres.
Drafting of plans in sovkhozes and Rolkhozes is a major, complicated
job. This work must not be done-hastily; obviously, it requires 3-4 months
to analyze thoroughly each separate kolkhoz and sovkhoz and to determine
the degree to which production of grain, industrial crops, and livestock
produce can be increased--on a given farm. Take, for example, the task
of increasing meat and milk production. What is necessary for its
successful realization? Mainly feed. For'this reason the plan must
stipulate which crops to reduce in order to increase sharply the
production of feed. This must be reasoned and calculated,
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Plans must be drafted individuial1y; from. the plan it, must be apparent
who drafted ity..what guided their recommendations for one-or another
measure, and vho. is responsible.for fulfilling.each target of the plan.
In.conducting this work it is, sometimes.neoessary, apparently, to
replace those managers *ho are not securing a rise oil their farms.
There is no need to become carried away with replacing cadres, but one
should not refrain from replacing managers when it is clear. that they
are not coping with assigned tasks. One must not simply substitute one
worker for another, but promote deserving, competent, cultured managers
capable of organizing and landing people in the fulfillment of tasks
assigned by the party. One need not. spare the best workers to strengthen
bolkhozes and sovkhozes;nor create conditions necessary for them. This
compensates for itself. It is impossible to recommend for leading posts
in kolkhozes and eovkho$es so-called "free workers," who in the majority
of cases prove to be free namely because these are cadres of little value.
During the 5 years that have passed- since the September plenum of the
Central Committee, the party.and the whole of the Soviet people have -
carried through a vast amount of work to overcome the lag of agriculture
and to achieve a.sharp advance in each of its branches. The whole of the
Soviet people have::a.perfect right to be proud of the achievement . we. have
gained. But we should not rest content with this, nor let these
achievements weaken our determination to work for the continued development
of agriculture. What has been done is no more than a beginning. The
achievements we have must spur us on to a still.greater advance.
If the party organizations will apply themselves with all their
enargies, inspiring the masses of agricultural workers, then the tasks of the
7-year,. Plan will not only be fulfilled, but overfulfilled..
It has to be underlined with the utmost emphasis that the planned
increases in the output of agricultural products must be ensured through a
substantial rise in the productivity of labor. The main thing is .to ensure
that minimum expenditures for labor produce maximum quantity of production.
The organizational and political activity of the party organizations, as
well as the work of soviet and agricultural organs through their direction
of?agriculture must be dedicated to this end.
We must organize the production of grain, the products of animal
husbandry, industrial crops, horticulture, chiefly taking into account
the zonal and the soil and climatic conditions in such a fashion as to.
take full advantage of all local resources and possibilities for achieving
the maximum. quantity of production. in return for the minimum expenditure
for labor and funds.:
. At present, we have-.a fairly large difference in labor expenditure
per unit of output on kolkhozes and sovkhozes. Permit me to introduce
a small table illustrating this point.
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Labor Expenditixres per>,Unit of Production for
o7khozea as Compared With r~ov,?khozes, in 1.50 (sovkhozes - 100)
Regions-of Chernozem Zones
Grain
240
W.U
130
Volgw Regions
260
140
North Caucasus Regions
?300
100
Western Siberian Regions
220
120
Kazakh SSR.
220
110
j What 4o these figures prcv*? The kolklwzes expend.. much more labor
on the production of grain and mi11 than the sovkhozes do, and this
makes kolkhoz production far more costly than that of the sovkhozes.
And since the production costs on the kolkhozes are higher, the state,
to sustain the kolkhozes economically, has to fix higher purchasing.
prices for their products than it does for the sovkhozes. In 1958, for
instance, the state paid 44 rubles per 100 kilograms for grain to the
sovkhozes while it paid:63 rubles to the kolkhozes. For cotton it paid
242 rubles per 100 kilograms to the sovkhozes and 340 rubles to the
kovkhozes. Thus, the state has had to.pay much extra money to the kovkhozes
for the products it bought from them.
Our socialist system provides all conditions for the kolkhozes,
equipped with modern machinery and staffed with qualified specialists,
to have as high productivity as that of the advanced sovkhozes.
The tasks of the further development of agriculture call for an
analysis of the economic relationships between the sovkhozes and the
kolkhozes. Collective farming is an integral part of the soviet system
brought into being by the October Socialist Revolution, and we must
strengthen it in every way in order to create an abundance of material
goods for the people. Thus taught Vladimir Il'ich Lenin. Even in the
first years of the SoviaC. regime, when they were building the bases of
the soci,alist economy, he said: "Every social system emerged only with
the fir$neial support of a definite class. We need not remind you of
the hundreds aad hundreds of millions of rubles which the birth of 'free'
capitalism cost. Now we must recognize and translate into action the fact
that at the present moment that social system which we must support instead
of the existing one is-the cooperative system." (Works, Vol )3, page 429)
In carrying V..I.-Lenin's cooperative plan, the party has always
supported the kolkhoz system.. It has always given and continues to.give it
every help with regards to money,-machinery, cadres, and, in a word,
everything the kolkhozes needs. In do doing, the state was never motivated
by purely commercial considerations. It always proceeded from the interests
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of communist construction} and of fdrging stronger the alliance between
the working class and the peasarxt t1 :jtac6Lim :was, to create in._'the country
an aburd~ of agri i#l u ~a3; `;j . bdd d s as `a r~a'3 a tb t1 the transition
In r pponse to this enormous help from the state, the koPoio yes .were
obliged to turn in a definiCe? amount of agricultural. ' prod`uct's. ' While there
was still an insufficienor.Qf such products, the state was obliged:, to
get them by taxing the kokhozes. The relations based on the obligatory
delivery of products to tie state by the kolkhozes continued-for-many.
-ears, right. up to 1958. Naturally an economic bond between the" so'vkho~:es
and the kolkhozes in tle f ?l a tax system was not Our.ideal, This'was
a forced Measure stemming from ,;the inadequate level of agricultural
development.. And though in its day the system of obligatory deliveries`
did some g6od, at the same time it had no small number of negative
consequences. The tax system did not stimulate the growth of labor
productivity. It . engendered. conservatism in farm management. :. Nor d td.
it accustom people to reckoning. up how much the products cost and to .probe
mare geepty iutio procucttion. economics.
The present period is such when economic relations between 'the state"...,
agriculturah production grows the need for obligatory deliveries faSIsH
off and there cones to replace the tax the free sale and purchase of
products at prices reflecting the level of production and labor*.' product
The question may rise: will not the free sale by the kolkhozes of
their products Introduce an anarchic element in agricultural- development?
These fears. -are without basis.
Our economy is managed on the basis of state plans, We can never have
a situation when there will be-an-over-production of one set of products
and they will be sold for a song to the ruin of the kolkhozes, while a'
shortage of other products would allow some farms to wax*fat by mariceteering.
In all the necessary cases the state will regulate the production of
different categories of products in accord with the requirements mf the-
people.- It will also regulate the prices so that the kolkhozes will not
only be able to..cover-their outlay on the products, but also have enough
accumulations: for expanded reproduction.
However, in all this the level of.labor_productivity comes first. The
more one. or another kolkhoz. turns out in gross. product and also in
output per unit of labor, the. greater tbe'income will be. And on the
contrary, ii'another kolkhoz, with the same cond4tions.., will obtain half
the.products.'per unit of.-labor, its'` income will -Alsobe' respectively half.
That is right'., There can .be no grooming;down. _to one level , in:,socialist.
society,.Our objective is to! get agrictltiutxprvdtcton: to grow. by
boosting ].alto productivity and increasing all "d "t
..marketable output
of fa~7m: economy
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Some might say: we are 901 g to communism and are simultaneously
developing commodity relations, this not a contradiction? No, it
is not. The party is out to ere5te'an abundance of agricultural products.
This is a major condition for g(3ir over to communism. This task can be
solved only if the principle of the material incentive of the kolkhozes
in boosting agricultural producticii is properly applied; it can be
solved on the basis only of such'.economic relations between the state and
the koikhozes that stimulate higier productivity of labor and greater
agricultural production.
The historic significance of the Party's decisions on NITS
reorganization, the new procurement procedure, and uniform prices, lies
precisely in the fact that it us rs.in a new chapter in the economic
relations between the state and lio),khozes., The principle of the free
sale of products will graduali"'T compass all branches. Take grain, for.
instance. Thid year the state procured 3.5 billion pud of it. If next
year the kolkhozes and sovkhozbdi, should prepare himself to
follow,
A* I. Kozlov: ComradegS The entj'e aouree of the development of
agriculture in our country over the past 5 yeOtr's> so brilliantly and
profoundly revealed in the statement of Comrade N?S. Khruehched, goes
to show that the period which has elapsed since the September' 1953
session of the Plenum of the Central Committee has a truly historic
significance for the life of the Party and the country, for the life
of the people. The Central Committee of our party has boldly revealed
before the whole party and the Soviet people the infringements and
distortions of the Lenin policy in the kolkhos structure, which has
obstructed the growth of agricultural produetionf created a certain
lack of correspondence in the growth of industry and of agricultural
pro(:,;ction, created a certain lack of correspondence in the growth of
industry and of agriculture, secreted within itself consequences
perilous to the further industrial development of our country, to the
increase of the.vell-being of the Soviet.people; which was in a
positic.i to.restrain the progress of our country toward communism,
and which could have weakened the economic might of the Soviet Union
and of the whole socialist camp.
The Central Committee, having disclosed great inadequacies in
agriculture, brushed aside from its path everything which might
disturb the development of kolkhozes.and sovkhozes. In the resolutions
of the September. session of the Plenum of the Central Commit-bee and
in a number of subsequent-ones,. in the resolutions of the XX Party
Congres;, there was elaborated the wise policy of the Party with
respect to a sharp upsurge of agriculture, a policy which the whole
Soviet people unanimously approved as its intimate and native cause.
Anothor enormous service of the, Central Committee of our Party
lies in the fact that, having elaborated the policy of a sharp upsurge
in agriculture, it has carried out., an enormous organizational and
political. labor and has assured the carrying into effect in practice
of the resolutions adopted. For this reason our whole Soviet people
greets, with enormous joy[ and pride in.its Party.. and the'Central Committee
of the latter, the political balance rendered by the Party as to the
situation of agriculture, which is being judged by the present plenum
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obl8st, rayon, or kolkhos got.by rote, but by taking into consideration
concrete peculiarities and thh-opportunities-for'thei'r development.
i
This.. Ccmrades, has heig#tened the ma Lur'ity, of .:the leadership
personnel, their enterprise; ?and it has raised the :level': of the conduct
of the economy, that of:-our'organ2zat onal and political work,-to a..
new, even greater height. An exemplary lessonth the comprehension of
e;ch didtrict was for us the visit of the leaders-of party and
administration, with Comrade- hrushchev at their head, to'Chita in 1954.
Ican tell you, Comrades;. that when, after''.the September plenum of
the ?antral Committee of.the
party the 4hflle country was? caught. up by
the triving to solve as quickly Eke possible the :problem of making use
of tie untitled and fallow. .land a and 'on -this 'basis to salve, the problem
of production of grain in oureouhtr3, we in the Chitinskaya Olbest,
too, ,,were caught up. by this c ht, , To the question:'of Comrade , irushchev
as tp,what we intended to work in during the forthcoming period, we
replIdd that it was our. aim to extend the'sowing'of wheat, in order
to increase the production thereof.
Comrade Khrushchev. said., "That's not for you.. There care other
distj'tcts, too, that-can, produce wheat; but what you oug1it to . do is
engs a in the, pr
of sheep.,-give us more wool and more good, cheap
matt pn,."
Natural.ly, at that time we found ourselves in a pretty trying, spot.
f,ut t ::aain thing was,.that what Comrade Khrushchev had said reflected
the Ci? 38t interests. of the development of the district; it reflected
tho ritc!:.csts of the development of the district; it reflected the
interests of the. development of the agrieulturelof our kolbhozes, their.
pecu iarities.of soil and climate, and it was accepted by the district
part- organization. as the guiding precept in all our work.,
A comparatively brief period of time has passed, and yet at this
plenum of the Central Committee of the Party I can report on the first
fruits cf our work. The number of sheep in the Chitinskaya Oalast has
now increased. to the figure ?of 3 million head. Over "recent years. there.
have been 50 percent.. more:sheep than in 1953, and three times as mart' as
trier 'were in the prewar year'.of 1940. The production of wool has grown-
b,, t o and one,-half times. .In,wool.produetion the district now occupies
the hird pr.fourth place , in our republic, whereas no more than ?_ or 5
year ago it-was down somewhere among the ranks of the last. The quality.
of t e stock has also been radically. altered, since over these years the
number of our sheep bearing. fine and semifineewool has increased by
four Mmes. Receipts frcm. sheep-raie1-ng rose from 57.6' million, rubles. to
235 million rublea,or almost-:5 times.. Other branches of agriculture,.7
toot, registered their. increases.... The sown' area almost doubled, the sale
of meat increased by 85 percent the sale of milk doubled, and cash receipts
of the kclkhozes increased by 3i times, The contaibution and sale of grain
to the state also rose.
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of the Central Qoi 1 ittee of our party on the. blasia . bf_ the teport of
Comrade N.S. Khrush+eheV, I-' must say fran Ii O lee, that the
recently concluded pesrtr bonfeMencea Of the rayon's"both as a whole
throughout our country,et is under construction and the streets are lined with decorative
Plants and shrubbery, Si filar work' is going on. also in the villages of
gene; Geranitmovka, Verguny, etc,
Of course, the construction organizations cannot do all the con-
struct:-,on work in the kolkhozes, And that is why we aredoing.everything
to encourage the output of construction materials by the kolkhozes them-
selves. Nineteen kolkhozes of the rayon not-r have their own brick-
making plants and the making shops with an annual output of 10 million
bricks and 300,000-400,000 tiles.
Construction has been considerably expanded also inthe-other rayons
of the oblast, This year., 12,130 houxses, 228 child nurseries.,,60 clubs,:
136 school rooms and more than 500 industrial and farm buildings have been,
built in the oblast kolkhozes.
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The inter-1olkshoz construction organizations have greatly influenced
the improvement of construction in the kolkhozes., both in ouz' rayon and
in the Oblast as a whole. They have now been setup in all the rayons of
the Oblast. The inter-kolkhoz cohstructiozi btganizations have proved
their superiority to the Gall. kolkho# construction' brigades even though
there is still room:t'o' im rovement In their work.
It seems to me that an Oblast cooperative council of inter-kolhoz
construction organizattons should be established with the view to improving
the management of the tinter kolkhoz construction organizations., and pro-
viding them with the necessary equipment and construction materials. The
duties of such a council should include the control over the organizationst
financial operations., technical assistance., personnel training, supply
planning, general planning? and the introduction of new machinery and
advanced experience, Such an Oblast body should be numerically small
and its upkeep paid for with special deduction-funds of. the inter-kolkhoz
organizations. It would also be necessary to obtain credits for the
inter-kolkhoz construction organizations from the Agricultural Bank.
We propose to modernize all the villages of our rayon within
the next Seven Year Plan, but we need.help for that. The kolkhozes
need brick and tile making presses., earth moving machines and self-
dumping trucks.
We need specialists., inculding highly qualified ones., on rural and
kolkhoz construction. We have an urgent need for such special:.sts.
We are also short of good standard model designs for livestock and
industr.al buildings as well as residential houses. ---
Comrades., we. well realize that the successful solution of the problems
of rural and kolkhoz construction depends on higher crop yields and
livestock productivity and on the consolidation of the kolkhoz eeonom]r.
.In the coming 7-year period the working people Of Cherkasskiy Rayon
will bend their efforts to produce at least 30 centners of grain and 70
eentners of corn per hectare., as well as 150 centners of meat and 600
centners of milk per 100 hectares of agricultural land.
The working people of Cherkasskaya.Oblast., like all the workers of the
country., acclaimed with Joy and great political enthusiasm the. theses
contained in comrade N.S. Khrushchevts report to the XXI Party Congress.
Permit me to.assure the plenum of the Central Committee and the Presidium
of the Central Committee of our Party that the working people of Cherkassy
will spare no effort in their implementation of the great historic task
of building communism in our country. (Applause)
Ignatov: I declare an intermission for dinner until 1600 hours.
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Ignatov: (chairman): The plenum will now resume its work. Comrade
Kononenko, (Deputy Chief. of the Saratovskaya-Oblast.4gricultural Adminis-
zration ) now. na s the ?rloor ~ : _ . .
Comrade Snechkus.will please get ready:
Kononenko,.A.F.:
Comrades
Implementing the decisions of the, Central Committee of*the
Party,:Saratovskaya,Oblast has in the past 5 years achieved` positive
results in the development of agriculture,
I should like to tell you how our Oblast has dealt with the problems
of mechanization in-recent years, The 630 enlarged kolkhozes.and 127'.
sovkhozes of the Oblast have more than 6 million hectares of land and a
large fleet of trucks. There are 18,000 tractors in the Oblast including
about 12,000 caterpillar tractors. But we need at least 24,000 tractors
to make. use of the basic, trailer farm.equipment in the oblast,
namely: 11,000 non-self-propelled grain combines, 3,500 ensiling combines
and 9,500 carriage-mounted harvesters (in the conditions prevailing.,in
our oblast, this farm equipment is almost an integral part of the machinery).
.The oblast, in other words is short of about 6,000 tractors. The heavy
exploitation. of the. tractors, particularly in bumper-crop years, tends
to delay. the scheduled completton of spring plowing and all the other
agricultural work.'. The oblast Party committee has therefore been
paying.. particular attention.thi' year to the problem of combining the..
harvesters so as. to double the width of. the swathe cut and all sorts of '
other methods designed to increase the. volume of harvesting.and other work.
One of our great shortcomings.was the lack of self-propelled combines.
We know that self-propelled combines are more productive than combine.drawn
by powerful caterpillar tractors and requiring at least li-5 people.
to .operate them, This situation compelled?us to look into the possibility
of. rebuilding the `S.talinetss6".trailer c'ombines.into _ self-propelled ones.
This situation as,well'as the instructions issued by -'the Central Committee
of the Party and personally by,N,S.,Khrushchev, prompted the Saratovskaya
Oblast committee of the CPSU to instruct a group of specialists from the
oblast agricultural administration to look.into the ,possibility of rebuilding
the "Stalinets-f" trailer combine into a self-propelled machine. The
reason for such re-equipment was that the U-5 motor of the "Stalinets..6"
combine, when operating a certain type of threshing rollers used in our
work, did not have to work at fully capacity. This reserve capacity
facilitated the re-equipment of the combines. The preliminary tests made
with the re-equipped "Stalinets-6" combfneS'in the kolkhozes of.Vyaeovskiy
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Rayon, in the Krivovskiy Sovkhozof.Rovenski*r Rayon and in the Elizavetinskiy
Sovkhoz of Atkarskiy Rayon, in the Spartak Sovkhhoz of Pel"romaiskiy Rayon and
in the kolkhozes" of.Novo-Danilbvskiy'zone ,'have shown that such a combine
can operate with single and double rollers?ron level ground and slight
elevations with a. full grain bunker and'sheaf-binder at a speed of
3.6 kilometers per hour and a capaeity'of l..~ kilograms of grain per second.
When the first model of the re-equiped combine was completed.,
numerous schemes. and a great many rationalization proposals were submitted
ih the oblast designed to simplify and reduce the cost of the re-equi;ped
combine-as well as to facilitate the operation of the machine and. improve
its parts,
Of the tine-different versions developed in the oblast., the special
commission appointed by the 'oblast.committee of the CPSU selected the simplest
one: the first. improved model with a counter drive and a frortal
arrangement of the gleaner. A self-propelled gleaner was produced and
tested with a "PPU-2,4" but it cannot operate in-conjunction with a
small or normal reaper.
The cost of re-equipping the combine according to the first model, is
only 3,000 rubles and boo`kilograms of metal.
In addition to re-equipping the "Stalinets+6" combine into a self-pro-
pelled machine, the oblast has done a great deal of work to raise the
capacity of the "U5-MV motor without any additional costs.
The results of the tests justify the conclusion that an engine with
a.cha ;ed gas-distribution phase, an increased acceleration acid richer
mixture can develop 44 horsepower, that is 4 :horsepower more than before.
An analysis of the over-all capacity figures shows that in the case
of the majority of the combine models it is possible to coordinate the
harvesting speed with the size ..of the particular crop or with the amount
of grain fed each second by the self-propelled gleaner perform efficiently
at the low speeds of 2.5--3.6 kilometers per hour (or 1 meter per second)
with double rollers. This makes it possible to-work these machines at their
full rated capacity.
The following basic indicators were taken into account in connection with
the re-equipment of the combines: output capacity, simplicity of construction
and operation and the coat of work. The economic effectiveness of self-
propelledtgleaners can be determined by a comparative analysis of the.
performance of the "Stalinets-6" combine and a self-propelled gleaner.
The following data were used for the analysis: the number of man hours
per hectare, labor efficiency, the cost of the completed. work, the number of
kilograms of metal per-hectere,and electrical horsepower per hectare.
A conservative estimate_ shows ths.t the use-:of a self-propelled
gleaner reduces the cost of gleaning operations by 3 rubles per hectare.
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The use of metal, in kilograms per helptare, is reduced from
46 to 27, and electric power from 67-'to 40.
If the 9,000 trailer combiies 6#''the'bblast were re-equipped,
.as is; now being pla1ned, it would be possible,' with the,
selection of the proper rollers,., to reduce the direct costs alone by at
least 10 million rubles and save about9,000'tons of fuel'a year. This would
also make g000 tractors available for 'other work, make it possible to complete ?
the spring plowing in the oblast in one month and have the plow land ready
at an early date which is particularly important in the southeast.
According to the 'data provided by the'scientific research institutes,
the land.plow4d at an early date An Saratovskaya Oblast can produce an
additional 25 million pud of crops for the entire crop area.
The first version of the re-equipped""Stalinets-6" combine, is tempting
by its simplicity. In re-equipping the combine, the designers and
industry-workers should pay particular attention to. the reliability and
durability of its parts and accessories since'the,principal scheme, has
proved to be quite'efficient.
The Ministry of Agriculture should select the desired model as soon
as possible and begin.to produce the necessary attachments.for.it. In
addition to re-equipping the:"Stalinets-6" cwibine into a self-propelled
machine, the oblast has done a great deal to improve its other agricultural
machines. Special devices are being developed for the harvesting of
sunfic-crs which ' will be very helpful under. the conditions 'Of our. oblast.
Good results were produced by the tests of the conveyor-type gleaner
developed by the.Saratov Institute of the'Southeastern region. 'The grain
fed. to the bunker during the threshing operation has ,a 9-11 percent moisture
content. It therefore did not have to be dried. With a crop of 15 centners
per hectare the gleaning losses did not exceed 15-20.kilograms per hectare.
Assisted by the city's industrial enterprises, the Saratov Institute
oAgricultural Mechanization is now producing a haystacking machine which
would considerably reduce the labor and cost involved in stacking operations
and mechanize the labor-consuming work required in removing the straw from
the fields.
From 1953 through 1958, and particularly in the last 3 years, the
koLkhozes and sovkhozes of the Oblast have been steadily introducing
new agricultural machinery and technology which resulted in a considerable
reduction of the labor force, an increase in labor productivity and a reduction
in.manual work and funds,
''Four-seeder combinations drawn by a DT-54 tractor were used..on,a large
scale in the spring sowing-cacipaign,in order to fully utilize the tractor
capacity; that made it possible to'release,'.534 caterpillar tractors for
other work and to save 35l tons of-fuel.
'
Eight hundred and two trucks' were :.re-equipped to mechanize the loading
of the seeders in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes, and the economy achieved '
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by this mechanization process in the oblast as a whole amounted to 689
man-hours.
The use of 952 coupled machines for planting green rrnure crops by the
check-row method produced an economy of 625,'.000 rubles and 4,400 man-days.
Large savings were achieved by the use of tractor-drawn coupled reapers,
by doubling the width of the harvested swath and the organization of all-
purpose harvesting teams. About one million hectares of grain crops were
harvested in 1958 by tractor-drawn coupled 1 rvesters; that made it possible
to use 2,134 tractors for other work and asA 6,900,000 rubles, 2,960 tons
of fuel, and 101,000 man-days. A thousand and fifty-five coupled harvesters
were used for harvesting the grain along a double-width strip according
to the method developed by Cords Dem'yanen:.o, combine operator of the
Sergiyevskiy Sovkhoz, Saratovskiy Rayon, and the result was a 50 percent
increase in the combine's output and thrashing capacity. Four hundred
and twenty-five thousand hectares of grain were harvested by the double-
strip method (sdvoyenniye valki) this year, and the economy ac4ived by
such operations amounted to 35,000 men-days and 2,130 tons of fuel:.
,Comrades, all the above-listed methods for the better utilization of
machinery employed in Saratovskaya Oblast, and scheduled for still wider
use next year, tell of the ardent desire of the oblast's mechanization workers
to play a most active part in the effort to reach the control figures for
the Seven-Year Plan; these methods will be the oblast's contriuton ?to the
national struggle for a sharp improvement in agriculture.
The broad program for agricultural improvement outlined in Nikita
Sergeyevtich Khrushchev's report lays particular stress on the problem of
mechanization, in addition to the other problems of agriculture and stock
raising. The party's new appeal for a nationwide struggle to produce an
abundance of agricultural products in the country will be strongly supported
by the working people of Saratovskaya Oblast, as by all the Soviet people.
Ignatov: Comrade Snechkus has the floor. Comrade Lobanov will please get
ready.
Snechkus, A. Yu: (Secretary of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian
Communist Party)
Comrades,
Implementing the decisions of the September plenum of the Central
Committee of the CPSU and the subsequent party and government decisions
on the improvement of agriculture, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of Soviet
Lithuania have in recent years achieved some successes in. the output of.agri-
cultural products. And these achievements are the result of the correct
party line and its measures designed to bring'about a sharp improvement
in agriculture.
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It'is with a feeling of deep satisfaction that the working people
of Lithuania acclaim the great ' achievements of our-country in agriculture
in the last few years, Looking very miserable against this background
of agricultural prosperity in the country are the members of the. defeated
anti-party'group of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Moiotov, Bulganin, and Shepilov
who had clung tenaciously to the old and discredited system of agriculture
and impeded the implementation of the party's basic measures designed
to improve the entire national, economy.. In this connections I should like
to call attention once again to the great services of our Leninist
Central Committee and its perspicacity and vigilance which. made possible
the timely exposure of the group of skeptics and splitters whose policy and
administration could have brought about the complete collapse. of agriculture.
I recall the conference in Maler}kov's.office when he pathetically
insisted that the grain crops be raised to 25 centners per hectare
at a time when the kolkhozes of our republic were suffering from a shortage
of grain, the fodder base~was being undermined, and the perennial-grass
area reduced, and valuable oat-vetch fodder nfstures were disappearing.
And all that was followed up'by clamorous and stereotyped decisions without
any regard to natural and climatic conditions. If the old kolkhozes suffered
so much from that so-called leadership, one can only imagine what happened
to the young kolkhozes that came into being in 1950-1952:
Comrade ignatyev has already expressed his opinion About Bulganin's
speech.'' I fully agree with Comrade Ignatyev's statement and merely want
to add, Judging from Bulganin's speech to the preceding plenum, he did
not re 11wr reveal all his connections with the anti-Party group, especially
with h 1.enkov. You will recall that speeches, were made at that time
by a number of members of the Party Control Commission and by Comrade
Shvernik; the close relations between Bulganin and Malenkov were'obvious
to everyone, and it was none other than Bulganin who did everything
possible to shield Malenkov. Bulganin did not admit it at that plenum,
not did he mention anything about it in today's speech; he failed to offer'
any explanation of the accusations leveled against him by the'meinbers
of the Party Cortrol_.Commission. In my opinion, the speech.made by
Bulganin .today in unsatisfactory.
Comrades, the, total grain and other crops, and their yields,
have been somewhat increased by the Lithuanian kolkozes and sovkhozes in
recent years; also the number of cattle, as well as their productivity,
have been increased. This year, the output of milk per 100 hectares of
lend for agriculture:as a whole, will amount to 363 centners and meat, slaugh-
tered., 46 centners; the output of milk by the kolkhozes and sovkhozes will
be 120 . centners. as against the 48 centners in 1953, and 17 centners of
meat against the 8 centners in 1953? Pork production by the kovkhozes
ar_d 'sovkhozes will be almost lo - centners 'per 100 hectares of land as against
the 5 centners in :1953 ?
This year the kolkhoze's and sovkhozes of'the republic will produce
about 420,000 tons of milk and 92,000 tons of meat on the hoof. That
will mean 2.3 times as much milk and almost trice as much meat as was pro-
duced in 1953; and the production of pork will be almost tripled in this
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period. Sixty percent of the hogs, weighing an average of g0
kilograms each, were delivered and sold tot-le state in the form of bacon
by the kolkhozes and sovkhozes.
The increasing output of animate products enabled us to complete
the milk and meat deliveries to the state ahead of schedule. By 1 December
1958.4 we had turned over to the government 101,000 tons of meat and 518,000
tons of milk.
The economy of the.kolkhozes in out,rept*lic has been expanding from
year to year thanks to the party and government measures to bring about
a sharp improvement in agriculture: The monetary income of the kolkhozes
in 1958 is 4.3 times as large. as in 1953.
That Lithuania has made definite progress in the development of_
its agriculture is obvious. It should be admitted, hovrever, that the
success already achieved in the improvement of agriculture is only the
beginning of a larger and more persistent effort required in the struggle
for the further expansion of ever r branch of agricultural production.
The grandiose prospects for the further development of ag.rculture
are outlined in Comrade Khrushche*j s report. The Seven-Year Plan for
the development of agriculture makes big demands on us, partIcularly in con-
nection with a greater output of animal products in the collective sector.
The Lithuanian Party organization will fight not only for the hmple-
mentation but also for the overfulfiflment of the plan. It should
be pointed out that although the production of meat and milk has considerably
increased in recent years, we are.still not making full use of the available
possibilities for raising livestock productivity. In our struggle for a
higher meat output we have failed to prevent the loss of young livestock, and
a considerable portion of it is still being slaughtered., True, the situation
has now somewhat improved but the losses of young animals are. still great. It
is our task to put an end to.the slaughtering of calves, to improve-the systen}
of cattle fattening, to increase the number of hogs and to shorten their
fattening periods. We are now devoting mere attention to the improvement-of
the stock breed, to the artificial insemination of cows in the kolkhozes and
sovklozes, and ape doing everything we can to increase the number of cows in
collective herds.
The mentioned successes in agriculture achieved by the party organization
are in large measure due to the changes and improvement in organizational
work, the improvement in the leadership at the rayon level, and a better
selection and distribution of agricultural personnel. A large group of
workers, familiar with agriculture, and specialists were sent to work
in agricultural organizations, MPS, kolkhozes and sovkhozes.
In 1953, only 6 percent of the kolkhoz chairmen had a higher and
middle-,school education, and now such chairmen account for over 40 percent.
About 80 percent of the present kolkhoz chairmen are members of the CPSU
as against the 46 percent in 1953. A large group of agricultural specialists,
2,200 people, is now working in the kolkhozes. However, not all of our
kolkhozes have an adequate number of agronomists. There are not enough
specialists among the cattle-farm managers and practically none among the
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production brigade leaders. Now 1,l Q engineering and technical
workers are employed in agriculture, iknd over 40 percent of them have
a higher education.
We are now working for the further improvement of agricultural
personnel, particularly kolkhoz chairmen, for a better distribution
of communist personnel and a higher level of organization.
Me new Seven-Year Plan for the development of agriculture provides
for a considerable increase in the number of livestock. By 1965,
the Lithuenian kolkhozes expect to double the output of meat and triple
Production of milk in comparison with 1958.
Given a stable fodder base, we can achieve that task.
One of the most important problems is to raise the yield of grain
fodder crops. The problem of raising our agronomic level should be pursued
relentlessly, as Comrade Khrushchev indicated in his report, particularly
in regard to producing larger quantities of local organic fertilizer.
In 1959, perennial grasses will account for 572,000 hectares or 25
percent of the plow land. (The 1953 figure was only 12 percent.) Our
present aim is to see that at least 35 percent of the?plow-laud is
planted to annual Grasses within the next few years. But in view of the
great difficulties involved in the production and procurement of perennial
grass seeds, we have resorted to a temporary increase in their prices, as
have t'ie other Baltic republics. Comrade Chernyshev mentioned here that
our se.:ci prices are allegedly too high. Well, we may have to.reduce them
in time but it is not very easy to get clover seed. In some years we
can only get several dozen kilograms of clover. seeds per hectare because
.in our climate they are destroyed by the mositure. But we are pursuing
the task to produce a reserve stockpile of clover seeds. We therefore
think that we are justified in raising their prices with a view to
encouraging more seed production.
Voices: Correct:
Snecrkus: We do manage to buy some kupine seeds but I will not say where.
(Laughter in the hall.) We have been paying 6 rubles a kilogram for them
because we are short of them and find it difficult to grow lupine seeds.
Voice; But where do you get them?
Snechkus: I will tell you=-from friends. (Laughter in the hall.) In this
connection, Comrades, I should like to raise a very important question about
lupine. Actually, under our conditions lupine seeds do not always grow;
and we frequently suffer great losses; we therefore would like to suggest
that lupine seeds, like corn seeds, be raised for us, for a price, of course,
in the other areas of the country that are favorable for lupine production.
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In addition to the other'.meaaures desired to increase agricultural
production, it is very important for us to reclaim and cultivate the
excessively moist lands. Our melio`cation plans are now being successfully
implemented and overfulfill.ed. '0ur reclaimgd areas are producing better
grain and other crops, and we are now beginning to use them for perennial
grasses and pastures.
Corn plays an important part in our foder procurement program.
Our experience has shown that it is possible to grow good crops of
corn stalks and ears in our republic. For oxample, the K. Pozhela
Kolkhoz9 Veyseyskiy Rayon, has produced 480 centners of green corn
stalks per hectare this year. The Bolshevikas Kolkhoz, Kaunas Rayon,
an average corn crop of 800 centners per he'atare, and the Komsomol roman
.Andriyauskayte of the Aushra Kolkhoz, Salantays;iy Rayon, has raise,. 1,150
centners of corn per hectare, However, Comrades,"ot'r corn crop as a
whole is still very low and we are taking definite steps to improve
the situation. It should be conce4ed, however, that this is probably the
first time, at this plenum, that Comrade Khrushchev and the other ccradea
did not criticize us for our corn Whereas in ..the past we were criticized
every year; although we try to improve the situation, we were never
successful.. Our neighbors, the Latvians, have been criticized here.
We take that criticism as fully applying to us too; and unfortunately it
does apply to us.
But this year we have actually done a great deal of preparatory--work.
Our comrades from Byelorussia helped us in it. 'Last fall Comrade Kalnberzin
and I visited Byelorussia on the invitation of Comrade N,azurcv. We were
in the Brestskaya Oblast, visited the kolkhozes and saw not only good crops
but also many good achievements in practical and organization work.
This fall, we have done a great deal of work ourselves. We arranged
conferences of rayon party committee secretaries, rayon executive committee
chairmen, and chiefs of rayon agricultural inspection services; leading
officials of the republic also participated in those conferences This
fall many of the kolkhozes have set aside choice land for corn production.
Some of the lands have.been covered with manure, checked for alkalinity
and covered with lime.. We believe, comrades, that our corn production
results will be considerably better next year.
The Lithuanian kolkhozes aryl sovkhozes have been growing wealthier
from year to year. Their relative share of the total production has
increased as have their deliveries of agricultural products to the state.
This year the delivery of meat and milk to the state Prom the kolkhoz
sector will account for 2/3 of all the deliveries of these products.*
But our agricultural industry as a whole still reveals very substantial
shortcomings. There has been some expansion of the republic's agriculture
but to an insignificant degrees. We are taking steps to improve the
situation and this year will see some improvement in the matter of increasing
the number of cows and the output of agricultural products. But this
process is still too slow to meet the presert demands. And the demand
is for a greater expansion of agricultural production. We may possibly have
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to take some additional measures to coke such an expansion in our
republic possible. Obviously, our specific natural conditions should have
been taken into accounto
One of the major shortcomings,.:in the work 'of the holkhozes is still
the excessive cost per unit, of agricultural output. The- cost. of agricultural
.production is high. 'Complying with ,the instructions and advices we, have
recently received from'the Central Committee, we are now making a strong
effort; to rednce production costs. Conferences have been held through
the republic to discuss the operations, of the kolkhozes; we have now invited
scientists, particularly economists,'to'study new methods for reducing pro-
duction costs and hope that our situation will improve.
Three hundred thousand kolkhoz farmsteads in Lithuania are located
in separate farms khutore,.and this makes it difficult to organize
agricultural production, eepecial.ly,to raise the kolkhoz farmers efficiency.
`."The relocation of the kolkhoz farmsteads from the khutors to kolkhoz
settlements is still progressing extremely slowly. The principal reason
for this very slow'resettlement (there were other reasons befo:ie) is the
shortage of construction materials. We are therefore looking into.the
possibilities for making wider use of clay, all sorts of lime materials
and dolomite; we shall also be able to use the construction experience
described today by the comrades in their speeches to the plenum.
We are striving to produce more brick. Brick is still. the kind of
construction material that we urgently need; we have therefore
started the construction of small brick plants in 17 rayons--at a cost
of about 5 million rubles and with'a production capacity of 8 million,
bricks. Unfortunately, we find no support on the'part of the state committee
for construction. The reason given by the committee is that small plants
are unprofitable. But how are we going to help the kolkhoz farmers desir-
Ing to move to ' the kolkhoz settlements until we build a powerful
industry for 'the production of well-siding materials?
Comrades, we are faced with the great problems of bringing about a
further expansion of agriculture and an improvement in the country's
productive forces. There is no doubt that this problem will be solved.
The. party has inspired the.'kolkhoz farmers with confidence in the force
and stability of the kolkhoz system. The firm unity and cohesion of our
party ranks, the wisdom and perspicacity of the party, and our ardent desire
to march along the Lenin road toward our goal, the construction of,
communism,.are a guarantee that our problem will be solved. The party
organization of the republic will bend. all its efforts to see, that the
further imprcvement of agricultural, as outlined by the party., is successfully
realized.
Ignatov: Comrade Lobanov has the.floor. Comrade Razzakov will please
be prepared.
Lobanov, KP.: (President of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural .Sciences
imeni Lenin)
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Comrades,
The present plenum is of great and invaluable importance for our
country and its further development. Bulganin's unsatisfactory speech has
shown once a ain'how far the anti-party gi'up of Malenkov, Molotov,
Kaganovich, again
and Shepil. v was reeved from life; how dangerous
and harmful their criminal adtivities were-to the development of our econoro ;
to our state and partip; and host just and wise was the decision of the Central
Committee of the Party, approved,by the,Party and all the people., to
sweep the contemptible factionalfsts from the road followed by our people
toward the desired goal, the constrtzctibn gf a communist society.
Comrades, in his report Coma de N.S. Kftrushchev sharply and quite
properly criticized the work of tie All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Fodder and the albumin laboratory formerly headed by Academician Perov.
That just criticism applies also to many other scientific institutions of
the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its Presidium. which still exercises
inadequate control over the work of its scientific institutions. The
necessary conclusions will be drawn from that criticism and practical
measures taken designed to bring about a thorough-going improvement in the
work of the scientific research institutes and improve their ties with
production.
Comrade N.S. Khrushchev's report contained a review of the great
effort made by the party and the people, and outlined the methods _;
for the further all-round development of agricultural production. -The
report also points to the problems facing agricultural science.
Now that the kolkhozes are economically stronger and have their own
maehine'-y..and experienced cadres of specialists and managers, the kolkhoz
farmers have acquired a greater material incentive and the necessary
conditions have been created for the further development of agriculture
at a faster rate and for the quantitative:and qualitative increase in
the output of cheaper commodities.
One of the most important conditions for the further development
of the productive forces of agriculture is the introduction of a
scientific system of agriculture in every kolkhoz and sovkhoz. The will
make it possible to advance from isolated progressive methods to the use
of more complex larger and scientifically tested methods, from the
application of such methods in individual progressive kolknozes to all
the koMozes et'the rayon, oblast, and republic level.
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Comrade N.S. Khrushchev's rgport to the XXI Party Congress said'that'
"Me introduction of a proper system of agricultural management should be
loo' ed upon as a matter of great state importance." A proPer? system: of
management would enable us to make fuller use of available,reserves,
concentrate. on the type of products that can most` successfully .raised
in a pad-ticular::,costin manpower and. material.
The efforts of the Academy of Agricultural Science, the institutes, and
experimental stations are now concentrated on the'sinlution of-that problem.
Over 4,_)00 scientists and specialists of agricultural organizations have
been working on that problem in the past 2 years. They are working in
close contact with the local party and Soviet organizations. The development
of rdeasures`designe3 to improve the system of agriculture and livestock
raising has led to the discovery of huge internal reserves in certain areas.
For example, the scientists and. specialists believe that the
introduction of scientific methods-of agriculture and livestock raising
would boost the total annual grain crop to about 1.5 billion pud, meat
production to about 1.5 million tons., milk production to,about 5 million
tons, and wool to 150,000 tons. Large internal reserves have been found
also in other areas of the country.
The 'introduction of a proper system of agricultural management
in the kolithozes and sovkhozes of Novosibirskaya Oblast, a subject
already discussed at the academy's field session in Novosibirsk, will make
it possible to increase the output of grain 1'.5-times, meat 3.8 times,
milk 3.3 times, and wool 3.2 times in comparison with the present level.
One of the most important problems, outlined by the control figures,
is the sharp improvement in agriculture in the non-black soil zone which
is highly favorable for intensive agricultural operations and stock raising,
The i?rincipal requirements for the intensive land cultivation in that zone
include the amelioration of the hayfields and pasture lands, root grubbing
the land, the introduction of fertilizer and the planting of the proper
type of grass mixtures. About 15 million hectares of meadow and pasture
land in the non-black soil zone could be made to produce rich fodder crops,
without large expensws, by improving the top soil, liming it, introducing
more fertilizer and planting additional meadow grasses.. This would
produce up to 20 centners of.hay.per hectare'and create a fodder reserve
sufficient for the upkeep. of an'additional 9-10 million cows..
With such well-developed pasture lands, the kollchozes and sovkhozes could
raise between 3,500 'and _5,000 fodder units of. cheap fodder per hectare
at a cost of 6-9 kopeks per unit;..
The problem of creating perennial pasture lands in the non-black soil
zone is urgent enought?to command the attention of party organizations,
agricultural and scientific institutions, and specialists.
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A large reserve in the raising of productivity in the non-black earth
area is the introduction of lime in acid soils. Here almost everywhere there
are layers of lime, and among them porous calcareous tufap which can be
introduced in the soil without having been ground up. The success of the
matter depends above all on the organizational work, on the leaders of the
kolkhozes, sovkhozes, and local organs.
In the theses of the report of Comrade.N,S. Khrushchev the task is
posed of doubling the productivity of labor iii the ko].khozes. Primary signi-
ficance in the solution of this most important task attaches to the Videspread
introduction of mechanization in all branches of agricultural production,
and to the dissemination of advanced methods of work of mechanizers.
The question of the mechanization of labor on livestock farms is
particularly urgent. With the existing level of mechanization of labor on
the farms, in order to serve the growing livestock production it would be
necessary to double the number of people, that is, to send to the livestock-
raising sector by 1965 some 5,000,000 additiotz&1 people. Consequently, one
must consider as pressing tasks the transition to.mechanized n!i hing,
the indoor maintainence of cattle without tethering, and the introduction
of the very simplest means of mechanization. The untethered method of
maintaining cattle provides the possibility of cutting the cost by one half
or one third of building a single cow shed; the expenditure of metal
is reduced.by almost 20 times; and the labor expended on the production
of one centner of milk is. considerably reduced. Many farms are already
applying this method of maintaining cattle. Thus, in Fyatigorskiy milk
sovkhcz, in which the Institute of Elctrification and Mechanization
is conducting its work, after the re-equipment of two model cow sheds
250 cows were housed in the same area where there had been 200. The number
of servicing personnel was reduced from 23 to 10 persons, while the
expenditure of labor--particularly important--for the production of one
centner of milk was lowered from 10.5 man-hours to 3.9 man-hours, or 2.7
times.
As is known, in the United States of America 4.7 man-hours are expended
for the production of one centner of milk.
The main and basic condition for the fulfillment of the planned
program for the development of livestock-raising in the coming 7 year
period is the creation of a firm feed base. An increase in the production
of corn plays a decisive role in this matter. Corn recommends itself
everywhere as a high-yield crop and one which is economically most profitable.
However, the potential capabilities of this crop are still far from being
utilized. To guarantee the receipt of high harvests, it is necessary to
even further perfect the means of cultivating in different ways for the
various soil and climatic regions of the country, to stubbornly and persis-
tently master agroteohnola to select appropriate types for individual
regions, to hasten the transition to the sowing of corn with hybrid seeds,
and to seek out new methods and means of increasing the productivity
of this crop.
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Decisive significance for the eeeipt of high harvests of corn
is offered by the check-row method of'sowipg, which should be introduced
everywhere. It peimAts the. more rapid accomplishment of the complex
mechanization of the cultivation of this crops a lowering cif the expenditure
of labor, and a significant cheapening of production.
The providing of cattle with albumen feeds has great significance
for livestock raising. According to the data of zootechnical science,
it is necessary to have 90-100' grams of albumen for every unit of feed;
but among us at the present time in many rbgilons of the country only
60-65 ;rams in all are used. The deficit of albumen in the feeding of
animals inflicts enormous hai-A$: When there isa lack of albumen in feed,
farms are obliged to spend some 1.5 times as mich in total feed used,
which leads to a sharp increase in the cost of1production.
That is why it is necessary to concentrate attention on expanding the
sowing and raising the yield of leguminous:;cro s. In the non-black
earth strip, these will be sowings of clover, fodder lupine, vetch,
and peas. In the more southerly and drier reg~ons they will be tare,
chick-peas and alfalfa. It is necessary to be tome seriously concerned with
the speed-production of these crops, for which "a network of specialized
farms should be created.
Recently, science has worked out a new means of preparing green fodders,
rich in albumen--by preserving them with chemical preparations, which
permits a sharp reduction in the loss of both the dry substance and
espec=.aiiy the protein. While with the ordinary drying of alfalfa for
hay, t~:e losses of dry substance reach 24-25 percent, and. of protein,
42 percent, with chemical preservation losses amount: respectively., to
1.5 and 3.7 percent; that is., losses are reduced by more than 10 times.
The application-of chemical preservation indicates the possibility
of increasing the dry substance by 20 percent and the proteign by 35-37
percent. This method should recieve wide usage'in many regions of the
country where the period of hay-gathering coin$ides with rainy weather.
Estuary irrigation opens enormous possibilities for the increase of
production of fodder crops, and above all, corn and alfalfa, in the dry.
regions. In the Trans-Volga region, Kazkhstan, and in the southern
regions, of Siberia, it is possible to cover 6-7 million hectares with estuary
irrigation and thus sharply increase the production of fodder crops and
create insurance reserves of seed and silage against the event of
bad weather.
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According to the most modesttestimatea, 2,500-3,000 fodder units
can be obtained from every hectare.'of the s rea of estsiaries, while with
the construction of shallow estuaries, expenditures per hectare of irrigated
area constitute 100-150 rubles in all, which pays for itself tenfold
in the yield in the first year alone. The rich practical experience of
Saratovskaya Oblast in this regard should be broadly utilized by kolkhozes
and sovkhozes in oblasts of the Trans-Volga region, Kazakhstan, and the
southern regions of Siberia.'
Un-?er present conditions, the problems of raising the
quality of agricultural production acquire :great significance. While
solving the problems of increasing the grogs output of agricultural products,
it is necessary with the same persistence and on the same scale to
develop a struggle to raise their qualities"* The bringing into production
of high-quality varieties of agricultural crops with high content of protein,
starch, fat, :'ugdr, and other nutrients, as well as of highly productive
breeds of animals, is one of the most important tasks in the field of
agriculture for the realization of the established plans. A vivid
example in this regard is the expansion of sowings of high-oil content
varieties of sunflowers, introduced by Academic ian,Puctovoytiy. These
varieties annually give the country 3.5 to 4 million puds of vegetable
oil. To receive the same quantity of oil from previous varieties,. it
would have been necessary to plant more than 250,000 hectares with
sunflowers.
Raising the sugar content of sugar cane by only one percent will
permit the country to receive additionally more than 22 million puds of
sugar from the same. area. This quantity of sugar we now obtain from
an area of 140,000 hectares of sugar cane plantings, and this can be
attained both through the introduction of better varieties and by
raising the level'..ofagrotechnology.
The quality of livestock production has great importance. The
average fat content of milk amounts to 3.6 to 3.7 percent. Raising
the fat content of milk by only .1 percent can furnish our country with
20"000 tons of adeitional butter. It is necessary to maintain 250,000
cows to obtain this amount of butter. It is fully possible for every
kolkhoz and sovkhoz to raise the fat content of milk by .1 percent,
merely through more correct feeding and maintenance of milk cattle.
Still greater perspectives open with the utilization of co:rs
whose milk is high in fat and their hybrids, about which Academician
Lysenko has spoken here.
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As was noted in the report by Comrade N.S. Khrushchev, the fattening
of cattle is a large area of reserve for the increase of production of meat
and for raising the quality. of meat. However, this reserve -1s. still far
from sufficiently utilized. The quantity of cattle not plump which is
furnished for slaughter reaches 40 to '.45- percecit. And. because of
this, in 1957 the state, .the kolkhozq$,,,...and th,e sovkhozes failed
to obtain 500,000 tons-of meat. Moreover1.,rit.mjust be. kept in mind that
the nutritiousness of lean meat is only`half-that of good meat.;
An irnprovewent in the cattle breeds should play a large role. in
increasing livestocll: prodUdts..? The most effective and widely accessible
means in this regard is artificial inseminatio , which permits one,
within a short period, to raise the breed qual ties of the cattle and their
productivity, to reduce sharply the incidence of dry cows, and more rationally
to utilize valuable producers. While.:-on the alterage throughout
the country 12 percent of cows are included..inrartificial insemination,
in Poltavskaya Oblast, for example, .n the last 3 years artifie>i:al
insemination of cattle has increased by elmostFfour times and now
acccuntsIfor about 80 percent of all milk-producing cows. With a correct
organization of artificial insemination`of .cattle, it would be possible
to reduce the'number of stud bulls to a total Of 600,000 head for the '
country as a"whole, to maintain 800,000 to 900000 cows: on the feed formerly
expended on the surplus bulls. It.is'possible to obtain . 1,600,ooo to
1,800,000 tons of milk from this number of cowl. This amounts to. .almost
9 percent of the total amount.of milk procured` throughout the country,
The organization of artificial insemination of animals should be regarded
as an important task, as a concrete measure for the rapid improvement
of the breed .qualities of cattle and for 'the raising of their productivity.
There also exist other enormous reserves, which have been mentioned
at the plenum. The tasks consists in-utilizing them more fully.
The Academy of Agricultural Scinces, its institutes, and all
scientific workers realize the necessity of significantly increasing
their activity in rendering practical aid to production and in the
scientific. theoretical working out of the-.. most portent, new problems--'
problems. aimed at tie general development of the productive forces
of socialist agriculture. The efforts of the of the scientists will be.'
concentrated-on working out problems important to life, aimed at raising
the productivity of agricultural cropsp the rounded development of livestock
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raising, the mechanization of the productive processes, a raising of the
productivity of labor, and a lowering of this coat of production.
Simultaneously we will expand the front of theoretical inrestigations,
guided by Marxist-Leninst methodology; we gill develop Michutinist teaching
and carry on a decisive struggle against they various forms of revisionist,
antiscientific tendencies. We consider the;PRAVDA article regarding the
position of BOTANICF E ZHUIWAL (Botanical. Journal) to be timely
and completely correct.
Pp_-nit me to assure the Central Committee that the workers of
agricultural seiefce will devote all their Otrength, knowledge,
and experience to reader effective help to production in the fulfillment
of the majestic tasks of the futther development of agriculture on the
path of communist construction in our counter.
Ignatev: The floor is granted to Comrade Razzakov. Comrade I:o:nyakhor
will prepare himself.
I.R. Razzakov: (secretary of the central committee., Communist Party
Kirgizia)
Comrades,
In the report by Nikita Sergeyevich.Khrushchev there is furnished
a rounded, profound analysis of the colossal work accomplished
by the Party and by all the Soviet people in the last 5 years in--overcoming
the;ypx.olonged lagging, and also a revelation of the sharp upsurge of all
brans?-.as of the agricultural of our country, The Central Comr_,tttee of
our party during these years has displayed high Leninist sagacity in
discovering in timely fashion and in consistently solving all the
ripening problems of life in the upsurge of economics and. culture and
in the continual raising of the living standard of the Soviet people..
The great--in essence, revolutionary--measures carried out by the
Central Committee in recent years, such as the reorganization of the
administration of industry and construction, the opening up of
enormous areas of virgin and fallow lands, the reorganization of the MTS,
the transition to'.a new system of procurement and purchasing of
agricultural products at unified prices, the expansion of the rights
of the union republics, the raising of the role and responsibility of
local party and Soviet organs--these measures have ensured those remarkable
successes which the multination Soviet people have achieved under the
leadership of their native Communist Party, As a result, the
economic potential of our state has grown immeasureably, and the
economies and culture of the union and autonomous republics and of
all krays and oblasts of the country have frown.
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Our party and its Central Committee, through their untiring
work, have guaranteed the further strengthening of the moral and
political unity of Soviet society, the. `consolidation of the alliance
of the working class and the kolkhoz'peasantry, and the further strengthening
of friendship, fraternity, and mutual aid among all peoples inhabiting
our great Motherland. Nowadays the,-tiinity of our party with the people--
the active builders of communist society--is more firm and monolithic
than ever before.
Against the background of all these remarkable successes, still
more loathsome and detestable becomes the subversive and profoundly anti-
party and antipopular activity of the factional group of Malenkov,
Kaganovich, Molotov, Bulganin, and Shepilov--a group which opposed all the
basic measures of the party and which tried to drag the party and the
country back from the historic course planned by the XX Party Congress.
The Kirgiz Party organization, under the leadership and with
the help of the Central Committee CPSU, has carried out a great deal of work
to overcome the prolonged lagging of a basic branch of the agriculture
of the republic --.l;.vestock : raising--and has achieved iiitial successes in
increasing the production of agricultural products. Permit me to relate
them briefly to the plenum.
Paring the last 5 years, production of grain has been increasedby
40 percent, corn by more than 2.5 times, sugar beets by 2.6 times,
and potatoes and vegetables by 1.7 times. But we have not achieved a
noteT:crthy increase in the production of cotton. Although more cotton
was procured thig year than in 1953, the procurement' plan, however, was
only fulfilled 93 percent.
It should especially be noted that the widespread introduction of
new progressive methods of cultivating agricultural crops--check-row
sowing and two-direction tillage--have played a large role in the upsurge
,of agricultural production. This year 82.4 percent of the sowings of cotton
and more than 31 percent of the sowings of sugar beets were tilled into
two directions.
Rayons and farms where advanced methods of work are widely employed
annually obtain high and stable harvests of sugar beets and-cotton. This
year, the republic furnished the state with 12,150,000 centners of sugar
beets, or some 380 centners for every hectare sown. Kolkhozes of Katskiy
Rayon with a total area of 3,805 hectares furnished some 447 centners of sugar
beets per hectare. 'Cotton-growers of~the most productive rayon- -;,Aravanskiy'
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Rayon-with an area of 6,200 Iie6+ares furnis ed an average of 32.5 centners
of cotton per hectare. The Kolkhoi?imeni Vidanov of this same rayon, with
an area of 1,120 hectares, furnished ''Some 4O' centners of raw cotton per
hectare.
These. sUddes4ea . of leading rayons' and 1c lkhozes testify to our great
reservd8 kor the further significant increae'k of production of cotton and
sugar beets throughout the republic as a wbo .e.
In the last teats production of livestock products bas considerably
increased. Production of milk for all dategVries of ?arms grew from 2050000
tons in 1953 to 30,OO0 tons in 1958, or alm4r t doubler: While in 1953 the
kolk?iozes and sovkhozes furnished 39 percent of the total production Of milk,
in 1958 they furnished 61 percent. The average yield of milk from one crow in
kolkhozes of the republic this year amounts to about 21000 kilograms, as
opposed to 556 kilograms in 1953; that is, it has increased by almost four
times. In the ko].khozes and sovkhozes of Fru2ensIaya Oblast a milk yield of
more than 2,500 kilograms per cow is expected.
One of the basic sources for the raising of the milk productivity of cows
has been the use of corn for cattle fodder. While in the winter of 1954-1955
corn silage was not used at all for cattle fodder, in the winter of 1957-1958
some 7.5 tons per cow were furnished as fodder, and this year we have procured
some 12 tarns of corn silage for every caw. But it should be recognized that
the productivity of corn in our republic remains low. For example, this
year the productivity of corn seed amounted to 18 centners (per hectare?), and
that of silage bulk, 160 centners.
We have basically solved the task of providing the population of the
3epublic with milk, but unfortunately we have notaachieved an increase in
meat production.
Among us, a chief sector of livestock raising is sheep-raising. This
furnishes more than 64 percent of all the income received by kolkhozes from
livestock raising. The kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the republic are basin'
producers of wool; 93 percent of the total of wool procured this year came
from them. Procurement of wool is growing unceasingly. In 1953, 6,700 tons
were procured; this year, there were 15,300 tons of wool, that is, more than
twice as much.
A. great deal of work has been carried out in the republic for the
qualitative improvement of sheep-raising. This has permitted a sharp
improvement in the quality of the wool. While in'e1953 fine wool constituted
16.8 percent of the total of wool procured, this year 58 percent-of the wool
procured was fine, and 38 percent semicoarse; less than 2 percent of the wool
procured throughout the republic now is coarse.
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During these years, we have note. achieved any essential results in the
production of m-.at, especially in the ko]lthozes and sovkhozes. Thus, in
.1953, 65,400 tons of meat (slaughtered)-were produced, and this year,
70,300 tons. That is why we recognize as completely just the criticism of
our republic in the report by Comrade- N. S. 'Khrushchev, and from this
criticism we draw the necessary conclusions; we shall work so as, within
the next 2, or a maximum of 3 yeers,'to increase significantly the
production of meat; for.tliis.we.-now a3heady have the necessary conditions.
The steady growth of technical equipment, the increase in production and
procurement of agricultural products, and the lowering of the expenditure of
labor and funds per unit of production--all this has facilitated *he rapid
growth of the incomes of the kolkhozes and a raising of he profitability of
the sovfi',.o%es:- U4 uni tributed funds of the kolkhozes of the republic doubled in ?! A in eoml)axi son? with 1953. . The kolkhozes this year will. receive
more than 2 i.liion rubs s of more tarycome which is almost three tires ,as
much as in l953, iris w~ 11"perms an i1' ncreas&, in the payment o money Tor.
the labc:rday5. of the kolkhoz farmers.
&`'ver t''te reo.,~ ~a.nization of the MTS in the republic, 44 RTS (technical
repair st-.lions) ware created. Only- 2 W remained, serving distant
live 0tcck-raisin;. The kolkhozes bought the machines they needed for the sum
of 230,600,000 rubles, of which 154, 200, 000 rubles, or 67 percent, has
already been paid.
During the last 5 years, significant results have been achieved in
an upsurge of agriculture. But this does not at all mean that we do not
have s.:riovs shortcomings and bludners in work. The party organization
of the epublic sees the shortcomings and weak points and is adopting
the necessary measures to overcome them rapidly. Problems of the
reproduction of the herd are being solved unsatisfactorily among us, which
has. a negative effect on the increase in the production of meat. As before,
the question of providing the livestock with a' sufficient quantity of
fodder--especially of corn--has not been completely solved. Our
kolkhozes and sovkhozes have not provided the population of the republic
with an abundance of vegetables and potatoes. There are many kolkhozes, and
sovkhozes, and even whole rayons which are advancing very slowly.
' r Whatever brax oh of agriculture we. take-, everywhere, there are urge,
unused reserves for a further increase of production of agricultural and
livestock products, for a growth in the income of the kolkhozes and
s ovkhozes .
In the theses of the report of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev to the XXI
Party Congress, new and extraordinarily large tasks are posed for agriculture.
It is pointed out in the theses that the agriculture of the Kirgiz SSR wiLl
specialize in the production of cotton, sugar cane, and meat, and the
development of fine fleeced and semifine-fleece'd.sheep.
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It is planned to guarantee,the po ,ul :-;,'..cm of the republic annabundance
of potatoes, vegetables,uits, and gr,4r;E:
By 1965, product-110n of~?ra* cotton in the republic will reach 200,1
taps; sugar beets will reach 1$500,000 tons; kenaf, 80,000 tons; hemp,
30,000 tons; tool, 30,500 tons; and cocoons, 1, 400 tons.
The planned production of meat an a scale of 195,000 tons will permit
full guaranteeing of meat constmption by the population of the republic
according to a scientificallt based norm, that is, 62 kilograms a year per
capita as opposed to the present consumption of 23-25 kilograms. The amount of
meat furnished the all-union :fund will be raised by 1965 to not less than
40,000 tons, or will more than double the 1958 figure.
To increase the produotietri of meat on such a scale, fattening of cattle
must be carried on on a broad'', scope. In this regard, we have the first
positive results, especia1l3r in the Iolkhozes and sovkhozes of Tyan'Shan-skaya
Oblast, were for a period of 3 years cattle fattening has been carried out
well and the state has been furnished meat of high quality. This year~the
kolkhozes and sovkhozes of'Tyan'-S~an'skaya Oblast furnished the state more
than 5,000 head of cattle, with the:average weight of each animal
reaching 401 kilograms. 83,500 head of sheep were furnished (the live
weight of each sheep was 65 kilograms). True, indices for the republic
as a whole are considerably laver;-=the average weight for large horned
,cattle amounted to 301 kilograms, and for sheep, 55 kilograms.
The widespread distribution of the experience of the people of
Tyan' -Shan'sk
country had so much grain.
Contributing-greatly to the reclamation of virgin lands and the ingress
in output and procurements .of grain were .the .working 'people' of the Rucsian
Federation and the Kazakh SSR, and the, other Union republics too, Vhich1-
every way supported and helped the virgin land development areas with
skilled personr;el and machinery.
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The Plenum of the CC of the CPSU deems it necessary to state that
when the idea of developing virgin lands arose, MMlotor ann the other
members of the anti-Party group opposed, tI4s t-ensure of the Party and the
States attempting to show that the develo?iuent of virgin 'lands - would not.
pay and that it was economically unprofitable.. - Actually'. lif a has
refuted these absurd assertions. Not only -s 'tthe,;_state- recovered
the money ,spent on putting the virgin lands to the plow,
.but it has
..
already received more than 13 billion rtfbles net income." Be3ides, the
capital investments in virgin lands have added roughly 24 billion rubles
to the production assets of the "sovitho'zes, ''repair and technical stations,
and procurement organizations. The cultivation`of virgin lands,
besides being a decisive means of increasing gain production, has.aleo
been an iz?11or'ten source of State acct mlet1Wne for implementing the
program of communist construction.
The Plenum of the CC of the CPSU resolves:
To regard as a major task of agricultural development in the future
too an all-round increase in grain production mo,,es to inereese, in confoimitr
with the target figures for the coming 7-year period, the country's grain
harvest to 10-11 billion pud'in 1965.
The main and decisive source for increasing grain harvests is
higher yields of grain crops. There is every requisite for .:!.creasing
the yield of grain-crops-by 3-4 centners per hectare on the average in
tre coming 7 yearso
Higher and stable crops should be attained by kolkhozes and
sovkhozes through the introduct4on of a proper system cf crop growing
suitable to the specific features of the climatic-economic zones and of
each farm; further spec
ia? ization and better distribution of agricultural
production; resolute struggle against weeds, pests and plant. diseases;
and extensive application of the achievements of science and experience
of the front-ranking people. In areas where new lands can be put to the
plow without putting much money into it, the area under grain and other
crops should be further extended.
The decisive condition for increasing crop yields and obtaining
bigger gross harvests of grain in the kolkhozes and. sovkhozes of the
principal grain regions -- Sibera, Kazakhstan, the Ukraine, the Northern
Caucasus, the Volga region, the central chernozem region and the Urals,
which posses massive tracts of fertile plains -- is strict observation of
the time limits Vithin which farm wdrk is to be done and Its
` high
quality. This Is especially important because a considerable part of the
grain regions Zies in a zone of inadequate precipitation.
To this lend it is necessary to ensure the carrying out of the follow-
ing measures
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' 443 -
-on Inc~easic*. the Ptoduti of;
wYll
The plenum of the CC. . of the CpSU notes . that . a. ,big job :has been done
in the past ..5 years in Increasing grain production. as the basis for
all agricultural output.. x't is known that it was precisely in the matter
of grain production that there was a serious lag in the. period before
the September Plenum of the.CO'of the Cpsu, a lag which resulted in
the stagnation of several other important branches of agriculture,
particularly animal. husbands. ,
14 grain production th country was for a long Period almost at
the level obtained in prerevolutionary Russia. The quantity. of marketable
grain in the country, entered in the State resources' was extremely in-
sufficient and made it difficult to supply the populAtion with bread,
This situation was withut a doubt well-known to A7alenkov,abut hey
AQntrary to the facts, stat at the XIX Party Congress that the
couptryi$;gross grain harvest in 1952-was 8 billion pud and that the
grain problem, previously considered a most acute and serious. problem,
was solved conclusively and irrevocably. This did not correspond to
fact and was in itself a deception of the Party and people. In fact,
kolkhozes and sovkbotes even in.1952, the best harvest year of that
periods,'gathered not 8 billion pud of grain, but only 5.6 billion pud.
Taking into account the difficult situation in the production of
grain, the Party worked out and successfully put into effect a program
for cultivating virgin and waste lands in Siberia., Kazakhstan, the Volga
region, and the Urals. Measures were taken to extend the area under
corn and increase its' yield, and to introduce this crop in new regions;
the structure of crop areas was re-examined with a view to replacing low-
yield by higher Yield crops and increasing the gross grain harvests from
the old land under this crop in all parts of the country.
All'of this has made it possible considerably to add to the area.under
grain crops in 1958 and to prodcue more grain. The gross grain harvest in
1958 was 8.5 billion pud, or 69 percent more than in 1953. The grain
procurement plan was overfulfilled; the State added 3.5 billion pud of
grain to its reserves, in 1958. Never. before in all its history has our '>.
country had so much grain.
Contributing greatly to the reclamation of virgin ],ands and the increas
in output and procurements of grain were the working people of the Rursian
Federation and the Kazakh:$SR, and the' other Union. republics, too, which in
every way supported and helped the virgin land development areas with
skilled personnel and machinery..
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f.44 4
The Plenum of the OC of the CPSU deems it necessary to state that
when the idea of develop$ng virgin lands arose, b olotov and the other
meobers of the anti-Party group opposed this measure of the Party and the
States attempting to show that the development of virgin lands would not
pay and that it was economically unprofitable. Aotually life has
refuted these absurd asaertl4as, Not * y has the state recovered all
the.briey spent on putting the virgin lands to the plow, but it has .
already received more than 18 billion rubles not income. Besides, the
capital investments in virgin lands have added roughly 24 billion rubles
to the production assets of the sovkhozes, repair and technical stations,
and procurement organizations. The cultivation of virgin lands,
besides being a decisive means of increasing grain production, has also
been an important source of State accunm ul ations for implecenting the
program of communist construction.
The Plenum of the~CC of the CP$U resolves:
To regard as a.major task of agricultural development in the future
too an all-round. increase In grain production so; es to inoregse, in aonf`02"Ity
with the target figures for the coming 7-year period, the country=.s grain
harvest to 10-11 billion pud in 1965.,
vie:main and decisive source for increasing grain harvests is
higher yielyds. of grain crops. There is every requisite for lnereasing .. .
the yield of grain -crops . by 3-4 cezitners per hectare on the average in
the coming 7 years.
Higher and stable crops should be attained by kolkhozes and
sovkhozes through the introduction ofa proper system of crop growing
suitable to the specific features of the climatic-economic zones and of
each fart;; further specialization and better distribution of agricultural
production; resolute struggle against weeds, pests and plant diseases;
and extenbive application of-the achievements of. science-and experience
of the front-ranking people. .In areas where new lands can be put to the
plow without putting much money into it, the area under grain and other
crops should be further extended,
The decisive condition for increasing crop yields and obtaining
bigger gross harvests of grain In the kolkhozes and sovkhozes' of the
principal grain regions -- Sibera, Kazakhstan, the.UI 'acne, the Northern
Caucasus, the Volga region, the central chernozem region and the Urals,
which posses massive tracts of fertile plains -- is strict observation of
the time limits within which farm work is to be done and its?high
quality. This is especially important because a considerable part of the
grain regions lies in a zone of inadequate precipitation.
To this end it is necessary to ensure the carrying out of the follow-
ing measures:
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-9443 -
Oncr in th eProduction of Grain
The plenum of the .CC of the CPSU notes that a big job has been done
in the past 5 years in increases grain production as the basis for
all agricultural output,. It is known that it was precisely in the matter
of grain production that there was a serious lag in the period before
the September Plenum of the:40 Of the CPSU, a lag which resulted in
the stagnation of several:otter Irportant branches of agriculture,
particularly animal husbandry'*
In'gra n production the country was for a long period almost at-
the level obtained in.prerevo .utionary Russia. The quantity-of marketable
grain in the country, enteredd~in the State resources, was extremely in-
sufficient and made it difficult to supply the population with bread.
This situation was witha t a doubt Well-kaoWh to Malenkov, but he)
Qbntrary to the facts, states at the XIX Party Congress that the
country/ gross grain harvest in 1952 was 8 billion pud and that the
grain problem, previously considered a most acute and serious problem
was solved conclusively and irrevocably. This did not correspond to
fact and was in itself a deception of the Party and people. In fact,
kolkhozes mA BOVkhosee even to 1952, the best harvest year of that
period, gathered not ,8 billion pud of grain, but only 5.6 billion pud.
Taking into account the difficult situation in the production of
grain, the Party worked out.'and successfully put into effect a program
for Cultivating virgin andwaste:lagds in Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Volga
region, and the Urols. Measures were taken to extend the area under
corn and increase its,yield, and to,introduce this crop in new regions;
the structure of crop areas was re-$xamined with a view to replacing low-
yield by higher-yield crops and increasing the gross grain harvests from
the old land under this crop in all parts of the country.
All of this has made it,possibl,e?eonsiderably to add to the area under
grain crops in 1958 andto.prodcue more grain. The gross grain harvest in
1958 was 8.5 billion pud, or 69-peroent more than:in-1953. The grain
procurement: plan was overfulfilled;_the State added 3.5 billion pud of
grain-to its reserves in 1958. Never before in'ali its history has our
country had so much grain.
Contributing greatly to the reclamation of,virgin lands and the Increas
in output and procurements of grain were the working people of the?Rursian
Federation and' the Kazakh SSR, and the-:other Union republics too, which In
every way supported and helped the virgin land development areas with
skilled personnel and machinery. .,
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-*-4"
The Plenum, of the CC of the CPSU deemp it necessary to state that
when the idea of deve ppjng virgin lands : odes Molotov and the other
members of the anti-Pa=il group opposed tl .s rueasure of the Party and the
State, attempting to show that the development of virgin lands would not
pay and that it was eemomaically. unprofitable. Aetually, life' hays .
refuted: these- absurd assertions. Not only-Us the state- recovered all
the . money, sit oo - putting the vigin landq to the plow,, but it ` 'Yeas
Already. received" more than .18 bil,]ion rubles; net items, Bea i4eeq the
capital ithvest t$-. n.virgin lands have added roughly 24 billion rubles
to the production, ; aosets of the sov hozes, repair and tebni cal -stations,
and procurement organizations. The cultic ation of virgif- -ljodsf
besides being a decisive means of increasing grain productiohf has also
been an im.)ortant : source. of. State accumulations for implementing the
The . Plenum of the.CC of the CPSUU resolves:
To regard as a. major task of agricultural development in the future
too an all-round increase IA. grain producti?n so; as to . sae, 1A eontoillAf-'.Aarieulture ,and set foiih -cleart4.: and precisely
tasks ahead =au the. -.further v .p nent_.of agri4 ultur. ,during 'the f'or'th-
coming Seven-Year - FLp I. - ?
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48'7' -
ActuaL!y, during the past?5' ars onr aoCialist agriculture has taken
a great leap forward in its own 4eveloprnent. This was begun by the historic
September Plenum, at which the duo trap Committee wisely, in Leninist
fashion, revealed serious shortcomings and errors ingrained in the leader-
ship of agriculture, unfolded a clear program before all the Soviet
people for developing this inportant field of the eeonomy,:land set the stage
eor this great undertaking.
The Central Committee not only worked out a program of steep
advance of agriculture and substantiated theoretically the necessity
for taking large-scale economic and political measures, but trained
Party and state cadres both in the center and on local levels in a
practical method of implementing these measures at the earliest possible
date.
All pronouncements and practical advice of Nikita Sergeyevieh
Khrushchv and other members of the Presidium of the Central Committee
at zonal conferences, held directty in kolkhoaes and sovkhozes and
devoted to the practical realization of the Party's decisions, represented
a broad school for us practical workors. In all this we see the
embodiment of Lenin's style in the work of the Central Committee of the
Party. We endeavored to study this style tirelessly and achieve successes
in work. The prevent plenum, at which Party figures exchange opinions
with .r lovators and direct orgunizers,of production, is a continuation
of then-3 fine traditions.
It is now apparent to all that our agriculture, owing to the concern
of tic' ?erty, has decisively overcome its backwardness and has started
on the :.,,:ad to all-around development and prosperity. In the new
stag:i of development of the Soviet economy the Party bas confronted us
with new tasks.
The life and practice of socialist construction were cruelly mocked
by the .-oti-Party group which had hindered the development of agricultural
production and broken away from the people.
Any rayon,. oblast, kray, or republic can illustrate the steep
advance of agriculture,
During these 5 years startling changes have occurred in the Kazakh
SSR owing to the enormous assistance of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
It is generally known how the role of Kazakhstan has risen in the economy
of the country.'
The main field of agriculture in. Semipalatisskeya Oblast is livee
stock raising, but nonetheless, owing to the development of virgin and
waste lands,.areas sown with grain crops doubled from 1953 to 1958,
reaching one million hectares. The yield of grain crops during this
period inereaeed.from 5.4 to 12,1 centners per hectare, the gross yield
of grain from 11.8 to 60 million pud,?and the production marketable grain
frog 4.6 million to 40,150,000 pud.
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i 484'
Thus, . during the last, years _ areas sores with grain craps in
Semipalatinskaya Oblast doubd, their yield increased by 2.2 times}.
gross output of grain rose by ,more "then 5 times .end production of
marketable gre4n by 9 times.
Kolkhozes and sovkhozes,'bridging a good harvest everywhere,
achieved especially remarkable growth in 1958. It is g?atifying to
note that all rayons, kolkhozes, and'sovkhozes,fulfilled State plans
for grain collection, while many overfulfilled quotas for selling grain
by 2-3 times, The Oblast fu1&,y provided itself with graded .seeds;
from 1,5 to 2 kilograms of grain were distributed to kolkhoz'.workers for
a work-day; and 5 million pud~of grain were stored in feed reserves,
The oblast never before produced and sold to the State such a large
quantity of grain.
The initial successes in the field of developing animal husbandry
have been achieved, During 1958 alone.the number of sheep increased by
300,000. All other types of livestock increased and their productivity
was raised. Kolkhozes and sovkhozes fulfilled State purchase quotas
for all types of livestock production ahead of schedule.
A large quantity of animal produce was turned in and sold in excess
of the plan. By 1 December 1958 5:300 tons.if meat or 22 percent more
than for the corresponding period in 1957 were turned in and sold to the
state; for wool, the figure was 900 tons, or 24 percent more than for
1957. The plan for State purchases of eggs was also significantly over-
fulfilled.
Fattening of livestock during the current year had great significance
in increasing meat production. By autumn of.this year 26,000 head of
cattle had been raised with an average weight of 317 kilograms from
fattening, while the average weight of cattle before fattening was 247
kiaograaia; 150,000 head of sheep were raised with an average weight of
50 kilograms from fattening; before fattening they.weighed.on the average
36 kilograms.
The Oblast has acquired many foremost people-of agriculture and
animal husbandry and specialists and organizers of ko],khoz and.sovkhoz
production who have mastered their work and are setting an example of
masterful management of communal economy.
The positive results of the work of agricultural workers.of the
'Oblast is no accident. These are the first fruits in the realization
of the decision of the Party aril government which have opened a new
stage in the development of the kblkhoz system and demonstrated the
inexhaustible opportunities of socialist agriculture,
Indeed, the unification of'all elements-of the productive forces of
agriculture in the hands of the 'solkhozes alone, as a result of the'
reorganization of MTS, their coordinated organization, and also the
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489 -
connentration of the basic forces a i means of kolkhozes and sovkho%es
in the production of those types of 4gricultural produce which are
economically more advantageous in a given zanenow assure success in
work. Guided by these important,Mprineiple4 instructions of the Party,
kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the oblast are dev4oping those areas which
are more advantageous; without exception all kvlkhozes have gained
technical know-how and are using it more productively than pefore.
It must be said that we doubted the necessity for. reorganizing
all MTS of the oblast and selling equipiaent.togaeparate kolkhozes. This
deemed a poor solution since they wepe unprepav to use equipment.
Practice and life convinced us that thiA worald; ead essentially to the
artificial restraint of. normal development of kolkhozes under new
conditions.
Results of 1958 show that we acted correctly in selling equipment
to all koikhozcs, Great changes are now taking place in kolkhon:s.
They, have become truly large, well-developed socialist enterprises
capable of subcesaru ly solving the,new grandiose tasks set before
agriculture by the Party in the forthccming,Seven year Plan. Itl is
important to emphasize in connection with the sale of equipment that
teaimieal cadres of all types are being formed in kolkhozes, a kolkhoz
technical intelligentsia is being formed, and a repair and teebaical base
for each kolkhoz is being created. The trend of development is such
that many kolkhozes in the near future will need an RTS, which will, act
primarily as a supply organization for the kolkhozes.
Such are some of the results of agricultural development which won
high praise in a congratulatory telegram from the Central Committee and
the government in connection with the oblast's fulfillment of 2 annual
plans for grain procurement and the fulfillment ahead of schedule of
the plan for procurement of livestock products.
Of course, there are still many shortcomings and neglects in our work
especially in the development of animal husbandry. The oblast Party
organization fully understands this and is taking measures to eliminate
these shortcomings.
Oun...great motherland experienced unforgettable, exciting days in
connection with the publication of the theses of N,S. Khrushchev's
report to the XXI Party Congress and the nation-wide discussion of these
theses. Target figures for the country's economic development are
contained in the.Seven-Year Plan--the most important document of modern
times which is mobilizing and calling the entire Soviet people to new
achievements in the name of building communism in our country and in the
name of the triumph of the cherished dream of mankind. There is no
doubt that the practical realization, of the grandiose program outlined
by our Party for the next 15 years, of which the Seven-Year Plan is an ,.,
integral part, is transforming all phases of life of Soviet society, and
that, as the genius Marx predicted, all sources of public wealth are
truly flowing unchecked,
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Workers of the oblast, like. .a Viet people,. unanimously approve
the theses of N.S. Khrushchev's spegah.to the..XXI Party Congress and
are determinigg their position tot ealiza.ign.of this. grandiose program.
The plan of economic developmient= of the oblast envisages a
s ignifieant growth of , all fields . o . agricultural production. In 1965.
production of.gra'in..will'reach 65-70,`millionpud as opposed. to 28 million.
pud, the average yearly produotion'for the'last 7 years. In addition,
300.000 hectares of new land.are.being drawn into use.
Al]. areas of`animal husbandry will be developed. atunprecedented
rates. It is..sufficient to say that the number.-of sheep and goats in
kolkbozes and' sovkhozes li ,..the 'oblgst in 1965 will reach 5 .million, or
2,6 times the 1958 figut- 6. Many kolktioz,es and aiovkhozes of the.oblast
will have 100,000-150,000 sheep, A large sheep-breeding industry is
being created in the oblast..
Output of, livestock produce will,grow as follows:meat by 3.7 times,
milk by 2 times; wool by more than 3 'times, and eggs by-6 times.
Livestock weighing a total.-of 118,000 tons (live'weight))will be sold to
the State in 1965, as.opposed to 31,.600 tons in 1958.. This is a significant
increase. For this reason Party, soviet,, and agricultural organs. of the-
oblast are giving special attention to increasing meat. production. It must
be said. that we are not fully exploiting large reserves of meat production.
Fattening of livestock on a much broader scale is projected in the next
years, We-believe that the proportion of meat livestock subject to sale.
to the State in the following year must be fixed in the fall, and not in the
spring of the actual year, as has been the praet.jce in the,past...
We are turning special attention to the;. production of young cattle
and lambs, as' was emphasized.in Nikita Sergeyevioh's speech. This is
beneficial to our kolkhozes and'sovkhotes. This suits.the.needs of.our
ccnaumers. The speech states that'young cattle Were fattened to the
age of li-2.years and used for. meat,. The economic advantage of this
procedure lies in the.factthat.s0ch young . livestock- winter , only one year,
and in our conditions the major losses in.keeping livestock occur in
winter. In addition; a favorable purchase price fpr young cattle has been
fixed by the state.
The experience of such.sovkhozes as our "Chalabey". and "Chigelek".
shows that with correct organization of fattening the average weight of,
young cattle from 1- to.2.years old can reach 350-360 kilograms..
We believe that lambs. of. the meat-tallow strain 6-8 months old must
be used for meat, also before winter sets in. The. weight of these lambs
can reach 35-.40 kilograms.
To increase'the.proportion of young animals. used for meat it is
necessary to inspect the structure ;of cattle. and.:meat-tallow sheep with
the aim Of~sharply increasing the proportion. of. females.
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' n''a~ ievtton with the great increase in sheep livestock the
SLuestic :.,oaoncerning the timeliness and quality of:their shearing arises.
t'the dsent 'tie, due to defects in machinery w 2d shortcomings of
oadr"r`of"61-ippers, shearing is poorly conducted; lasting I2-2 months
instead of 10-15 days, which results in great loss-of wool.
It"'-is impossible to consider the situation normal when until
recently absence of personal responsibility ,Jas permitted in the work
of shepherd brigades inikolkhozes and sowkt}ozes, payment was made with
actual wool,and not even clean fibers. ?Thi Oituation must be corrected.
In 7959 we will begin the organization, in.sotrkhozes and kolkhozes
of large-scale mechanized stations for sheari and treating sheep;
laboratories for determing the quality of woo and points for receiving
wool directly from shepherd brigades will operate.-.at these stations.
Cadres of shearers will be trained from the rural irtellig ntsia,
..on the ko]khozes and sovkhozes, students, and partially from among
workers of cities and rayon centers. Sheep shearing is a seasonal job.
During this period all shearers trained by;kolkhozes and sovkhotes must
be enlisted in shearing sheep.
Barrenness of females and loss of cattle cause great losse,3 to
kolkhozes and sovkhozes, Loss of cattle odeurs chiefly because sick
cattle are seldom treated and weak cattle are not out out into separate
herds and are not fed.
Until recently artificial insemination of livestock was not required.
The Ministries of Agriculture of the Union and the Republic have handled
this, ..important question quite poorly. A permanent network of points and
stations for artificial insemination of livestock should be organized
in kolkhozes and sovkhozes, and the organization of medical-feeding points
must be started in order that veterinarians, by means of a .systematic
circuit of herds, flocks, and herds of, horses, can single out?..sick and
weak livestock and organize their treatment and feeding, The'realization
of such measures-talong with several others will reduce loss of livestock
to it minimum and create normal conditions for rep hwtion of livestock.
The forthcoming Seven-Year Plan envisages a much more rapid rate
of growth in the volume of agricultural production in the Cbiast than
the rate of growth of-the able-bodied agricultural population. In this
connection, especially in animal husbandry, the problem of providing labor
resources becomes acute. By'our calculations 25,000 more men are needed
for work in animal husbandry in the oblast. For this reason the growth
of technical agricultural equipment and the increase in productivity of labor
will have especially great significance for us, It'must he noted that
this is especially necessary for the Kazakh SSR because there is much land
and the shortage in labor resources id felt.
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M . 9Y I
Animal husbandry of Kazakhstan hap;large reserves available for
further development,.. All the.people off` our oopntry!:are,. ;interested in its
rapid rise,., . For this reason a1*ong with .expanding technical egeiipnent of
agriculture it. is necessary to,:solve.. the problem'of syste'mgtie:migration into
our republic of.people from densely populated regions of `the `country.
We must say that at present 'a great disparity exists'between the
growth of our livestock and the feed base., :The: interests of further
developing animal husbandry demand that feed::production butstrip the
increase -in ,livestock.. For the solution to .this :problem along. with the
expansion of areas sown to corn, it is planned in our oblast alone to
irrigate and supply natural pastures and hayfields with water in areas
approximating 3; million hectares. To fulfill this task, kolkhoses are,
prepared to.assume a considerable part of the expenditures; however, the.
practical solution to this.quastion.has been delayed by a shortgge of
excavating equipment, It seems to. us ,t"hat, this question merits
special consideration.
The theses of NOS, Khrushchev's speech cite very important instructions
for supplying animal husbandry with grain fodder. This too is an urgent
problem, _It'is impossible to:put up any longer with a.situation where
kolkhozes and sovkhozes bring in the very same quantities of grain fodder
from the fields to storage points during the grain-storing period and in
winter transport it back over hundreds of kilometers, causing large
unnecessary-expenditures. Thus,.kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the oblast
gave 38,700 tons of grain fodder to.the State during 1955.and 1957. .
During these years they received 36,700 tons of concentrated feed from the
State for which 7.5 million rubles were spent for transportation' costa.
.Such practice cannot be Justified, It seems to us that conditions
are now-such that this question can be solved just as the Party once very.
wisely solved the question of grain seeds..
New tasks.stt forth in Comrade N.S. Khrushchev'sspeeoh.urgently
demand certain changes; in the structure.of.primary Party organizations
of kolkhpzes.and sovkhozes. In aceordanice'with.Paragraph 56 of Party
Regulations, Party committees are being created in Party organizations
of mgrs than 300 Oommunists.-with .the conferring of the rights. of a primary
Party organization to Party shop organizations. This statute of the
regulations applies equally to enterprises. located under one roof, to
kolkhozes, and to sotkhozes whose. producing areas are located 100-150
kilometers from the-central farmsteads. It would be expedient:to.revise
this statute oft. he Regulations with regard to.the specifics.of
agricultural production and permit kolkhoz and sovkha& Party organizations..
of more..than;50 Communtsts to create. Party committees with the conferring of
the :rights of a primary Party organization to-Party shop organizations,
and where 'there are 25-50 Communists,. permit brigades.and producing areas
to create Party organizations.sti.11 more . and. heighten the activity of
Communists.
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It would also be necessary to equate the level of earnings of
secretaries of: kolkhoz- Party organizations who are maintained at the expense
of the Party budget with that of secretaries of sbvkhOz Party organizationsi
for after the amalgamation of kolkhozes and the transfer of machine
operators from the M1S to the.1o1,khozes, many kolkhoz Party organizations
became larger than those ot'4ovkhozes and the kolkhozes themselves
surpassed many sovkhozes in yolume of agricultural production.
The.oblast Party.organigation anderatands its role and responsibility
for fulfilling the new.tasts set forth by our panty.
Let us assure the Central Committee of the CPSU that the oblast
Party organization will make'every effort to achieve the successful
fulfillment of the Seven gear Plan of national economic development.
Speech of M, Sapargaliye'V,, . secretary of the Dzha itrulakaya
Oblast Committee 6f -the C0 of 1azkhstah4
Iai" his speech R. ~, . k'1rushehev summed up the enormous work of the
Party and the people during the last 5 years in the steep rise of the
country's agriculture.
The radical changes which tools place during recent years resulted
from the Central, Committee's revealing major shortcomings and errors in
the lead'- ship of.the country and working.out the most correct means of
solving imminent questions'of communist construction in general and
agriculture in particular,
The.Septi?mber Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU opened a
new important stage in the development of agriculture, which lagged far
behind the rate' of development of ia}dtistry and did not meet the demands
of the Party for further imp-roving the welfare of the people. After the
September Plenum of the Centtgl Committee of the CPSU development occurred
not only in agricultural production butthroughout all areas of the economy.
Measures worked out and boldly implemented by our Party made
leadership otagriculture more..:concrete.and qualified, freed the initiative
of local workers, and made it possible to attract millions of wohkers for
active,participation in the management of production.;
We bear witness to the fact that during recent years the fighting
efficiency and solidarity of all Party organizations including that
of Kazakhstan increased. The Kazakhstan Party organization is guiding
the workers of the republic.alongthe Leninist path.and steadfastly
putting the general line of'our. Party into practice.
From the rostrum of the present Plenum, Comrade N.S. Khrushchev
praised highly the sue'cesses achieved by Kazakhstan in developing virgin
and waste lands. The republic is now one of the major grain regions of the
country.
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_ r ,,t -
Dzhambulskaya Oblast of Kazakh SSR is not a large grain oblast. But
during these 5 years it has cultivated nearly 600 000 hectares of virgin
soil and turned over-to the state' 23..2 mi ,io i pu of gr .1.958, or four
times. mere than. in ?1953?..
Our, Oblast - now. hdlc s a leading. -positipn. In tile, re ubl~le in
development of thre
i
e
aportant:: areas of.. ag iQUlture:
First
production of :mineral fertfliz r from Kara-Tau`phospbritea:.
whibh,are some of the richest deposits in $he world for abundance. and
quality;
Seconds sowing--of beets and production of sugar. Ko]3tho ers and
sovkhozes of the oblast are committing half oC the land of the'republic--
to,sugar.beet.production and successfully mastering. this valuable
Third, sheep breeding'."" herm are now moe~than`3 million sheep
the oblast.
In view of this development it must be said that an extremely
abnormal situation existed in the agriculture of the oblast up to 1953.
Thus, between 1949 and 1953 sheep and goat livestock increased'only'-.25
percent and production of grain and sugar beets remitined at essentially
the same level.
ite different reseults were obtained in the'5-years after the
September-' Men= of the Central Committee of the CPSU. During; these years
sowing of'sugar beets and production of sugar increased by almost two times
and the number of sheep increased on all categories of farms by 1.5?times.
The further development of the kolkhoz system is taking place on the
basis'of the whole complex of measures adopted'by the 'Pasty. Kol+shozes
are being more extensively equipped with modern machinery,-their economic
structure is being improved, and the monetary incomes of agricultural
artels and kolkhoz members are growing.
On the average, each farm--kolkhoz and dovkboz--now' has 66
tractors, 23 ocmbines, and 56 motor vehicles.
While the monetary income of a single kolkhoz averaged 1.2 million'
rubles in 1953.. it was 6.5 million rubles-in 1958, or 5.2?times greeter,
All that has taken place in agrieillture, conspicuoualy .rel'2eots the
wisdom of the policy of the Central Committee of the Party and the vast
importance and vitality of measures formulated by the Party.'
However, 'in ? the light of the' new . tasks these rates of growth of
agriculture, especially in"animal husbandry, asComrade''N,S. lthrusbohev'
correctly . pointed, out in his speech, still do-.not satisfy growing demands.
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In- accordance- with the? thesasof -Comrade N.S.-Khrushchev's report
to the'CII Party Congress,,. the production of meat in.Kazakhstan must be
increased by 2.9 times by.1965 and wool by 2.5 times. In ? hfs . speech at
this Plenum Comrade N.S. K uahehev pointed out-;,the need for accelerating
the development of sheep b eding in Kczakhstan. Dzhambulskaya Oblast
can , and must play a most:ii o 'tant role in the solution of this task
Through the will of ~oui Party and the initiative of Comrade
N.S. Khrushchev, Kazakhstan bias assimilated vast-.tracts of virgin and
waste land. But if we glance now'at..a geographical, map of Kazakhstan,
we will see that its great land riches are still not being fully used.
To the south and in thed.central par 'of'Kazakbstati large areas are
occupied by a steppe and sa y, a ayey wasteland. Within this are}, the
sands of I&yun-Kum, the $etp~ak-DaIIA. wasteland, .and the 8ary-Arks stopper
which are now called the Betpakl -Da;1inskiy Pasture Complek; are ttireatitig
much interest.
.In the course of centurfies these. wastelands have remained inaccessible
and unexplored., The vast territory of these lands-wee a "blank, space"
on the geographical map of Kazakhstan, although, as has. now been demonstrated,
they are of great value to the economy of our motherland.
The Betpak-Dalinskiy Complex encomposses 22 million hectares of
pastureland and consists "of four vat tracts whose usefulness varies'.
with the seasons: the Betpak-Dala wasteland -- 11 million hectares
of spring and fall pastures; the sapds of Moyun-Kum -- 4 'million' hectares
of winter pastures; the Saar-Arka steppe -- 7 million hectares of fine
summer pastueaes; and finale, the.1ower reaches of the Chu,River -- 300,000
hectares of haying lands,
confronting the.republio. '4,
The combination of these natural meadowlands represents.a natural
green belt- for livestokk, especially sheep.
The general feeding capacity of the Betpak-.Dalinskiy Pasture Bomplez
is approximately 6-6.5 million tons of different feeds; 70-80 per of the grasses of this complex are fed on by sheep and, represent a good
succulent feed.
In this territory it is. possible to provide year-;round, pasturable,
semi-indoor maintenance of. 10-12 million sheep with comparatively small
ex enditures.
Thee use of these pastures. is .also importszt. in that It answers V.0-1
tasks of generally increasing productivity. of labor and decreasing labor
and means costs in the production of a single unit of :produce.
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-496
The experience of sovkhozes?of the obUst which. are.. assimilating
this territory shows,` that' the cost of one 1entnerI of -wool. 'obtained., in.
the wasteland zone is 1,200-1.,500 rubles;, ~phe eas ?t coat in aemiindoor
maintenance is 2,500-3,000'rubLes. The cos of"'one centner..of mutton
i
th
a
,
n.
e w
steland zone is
200-250 rublesand"in semi-indogr maintenenee -
1
350
0
-
0
rubles.
Experience and facts also indtoate that under these wasteland
conditions the most advantageous field. of.an:ma~.husbandry is fine-fleeced
sheep breedings -Fine-fleeadd 'sheep.which'a . apted to year-round.. pasture
maintenance provide the most rapid solution to wO problems: production
of high-quality wool and cheap meat. Under- ai at pasture .maintenance. .
local fine-fleeced sheep here' yield 4-3' 1 fla - of wool and 60-70
kilod ans of meat (live weight), while the coitlof one centner of mutton
is 284 rubles and of beef -- 402.
Our oblast is maintaining 2 million head -of. sheep on the Moyun-Kum
wastelands this winter,' Indoor maintenance of this livestock, would ...:
necessitate the supplementary procurement and purchase of 400,000-500,000
tons of hay.
On these sands indoor maintenance of sheep, practically speaking,
does not exceed one month during the winter, and hay consumption Cor
one sheep -- no more than one centnrr.
Kolkhosea and'sovkhozes of the oblast. have actively, advanced:Into the.
wasteland-during.recent years., Much work'has been accomplished in its
assimilations experience has been gained, and. definite positive results
have been achieved,
What-concrete progress has been made? A total of 6,270 hectares of
pastureland have been irrigated, 1,695 shaft wells dug, and 172 tube wells
drilled. Three roads totaling 900 kilometers have been irrigated and .
outfitted for driving livestock from Betpak-Dala wasteland to the summer
pastures of Sary-Arka, On..the Winter pastures of Moyun-Kum more than 20
inter-kolkhoz and inter-sovkhoz centers have been created for the
construction of 'living quarters, stores, dining balls, postal sections,
blubs and Red yurts, schools and boarding schools,. baths,.. and medical
stations, Kolkhozes of the oblast spent nearly 250'million rubles in
assimilating these pasturelands,
Significant work has been 'achieved in the radical improvement and
reorganization of pastures, On the foothill (bogarnyye) lands of the
pre-desert zone and the sands themselves the foremost kolkhozes and sovkhozes
have sown thousands of hectares of low-yield pastures with grasses:
alfalfa, brone grass, barley, and rye. From these plots they have
harvested 1,0-15 oentners of good hay per hectare and in :this-. way want..:
to solve the problem of creating local reserves of winter feed for livestock.
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.? 497
Considering this exile etoe, kola and eo io ea have assumed
certain responsibilities: sowing mess and rare seedlings on 350,000-
2,00,000 hectares of wasteland'by 1965 with the purpose of creating
artificial hayfields for use duringlivestoek drives, In addition, we plan
to improve up to 300,000 hectares of low-yield pastureland. For this
purpose we will s&w cultured and wild grasses on this large tract of land.
These measures, in addition to those already taken, will strengthen the
feed base and play a large role in the transition in the near future from
a distant-pasture system to .a more progressive form of livestock
management and indoor maintenance of livestock.
Formerly untouched floodlands of the Chu and Talass rivers are
being developed more each year. Here, in these remote pastures, up to
100,000 hectares of flood-plain hay are being harvested each year.
Land-reclamation work has been started and large tracts of estuary
irrigation are being created, Further land reclamation of flood plains
will make it possible to sow 75,000 hectares of grass under temporary
irrigation and 25,000 hectares of corn, grain fodder, vegetables, and
potatoes under regular irrigation. According to data of the Betpak-Dale
Experimental Station, corn is' yielding a harvest of stalks and ears in th3
milky-was stage of 368 eentners per hectares and at full maturity -- 34.3
centners of grain.
Agxietlltura, apedialists, kolkhozes,-and-sovkhozes,-as-e result of
many years of work can the quality improvement of local fat-tailed
sheep by means of rams of fine-fleeced breeds, have created their own
fine.-.fleeced breed of sheep which is adapted to year-round pasture
maint,~t,anee and which we have chosen to call the Moyuk-Kum breed of sheep.
This breed is distinguished by its large stature and good constitution,
possesses high fertility, liveliness, and hardiness on long drives, and
yield:: fine-worsted wool, Despite all the diffieultues, pedigreed sheep
are b.:y'ig quickly improved in the oblast. This can be confirmed by
certain data: during 1958 the oblast sold almost 100,000 centners of
wool to the State, of which 73 percent was fine and semifine wool.
Seventeen sheep-breeding sovkhozes have been organized in the
wasteland zone, The Moyuk-Kum "valushkoyyy" Sovkhoz, created in the center
of the Betpak9Dala Complex, has 33,000 head of fine-fleeced sheep. In
the last 2 years average wool clippings of sheep in the sovkhoz weighed
5 kilograms and sheep used for meat weighed 60-61 kilograms. During 1957
the sovkhoz made a profit of 2,664:000 rubles.
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-49346
The Scry-Suyskiy ;ovlaioz Ra~on is also an example. During 1953,
sovkhozes of thin rayon - gave the Stat*:..6 8t 0 sheep with :an aver mE*
weight of 60 kilograms i1 in. pasty - the average'i ght of a
sheep d--.d not exceed 35-40 kilograms'. 'fie rayon achieved this fine
shoving as a result of effective use of summer pastures of the semi-
wastelands of Sary-Arka.
It ensues from all that `has been laid that the development of
the Bet?pak-Data Complex is not an abstract, unrealizable problem
practically speaking. It is rising in turn to the needs of economic
developaent, and, what is most importantj already has been verified
by life.
However, the measures, we have implmented by far do not ensure
the full uwe of the wealth of pasturelands. Such-tempos of work will
delay development by decades and will restrain developnent of sheept
breeding in Kazakhstan.
The fullest use of the Betpsk-Dala Complex of pastures for the
over-all development of sheep breeding is a very important State
reserve for replenishing meat,aad wool resources of the country. And
it seems to us that the - time:has arrived when we. must solve this
problem as the problem of developing virgin and wastelands was solved.
What must we do to convert the Betpak-Dala into the most
outstanding base in the country for developing animal husbandry,.
especially sheep breeding?
First, develop work,on a large scale to irri.gste the steppe by
digging wells; second, take up in earnest the planning and organization
of grass for use during livestock drives; third,, develop work on
improving and radically reor anizing pastures; and fourth, complete
work begun-on the creation there of necessary cultural and living
conditions for livestock breeders at.kolkhoz and sovkhoz expense.
All this work requires approximately 300-356 million rubles,
nearly 100 million rubles of which the kolkhozes themselves can supply.
In connection with this, expenditures on one sheep will amount to
30-35 rubles, and the sheep will yield a yearly income of.100-150 rubles.
We ask that the Betpai:-Dale Complex fin-.its-place and reflection
in the Seven-Year. Plana for dave1oping the economy of the USSR between
1959 end 1965, as an important problem and large reserve for developing
animal husbandry.
One can declare with certitude that material and monetary
expenditures accruing in the development of this pasture complex
will be discharged within a very short time. Our oblast will have
8 million sheep by 1965.
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499
._ . , the, 2WtV4&-D4E ::tend fr. . ; h ni y ste a nr in. the 1(zakh
language. In pzrerevolutionexy. 4ya it spas. just that. Now the
Betpak?Dala will play a . much greeter -role . in the economy. In this
lies the not I considerable merit of the oblast'Party organization.
If we truly undertake the doovelopment of the Betpak-Dala and
employ definite State means in t-is work, the former "unhappy steppe"..
will become a gold mine of cheap wool and mutton and a valley of real
piness for our people.
In the unselfish assistance given to Kazakhstan by the Russian
and other fraternal peoples for the development of Virgin lands
untouched for centuries, in the-:tit capital outlays in development
of the republic's economy, in equipping the economy and primarily
agriculture with modern machinery, in the repeated visits of
Nikita.Sergeyevich Khrushchev to. Kazakhstan.and his advice and-,
instructions to us, we-see the great attention and care of the Central
Committee: of the CPSU and the Soviet Government for the further
powerful development of the productive forces. of Kazakhstan.
We Communists of Kazakhstan assure the Central Committee of the
Party that we-deserve this care and confidence and that we are making
every effort to place the inexhaustible riches of the republic at the
service of our beloved motherland.
Speech of D.V. Pavlov, Minister of Trade RBFSR:
In discussing the results of agricultural development during the
last 5 years at the present plenum, I shall venture. to_cite several
figures on the sale of goods connected with the development of . .
productive forces in . agriculture.. Between 194+$ and 1953 the plan (dr.
commodity circulation in the country was not fulfilled because too
few agricultural goods appeared in stores. City population increased.
The needs in food products rose with each day. Much time was lost,
but anyone who was acquainted with questions of supply-at that time
well remember how acute became the question of.providing the city
population with food. In a number of cities lines appeared for
purchasing bread, groats, macaroni, milk, vegetables, and several
other products-.
The Party was confronted with the vitally urgent task of 'satisf ying
the needs of the population in food products. The Mate of affairs
in agriculture and the situation with regard to supplying the population
were thoroughly analyzed at the September plenum of the Central
Committee in 1953.
Agricultural reforms outlined by the Plenum of the Central
Committee and later realized by the Party made it possible to increase
productive forces. A radical change occurred in the economy of the
country. The manufacture of produce and raw materials for industry
grew steadily. In the beginning the volume of goods grew slowly, but
later increased more and more perceptibly.
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In 1955 eoimnodity circulation increased over the previous year by
14.3 billion rubles in . o rablo prism, ` to ley tom' ru 'les,
-
and in 1957. by 56 billton rubles; In-1908 6- thaar'al$n-ificant 11
growth of commodity, -6- reaUtion took p1 oB, - D *ring thit t. a very
gratifjring airtuaastance ooaurreft duriz5g.'th97-last 3 =yoari t2
consumption'af such products as meat, milk, sugar, and fruit grew
remarkally. Fbr- ex=pl: 1. the 8aLe"of. State afd ?oocper8tive g'oo`ds was
(in thousands of tons)
Meat and meat products 2118
.2 TnI rraOti of; I455
3072 145
Butter 354 542
Sugar
2,330 3427
147
The.=sale of 'many other;produets also -rose.:- These figures, characterize
the attitude of our ko1khOz peasantry toward lscpsialint agriculture. In
them is expressed the 'great creative labor- of millions :of=people' and. tha
solidarity of the, fr4ends'hip of the Working :class with the peasantry.
The dynamics of the bale of traded flour-'ere of significant interest:
in 1940,'"7.9 million tone' of graded-- flour wan: sold or 5t "percent of the
expenditures for the market.fund of flour, A that time this' was
considered very good. During the war and.in the first pc*twar years the?'
production of wheat fell, sharply; in 1958 the-.consumption of graded flour
amounted to only 2.1 million-toms (or 19 percent of the market fund).
In 1952, the sale of.this flour increased to-6.8 million tons and in
1958 reached 13 million'tbne or 62?percent-of the general consumption
of flour,'that is, the'population'-s demand for white bread was almost:
twice the prewar-, 1940 lev$1. This for millions of:peeople, was the
extremely tangible result of the rise of agriculture.
even'so recently* as L950, the wale of milk was only 1,340,000 tons;
In the fell.-;iriater period milk sales - were , ineignific:antly - siaall for
the country--322,000 tons, that. is; as much mi'lk' as! Is sold: in
Leningrad alone at the present time, ' In? 1958 approximately
6,400,000 'tons - of ? milk will- be 'sold throughout the country, including
2,400, 000 tons (or? 38 pere t'?of -. yearly-'sales ). during :the fall-winter-
period. From these figures it is evident that along with the large,.
absilute growth of milk sales, seasonal peaks in the consumption of
"
have declined.
this product which is, nevss'oary for each femfly
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Sal
? The sale of fruits which were not-available during-the war years:
and in the postwar period has gr vn considerably. In 1950 the sale
of fruit . amounted to 262,000 ton j, in 1955 to : 639,000 tons, and, in
1958 more than 690,000 tons v 42 be sold.
necessary.
'population with milk in the winter period. A decrease in seasonal
interruptions in the delivery of, milk by kolkhozes and sovkhozes is
In addition, it Is necess'ua to note that in Whiter- fresh milk
i! "8till izot sufficient in a n of cities. If the entire sale
Of-milk is taken as 100 percent, then 62 percent falls in the 2d and
3d quarters and 38 percent in the- th and let.- Such irregularities
in the incidence - Of milk in Skk ni are reel enter i n the atl"r-1 v n4l '+.hp
The sale of grape and. other fruit and berry Vine has risen.' In.
1950.25.l million decalitres were sold; in 1951-42-5 million, and in.*
1958--58 million. Without question there will .come a time When wine
supplants water. We must not allow a decrease in the. quality of wines;
the fact that wine will replace water more and more is confirmed by
the rapid growth of wine production: While purchases of wine throughout
the country 8 years ago (1950) toed 333,800 tons., they rose to
978,100 tons in 1958, and are planned to be 3,660,000 tons in 1965.
Comrade Serdyuk.and other leading Workers of.the Moldavian.
Republic where vine production is being developed quite rgpidly are
seriously worried by the fact that wine sales em hold back the - .
production of grapes, but weeassured them that we will take every
measure to.bolster wine sales but that the prices must be substantially
reduced.
All these facts speak for the.growth of the living standards
of imillions:of.Soviet people which was, made possible as.a result of .
the general rise of agriculture and the fact that the increase.in
commodity sales rests upon a solid industrial base; this base is
being steadily and swiftly expanded, as is apparent from the target
figures. of economic development.for.1959-1965.
Only-the politically bankrupt, such as Malenkov, Kaganovich,
Molotov, Bulganin,.and Shepilov, could object to and oppose that
noble task which the Tarty set forth at the September Plenum of
the Central-Committee-for reorganizing agriculture and improving;
the welfare of our people.
I.. would like to linger.on several questions of agriculture wh4ch
require.a solution and additional efforts. .
1. In trade there is a' sufficient.quantity.of groats and macaroni
to satisfy the demand of the population; however, several types of
groats are scarce, in particular, buckwheat and legumes which
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impoverish the assortment. -A-total of 420,00Q.tons of bus wheat were
procured in 1955 and 150,000-,tone .in 1958, and ;legume;, ;320;000 and 1$8,000 ;
tens, .respectively. - It appears l me that there was pip foundation: far.
such a decrease and that this situation should be ca lted,, It is
nesessary to increase the harvest of- these crape, asp .allot, in those
regions where they thriven The needs, of workers for se.trpee of groats
must be satisfied.
As I have already stated, macaroni is sold in sufficient quantities,
but many buyers- are dissatisfied with 'the quality of !the % macaroni; its
quality depends-to a significant Degree on the type of wbe'at. Macaroni
which is prepared from flour of'durum wheat differs favotably in taste
from macaroni of ordinary flour. In:1958, flour for durum wheat
macaroni was inm fficiently produced -- 30,000 tons as, against a
modest demand for 250,000 .tons. It is also rieeessary to consider that
prices on the international market for durum-wheat-are-20-25 percent
higher than usual, Undoubtedly, we must give more attention..looilly
to'the production of this valuable crop.
I would like to say-several words about tea. The production of
native tea has grown during-resent years, in particular in the
Georgian SSR, The sale of tea increased from 40,000 tons in 1953
to 52,000 tons in 1958, however, the needs of the population have
not been fully satisfied:(importing of tea during this time amounted
to approximately 20,000 tons per year)-. T.o met the.. demand, 60,000
65,000 tons of-tea are needed. It would be well to-provide in the
resolution of the Plenum of'the Central Comsnf tee for workers of
agriculture inI Georgia, Aserbaydzhan, ;and Krersnodarskiy Kray to expand:
tea plantations by using fertilizers.
Inasmuch as the discussion has turned to subtropical. crops,
several Words must be'said about bay leaves, Of course, this question
was little discussed at the current Plenum. However, it sometimes
happens that alight difftdulties cause many real problems,
The small quantity of bay leaves on sale displeases many lovers
of this condiment. The demand for bay leaves is approximately 2,500
tons a year, not considering the needs of the-,food industry, and the sale
of bay leaves does not exceed 4001tons.?- It must be said..that the price.
of bay leaves is high .- 125 rubles a'kilograms, but,.because it. is
scarce in State trade, it is sold for 2501.300 rubles of-kilogram in the
kolkhoz markets. It seems to me that if Party and'-soviet organizations..
of southern regions pay attention to the planting of bay trees and the
collection of leaves it is 'possible to iinerease. the dey.ivety of bay
leaves to stores, especially as-the purehaae price for this-product-is
high -- 95-100 rubles a kilogram, that is, there is quite enough
incentive to increase the collection of bay leaves -sharply.,,
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2te potion and
procure nt' of potatoes and 4e etabl es, throughout the Co try
as a wlio e, the 4 tid of ? t2 a city Opu ,at ;on For these products
has-' nct been satis; ed.. Prices' fox -vegetables. and -potatoes in,
kolkhoz markets in a-number of cities are high.
Vbr eX riple, on 25 November 1958 in Bashkirskaya?ASSR
(Ufa city) potatoes 'cost 1 ruble 50:16opeks a kilogram, fresh
cabbage 4 rubles, and-onions 6 rubles; in Tyumenskaya Oblast
(Tyumen-city)--2, 6, and 8 rubles, respectively.
Such a price ?lorLl cannot be called nor'i if we consider
that bread costs 1 ruble 24 kbpeke -a kilos eqi. Tn a correct
correlation of prices, potatoes must be at le*st two times
cheaper than bread.''These regions undoubt must:strug,le to
increase pots o production: - Sometimes there Is a disparity
between- the ii3mand for certain types of -vegetables and their
production.. For e:mple; the ' demand - for carrots, cauliflowers,
aspare-gus, fennel, parsley, -egg plants, and cel?e 'y is .5-6 times
greater than the actual quantity. in stores. In 6 number of
cities this question can.-be solved'in the course of'a single
spring by the more efficient cooperation of agricultural organs
with trade organizations and by the attention of local Party
and acviet organizations to this problem.
3? The procedure for planning livestock produce has
changed since 1957? Life 'during these 2 years -confirmed the
correctness of this measure--which was positively reflected
in production of -livestock and improvement in supplying the
population. For example, in Krasnodarskiy Kray in the last
2 years the sale of meat and meat produce increased by
82 percent in Kaluzhskaya Oblast b` 94 percent,.-in Kurganskaya.
Oblast by 13 percent, and similarly-in many oblasts.. At-the'
same time, in Krasiloyarskiy Kray the'-sale of meat increased
by only 22 percent, in-Tambovskaya Oblast by 21 percent', and
in VoloBodelzaya Oblast it did not increase at all. This is
evidence of the fact that there greater effort was expanded
in increasing production of meat, an increase in the
consumption of meat produce took place locally: in some
oblaste more, in some less.
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-50/,
However, when meat was scarce in't State retail, network, city
organizations often requested the CeAtir to increase the quantity of meat
released for local sgppliea at ,the .expernse of.decr-eas reduc ttbna r3n the
fag , ..
union-republic' f'snd, explaiti'ing this by' the fact that, there was. taut
enough meat on . the ' market, But' such an ' opportunity ; d6es not .exist
at present, "increasing meat cansumpt.ton can only be achieved by better
utilization of resei' ea 'in the production of meat, 'of * which.
N. S. Khrushchev spoke convincingly a in detail in his speech.
It seems to me that it is possible to'improve the use of-bog-
fattening on subsidiary'.-farms by exploiting .to. a greater degree
the table scrap of, enterpri.ses and the ' po ila tiop. .
In my opinion the work chrried :,by the Party organizations of
Kharkov and Kiev deserves serious attention.
In Kiev in the trade organizationp and in the system of public
catering 91,000-hogs are slaughtered aster fattening each year, that
is, 9,000 hogs are fattened for 100,000 people of the city population.
In K13ar1kov, 7,000 hogs for a population of 100,000,.in Kuybyshev 1,300
hogs, in Baku 971, in Novosibirsk 766, in Krasnoyarsk 335, and in some
cities even lean.- Throughout the country in the State retail national
and public catering system alone nearly 1.5 million hogs are fattened.
in a year. This quantity, as the experience of Kiev and Khar'kov shows.,-
can be increased by..4-5. times, that is, after slaughtering it is possible
to obtain 500,000 tons bf pork a year.
Of course, fattening, of hogs by using table scraps. is a subsidiary
question in the general plan for developing animal husbandry, but
nevertheless, this source 'can,have great significance for many cities,
especially for providing. kitchens in,sovkhozes and industrial enter-
prises with cheaper meat.
The path followed by our Party in the last:5.years has been a
great contribution to the teaching of Marx-Lenin on socialist.construction''
The speech of Niki'ta Sergeyevich Khrushchev at the current Plenum and the
decisions of the Plenum of the Central Committee serve as a further
program of concrete action in the struggle for mew triumphs for building
communism.
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