SOVIET SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL MANPOWER THROUGH 1975

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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 7, 2012
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 1, 1970
• Content Type: REPORT

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W/--,
DIRECTORATE OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
tiv
Scientific and Technical
Intelligence Report
Soviet Scientific and Medical Manpower Through 1975
-Secret
OSI-STIR/70-26
October 1970
copy N2 273
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SOVIET SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL MANPOWER
THROUGH 1975
Project Officer
OSI-STIR/70-26
October 1970
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
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PREFACE
Estimates of numbers and trends in Soviet scientific and medical
manpower may be important aids in determining the scientific and
technological threat posed by the USSR and in comparing its potential
for scientific, economic, and military progress with that of the United
States. This report is an attempt to estimate the numbers of Soviet
scientists, physicians, and veterinarians based on Soviet released infor-
mation. A report on Soviet engineering manpower was published in
September 1969.
Official Soviet statistics on scientific workers provide the main
sources for data on the number of scientists in the USSR. In Soviet
usage the terms science and scientific refer to all branches of knowledge
and inquiry. The term scientific workers as used in Soviet statistics
includes workers and other qualified individuals in the natural and social
sciences and in a number of additional specified professions. In this
report only those Soviet scientific workers in fields classified as scientific
according to common usage in the United States are counted as scien-
tists. Thus Soviet announcements of the total numbers of scientists or
scientific workers in the USSR in general do not coincide with the totals
given in this report.
The medical manpower category as presented herein comprises
veterinarians and physicians, including dentists. In the available Soviet
statistical reports, physicians and veterinarians who are engaged in re-
search and/or teaching are usually counted both as scientists and as
members of their professional groups. Thus to the degree that physicians
and veterinarians are engaged in research and teaching the estimates
of medical manpower in this report are overstated. However, it is be-
lieved that the numbers of those in such dual categories are relatively
small and do not significantly affect the trends and projections of either
group. All annual figures used herein depict the status as of the end of
the year specified.
Stringent efforts have been made to present comparable Soviet
and US data. Soviet and US scientific specialties are similar but not
identical and the Soviet and US groups are therefore not entirely com-
parable. Differences in the compilation and use of statistics add further
to the complexity of the comparisons, but in general the figures are
believed to be relatively accurate.
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III
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Specialists of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Census Bureau,
and the National Science Foundation have contributed to this study by
furnishing data on US scientific and medical manpower. They have
also been consulted on projection techniques. This report was prepared
by the Office of Scientific Intelligence with contributions from the Office
of Economic Research. It was coordinated with the Directorate of Intel-
ligence. The cutoff date of information is July 1970.
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CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ................................................... iii
PROBLEM .................................................. 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................ 1
DISCUSSION ............................................... 2
Soviet scientific manpower .................................. 2
Soviet awards of advanced degrees in the sciences ............ 4
Number of Soviet physicians and veterinarians ................ 8
TABLES
Page
1. Number of USSR and US scientists by major fields, 1968 and 1975 1
2. Number of Soviet scientists by specialty (thousands), 1958-1975. 2
3. Number of US scientists by specialty (thousands), 1968-1975.... 5
4. Soviet advanced degrees in science, 1958-1975 ................ 6
5. Number of Soviet physicians by category (thousands), 1955-1975 8
6. Total Soviet and US practicing veterinarians (thousands), 1960-
1975 ................................................... 10
FIGURES
Page
1. Total Soviet and US scientists through 1975 .................. 4
2. Soviet advanced degrees in science, 1958-1975 ................ 5
3. Total Soviet physicians, 1955-1975 ........................... 10
4. Total Soviet and US practicing veterinarians, 1960-1975 ........ 11
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SOVIET SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL MANPOWER
THROUGH 1975
PROBLEM
To estimate the numerical strength of Soviet scientific and medical
manpower through 1975.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Soviet Union has fewer scientists but more
physicians and more veterinarians than the United
States and this situation is likely to continue through
1975. In 1968 (the latest year for which figures
are available) there were about 263,000 scientists,
618,000 physicians, and 70,000 veterinarians in the
USSR. It is estimated that by 1975 there will be
about 369,000 Soviet scientists, 840,000 physicians,
and 88,000 veterinarians, increases in 7 years of
about 40%, 35%, and 25% respectively. In contrast
the United States in 1975 is expected to have about
594,000 scientists, 503,000 physicians, and 26,000
veterinarians, increases in 7 years of about 28%,
27%, and 13% respectively. The number of Soviet
physicians per thousand of population in 1968 was
2.6 and in 1975 will be 3.3; corresponding US fig-
ures are 2.0 and 2.3.
In the period through 1975 Soviet scientific man-
power is expected to experience the largest growth,
as well as the greatest percentage increase, in the
physics and mathematics specialty, followed by the
chemistry specialty. The 1968 published figures
and the 1975 projected figures on Soviets with the
equivalent of the US Bachelor of Science degree and
US scientists with the Bachelor degree are shown
in table 1.
Soviet holders of advanced degrees in science
(doctors and candidates of sciences) were about
50,000 in 1958, 101,000 in 1968, and are projected
to reach about 141,000 in 1975. Of the 1975 figure,
approximately 123,000, or about 33%, will hold the
candidate degree (approximately equivalent to the
Number of USSR and US Scientists by Major Fields,
1968 and 1975
MAJOR FIELDS 1968 1975
USSR US
Physicists and
Mathematicians ... 83,000 123,000
Chemists .......... 41,700 60,000
Medical and Pharma-
ceutical Scientists . 44,600 56,000
Biologists .......... 34,100 48,000
Agricultural and Vet-
erinary Scientists .. 33,300 45,000
Geologists and
Mineralogists ..... 19,300 28,000
Geographers ....... 6,600 8,000
1968
1975
108,000
148,000
127,700
169,000
53,000
67,000
65,100
89,000
78,600
89,000
26,000
28,000
3,900
5,000
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US Ph.D.) and 17,000, or about 5%, will hold
doctorates (a higher degree than the US Ph.D.).
The greatest percentage increase in advanced de-
grees projected during the 1968-1975 period is in
physics and mathematics, followed by biology and
then by geology and mineralogy.
By 1975 the numbers of Soviet holders of ad-
vanced degrees should be approximately as follows:
34,000 in the medical and pharmaceutical sciences,
31,000 in physics and mathematics, 24,000 in
biology, 19,000 in the agricultural and veterinary
sciences, 17,000 in chemistry, 11,000 in geology and
mineralogy, and 3,000 in geography.
The greatest number of doctorates in the scien-
tific disciplines in 1975 will be about 6,000 in the
medical and pharmaceutical sciences, followed by
3,000 in physics and mathematics, and 3,000 in
biology.
The Soviet Union had 388,000 physicians in 1958,
618,000 in 1968, and will have an estimated 840,000
in 1975, an increase of 36% in the 1968-1975 period.
The largest categories in 1975 will be general prac-
titioners, 164,000, followed by 89,000 pediatricians,
85,000 surgeons, 70,000 dentists, 52,000 obstetricians
and gynecologists, and 50,000 epidemiologists and
environmental health specialists.
DISCUSSION
SOVIET SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER
The Soviets define scientific workers (nauchnyye
rabotniki) as comprising the following individuals:
Academicians who are full or corresponding members
of an academy of sciences; all persons who have an
academic degree of doctor or candidate of science, or
an academic title of professor, docent, senior research
associate, junior research associate, or assistant, (regard-
less of the place or character of their work; persons
conducting scientific-research work in scientific insti-
tutions and scientific-pedagogical work in higher edu-
cational institutions, (regardless of degree or academic
title; land specialists Cwho do not ' have an advanced-
degree or academic title but are doing scientific work
in industrial enterprises and design organizations.'
Specialists without degree or title (but usually
with diploma-the Soviets do not grant under-
graduate degrees) who work in industrial enter-
prises and design organizations were first included
by the Soviets in the scientific worker category in
1962, apparently as a result of a major reclassifica-
tion of scientific activities. No definitional changes
have been noted since that time.'
All ministries. and departments maintain central
files consisting of records on every employed per-
son to whom the Ministry of Higher and Specialized
Secondary Education has granted a graduate degree
and/or awarded an academic title. In addition, some
persons without degree or title (but usually with
diploma) are employed in scientific research. The
responsible administrative organizations submit an
annual summary report on scientific workers to
the Cultural Statistics Department of the Central
Statistical Administration (TsSU ).2 The information
in these reports forms the basis for the data pub-
lished in the Soviet statistical handbooks.3
Soviet statistics include practically all fields of
knowledge and investigation under the classifica-
tion of science. Thus, the figure given for all Soviet
scientific workers in 1968-822,900-includes spe-
cialists in a number of disciplines, such as law and
art, not usually considered as scientific fields in the
United States.' Because of the differences in defi-
nition and practice between US and Soviet statis-
ticians, categories of Soviet scientific workers, have
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
Physics and mathematics ....................
22.6
24.8
29.0
35.1
48.3
54.9
58.2
.63.9
Chemistry .................................
20.2
22.7
26.2
32.3
25.4
28.8
31.6
33.5
Biology ....................................
13.2
13.6
15.1
16.2
21.6
23.9
25.7
27.1
Geology and mineralogy .....................
8.2
9.0
10.7
12.0
13.4
15.1 .
15.4
, 16.4
Agriculture and veterinary sciences ...........
18.6
20.2
21.2
23.8
25.5
28.0
29.1
30.6
Geography .................................
3.8
3.9
4.3
4.6
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.9
Medical and pharmaceutical sciences..........
29.7
31.0
32.2
34.2
33.5
34.6
35.1
36.7
Cumulative total ...........................
116.3
125.2
138.7
158.2
172.9
190.7
200.7
214.1
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been selected for comparison with the categories
of US specialists usually regarded as scientific.
The number of scientists* in the USSR for the
1958-1968 period is shown in table 2. Projections
of the number of scientists through 1975 are also
shown in this table. 14 6 The table includes the num-
ber of scientists by specialty, as well as the cumu-
lative total number of scientists. The medical sci-
ences specialty includes those who have completed
a clinical residency, have been awarded the degree
of Candidate or Doctor of Medical Sciences, and
are engaged in scientific research or teaching.
Not included in this report because in the United
States they are usually counted in other professional
fields, but listed in the Soviet statistics as "scien-
tific workers," are specialists in such disciplines as
architecture, history and philosophy, economics,
philology, law, pedagogy, and art.'s The Soviets
also include as scientific workers a large category
(over 360,000 personnel in 1968) known as tech-
nical, or engineering, scientists 6 because they en-
gage in research and development, academic affairs,
or related work.** These specialists have not been
counted as scientists in this report, but they have
been covered as engineers in a separate report based
largely on the cumulative number of annual engi-
neering graduates, published in September 1969.
*Official Soviet annual statistical reports on the number
of engineers, physicians, and veterinarians in the USSR
specifically state that members of the armed forces are not
included. Soviet reports on the number of scientific workers
in the USSR do not specify whether members of the armed
forces are included, but it is assumed that they are not
and that the number in the armed forces is relatively small.
* * Many of these "technical scientists" hold engineering
degrees. Others have no degrees but are employed in tech-
nical support work in design and industrial establishments
and are more closely related to the engineering than to the
scientific profession.
by Specialty (thousands), 1958-1975
Other personnel who have not been counted as
scientists are the Soviet and US teachers of science
in primary and secondary schools. In both countries
these personnel are considered to be teachers, not
scientists. On the other hand, in both countries,
academic personnel in the scientific disciplines, as
specified in this report, in higher educational estab-
lishments are considered as scientists, not educators,
for statistical purposes.
Also not counted in this report are subprofessional
personnel. In 1964 there were about 21/3 additional
workers for each Soviet scientist.' Currently it is
estimated that these subprofessionals may reach
as high as about 3 for each scientist in some spe-
cialties.
The projection* through 1975 of Soviet scientific
manpower, as well as the figures for the 1958-1968
period, is based largely on the published Soviet
data, but other pertinent information has been con-
sidered.' 8-10 It is obvious from an examination of
the data that over a period of years there has been
essentially a linear rate of growth in each of the
specialties. According to this projection, the So-
viets will have about 293,000 scientists in 1970 and
about 369,000 in 1975.
In contrast to the 369,000 Soviet scientists pro-
jected for 1975, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics 11
has projected 594,000 US scientists for the same
year, or 225,000 more US scientists than Soviet
scientists. The US superiority in numbers of scien-
tists appears to be growing and no significant
change in that trend seems likely through 1975 in
*Projections derived for this paper have been obtained
using regression techniques similar to those used by the
US Bureau of the Census.
Numerical
Increase
Percent
Increase
1973
1974
1975
1968-1975
1968-1975
70.8
77.1
83.0
88.7
94.3
100.0
105.7
111.4
117.0
122.7
39.7
47.8
36.7
39.0
41.7
44.4
47.0
49.7
54.4
55.1
57.7
60.4
18.7
44.8
29.8
31.8
34.1
36.1
38.1
40.1
42.2
44.2
46.2
48.2
14.1
41.3
17.5
18.4
19.3
20.5
21.7
22.9
24.1
25.3
26.5
27.7
8.4
43.5
31.7
31.9
33.3
35.0
36.7
38.4
40.1
41.8
43.5
45.2
11.9
35.7
6.1
6.3
6.6
6.8
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.7
8.0
8.2
1.6
24.2
39.3
41.5
44.6
46.3
47.9
49.6
51.2
52.9
54.5
56.2
11.6
26.0
231.9
246.0
262.6
277.8
292.8
308.0
323.2
338.4
353.4
368.6
106.0
40.4
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Figure 1. Total Soviet Scientists Through 1975
spite of the greater projected percentage increase
in the numbers of Soviet scientists, as shown by a
comparison of the totals (see figure 1 and tables
2 and 3). Projections (table 2) indicate that in the
USSR in 1970 physicists and mathematicians con-
stitute the largest number of scientists; medical
and pharmaceutical scientists are next, followed
by chemists, biologists, agricultural and veterinary
scientists, geologists and mineralogists, and finally
geographers. In 1975 the chemists will move into
second place. In the United States (table 3) at
that time the chemists are projected to be in, first
place and the physicists and mathematicians second.
The projected percentage expansion of each of the
Soviet categories between 1968 and 1975 (table 2)
shows that the physicists and mathematicians will
experience the greatest increase, followed by phem-
ists, geologists and mineralogists, biologists, agri-
cultural and veterinary scientists, medical and phar-
maceutical scientists, and finally by geographers.
Table 3 shows US figures for similar categories.
SOVIET AWARDS OF ADVANCED DEGREES
IN THE SCIENCES
the Soviet candidate of sciences degree may be
considered about equivalent to a US Ph.D. and, a
Soviet doctor of sciences degree may be compared
with a US Ph.D. degree held by a mature scientist
recognized for some original scientific contribution
beyond and in addition to work for the degree.
In most cases the granting of the candidate degree
results after a successful defense of a dissertation
which may come at the end of a formal 3-year pro-
gram of graduate work. By requirements and tradi-
tion the Soviet doctoral degree is reserved for ma-
ture scholars most of whom are over 40 years of
age.2 12
The number of advanced science degrees awarded
in the USSR in the 1958-1968 period is shown in
table 4;1 the number of these degrees has been
projected through 1975 as shown in figure 2. The
scientific specialties are the same as those shown
in table 2. Scientists holding these degrees are of
vital importance to the advancement of the Soviet
economy and military base.13 14
'The projections indicate that the total number
of advanced degrees held in the medical and phar-
maceutical sciences are and will continue through
1975 to be greater than that of any other specialty,
followed by the physics and mathematics specialty.
The specialty ranking, according to percentage in-
creases from 1968 through 1975, is as follows: phys-
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Table 3
Number of US Scientists by Specialty (thousands), 1968-1975
Numerical
Increase
Percent
Increase
Specialties
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1968-1975
1968-1975
Physics and mathematics......
108.6
114.2
119.8
125.4
131.0
136.6
142.2
147.8
39.2
36.1
Chemistry ...................
127.7
133.6
139.6
145.5
151.4
157.3
163.2
169.2
41.5
32.5
Biology .....................
65.1
68.5
71.9
75.3
78.8
82.1
85.6
89.0
23.9
36.7
Geology and mineralogy ......
26.0
26.4
26.7
27.1
27.4
27.8
28.1
28.5
2.5
9.6
Agriculture and veterinary sci-
ences .....................
78.6
80.0
81.4
82.8
84.3
85.7
87.1
88.5
9.9
12.6
Geography ..................
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
0.8
20.5
Medical and pharmaceutical
sciences ................... 53.0
55.0
56.9
58.9
60.9
62.9
64.8
66.8
13.8
26.0
Cumulative total ............. 462.9
481.7
500.4
519.2
538.7
556.9
575.6
594.5
131.6
28.4
ics and mathematics, biology, geology and mineral-
ogy, chemistry, agricultural and veterinary sciences,
geography, and medical and pharmaceutical sci-
ences. The data indicate that in 1968 12,286, or
about 5%, of the scientists held doctorates and
88,886, or about 34%, held candidate degrees. By
1975 little percentage change is expected, with
approximately 17,100, or about 5%, of the scien-
tists holding doctorates and 123,500, or about 33%,
holding candidate degrees. As projected, the largest
number of doctorates for 1975 should be in the
medical and pharmaceutical specialty, followed by
the physics and mathematics specialty. In the same
year, the specialty with the largest number of can-
didate degrees should be the medical and phar-
maceutical specialty, followed closely by the physics
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Table 4
Soviet Advanced Degrees in Science, 1958-1975
Fields
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
Physics and mathematics: total............
6,775
7,220
7,804
8,261
10,003
10,897
12,353
13,788
15,932
18
074
Doctor .............................
914
958
990
1,082
1,246
1,331
1,494
1,637
1
836
,
2
034
Candidate ..........................
5,861
6,262
6,814
7,209
8,757
9,566
10,859
12,151
,
14
096
,
16
040
Chemistry: total .........................
5,847
6,171
6,347
6,615
6,724
6,973
7,736
8,475
,
716
9
,
10
956
Doctor. ....... * ............
648
682
695
720
745
771
814
843
,
950
,
1
056
Candidate ..........................
5,199
5,489
5,652
5,895
5,979
6,202
6,922
7,632
8
766
,
9
900
Biology: total ...........................
7,332
7,520
7,937
8,262
9,986
10,674
11,418
12,204
,
13,743
,
15
281
Doctor .............................
1,051
1,068
1,133
1,137,
1,392
1,468
1,544
1,647
1,838
,
2
028
Candidate ......................:...
6,281
6,452
6,804
7,125
8,594
9,206
9,874
10,557
11,905
,
13
253
Geology and mineralogy: total ............
3,182
3,384
3,607
3,786
3,998
4,378
4,803
5,247
5,968
,
,
6
688-
Doctor .............................
530
563
' 591
602
634
582
724
763
818
,
873
Candidate ..........................
2,654
2,821
3,016
3,184
3,364
3,696
4,079
4,484
5,150
815
5
Agriculture and veterinary sciences: total...
7,890
8,110
8,375
8,721
8,738
9,407
9,628
10,320
11,446
,
12
571
Doctor .............................
800
798
825
863
864
940
971
1,012
1,094
,
1
175
Candidate ..........................
7,090
7,312
7,550
7,858
7,874
8,467
8,657
9,308
10,352
,
11
396
Geography: total .........................
1,600
1,700
1,761
1,785
1,877
2,003
2,003
2,185
2,334
,
2
482
Doctor .............................
160
153
167
160
192
212
221
243
266
,
288
Candidate ..........................
1,440
1,547
1,594
1,625
1,685
1,791
1,812
1,942
2,068
2
194
Medical and pharmaceutical sciences: total..
17,119
17,822
18,455
19,253
18,552
19,145
19,805
21,452
23,867
,
26
281
Doctor .............................
2,897
2,882
2,852
2,986
2,835
2,906
3,012
3,204
3,517
,
3
830
Candidate ..........................
14,222
14,940
15,603
16,267
15,717
16,239
16,793
18,248
20
350
,
22
451
Cumulative totals, all specialties...........
49,747
51,927
54,286
56,683
59,878
63,477
67,776
73,671
,
83,006
,
92
333
Doctor ..............................
7,000
7,104
7,253
7,520
7,908
8,310
8,780
9,349
10,319
,
11
284
Candidate ..........................
42,747
44,823
47,033
49,163
51,970
55,167
50,996
64,322
72,687
,
81,049
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Table 4 (Continued)
Soviet Advanced Degrees in Science, 1958-1975
Percentage
Increase
Fields
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1968-1975
Physics and mathematics: total...........
20,247
21,800
23,500
25,000
26,700
28,200
29,900
31,500
55.4
Doctor ............................
2,247
2,400
2,600
2,700
2,900
3,000
3,200
3,400
49.9
Candidate .........................
18,000
19,400
20,900
22,300
23,800
25,200
26,700
28,100.
56.1
Chemistry: total ........................
11,994
12,700
13,400
14,200
15,000
15,700
16,500
17,200
43.5
Doctor ............................
1,138
1,200
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,400
1,500
1,500
33.8
Candidate ..........................
10,856
11,500
12,200
12,900
13,600
14,300
15,000
15,700
44.5
Biology: total ..........................
16,600
17,700
18,800
19,900
21,000
22,200
23,200
24,400
46.7
Doctor ............................
2,200
2,300
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,900
3,000
3,200
43.5
Candidate .........................
14,400
15,400
16,300
17,300
18,300
19,300
20,200
21,200
47.2
Geology and mineralogy: total ...........
7,442
7,900
8,400
8,900
9,400
9,900
10,400
10,900
46.0
Doctor ............................
942
1,000
1,000
1,100
1,100
1,200
1,200
1,300
34.0
Candidate .........................
6,500
6,900
7,400
7,800
8,300
8,700
9,200
9,600
47.7
Agriculture and veterinary sciences: total..
13,656
14,400
15,200
15,900
16,800
17,600
18,300
19,100
39.7
Doctor ............................
1,256
1,300
1,400
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,600
1,700
34.1
Candidate .........................
12,400
13,100
13,800
14,500
15,300
16,000
16,700
17,400
40.3
Geography: total .......................
2,633
2,700
2,800
2,900
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,200
22.8
Doctor ............................
303
317
300
300
400
400
400
400
33.3
Candidate .........................
2,330
2,400
2,500
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,800
21.4
Medical and pharmaceutical sciences: total.
28,600
29,400
30,200
31,000
32'000
32,800
' 33, 600
34,400
20.3
Doctor ............................
4,200
4,400
4,600
4,800
5,100
5,300
5,500
5,700
35.7
Candidate .........................
24,400
25,000
25,600
26,200
26,900
27,500
28,100
28,700
17.7
Cumulative totals, all specialties: .........
101,172
106,800
112,300
117,900
124,900
129,500
135,100
140,600
39.0
Doctor ............................
12,286
13.000
13,600
14,300
15,100
15,800
16,400
17,100
39.2
Candidate .........................
88,886
93,800
98,700
103,600
108,800
113,700
118,700
123,500
39.0
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and mathematics specialty. The chemical specialty
should rank thirk in both doctorate and candidate
degrees.
NUMBER OF SOVIET PHYSICIANS AND
VETERINARIANS
The number of physicians (practicing, research,
and teaching-including those holding advanced
academic degrees) in the civilian economy of the
USSR for the 1955-1968 period 115 is shown in table
5; the number of these physicians has been projected
through 1975, as shown in figure 3. The table gives
the number by category and also the cumulative
total number of physicians. The medical categories
follow official Soviet statistical reporting.
Physicians, as defined in Soviet sources, are
persons who hold diplomas certifying that they have
successfully completed the prescribed course of
study at a medical institute or facility and award-
ing them the professional title of physician. The
dentists listed in this report are those who have
received physician-level training.
Records maintained by the agencies that admin-
ister health services contain data on the employment
of physicians. Annual reports are prepared by local
administrative agencies and submitted to superior
General medicine .................... 78.0 84.5
Surgery ............................ 32.4 33.9
Obstetrics and gynecology............ 23.7 24.3
Pediatrics .......................... 44.1 46.2
Ophthalmology and otolaryngology.... 15.5 16.2
Neurology and neurosurgery.......... 7.6 7.9
Psychiatry ......................... 4.8 4.8
Pulmonary diseases .................. 13.2 14.0
Dermatology and venereology ........ 9.8 9.7
Radiology .......................... 10.7 11.8
Physical medicine and rehabilitation... 1.5 1.6
Epidemiology and environmental
health ........................... 27.8 27.8
Stomatology ........................ 12.5 12.8
Dentistry .......................... 23.6 25.0
Miscellaneous ....................... 28.7 33.7
Cumulative totals .................... 333.9 353.7
agencies for consolidation."' The numbers of scien-
tific workers in medicine/ pharmacology given in
table 2 differ from the total numbers of physicians
given in table 5 by definition and coverage.
Projections indicate that there would be a total
of 769,800 physicians in 1975; however, Soviet data
are available for the numbers of physicians planned
for the years 1970 and 1975, 685,000 and 840,000
respectively.l7 18 These figures probably are indica-
tive of plans to step up the yearly production of
physicians in the USSR after 1968. Since Soviet
plans of this nature are usually a fairly accurate
forecast of what the data will actually be a few
years later, the planned numbers were used and
values for the intervening years adjusted accord-
ingly.
In contrast to the 840,000 Soviet physicians (3.3
per thousand population) expected by 1975, the US
Bureau of Labor Statistics has projected 503,000
physicians (2.3 per thousand population) of com-
parable types for the United States,1' or about 0.6
times as many US as Soviet physicians. In 1968 the
Soviets had 617,800 physicians (2.6 per thousand
population), as contrasted with 395,000* (2.0 per
thousand population) in the United States according
Table 5.
Number of Soviet Physicians
87.2
89.3
92.7
96.2
100.4
104.3
107.3
35.0
36.4
37.7
40.5
42.9
45.4
47.6
25.1
26.2
27.4
28.7
30.0
31.7
32.7
48.8
51.7
55.0
58.9
62.2
64.9
67.1
17.0
17.7
18.8
20.1
21.4
22.6
23.5
8.5
9.2
9.9
10.5
11.4
12.2
12.8
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.6
14.8
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.4
18.4
19.5
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
12.9
13.9
14.8
15.7
17.1
18.2
19.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
27.9
27.9
29.2
31.5
32.9
33.7
34.2
13.6
14.0
15.2
16.2
17.3
18.5
20.2
26.2
26.8
28.5
30.1
32.4
34.7
37.3
38.7
43.0
46.0
49.5
54.5
55.9
59.4
372.1
388.3
405.2
431.8
458.2
479.8
500.9
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to the bureau, or about 0.6 times as many US phy-
sicians, thus indicating little change in trends in
the two countries between 1968 and 1975.
As would be expected, general medicine in the
USSR will continue to be the largest category
through 1975, followed by pediatrics, surgery, and
dentistry. No comparisons by category have been
made with projections on US physicians because of
the apparent incompatibility of medical categoriza-
tion by the two countries.*
The total number of veterinarians (practicing,
research, and teaching-including those holding
advanced academic degrees) in the USSR by years
for the period 1960 through 1968,19 has been re-
ported by the Soviets as follows:
1960 ........ 42,040
1961 ........ 42,040
1962 ........ 42,040
1963 ........ 42,000
1964 ........ 42,500
1965 ........ 42,040
1966 ........ 65,000
1967 ........ 65,000
1968 ........ 70,000
The relatively large value of 65,000 for 1966
probably resulted because the figures for 1960
*The World Health Organization presents only the total
number of physicians by country in their statistical com-
pilations, because "all countries do not use the same termi-
nology for their specialties."
by Category (thousands), 1955-1975
through 1965 were reported repeatedly without
verification and were finally brought up to date in
1966. Therefore, the values for the number of Soviet
veterinarians have been estimated on the basis of
an assumed straight-line relationship between 1960
and 1966 and between 1966 and 1968. Since the
trend in the number of Soviet veterinarians between
1960 and 1966 appears to be less meaningful than
the trend from 1966 to 1968, the latter trend-an
increase of 2,500 each year-has been projected
through 1975 (see table 6 and figure 4). Thus the
Soviets will probably have about 87,500 veterina-
rians by 1975. In the same year, the US will have
about 26,300 or 0.3 as many veterinarians of com-
parable types. The 1975 US value was obtained by
projection of data for the period 1960 through
1968.20 Soviet and US values for 1968 and 1975
indicate that the number of Soviet veterinarians
will increase 25% and US veterinarians will increase
14% during the period. US authorities have indi-
cated that the large number of Soviet veterinarians
is not surprising in view of the rising emphasis on
agriculture, including livestock, and dairy produc-
tion. The considerable increase in Soviet veteri-
narians is consistent with a 50% increase in livestock
in approximately 10 years, as compared with a 7%
increase in North America for the same period.19
Percent
increase
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1968-1975
111.9
114.9
118.4
121.2
125.6
131.2
137.0
142.3
147.8
153.2
158.5
163.9
30.5
50.4
52.5
55.1
58.0
60.2
63.7
67.4
70.8
74.2
77.7
81.1
84.7
40.7
34.4
35.4
36.3
37.4
38.5
40.3
42.4
44.1
46.0
47.8
49.7
51.5
33.8
70.2
71.7
73.6
74.9
74.8
78.8
81.3
83.2
85.1
86.4
88.0
89.0
19.0
24.9
25.9
27.1
28.6
29.7
31.3
32.9
34.6
35.9
37.4
39.0
40.6
36.7
13.7
14.3
15.2
15.8
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
23.5
42.4
9.2
10.1
10.8
11.6
12.5
13.4
14.5
15.4
16.3
17.2
18.3
19.2
53.6
20.7
21.6
22.4
22.8
23.1
24.4
25.8
27.2
28.6
30.0
31.2
32.6
41.1
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.9
11.3
12.0
12.7
13.5
14.3
15.1
16.0
17.0
50.4
20.1
20.9
21.7
22.4
23.0
24.5
25.9
27.4
28.8
30.3
31.7
33.2
44.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.4
3.7
3.8
46.2
35.7
36.3
37.5
38.1
38.7
40.3
42.2
43.7
45.3
46.9
48.5
50.1
29.5
22.9
25.5
28.3
30.9
33.7
35.5
37.2
39.0
40.6
42.4
44.1
45.8
35.9
41.8
43.7
46.1
47.8
49.8
52.7
55.7
58.6
61.5
64.4
67.2
70.2
41.0
64.0
68.0
72.4
75.3
77.8
83.0
88.5
93.7
98.9
104.2
109.6
114.9
47.7
532.1
554.2
577.7
598.2
617.8
651.3
685.0
716.1
747.1
777.9
809.2
840.0
36.0
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600
Table 6
Total Soviet and US Practicing Veterinarians
(thousands), 1960-1975
YEAR USSR US
1960 42.0 20.1
1961 .................... 45.9 20.1
1962 .................... 49.7 20.1
1963 .................... 53.5 22.0
1964 .................... 57.3 21.8
1965 .................... 61.2 21.5
1966 .................... 65.0 23.0
1967 .................... 67.5 23.0
1968 . ................. 70.0 23.0
1969 72.5 23.5
1970 .................... 75.0 23.9
1971 .................... 77.5 24.4
1972 .................... 80.0 24.9
1973 .................... 82.5 25.4
1974 .................... 85.0 25.8
1975 .................... 87.5 26.3
Percent increase 1968-1975 .. 25.0 14.0
Figure 3. Total Soviet Physicians, 1955-75
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80
60
vsSR
40
20
us
0
Figure 4. Total Soviet and US Practicing Veterinarians, 1960-75
78153 4-70
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UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES
1. Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye pri Soveta
Ministrov SSSR (TsSU), Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR, v
1967 godu. (All volumes in this series for the years 1958
through 1968 have been used.) Gosstatizdat, 1968.
2. Bukhman, K. N. Statistiki podgotovki spetsialistov (Sta-
tistics in the Preparation of Specialists), Moscow, Gosstatiz-
dat, 1960, p 5.
3. Goodman, A. Estimates and Projections of Scientific
Workers and Physicians in the USSR, 1959-75 (Working
Paper), Foreign Demographic Analysis Div., US Bureau of
the Census, Sep 69.
6. Korol, Alexander G. Soviet Research and Development,
Cambridge, The MIT Press; 1965, p XV, 76, 87, 88.
12. DeWitt, Nicholas. Soviet Professional Manpower,
1955, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
15. Tsentral'noye statisticheskoye upravleniye, Zhenschiny
i deti v SSSR, Moscow, Statistika Publishing House, 1969,
p 162, 165.
16. Hoffberg, George. Wages in the USSR, 1950-66:
Health Services, US Bureau of the Census, International
Population Reports, series P-95, no 64, Washington, D.C.
1968, p 1, 14.
17. "Nauchnaya konferentsiya posvyashchennaya vopro-
sam ekonomiki i planirovaniya zdravookhraneniya," So-
vetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, no 6, Jun 66, p 86.
18. Golovteyev, V. V. Nachal'nik, Planovo-Finansovogo
Upravleniya, Min. Zdrav. SSSR, "Osnovnyye napravleniya
razvitiya zdravookhraneniya v predstoyashchem pyatiletii
(1971-1975)," Sovetskoye' zdravookhraneniye, no 1, 1969,
p 8.
19. Report of the Second Meeting of the FAO/WMO
expert panel on Veterinary Medicine, Rome, Italy, 23 April-
2 May 1963, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. Meeting report AN 1963/3, 03056/E, p 124.
20. FAO, WHO, OIE, Animal Health Yearbook; 1960-
1968, FAO, printed in Italy.
SECRET 13
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