ISLANDS OF IRAN IN THE PERSIAN GULF

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08C01297R000500150004-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 99
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 1, 2012
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: March 19, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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II
Jaziytr-r.. IRAN
iKha! j - e . Fgirs
J
Islands of 'RAW
in
T ~ P? rSIAI't Gulf
By
G?ntral RazmAra
Translated by
P
.eograhic Names section
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da r
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IAR 19 IN
The kingdom of Iran possesses a coastal line of approximately 1700
gilometers along her southern frontier, bordered by the Sea of Oman and
the Persian Gulf. This section of the country is considered the most free
territory of Iran, which links the country +rith the rest of thw world,
bringing economic prosperity to the markets.
These coastal lines have, for centuries, been the center of attraction
for various nations who have attempted to infilrate into these areas in
order to expand their trade activities. Detailed accounts of the historic
conflict in the gulf are positive proofs of the strategic importance of
this region. The islands and the -chores of this vast gulf have been the
battlefield of many bloody wars of aggression.
In order to succeed in their mission these aggressor nations have
first infiltrated the islands and after strengthening their positions,
they have extended their spearhead toward the shores. The first step of
the country, after regaining her strength was always to expel the invaders
and marauders from these islands.
It is quite evident, therefore, that these islands occupy vary
strategic positions, the dafense of which is or utmost importance.
s1 r 7,A , ?. .
Attaches. of European na tiE,ns on the islands during the 16th century
resulted in desolation and couplets destruction of these sections. Yet
in spite of their conditions, there is no doubt that today these islands
are just as important strategically as they were in the past.
In order that we may thoroughly be acquainted with the conditions of
these Islands between the shores of Shat al-'drab and the entrance to the
OR 1.9 1s"
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gulf, etch island's geographic location will be discussed in detail] and,
in conclusion, a general sumry of their relative importance will be
given.
Referring to. the neap it becomes evident tba.t -Ris Majesty's Govern-
ment is. in the possession of wary islands in the Persian gulf. The most
important of these islands, between the -mouth of Shaul &I-' Arab and the
entranoe,to the gulf ?ret
1.
The Island of Xhak and Kha u (Sic Kharg and 8barg )
2.
The Island of Sheykh Shoeyb.
3.
The Island of gendurabi
4.
The Island of Kith (Pa Qis) (399 Kish or Qis)
5.
The Island of Faru
S.
The Island of Siri
7.
The Island of 1onb '/
8.
The Island of Qesha
9.
The Island of -ngam
10.
The Island of .Horns
11.
The Island of ltj-re.
Individual discussion of the islands will .not).be undertaken.
The Isl:mda of 'hark and Kharku
(31c Kharg and Khargu)
1. Introduction
2. Physical Features
3. Economic Features
4. Population
5. Military significance
Introduction
Because of the short distance between the southern shores and
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Banda r-e-Bushehr, these islands have been used. for oommercisl and military
activities for many oenturies. When the Dutch invaded the gulf in 1752, t.
they purchased these islands from Er lkflr Rhin, but they were expelled
by Mir Mehna in 1766. During this period of occupation, the Dutch ex-
panded their trade activities on the Island of Kbirg.
The English occupied these islands during the reign of the Qij r
dynasty in order to have a free access to Bandar-e-8uahshr, thus threaten-
ing Herat.
There is no additional historical information besides the above
statements.
0
P sioal Conditions
IL. This island is approximately 35 kilometers from Bandar-s-Rige
b. It is approximately ti kilometers long and 4 kil. wide#
a. Lowlands and Highlands.
(1) Highlands - The highest hill among the chain of high-
lands does not exceed S7 meters. These hills extend-
ing from northwest to southeast are known by different
names in various sections.
The northern ranges are ealled Ruh-a-Takht and 8uh-e-
DidehBan, the western range, Kith-e-Lashgari, while the
southern range is known as Kih-e-Cardan :shotor.
(2) Rivers - With the exception of a few intermittent
streams of flood that originate in the hills during
the spring, there are no rivers in the island. The
water supply of the inhabitants is limited to a few
sprin zs,
(3) The plateau oonsists of the areas in the west, north-
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west and the central plains'...
(4) The coastal rations - The northern and eastern grounds
are of clay composition with gentle inclinations, while
the beaches on the other two sides of the shore are
mountainous with steep inclinations hind fissures.
The shore lines differ in depth: ships of 1000 tonnage
can anchor within one kilometer of the shore.
(5) Climate - Typical of the southern regions of Iran, the
climate is tropical. :however, because of its location,
the island benefits from cool northern winds (very
severe at times) and its climate is milder than the
southern areas of Iran.
(6) Vegetation consists of tropical plants and palms such
as dates, banyans, bananas and nitrous fruits. Dates
and banyyans are found in abundance on the island.
Economic Resources
The grain production of the island is very low, and the amount is in-
sufficient to trice care of the native requirements. Even dates which
constitute a chief item in the native diet is not available in sufficient
quantities. There are a few banana trees, but the soil is unfit for its
cultivation.
There are approximately 1000 banyan trees the sap of which is used
is the production of oaouohorio (rubber). Until recently (before the
government intervension), the branches and even the trees were felled and
used for Peel. The branehes of these trees send out numerous aerial roots
that grow down to the soil and form props for additional trees. The fruit
is very similar to the fig and is consumed by the native. Since the ground
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is very favorable for its cultivation, special attention toward its produc-
tion will bring remarkable results.
Fishing - There are many varieties of fish in the waters around the
island. One special variety, the parrot fish, is particularly desirable.
Pearl fishing was flourishing at one time, but it is abandoned now.
Live stock - There are approximately 600 goats and 25 cows an the
island.
There is a special variety of stone in the island which is ideal in
masonry. The Anglo Iranian Oil Company used a large quantity of the stone
in the construction of the buildings,in Abadan.
There is also a jetty which accommodates small ships. A narrow gage
railway is also built between the jetty and the mountain where stones are
quarried.
At the quarry there are several structures and a storehouse used for
storage and explosives.
Means of transportation oonsists of approximately 26 horses and donkeys.
There are still 30 small boats and railroad oars (1 to 10 ton capacity)
formerly used in the transportation of rooks, on the island.
Population
Population on the island consists of 200 families of approximately
800 people.
The inhabitants are rather musoular.and good sportsmen, especially
in the seas. There is no malady in the susaaer, but some types of fever
prevail during the winter.
Religion - There are two seats (SW461.es and su "tee) but there is a
close harmony and even intermarriage between the two rival seats.
The sepulohre of gmimsadekt Moi~awmad '4anifah (sic One of the four chiefs
5
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of the principal Mohasmadan sects), a desoendanb of 'Ali is located in
this island visited by the Skiitea.
The natives are chiefly engaged in fishing, and they often exchange
their catch with wheat and dates in the harbors of Rig and uaniveh. Dur-
ing the operation of the quarry a number of the inhabitants find employment
in the mines.
The main source of food consists of fish and dates. Wheat and rice is
imported from the harbors, and the fruit of the banyan is used because of
necessity.'
The leaves of the banyan tree, as well as fish and date kernels are
fed to the livestook in lieu of grass which is source on the island.
The Island of lhirg and Khsrka
(A scene taken from the sea)
Military significance of the Island of ghirg:
Even though this island is located within 30 Kilometers of the sea,
it is within a favorable view of the shores. between Bandar Bushehr and
Rig. It may, therefore, be considered a stepping stone toward the shore.
However, a point of real military significance is the aooeasibility
of these islands. As mentioned previously# the Island of theig is bordered
with a range of foothills on the south and vest ending abruptly ia. the
shores without the benefit of appropriate landing facilities. On the
contrary, the eastern and uorthern shores are free from such obstacles.
Landing of troops oan an4eessfully be asoosplishod in these regions.
These landings in the. north and west (3io tst) are considered as very
sensitive positions which should be defended against any form of aggression.
The mountain peaks of the island, particularly the peaks of Didbin,
Qardan Shotor, and Lashgari, possess ideal locations for observation posts
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Translated by
Geograhie 'eetion
4PrfiY Map Serviea
which can be effectively utilized. These positions have extensive views
toward the sea and the ssd jacent shores.
The Island of Khhrku? (Sic Khirgu)=
As it is evident from the map, the island is located northeast of
the Ith rg* Inland. It is 30 Kilometers from the shores, with an area of
approximately 4J Kilometers by 700 meters. The island does not possess
any highlands, and with the exception of one house, one family and two
trees there are no dwellings or vegetation. Landing facilities are ex-
cellent in all directions, however, ships cannot anchor near the island
except in the area between the Khmrg and dhsrgu Islands. Even row boats
are unable to approach the island because of the shallow waters.
This island has no military significance. The defense characteristics
of both islands will be discussed under one heading.
RnAszideh-*-Vo ammad f anlfeh ($anifah) Fie
In the Island of Khirg
(Cenral Discussion
From the point of view of defense both islands should be considered
collectively. Any defense measure for one of the islands must embody the
characteristics of the other.
Since the islands occupy a commanding position with regards to the
coastal areas between Bushehr and Rig, the possibilities of attack and
defense should be taken into consiaeratioia. Both islands will become
objects of attention.
Neither island possesses economic significance.
Because of the limited landing beac..:;s, the islands can b e defended
by a small force.
* Sic the Islands of Kharg and ithargu .have been misspelled in the text
(K for G). In translation the correct names are substituted.
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Attack on the islands will be considerably more difficult than its
CdAPTER II
The Island of Sheykh Shc(eyb
Introduction
In spite of the fact there Are not many historic documents regarding.
this island, the existanoe of various.ealiber Suns around the island
provea its historic significance. Thew guns called the Naderi cannons,
must `ave been brought here during the reign of Mader Shah, for the pro-
tection and defense of the island.
Qeographie Positions and the Physical features
The eastern corner of the island is 11 Kilometers southwest of Ra'S-e-
Nakhtlu, and south of tandar Nagsm or Magan.
The island is 24 Kilometers long and S Kilometers wide. There is a
tower southeast of the island, and a lone round tree beyond the tower,
both of which can easily be seen from. a distance. There are four small
settlements in the valley loasted in the center of the island.
Conditions of the Coast - The protrusion of the Western portion is a
jagged sandy beach. It is rugged at approxlaately 700 meters. There is a
layer of slate foraaation a';out 6 meters high which begins at the southern
chores of the island, and ?:`w"tends westward, until, after 9 Kilometers, it
ends at the low sand beach where the village or KORk? is looated. There
are, in the village, a few date palms, banana and banyan trees, and a tower.
Beyond Korit the layers of slate :extend went and northwest on the shore
until they reach a height of 263 meters at 16 Kilometers.
From the Western tip of . the northern shores of -the island eastward
(for 34 ]Kilometers) there is a convenient anahorage? The rest of the shore
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until the eastern tip is formed by sheets of stone where are located two
sandy gulfs which afford favorable shelters for boats and small barges.
The entire coastline, with the exception of two or three sections, is
jagged and rocky, particularly the northern shores.
Lowlands and Highlands - The only highland on the island consists of a
hill, almost in the seater of the island. The elevation here does not
exceed 37 meters. There is, therefore, no protection afforded the island
by means of highlands, and the climate is ordinarily better and cooler.
b ith the exception of one valley, in the center of the island, there are
no fissures to prevent free movement of transportation vehioles. Most of
the shore is rocky, while the remainder is of clay, coral or t rpsusa Asoapos-
ition.
Further toward the center the ground gradually beoomoa increasingly
soft (dirt and clay) suitable for agricultural activities. The maxim ebb
and flow does not exceed 263 motors.
Boundaries of the island - The northern boundary of Sheykh Sho'eyb is
limited by the sea which varies between 11 and 24 Xiloreters between points
of the island the southern shores of Iran. The southeastern boundary is
limited by the Island of dendardbl. South of the island (200 to 230
Kilometers distaaoe) are located the islands of Dan and Zirkow (Zerkow)
(Zirkaw).
The arbors Facing the Island
hest to East, the harbors on the Iranian shores, facing the island are:
Across FA's is located the harbor of Uiaatu or Chatuj and with varying
distances from Shad:, the rest of the harbor are: Bastin, dagan, Makhllu
and Chirp. There are oustoo's officials in the village of 8hatu and Xakhilu.
Harbors and landing beaches - The island does not possess a favorable
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harbor. The best facilities are at 2 Kilometers southeast of the shore,
between Sheykh and Sho'eyb and the Island of Sholur (Shulur). The northern
portions of this area are very dangerous even for large ships, because of
the treacherous winds. During the oals waters, ships of 12,000 tonna?e can
anchor within two Kilometers of the shore.
There are "our landing beaches, as follows: West to east, the beach
at the extreme vest of the island; the beach at the oenter of the southern
shores, southwest of Korat village; the beach located at the extreme east
of the island, across the village Lish (sic Las); and the beach lucuted at
the northern shores of the island, 16 iilometers from the village -zh.
During the windless days, ships of 2000 tonnage oeverrtl fissures which became ?looded during the rain, extend toward
the shores. There are two small hamlets (with a few mud huts) one, in
the southern shores and the other in the eastern shore. In the horn
hamlet there is a lamp post on the roof of one of the houses, where a
lamp is lit once in a while.
3 - Conditions of the Coast
The shorelines consist of steer inclines or precipices with average
height of 10 meters. The slope of the western shore is steeper than the
eastern and southern shores. The latter is comparatively level.
In the western shores there are three narrow landing beaches that are
more important than the others. The landing beach on the southern shore
is comparatively wider, and the beach on the eastern coast is the most
significant of the rest, here is located the eastern village of the
island .ihere a few trees are also found.
411 of the beaches are located at the south of the basins.
4 - Depth Conditions and the Anchc?rages
The sea around the island is very deep, as seen from the deep blue
color of the nearby waters. Large steamers can anchor very aloes to the
shore. The depth at 500 meters of the shore exceeds 30 meters on the
eastern shores, while at 200 meter distance, in the west, it is 11 meters
and at 500 meters it varies between 44 and 73 meters.
r+ecause of rcok and s,4nd bottom, a.. ..orage is not nraaticed.
The first anchorage of the island was discovered by the wnglish ship
Krokos (Crocus) in 1929, on the eastern shore of the island at 50 meter
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Translated by
Ceogr'Lic Names Section
Army Map Service
depth. Ano';her anchora:re was :round on the south (35 meters deep).
Skippers of steamers usually stay away from the mooring areas. This is
'cause of, first, the sheets of roo4:., some of which have emerbed above
the water surface, second, extreme depth of the sea, third, lack of
anchorarle,bottom, and finally, lack o" protection from the winds. Ebb
and tide around this island is more oronouaced.
It is evident, therefore that this island is net .a suitable area for
anchorage.
5 - Conditions of the opposite coast
in the :M *inland
On the coast opposite the island. A series of highlands are seen
which are, (on 'the first level) east to .teat,. guh-e?135stineh, i:uh-e-Nmmakeh.
K h-e- jamarj on the second level, a little further behind these ^.iountains
there is a chain of mountains .hieh extend west to e4st. The min harbors
on the mainland, in this section, are P,ustineh and Vophu. With the ex-
oeption of several towpaths which lead from the salt marshes, through the
hiphlande, into the interior, there are no in highways in this area.
6 - Climate and goonomie Conditions
The climate is very warm and humid, and with the exception of three
or four trees in the eastern shores, there is no vegetation besides thorn
bushes %nd saplings. There ire just a few abandoned mud huts in the
island r.hich are Ao-nstimes ..sad as shelters by the fishermen. The total
population does not exceed 25 heads - even less in winter. The only avail-
able water is from saline water of the wells.
There are quite a number of deers -And plenty of fish, in and around
the island. The natural resources of the island have not yet been
investigated.
There is only one ,:overnment employee - a customs official on the
1S
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Island.
ltilitary Sig~nifiaanas of the Island!. The investigation of the geog-
raphic ~M M .III~ Iwo ^ ~~
raphic location of the island reveals that, for the following reasons,
landing on the island in order to use it as a base his no significknoe
with respect to the mainlaads
There are no important harbors and highways on the shores of Iran
opposite the islands the island is rather remote from the mainland; it
has no economic significance= and provision facilities are nill.
The only significance of the island is the possibility of effective
blookade between BAbAl3ormos and the island of Sheykh Sho'eyb and the
harbor of :'hihpnr - and eepeoially between this island and the mainland.
Effective blockading is aloe possible in the , outh, limited to the firing
range and visibility. This action will nsoossi tats ships to use lonjrer
routes; and the defense of the island will also be necessary.
Conditions and iii hli hts of the Defense of the Island are;
Extensive horizontal view from the highlands.
Prevention of landing depends upon the reinforcement of the few
limited landing beaches and the adequate defense of other areas. Provis-
ion supplies for the troops stationed on the island, whether during war
or otherwise will involve many difficult problems.
There are no natural air fields an the island, and it is very dir-
fioult to construct adequate lending strips.
The island of ?arc, a section or which is acsspletely of rook oomposi-
tion, is unpopulated and lacks resources and eoonomio stg1 ifioaaoe.
Because of its long distance from the mainland, it lacks military
significance.
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CHAPTER IV
The Island of Kash
Introduction
This island has a very detailed historical background. Located on
the trade route between Iran, India, Yaman and Meaanotom-ia, commercial
transactions between these countries have, for centuries, been trans-
ported via this island. It has, therefore, became a very important trade
center of the Persian Gulf. Ruins of the city of Iiah and an old mosque
still remain in the northern part of the island.
The island had great siRniticanoe during the wars of Alexander.
Neyarkus visited this island,'h noon as Kstine-.
M ny legends are attributed to the name of this island. One of the
ancient writers stateda "A traveller, by the name of Qeys, was sailing
to India, in the company of his pet cat. When his ship anchored at iiish,
he came ashare. and soon found out that the inhabitants were greatly
annoyed by the multitude of mice which were all over the island. Immediately
he went to his ship, and returning with his cat, he let it loose in the
kings palace. The cat:?ssattered the mice and brought relief upon the In-
habitants. The King rewarded Qeya and asked him to stay, naming the island
after him." Islam writers have all mentioned the importance of pearl div-
ing on the island.
In the IIIIth century, the governor of this island ruled over all
the island In the gulf and possessed an important navy..
One of the latter 19th century explor.Pi:, writes, "There is little
agricultural activity in the north coast, and a a-All number of date palms
and fruit trees also exist. however, the interior of the island is mostly
sand, and except grass and saplings used as pastures, nothing grows.in the
region."
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Another Islas writer states, "The island is warner than the Interior
of a bath house (Sic,i.e., "the climate is hot"),. but it is densely
populated."
Still another explorer of t.ie 12th century, AD, writes, "Because of
the lack of water supply the inhabitants pay no attention to farmins.
There is only one spring, and drinking water is.facured mostly from the
rain. This island Is as important oomeeroial 'center located between India,
Iran and Mesapotomia.. Merchants carry on their barter trade on this
island."
Yaqut, the reknowned writer who visited this island during the early
part of the XItIth century, states, "The city of Kish is a very beautiful
place. It is surrounded by gardens and beautiful edifices. The King of
Q; mean rho. has a strong navy, resides on this island."
3bn-e-Kojiver (Ib*i-Mu Twit) writes, "There are many pals groves in
this islands Water cos.. to surfaot by veers touch, of the around. An
underground spring passes through the eenter of the Aair's garden, The
natives flavor fish with dates, and the several story houses are con-
struotsd 'of and and straw." According to their writer, the tax revenue of
this Island was given to the Califate at Bghdad.
According to the doomsents of Zakareyay-e?Qas? i (1275 Rrri) this
island.was still at the height of its glory, until the XIIIth century
Art). During the t ji r dynasty the island was presented to 'Ali Khan
Qavwaol Volk, by Raperaddtn Shah in return to the construction of the
''abafr. Castle in Mars. Ali thin Qavus of Molk sold it to Noh ammad Resa
Kh a So of of Volk. The profits of pearl fishing is great and the climate
.is very good.
Sandi also describes his meeting with I. successful merohsnt of Kish
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in his book, "aolestan". Be writes, "I net a merchant who --- took we to
his office in the island of Kish, one night --?". In this passage, Sa'di
discusses the trade of Iran and the relationship of the Persian Quit
between the east and the west. The island of wish was the meeting haven
of the merchant, and it had the sans sigaifieance as Port Said.
On the other la wed, the presence of' ll oasp ioa parts which are
(according to reports) remains of Nader Shah's battleship, support the
evidence that the relnowned ruler also believed in the strategic position
of the island. Therefore, he had plaesd a certain amount of his equip-
ment at his disposal in this island.
Geographic Location and the Natural Peatures
Beside the islands or Bengim,and Qosbn.whieh possess adequate anchor-
age facilities? the island of Usk is also &-suitable place for naval
power.' Because of its location near-the center of the gulf, the ship
route of Bushehr, Shahpnr, lthorramShabr, Abadan and. Basrah, on one side,
and the other parts of the gulf on the other, the island has gained more
iaportsnse.
. Since there is a constant fresh water supply available on this
island it is far superior to the islands of Pru and ldsndnribi and other
islands.
Its area is approximately 86 square tilomstersi it is an elliptic
island, lB Kilometers long and 7 Kilometers wide] its major axis lies in
an east-western direction.
A view of Kish Island and the lighthouse -rut_
The island of Ford is located 18 Kilometers southeast of Kish, and
Bandar Garseh (on the ulf) is 17 Kilometers north, while Kendirabi Island'
is $d Kilometers northwest and the sea on tht south of the island.
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The ground is comparatively level, with gentle slopes, gradually
rising toward the center of the island. The highest elevation of the
island, located on the southern third, does not ox.sod,37 Kilometers.
The light house is located at this point.
A section of the northern shores is jagged, while there are no
serrations in other sections.
The ground song the shores is composed of lists mad shells, while
the interior of the island is sandy clay which is very suitable for all
torus of agriculture.
Sines there are no.,highlands.on this Island, rivers and fissures or
springs do not exist.
The coast has a gradual inclination toward the sea in sash a fashion
that anchorage is impossible without the aid of jetties. Ships of 2000
tonnage can anchor only at 2 Kilometer distance of the island. however,
the shore line on the northeastern shores is deep enough to facilitate
anchorage within. one kilometer or the shore*
with the exception of a few serrated sections on the shore, raw
boats can approach the shore on all sides, is order to discharge their
passengers.
There are numerous trees on the island which include banyan, haok?
berry, dates, and tungal,.l trees which will be discussed inditidually,
with respect to their fruits and advaataps.
Climate or.tsh
The climate, like the rest of the gulf areas, is very hot during
the summer mouths. Taetperature reaches 4?. Thanks to the density of
trees in the north, this section is sou?wbat cooler and more livable.
Furthermore, the island, because of level terrain, benefits from; the
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Translated by
Geograhic Names Section
Army Map Service
The well water is very pleasant and wbolesomo. It often attraots
cargo boats which depend upon this island for drinking water.
The water wells are 5 to 10 motors deep, and the rester is easily
asesssibls. Suck wells are found all over the inhabited sections of the
island. The most important ones are s
l. The wells known as lassar in the hamlet of lKsheh, east of the
island. Bsaps of dirt have been placed around the wells in the form of
daps in order to.oollest fresh water during the winter rains.
2. The well of ySafi in the village of Su jaa,, Horth of the island,
S. The well known as Dili, located in the northwest, between the
settlebents of Doh and Satin (Ste also called Sand).. Both villages ben-
efit from its water.
TM sr-ximuta rainfall is 2 inches*
one of the mrohsaats of the village of Qoli-?i (west of the island),
called Sheykh Chirki had excavated a russing underground spring which was
used for irrigation in the village. However, it is now completely dry and
no one has been desirous of its renovation.
The People
the population consists of mostly Arabs, and a section of Larestani.
They are tall, with dark hair, olive skis, but generally slender. Their
native tongue is Ar+ab;j, bit they are also familiar with the Persian.
They belong to the $uvaite scot of Ulan religion. Very few are
suites.
Very few are educated. Some can read the..Yoran. Most of the aarohants
are somewhat Literate.
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They are well ~triilt, and have sxeeptiosal *tl3 in the water.
Most of the inbubitants are engaged is fishing sad pearl diving.
In habits and costume they are entirely Arabised, and their clothing
eonsists or mostly, one long shirt.
Animals
Cews, sheep, plats and donkeys. Birds hens, roster, pigeons and
ducks.
Pslitioal Point of View
The island is medlar the w nieipality of Loageh which is one of the
subdivisions of Eshehtr. Affairs of the island are, at present, ua*anged
by one of the desosadaatp of Shsykh Chirki.
11as an tress on iish Island
Bove rumens Agsatts : .
One oustona official, ono village chief and a divtl patrol (Aasniysh).
Population
The. ,island was, at one time, densely populated, but there his been a
gradual doorease, wstil at the present time there are approximately 1600.
The Main settlements
The hamlet of :hashes. located northeast of the island, has Baserous
shops, basars and stittsi$such as Mosque, eaz*wanserais dwellings and a
customs house.
The hamlet of Se Jan is belated TOO motors northwest of Mishah.
The hamlet know Os,Pik, ?.400 emirs west of Sa jam.
Satin. Tootled: northwest of the Island to eouparatively a.largo place.
The hamlet of Nigh is located west of the island.
In addition to the above settlswente, there is :& section known as
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Jasireh (now in ruins) which is one of the smejunt hamlets of Islam$ from
the Yth century of NJO4. It adequate ezoa',ations ar` earried on, it is
possible to unearth dcauaents which will give better information regard-
ing the former inhabitants of the island. 8i*ilarly, a place called
Qola'i, west of the island, mhiah was once inbabited1 is now in ruins.
All that is left consists of trees and date palms and agricultural
grounds.
As yet, there have.. trot been any modern .schools and educational estab-
lislisents in any of those settlements. Thom are a few old fashioned
sehoole which are not interesting enough to attract students. Children
do not show any interest in these schools.
The eemanieation of. the inhabitants with the outside. The oossnrtiea-
lien of the inhabitants is limited to'Omega (en), 8alwin and the
northern shores of the gulf.
The buildings, constructed of stone and gypsum, are comparatively
sturdy.
Thor* are approximately ten mosques on the island, and the most in-
portant one. located in Tishah, is called M used-o-ifime'.
Two Kilometers south of the island, there is a light-ship, anchored
permanently by the British. Recently the Iranian Admiralty has constructed
a light house on top of the highest elevation on the island. the light is
motor. Two establishments hate also been built hers,. one for the employees
at the light house and the other as a kerosene dump.
Oommunioation and Connections
Numerous towpaths link the village, but because of the smooth surface,
the island is capable of aaeoamodating any term of transportation vehicles.
There we no telephone or telegraph facilities. on the island, and the mail
ga
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is transported by vans of special couriers between Chirak and Bandar
Lengeh.
ftploynent
The inhabitants are enaged in fishing and pearl diving? and some
!arising.
Among the fine arts, the only ones with which the natives are familiar,
are pearl oulture, and pearl polishing and finishing. There is only one
specialist who can build boats on the island* de builds and repairs the
. boats of the island. The lumber for the construction of thew boats is
imported from elsewhere.
The number of conscripts in the year 1050 amounted to 200, most of
whom were assigned to the Ia y. (The year 1020 was the first year or in-
duotion to armed forces oa this island).
geononiealConditions and the Mativd Aneouraes
Overlooking the sale et pearls which they export each year (aa Srd
class.asrolaandiss), and import necessary supplies from the outside, the
natives also sell a large arount of shells to the exporters who sell then
to the foreign aanutaeturers.
During five loathe in sus.or the inhabitants are engaged in pearl
diving, and the rest of the year they are buoy fishing. farming or trans-
porting ne rohaiadise in boats.
The yearly yield of pearl (clear and tinted) is.100,000 Rials, and
that of shells is $000, Rills. The former exportation of pearl was approx-
imately ten times its present amount.
The yield from fishing is just enough for the native requirements,
However, a British concern grade some investigations before the ,ar in
order to establish a fishery establishment on the island. The plans
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would have been realised were it not for the doolaration of war.
Cultivation of wheat and barley, and vegetables are only sufficient
for the native eonsuapties. Fruits and vegetables raised on the island
are, melons, watermelons, squash, eggplants, oueuabers, onions and
tomatoes.
Yield of Dates: There are some 4700 date pairs on the island, bear-
ing 12,000 Kilos of dates. The inhabitants consume halt or the crop and
export the remaining. halt, importing in esehange, cloth, shoes, lumber
for boats, and other seosseities. Other fruit trees includes Tundoil
tree, the fruits of which are dried up and the oil is rubbed on the
bodies of pearl divers in order to prevent then trod the salty waters of
.
the ocoax
The "IGanir", "lahwr" and banyan trees are mostly used for fuel. The
leaves are used in feeding the animals.
Tobasdo, which is not cultivated any longer, constituted, at one
time, a part of the exports of the island.
Generally speaking the ground is very productive, and if mechanical
irrigation were resorted to by means of pu4s, the production of wheat
and barley would inereaee profitably.
The island has a fair supply of iivesteoit and other tamed animals,
as itemised in. the following table. This table shows very clearly that
the products of the island are barely sufficient for the native consump-
tion, and such cannot be expected from them.
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List of t
he Sett
lesrnts of Zish Is
land
Zeus of
Settlews#
Pope-
laties
Date
Pales
Livestock
cows Shoop Elleat
Donkeys
Boats
Mrsbeh
660
1000
30 -
too
40
30
Sa jam
100
1500
5 -
60
6
b
Deh
150
300
10
80
8
7
"Tea
650
1600
80
160
20
lb
U- h
50
400
6 100
-
6
8
Total
1600
4700
- 70--- 100 -
440 -
79
so
military 3igaifioanoo of risk Island
Careful consideration of the conditions of the islands in the gulf
will clarity the fart that,, with. the tellowing.reasons, the island has
indisputa$e preterenoo to other islands in the gait:
1. Convenient aashorages protected from the winds facilitate entry
of ships to the island.
2. Because of complete level swrfaoo the island affords favorable
landing facilities*
3. Compared with other islands it is more livable. Its oliuate
is good.and because of its dense trees and fresh water the area is very
favorable for camping of troops, and it affords good carer and concealment.
According to the above reasons the Island is of aonsiderablw military
sigaifivanoe. However, its defense, bosause of extended landing .beaches,
will.neoessitato the expense of a larger number of scattered troops, thus
facilitating invasion.
This island plays a significant role in the defense and infiltration
of the shores betwsea Chirak and the Cape of Char.
Conclusion
The island aftord$ excellent anchorage, protected from the winds,
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and besauss of suitable lending facilities whisk sag aid in the formation
of a sea bass, it possesses a great significansi.
2hs population doersawea oontiawusly. Without adequate supervision
in the wslfire, education and agriculture of the people, the island will
soon bosoms a barren land similar to other. Islands of the gulf.
Steps for the defeaso of the island, with its significance,
taken during peace.
The Light blouse
should be.
Since a light house :was reesatly erected oi-.the Island. by the southern
Navy, it is essential that we first discuss the aosessity, and than the
characteristics of the new light houses of-the ss-uthorn.ahores.
Siasifieanes of the Light&ussa. Light house and buoys are very
essential for the pilots. It is not sufficient to prepare a harbor only.
Ships must to safely directed to their anshorag*..'~. Often,, at the vicinity
of the harbors the.ships face ;rave dangers caused by the land conditions
and depth of the te&. Land marks assist a great deal iri the guidance or
ships during the day. bisver, they do not provide adequate guidance at
other time and in the night, so-that the pilots say.as6srtaia the rathea
and the slention of rooks. refore, special equipment has been provided
at dangerous locations. In order to fweilitate tbs enttransi of ships. to
harbor. Among these equipments. are included buoys and light houses.
Appsllatio* .
Apparently there was ; ... Mail island: in the 'vieintty or sakanderlyeh
(Alexandria), known as Fir.. 1* this island, there was a: oanstruatioa 56
meters high, on top of which a fire was lit whisk could be seen for 25 miles.
Other guides of similar characteristics were later dallod0Tir"(lid house).
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The construction of the light house of Firs coat 2088Q Ulograms of
silver which is equivalent to approximately 10,000,000 Rialr of today,
Classification of the lighthouses. Large l ,ght houses. These lights
can be seen from 18 ,Iles out in the set. They can be operated byr exec-
trioity, ps, austelios or petroleum. Without exception they flash
several times per minutes, thus distinguished from each other in aoosrd-
anoo with the intervals between the flashes. Characteristics of each,
light is recorded in special books, made available to the pilots who
distinguish them from one author. For exam le, the light of Bushehr
flashes once every live seconds, which means that it remains dark for.S
seconds. Such light houses have to be constructed in large harbors and
on land.
Average also light houses; These lights have similar charaeteristies
as the larger lights. The only difference is that they have shorter
ranges. They too have to be constructed on. land.
The brighter lights and the.. that float are lit only by means of
acetylene gas and keroseae, which are more soonostieal and sax be secured
everywhere. (Only lmsrioan buoys are operated by batteries which are more
expensive).
These buoys are plssed in the stances of harbors, in Canals,
anchorages and other dangerous shallow waters. They are provided with
various colored bulbs- depending upon the role each lamp plays in the
harbor. For instance the western buoys in the. Shutt al-Arab are red while
the eastern lights are white.
The British seas= have provided the. shires of the gulf (at the
entrance of the gulf and An the island of Too) with lights in order to
facilitate the traffic of the mersha-nt.vesaels. The hiavy department has
*a
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sins* tale stops is providing 40 southern matters with light ses.
These lights were ofllaielly in operation ii ($et. 22.6ov 22), 1931.
These :>ueys are at the latest. style, aanstarp d in aseordance with the
most moderi istic aathoda. They are all similarly. ousstructed# with the
aaespkicn of the duration of theiW 11:*te. ftUm is listed the ah aoterr .
i sties of the largest li bt houses in the ?outth located in .
Diaesasian of the Light of 3u&*hr. The ltght house in 21.50 meters
W h (froot top to the. raet rlevei &Wlas the : U444 it to located at JASIO.:
tuds 280 56 and last4t 0?481.. Its rses, is 25 asutio l mile, ate eve
meter. as.srs the water, The iighthaua is operated by assns of an 4" trio
powexplant .'etsesn 15 and 18 horseaoeer (vapor N.2.) The motor ie. conned e+d
to s 'eneratorr g tLAg 22O.311) (three ) volts. Oft transformer
reduces 380 volts to 55 volts which is used In lighting the lamp** There
are 1500 volt search lights placed is the S t ter of prisms which M4*ity
the li. s asrdiog out parallel :.7eams ssvltrab tines the original iatera d ty.
The MO" "t light of 3mrb-eh, for inettsaae, ere surnified to 1,,9504W4
c ndlse. . Thses lights are plateed at wheels operated by nears of sma11
motors which regulate the 5 second intervals of flashings. These prisms
thus segregate the lights into spirited and unspirited angles creating
dark and light spots facing the observer.:
(hap of Kish or Qeys (Qis))
Cii. R U
smell Island in the Persian :Gulf
The general conditions of the following. islands will be discussed
in this chapter.
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Translated by
Geograhic Names Section
A
rray Map Service
1,
ndursbi
4. Taub
2.
Sirt 5, ltablTonb
3.
Hmaasw .?- 6. Habf AM rui
The Island of denduri-bi
The island of lienduribi is oonsidored one of the. islands formed
from the slope of the mountains within 70 Kilometers of Qal'eh Chird.
The island consists mainly of low altitude mountains with the min-
imum level of 61 misters. It is bordere$, in the south by means of
fissures which create difficulties in approaching the island. There are
however, many small landing beaches in the east and nortboost.
The island is approximately .9 Kilometers long] and its average width
is 4 Kilometers. Its location compared with the neighboring islands and
the southern shore, is as follows,
28 Kilometers from Kish Island, 26 Kilometers east of Sheykh Sho'eyb
Island, 4 Kilometers from the nearest coast, and 7 Kilometers from cjal'eh
Ch3re.
There is very small.aiount of farming (thanks to the low altitude in-
aide the island) in the island which barely eleviates the native require-
meats.
Drinking water is secured from the wells, 8 to 10 meters deep.
The population is approximately 200 and the inhabitants have similar
living conditions and characteristics as the natives of Shey h Sho'eyb.
Pearl diving has been going on around the island, for many years.
The diving section is located northeast of the island, in the vicinity of
Ac's- .)lanpur.
The natives earn their living by fishing and pearl diving. A portion
of their needs is io"rted from the coasts of Iran.
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The northern landing beach of the island is somovdat protected, but
it can only be utilised by.mealler baat+ which anchor within one Kilometer
of the island.
Military Significance
Because of its proxiaity.to the coast (4 to 7 *ilemeters free the
"!inland), the island occupies a valuabla position fres- the military
point it view. Tho-only thing that reduces its ieoportance is the lack of
trunk lines in the, southern coasts. Sioos the coasts of the Mainland are.
not so signifieaat, the island, with its proximity to these shores, is
also insignifioaat. Yet, it will have a deciding effect upon the dor.rnse
of the coast and Chlr.
The Island of Sfsl
It is a small island, in the center of tbo gulf, with a length of 7
and average width of 4,7 Kilsmoters. tt is E8.tilomoters from the island
of Piro, 76 Kilgmaterd from Bandar Ls*geh, a ":I02 Kilometers from Sharjah
of Arabia.
The island is rather level with maximum-elevation of not over 15
asters above sea level.
cart,. thanks to.heu location and physical features, is the most in-
proved island among many of the islands is the gull. It is also better
suited for agriculture than any of the rest. One of the Arab chiefs
called Valifall bn-j-Mshid migrated to this island Prom Shirj'X.
(southern coast) with forty of his slates 444 people. After settling in..
the island he excavated enough well* to supply his tribe with fresh water
for daily consumption as well as irrigatiep. Furthermore. with the
capitol of this ohiet.and another called Shefh 8bo?cyb the litlihood of.
this island was procured to a certain extent.
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The present population of. the island is.'approxim toly 150 who have
stone houses and evena mosquo. The inhabitants are all sunnites. There
is a number of the Kowleh tribe of Sudan who.are engaged in trade between
the two shores. There are no government agents on the island. The entire
affairs' of the island is managed under the supervision.of the Shsykh (Chief).
Indian merchants visit the island during the pearl season. There is a
certain kind of fish in the waters, known as Uma'Alsyatl.(Sio perhaps
t a' Lylan-5 which would wean Mother of the Deep Sea) which hinders pearl
diviag.a. great deal.
Military aignitioanoae: Located bstwesn the.sAorea of Iran and Arabia,
away from Bab24ormoa, the island has no. strategic valxo.
The Island of Biaaue C A b~ AAA sA )
Buausa.is located between Length (Iran) and Dawbi.(Arabia). Its
width and length is approximately 4j Kilometers. There is a ohai4 of
mountains in the interior of -the island, the peaks of which do not
exceed 110 meters.
BU-enisi- is located 67 Kilometers from Longsh, 56 Kilometers from Dabs
(Sic Dawbi?) and 4VUlosaot ere east of the island of Slrf.
The tnhabitants of the island are deesndante of the i-Alma ,
GjawA~.i
the chiefs of Jawasia, Sis). The population is approximately 100.
The inhabitants live off the prooeeds.of fishing, pearl diving. and
farming. There ia-a bed of clay on the island, and even though it does
not have the qualities of the olay deposits of Rors6s,.much benefit was
derived from the soil by a German Cowpony,(VonKehas), leased later. to
an English Compaq. There are approximately 20 small boats i'or pearl
diving on the island.
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There are several landing beaches around the island, and excellent
pastures for the animals In-the inter
Because of its distance from both coasts the island has no defense
Located 27 Kilometers south of Qeshm, the maxima elevation of the
island is 53 meters above the sea level. lost of the oommunication of
Toub is. carried on with the coasts of Oman. The population is approx-
imately 100, and it consists of mostly the raess of Arab ehiefs. The
V
d
ery
iving.
li~rdlihaod cf the populaor depends upon fishing and pearl
little farm~ng is done, whilh is insufficient for native needs.
Drinking water is assured from wells that are somewhat salty.
There it one lighthouse on the island.
Nabi Tonb
Located 14.2 Kilometers west of Tonb Island, tsibi Tonb is unpopulated.
Its highest elevation is 36 meters above the sea.
Sabi Mrs
Nabi Pmt is another deserted island. Zt is located 16 Kilometers
south of Pen Island in the _form of a sheet rooky 37 waters
wsan.diameter is ll Kilometers.
Yap of the Island of Bendurib1 and its
location compared with coast and the
islands of 3h%ykb ahao'eyb and Kish
high. Its
CUPTER VI
Ike Island or Qeshat
Introduction
A careful investigation of the map of Iran will reveal that the
Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman are aoiaad together by means of a straight
33
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which reduce the width of the channel still further. These islands are;
Qesha, ,iormas, dengiz and Li-rak which possess strategic significance
because of their locations. Each agressor, in ordar.to strengthen his
foothold in the gulf, has first directed his attention to the occupation
of this island (8Is Qeshaa). Therefore, this island has more strategic
value than the rest of the islands, since it is the largest,and more
livabld than the other three islands.
The island has a historical background. There was a ruler on the
island who at one time maintained a land-and-see force which strengthened
his position on the island. The ruins of the island clearly define the
story of the past civilisation of the island and its various military
strongholds in Qaehm, Uzi, Hasa'idu and other important places. These
remnants also prove the value of the island from the point of view of
eeomomios, military and administration.
There are no historical documents in reference to the early civilises-
tion of the island. k waver, there are inscriptions in the mosque of
tiusheh (known as borj), in the interior of the island, which gives
evidence of the past history of the island. The mosque was renovated in
the year 244 Hijrat (6560), and It is believed that it was once a
temple of the fire worshippers. These inscriptions also state that on
the 28th of Ramasan, 8261, the mosque was ruined by an earthquake. Ender
the auspices of PatI ullik4bn-.i?shams Ui1ik ikon'-i-.btu' Id i'bn-I-Ma1)mud. the
mosque was repaired in the month of Aajab, 737 Murat. This ling was a
member of the Al-rust aid dynasty which ruled the island of ciormos from
the.time of Portuguese.
The writer wishes to add here, that according to 'ritcjamul BT..ldin,
this mosque existed during the period of UMr ibn-i?Khair db. Also,
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according to these inscriptions, the island was Inhabited long before
Islas. Been 14 centuries before Islas the island was the center of
attraction of Arab warriors.
Still more significant is the remains of a Stronghold built by the
Portuguese (before the reign of Shah' Abbi x; the Great) in the hamlet of
Q.sha. This castle watt equipped with the oseteons of that. period, which
were used to protest and control Bib-.-dior*og and Bandsr'Abbas,
calm ns still remain with a major portion of the castle.
The Jetty Qal~:sh-e-Kanb.run
The shores of Bandcr'Abbas and
Qal' e4-s-Maberist, as soon troy
the Rest
mother group of oastlos, east of L"aft?(ovorlooking it), )mown as
the castles of M der, substantiates the view that this island was the
object et spesial 'att.ntl4a of warriors Sad conquerors.
The Island of Qeshw
Among the entire group of islands of ths.giangdon of Iran, the island
of Qssh m has sort significance frost the pouts :of view of also, population,
buildings (and even from the military point-of view), than any other island
in the . nif.
It is 180 hitlaeters long, with a width varying between 8 and 40
Monsters. Located in the vicinity of Bib-e-nernos, the island is
atteaniated in a parallel line with the coast on its north (i.e., it is
elongated in a northeast tad southwest dirsetioa)... Bsoause of this
elongation Arabs call it Jaslrat al-}'awh;lah: sneanlag the Long IslaMd).
The hamlet of Q.sbaa is located in the northeast corner of the island,
near hander' Abbas and the hamlet of Bisa' ii4f is located in the northwest
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corner, 65 Kilometers east of Bandar Leugeh.
As one enters the island via the hamlet of Qeshn,alter 18 Kilometers
he will arrive at the marramsst portion of the island (8 Kilometers), and
after.50 Kilometers he will roach the widest section (approximately 40.
Kilometers). Beyond this point, however, the width decreases to an
average of 10 Kilometers.
The hi;;hlands of the island are mostly limestone composition with
gorges and ravines, located at varying distances from the shores. Some
are very close to the coast, while others are farther away. Table lands
and plateaus are formed as a result of these mountains, at one end of
which - in the northeast - is located the hamlet of Qesbma (elevation 190
meters) and at the other extreme - northwest - to located the hamlet of
Bi-sa'idm (elevation 180,: masters). The mazisma elevation or the mountains
is approximately 460 motors. .35 Milometers east of Bssa'id, known as Kish
Kuh which is of salt composition, and the natives call it (salt-oellar".
The comparative location of the island is as Pollowss
It is 20 Ktloasters, from Td1i to. Bandar'AWss 20 Kilometers from
Qeshm, to $ormos Islands 12 Kilometers !rm Qesba to Li-r~k Islands 3 Kil-
ometers from Shib-?-Doris to aengia Islands 31 Kilometers from the extreme
southwest of the island to Tomb Islands 611ilom40ers from Basa'Idfi to.
Bandar Langehs 63 Kilometers from Shib-e-Demo to the cape of Shaykh
Mas'ad on the shores of `Oman; and 65 Kilometers. to Jasirat al-Ghana. on
the shares or 'Dean.
Besides the islands located around QSs}sa, as mentioned above, there
are two uninhabited wounds of earth east of Mb-e-Der i and one west of
Bisa'Sdu. The latter island is called "dangal-s-Dsrya'l" by the natives,
because of the muwber of tress on the island. The leaves of these trees
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(the ? kj-ri ?-trees) are : fed to the cattle.
?
[A distant view of the Jetty of Bandar'Abbesf"In the vicinity of the
island there are also sheets of underground rocks, a emotion of which
originates in the vicinity of the salt sutnes (south of the island.), and
after' q;ving around the island,. it inollms northwestward, extending
toward the vicinity ;of. Bisa'fdi . The widest section of this rook is 15
Kilometers south of the island. Some distance away, throughout the
length of the straight of Clarence (called Kha`rin by the natives) the
sheets of rook are transformed into narrow and sepsrate.?blocks of stone.
These underwater rooks we one to three and a halt meters below the
surface of the water.
The area of the isle d is ,approximately 282 square Kilometers.
Conditions of the aosat: The shore line it mostly serrated, and the
depth, until hongim, ti,jsuch that ships can anchor only within 8 Kilometers
of the island. Purtbir approach. inland is Impossible because of the
shallow waters (mostly due to the underwater rooks.). In the vicinity
of the Southwestern corner of the island, the ships must sail within 8 to
28 Kilometers away from the Island.
Similarly in the northern shorelines (almost all along the length of
Clarenoe) the water is so.shallow that even motor boats have to move with
the utmost caution.
Generally, it is possible to approach the major parts of the island
(espesially the southern shores) by means of small boats.
Landing aharaoteristios of the island has been itemised in a separate
list (Sic see page 45 ).
There are d: capes north of the islands.
The Cape of Qeslas
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The Northern Cape of I"tt
The Gape of Hasa' 1du
In the south is located the cape or Dastagin which has many palm
groves. Between this island and the mainland there are numerous marsh-
lands, most of which are oovered with forests. These marshlands,
generally known as 4o r-e-Baalr. (Sic Khaeir) are 120 Kilometers long, with
7 harbors facing the Iran Mainland, as followsa
Barakeh, Ss1'lla, $ehtkbit, Hhamirpol, Klohtn, Bnstinsh and Khuneh3orkh.
The island has nice largo and small harbors facing Iran mainland, as
follows$
Qeshm, Dorkehan, Xi a,, Lift, Kirin, Chahu, kamakdan, Balsa'tduy-s-Bow
(better known as Sinkn), and Rasa' #di y-s?Xohneh.
There are five harbors in the island, fading the sea, the most iaa-
portant of which is Diresten which faces the island of Hengia.
During thw world taar, this harbor was the anchorage of British
warships as well as merchant vessels. They had even set up wireless
stations, built coal and fuel dumps is the harbor. Another harbor of this
seotion is Xarksh which was ssledtsd as the operation oenter of the
petroleum, company. Besides the 9 above;mentkosed harbors there are 10
others on the side facing down-e-Khaair.
Climate. In spite of the tremendous,imount of humidity the natives
have no recollection of ever experismoing snow. Even rain is very rate on
the island. Therefore, there are no rivers, in the island, with the exoop-
tion of a few flood channels (leading toward the sea) that have been formed
by occasional rains.
Lack of water has created many hardships. Not only farming has become
very impractioalb,water, has to be transported from the outside. The in,
3?
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habitants bus constructed reservoirs where they collect rain water whisb
is used very sparingly.
Became. of salute gyp#= deposits in the island, the water is not
very wholesome. The inhabitants. thersf'ors, cruet their meals in the
morning and at noons in order to digest ti; during work.
The Shores of Qeshw Island . E-- Fr ,?
(These stagnant salters we the breeding grounds of the guinea-worn -
Filaria raedinensis - wbiobb develops into-long worms to different parts of
the body, the resulting illness is very painful and recovery takes several
months).
the inhabitants suffer a great deal from lack of water, in spite of
the highlands and the possibilities of natural reservoirs. however, the
existanas of wells in so as settlements (Lift is:.said to have some 366
wells) proves that the situation could be remedied by di;gimg wells to
safeguard against dangerous infections and to meet the nooessary needs of
the populace.
Similarly, planting trees has net with may ditfieulties, so that the
only vegetation consists of date palms and tamarisk trees, found in most
of the villages. Banyan tress are also found in more arid sections of the
island.
The banyan is a tall, beautiful tree with leaves like those of an
orange trees the trait of whiab is red and ill. The natives relish time
fruit. (lie detailed discussion of the tree has bean given in a previous
chapter).
Evan though the climate is hot, it is better and less humid than the
climate of Bandar I Abbas.
The diractiou of the wind is north: and ssipth in winter, and all four
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Translated by
Geoggr: hic Names Section
Army Map Service
direotions in other seasons.
The ebb and tide takes place every six hours, each day fifteen
minutes later than the previous day. Furthermore, during the first and
middle periods of the westerly moons the flow of tide.tnsreases.
There I. also danger from earthquakes on the island, as evident from
the old ruins and historical documents.:
mines
South of the island is located a salt mine (in the two highest
mountains of the island) with.oxoellent white salt. The product is a
good source of revenue as an export commodity to the neighboring countries.
According to previous treaties, the Japanese exported salt from the
island,.until the invasion of China whef..they began to take advantage of
the latter's salt deposits.
Red.dirt and lead. also exist in the.:island:. However, as yet, there
has not been any profits from either.
The most important of the natural resources is petroleum. The
British have made numerous investigations and excavations around Kirgeh
(in the vicinity of !ias Conditions of the Natures
Population of these Islands was at one tine far more than its present
cant. Plessons for the Snrdual decrease have alreaft been cited in previous
obspters. I4aok of natural resources has forced the natives to import their
daily necessities, and the only mauaner in which these imports can be pate for
is by moans of fishing. pearl diving, cargo transportation and.boat building.
Since production from these forms of employment has, for sometime, been
insufficient to play for isaports, the natives have been forced to migrate
into other areas. If sash conditions are improved and mans of livelihood are
adequately provided for the previous immigrants will return to their native
lands.
M litary unltlgsa &cea loin"
Ia air to emphasise their sidtaifiaance, the history of islands is
cited together with their comparative Importance in the past sad rpreesott
an Waah---Nir = Posit t W Pried Six
Beuare of their geogrsWc locations, islands have vrovided excellent
bases and shelters for away countries in the past. Nations that possess
such adventagse have, sossMhat been protected from hostile attacks. en
tbouab they Deny not have bad strong Na' vys, they, at least, have controlled
most of the ?ntraa>aaes, thus preventing successful infiltrations.
During:. conflicts between s country, and an island with a naval strength,
the latter usually sewed to have an Wiper hand in naval warfare. Awtb ore,
if the isla bad any allies, the battle was alwe-ys osarr into the &now#$
ow soil. ft*n men the waW reinforcements ww&]A arrive, the naves, forays
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of the island would anihilate the new arrivals and perevsat then from svar
reaching the island. Thus in all the ware of the Vast, suekh countries had j
more favorable positions, No signs of battle remained in their Iislards, and
the inhabitants carried on their normal neacotine life. On the other he d,
the soil of the en ay was made the battlefield where countless doss to
life and property were eacauntered.
This condition was altered somewhat, however, by the introduction of
airpower.
Tactics Toyed in trench warfare were such that xapeoerrons intrensh"
cents were dug in intervals around castles and other st lds where large
40 reinforcements were stationed. The function of this foram was to check the
advance of t enenr and his artillery from coming too close to the castle.
Direct artillery fire would imroir swfety within the castle.
Countries with naval power may thus be coeapared with these strong
castles, and their naval strength to the entrenchments, all utilised to
check the enesey's advance. Bombing planes met also be cared to heavy
artillery which could extidenger the oasition of defender. In a castle in
the absence of adequate op osition. Naval power, which is considered as a
forward line of defense of islands, cannot check the advance of the
approaching bombers completely. Thus, in the last world war,, countries with
large rival forces e=erie sad mch uneasiness, when bombers ap; eared for
the first tins, devestating properties and leaving untold damages in their
webs. Yet the were not as effective as the tong ramie bombers of today.
TodsW's airpower is so strong that bothers can create untold daeasfes
in areas far auv from their bases. These dmlapeasnts have altered
so
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tse former inpre?nabls defense line of the Islands tremendously. Inhabi-
tants of an island are no more safe than a soldier in the battlefield.
They may expect an attaek from the enemy at all hours of the day.
such attacks bring about untold damages to the production line of the
island, reducing the output of weapons and ammunition and facilitating
enemy actions via the sea. Of.eourse, it has not yet been proved whether
a real blow can actually result from juah tactics.
In the wars of today he only salvation of the island countries is
toatt'ok the enemy and gain a foothold in his territory closest to the
island in order to prevent operation of his air power at closer ranges.
The longer the range-of planes, the more difficult will be their operations.
Furthermore the enemy will have to curtail his activities during winter and
bad rrea ther.
nwever, if the enemy gains a foothold in the island,defensive opera-
tions will be very difficult, and vigorous undertakings have to be made.
Yet-sods of protection of the i elands. Generally, only those can
defend tasmnselvea who are thoroughly familiar with tactics of attack. Let
us no#% ooasider, what the aggressor will have to resort to in order to
attack.
An aggressor to the Persian Gulf, can use one of the two following
tactics in order to attack the islands of the gulfs
I. By surprise attacks and landings.
2. By means of strong forces, to persudr submission.
If the available forasa ?.re utilized efficiently, surprise attacks
will be virtually impossible. i'ren though..alps may enter the gulf during
the night, landing, either, by night or day is dittioult on the shores.
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0
.t With ,.
If the islands are well fortified, and the forces are centralised1
the country can maintain a naval force str emn& to defend the islands.
Should the aggressor enter the gaff, it w%1d necessitate a strong navy, as
well as in air power and a strong landing force (unless he is satisfied with
more occupation of the coast). 7hrthermare, even thoud the islands are
weak in their defense, their pblysical features are soh that they will en,ggr
a large n in action.
.m to the peal; -
There are two routes of entry into the Persian half.
1. Direct occupation of the islands, of Bab-e-Eaxmae and entry later.
2. The bilisationof forces and the ocirclsasnt from the south.
VAIIINIMS 1 p f orM I've iEMIN IAl d
Infiltration is possible from an area 50 Kilonsteri to the south, after
stablizing the forces near the islands. However, this tactic, can be effective
onIr when a surprise attack is =We at the same tins. But, as it was mentioned.
previously, an attack is impossible. With the placement of heavy
artillery an the . islands of Larek cad Fmgm. area. within 25 to 50 Kilometers
can be placed. veadaer affective firing range. This will force the aggressor
to stay outside of this rag..
It aetst be kept in mind, however, that in spits of all these oreparan-
tions and undertakings, few ships may still find their way into the interior.
But the entry of just a few ships will not be sufficient aid in his 4rive
for effective aggression. Re will still be in danger from the rear - a
fact which will cripple the meat's advance.
Fnrw
amsr of t.~$,.Ip~L AGinst a LarneN MAr~I.A~
~ r~ll III 11~1.~r.Irrl how,
Several points will have to be considered.
82
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1. Familiarity with stir, and the sensitive bombable areas.
2. Approach at ship within "'iring range, and bombing of strong-
holds.
Laneuvsr of transport :;nips and landing of troops.
4. Eng'a,ging the shore and infiltrating the island.
Although the islands are mostly small, nevertheless, they cr:,ate many
problems for air naviLtion. Concealment in the islands, thanks to their
mount,4nous features is very easy, while damaging the harbor will have
reverse effect on the aggressor himself. Furthermore, conviently located
rooks reduoe the .treats of bambardeiint; and antiaircraft fire, with ex-
ollent defilade positions will have efteetive range.
Landing operations are very diff ieult in mour tainous :cores. The aet
will he especially hard after bombings. On the contrary defilade noaitions
for atatomatie weaoons are available throughout the slsores. ':?.sides the
limited areas, landing during the night is virtually imyosaible,
4,specially
because of the un!'avorahle winds of the gulf, it is very difficult to
determine specific time and places of lending.
'Pile following facts regarding the defense of the islands should be
oonsidereds
1. Knowledge of the .important observation points, .and the estab-
lisime:it of communication (first by reconnaissance and later by means of
telephone and radio), so that all the islands may have effective oommunioa-
tions with each other, and the observation post at the entra:,oe or the
strait.
2. Familiarity with the shores, in order to find defilade positions
for autosutie -weapons without any loss of time.
S. Establisbnent of shelters for troops, w. pons, rations and water.
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adequu~te for the need of troops in the island. Such places should be
located behind defiles, where cover and concealment is availablej and
they should e dui; 4 meters into the 'round, and covered with logs and
stones. These shelters must be adjacent to automatic weapons, and should
be linked by subterratt*tan routes. The islands are quite capable of
providing suitable ;rounds for such Shelters.
4. !smolacement of weapons in several locations in eaoh islacd, in
such a fashion that effective cross-Tiring may be possible. :ieoo-ad.sry
positions should also be provided so that the weapons could be shifted
around when the need arises.
8. stablishment of in-erowmounioation within the island so that
weapons and ammunition could easily be transported from one area to
another*
military signifioance of the Islands of Iran in the Persian ruffe
the isl!tnds of Iran say be ola.sified into two groups from the point
of vtew of their military sf.gnifioaroe.
1. The ,-roue of islands in Bub-e-iormon between the Sea of Oman and
the Persian l.ulf. These islands, ::eshm, L4,ra.k, Aormot and `iengim, because
o.' their I ooationa, have ?treat military significance.
2. The group of islands in the interior of the gulf, adjacent to
the shores. some of these islands are oloae to the shores ::nd rany are
i'urther away. This group does not have as ^uoh significance as the other
group, and the islands closest to the shore are more significant than
those farther away.
Two values may be considered for the islands located at the entrance
of the gulfs
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1, To control the islands in order to control the gulf.
2. re..:-`ense of the shore of l;andar ' .dbbies.
Any country desiring occupation of the Persian Gulf must first con-
eider the imoort :nce of these islands. It was because of this that the
inhabitants of these islands have suffered untold losses in life and pro-
perty during the past..
It is evident from these discussions that each island has played an
important part in the defense of the country. Although from the point of
view of economics, aomerae, population and administration, the island
looks any significance today, i still retains.its forsrer importance from
a military point of view: it i.ss therefore essential that tae other func-
tions be developed., and steps taken to improve the standards of living
of these islands. The leas value they have economically the r..ore difficult
it will be to carry on defensive military operations on the islands.
4. Oonclusiou. The .eau-: Bern islands oonstitute a portion of Iran
located in the vast Sea of ?ire (Sic. Persian Gulf). These small. scattered
sections play very important role in the protection and defense of the
country. They are particularly important since the only free exit of the
country conal sts of these -waters.
These islands also constitute the first line of defense, necessitating
the least amount of force and the moat available supply of?tre power in
order to defend and?protect.the islands as well as the country itself.
Such prepara zilon may take =-any years since it is impossible to accomplish
all at one tile.
The islands of Bab-e-dormos are oonsidared same as the shores of the
mainland. The first position of defense of the country is located in
these islands.
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Just as the p; reedy eyes of the Portuguese, the Dutoh, English and
the t+'rench were settled in these islinds.in the past, they still entertain
9ir.ilar -.eaires of possession today.
Transisted by
"eo r hic Names. Section
Army map Service
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