THE EUROPEAN BORDERS OF THE USSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 143
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 16, 2012
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: May 1, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE EUROPEAN BORDERS OF THE USSR
CIA/RR?G-12
May 1955
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
'lit EUROPEAN BORDERS OF Tlit USSR
CIA/1RR-G-12
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Introduction
I. Norway-USSR Border
Page
1
3
A.
History of the Boundary
3
B.
Linear Description of the Boundary ? OOOOO
6
C.
Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security . ?
18
D.
Maps of the Boundary
21
II.
Finland-USSR Border .
25
A.
History of the Boundary
25
B.
Linear Description of the Boundary
27
C.
Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security . ?
53
D.
Maps of the Boundary . . ....... .
58
III.
Poland-USSR Border
61
A.
History of the Boundary
61
B.
Linear Description of the Boundary
64
1. Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuanian Sector
64
2. Belorussian Sector
71
3. Ukrainian Sector
74
C.
Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security
76
1. East Prussia Sector
76
2. Sectors South of East Prussia
77
D.
Maps of the Boundary
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Page
IV. Czechoslovakia and Hungary-USSR Border 83
A. History of the Boundary 83
B. Linear Description of the Boundary 84.
C. Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security ? 87
D. Maps of the Boundary 8.9
V. Ruman1a4ISSR Border 91
A. History of the Boundary 91
B. Linear Description of the Boundary 92
1. From the Trijunction of the Hungarian, Rumanian,
and Soviet Boundaries to the Moldavian
Boundary 92
2. The Boundary Along the Prut and Lower Danube
Rivers .... ..... ? .? ? . . ? ? . ?
C. Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security
D. Maps of the Boundary
96
101
103
Norway -USSR Border
Photographs
following page ? ? 23
Figure 1. Pasvikelv River, separating Norway from
Soviet territory
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Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure- 4:
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Another part of the Norwegian-Soviet boundary
Terrain along Norway-USSR boundary
View across the ?Pasvikelv-at Skogfoss
Marker posts along the land boundary
View of boundary cairn
Norwegian boundary marker No. 120/ at Skogfoss
The Soviet Union from the Norwegian side
9. Border-crossing point at Storskog
Finland-USSR Border following page . 60
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure
Figure
Figure
The railroad station at Vainikkalal Finland
Reparations goods passing the border at
Vainikkala
View from the Imatran Valtionhottelli toward
the east and the Finnish-USSR border
13. Railroad and lake northeast of Imatra
14. The Finnish-USSR border in the vicinity
Simpele
15. Looking toward the Soviet border across
inlet of Lake Simpelengrvi
The Soviet town of VYartsilya near the Karelo-
Finnish border
Isolated farm surrounded by forest in the
central portion of the border region
Scene along the Arctic Highway at midnight
A wooden marker at a railroad crossing along
the Finnish-USSR boundary
Check point on the Finnish-Soviet border
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
of
an
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Figure 21. The Arctic Bighway near Virtaniend
Figure 22. Border patrol ?on -guard along thee-boundary
Figure 23. Finnish border guard accompanied by a dog .
Poland-USSR, Czechoslovakia and Hungary-USSR, and Rumania-USSR
Borders following page . . 104
Figure 24. Aerial photograph of part of the Bug
River Lowland
Figure 25. The triok Pass along the Polish-Soviet frontier
Figure 26. Abandoned barbed-wire entanglements in the
Carpatho-Ukraine area
Figure 27. Frontier between Hungary and the USSR
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
The settlement of Tyachev on the Soviet-
Rumanian frontier
Bluffs along the Prut River in the vicinity
of Rdpiceni
The Prut River near Ungeny at flood stage
Maps
Following
page
U.S.S.R.-Norway Frontier Area (11738)
23
Norway-USSR'Boundary in the Mouth of the Jakobselv (12104)
23
Finland-USSR Border Region (12927)
60
USSR-Poland: East Prussian-Lithuanian Border Area (12698) . ,
82
.1elorussianPolish Border Area (12926) . . . . 4
82
Western Ukrainian Borderland (12757) .82
Moldavian SSR-Rumania Border Area (12904)
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THE EUROPEAN BORDERS OF THE USSR
Introduction
The boundaries of the Soviet Union are of particular interest to
the intelligence community because of the manner in which they are
sealed to ordinary international intercourse. It is necessary to go
back in history to the mid-nineteenth century and the boundary between
Korea and China to find a comparable attempt to seal off a,country
from bordering peoples with similar cultures.
In March 1946, Winston Churchill, speaking at Fulton, Missouri,
Observed that from "Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,
an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line
lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern
Europe..." Actually, the Soviet regime was suspicious of the outside
world from its inception, near the end of World War I, and had erected
an "iron curtain" along its own western frontiers in the interwar pe-
riod. The establishment of tight border security west of the'Soviet
satellites after World War II was therefore merely an extension and
elaboration of the already adopted Soviet policy of impermeable fron-
tiers. The present boundary of the USSR is in reality an iron curtain
within the Iron Curtain.
Three months after Churchill's Fulton address, John Foster Dulles
propounded a theory that extended beyond Churchill's premise and en-
compassed the Far East. His thesis was that, for the purpose of
achieving Soviet policy, the USSR had divided the world into three
zones: (1) an Inner Zone, the USSR itself; (2) a Middle Zone, repre-
senting a belt or cordon sanitaire surrounding the Inner Zone; and (3)
an Outer Zone, representing the rest of the world. The Soviet Inner
Zone comprises the Soviet Union as originally established in 1917,
together with adjacent territories subsequently incorporated. The
Middle Zone, which cannot be regarded as fixed, consists of countries
that have come under Soviet influence, with an increasing measure of
control from Moscow. The central European part of the Middle Zone
includes East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, eastern Austria, Hungary,
Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, and (until 1948) Yugoslavia. In Asia the
zone includes Outer Mongolia, Manchuria, North Korea, the Sinkiang
Province of China, and probably the rest of Communist China; it is
difficult, however, to predict the role that the Communist regime of
? Mao Tse-tung will ultimately play within the Soviet sphere. The third
or Outer Zone ? comprises the balance of the world.
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The efforts of the Soviet Government to establish a security zone
along the entire border of the USSR extend to nations along the south-
ern frontier. In both Turkey and Iran, however, fierce resistance to
Soviet pressures has been encountered, and the usual pattern of Soviet
penetration and domination has been successfully thwarted. As a re-
sult, areas of the Near and Middle East have not disappeared behind
the Iron Curtain but have remained one of the major arenas of the
struggle between East and West.
The Soviet technique of creating and maintaining an "iron curtain"
serves two purposes, one domestic and the other foreign. From the
domestic standpoint, nonintercourse is intended to insure that "pure"
political thinking in the USSR will not become tainted, and at the
same time it helps to prevent the internal discontent that might arise
if the people of the Soviet Union were able to compare their standard
of living with that prevailing in other countries. The Soviet people
are told that a broad security belt, or buffer zone, is a necessary
defense measure against an unfriendly world. From the external stand-
point, Soviet propaganda is the more effective because actual condi-
tions within the USSR are a matter of conjecture.
The great length of the Soviet frontier, the irregularities of
terrain, and the heterogeneous population are a few of the complex
factors with which the Soviet Government is faced in the effort to
guard its borders. The northern and central European frontier areas
are largely plains across which passage between the east and the West
is comparatively easy. This accounts in part for the strict security
measures employed by the Soviets and the fact that the European area
is heavily guarded. The longest zone of Soviet influence lies in
central and eastern Asia, reaching from the Pamir Mountains to Vladivos-
tok, a distance of about 4,000 miles. That portion of the boundary
with its vast stretches of mountains and deserts is not as stringently
controlled as the Western European borders. This indicates that the
Soviet manpower is not distributed indiscriminately but according to
the type of terrain, the border peoples, the political significance of
the border area, and the existence of known trouble spots. It is also
quite probable that the employment of variations in the methods of
guarding the frontier is a deliberate practice on the part of Soviet
authorities intended to deter penetration or escape.
The present report deals specifically with theEuropean bound-
aries of the USSR, those With Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary and Rumania. Only two of these countries are part of the
free world, the others being Soviet satellites'. ?
The attitude of the free governments in regard to the border dif-
fers greatly from that of the Communist countries. Although in a
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precarious geopolitical position, Finland, a non-satellite neighbor
of the USSR, would consider it a restriction of individual liberty
to prevent Finnish civilians from living in close proximity to the
border. The Soviet Union, on the contrary, is meticulous in securing
the inviolability of its own side of the boundary, and the Iron Cur-
tain countries conform to the same pattern, employing rigid restric-
tive measures within their border areas. In order to further safe-
guard the impenetrability of the frontier, Soviet border guards are
carefully picked and highly disciplined. Recruits are also trained
in the art of observation and collection of intelligence in the fron-
tier area. It is obvious that Soviet authorities do not consider the
existence of Communist regimes as a sufficient security guarantee.
Portions of the Soviet European boundaries were nominally drawn
on ethnic principles. A considerable degree of ethnic homogeneity has
been achieved in the satellites by postwar boundary changes and shifts
in population. The Soviet Union and the satellite regimes have not
used the principle of ethnic homogeneity within international bound-
aries as a means of reducing international or internal friction, but
simply as a convenient tool to be applied or ignored, depending on
which course best suited the purposes of the governments. Thus,
partial ethnic uniformity was forced upon the new Poland by moving
Poles westward from former eastern Poland when that region was taken
over by Belorussia and the Ukraine, and by the expulsion of many
Germans from the areas east of the Oder-Neisse Line. Germans were
also expelled from their former homes in northern East Prussia when
the area was taken by the RSFSR, but there does not seem to have been
a corresponding attempt to secure a solidly Russian population there,
for it is reported that peoples from Soviet Central Asia have been
moved into the areas on the Soviet side of the new boundary.
There is a sharp contrast between Soviet policy regarding peoples
and Soviet policy regarding commerce along the boundaries. The western
boundaries are sealed to the movement of people, but economic policy
requires a maximum movement of goods among the satellites and the USSR.
Measures employed by the Soviet Bloc countries to seal their
frontiers consist of a combination of physical barriers, border guards
and patrols, border-zone restrictions, and constant surveillance of
internal movements of the population. The existence of this wide-
spread system of border controls is in itself a psychological deterrent
to escape. Soviet citizens attempting to defect along the central
European borders are faced with the additional problem of crossing
satellite territory in order to find refuge in the West. Continued
Soviet sensitivity and 'extreme security consciousness indicate that
restrictive measures, rather than being relaxed, will be more rigidly
enforced in the future.
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In this study each boundary segment is discussed under four main
headings: history; linear descriptions; boundary marking, administra-
tion, and security; and available maps.
The section on history gives in each case the background of the
present boundary withoutsttempting to present a full discussion of
disputes and territorial transfers.. The documents forming the legal
basis of the present boundary, are cited. Under linear description,
each boundary sector, together with its immediate vicinity, is de-
scrfbed topographically
the descriptions
of the boundaries of the Soviet Bloc countries are not as coMplete as
those of the frontiers with Norway and Finland. The surveys and de-
marcation of each boundary, types of boundary markers used, provisions
for regulating intercOurse across the line, barbed-wire entanglements,
watchtowers and other securitystructures, and personnel engaged-in
boundary administration and security are discussed. Examples of
security structures and measures typical of the boundary area in
general are presented; It is not possible, however, to give a com-
plete and detailed picture of boundary Security measures and personnel,
because these factors are subject to almost constant change,
The naps that accompany the report are mostly at small scales and
rather generalized, but citatiOna of more detailed maps are given.
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I. Norway-USSR Border
A. History of the Boundary
. The boundary between Norway and the USSR has retained its pre-
sent alignment with only minor changes since 1826 (see accompanying
map 11738). 2/* In that year, in an effort to prevent difficulties
in the Foelleds Districter (districts held in common by Sweden,
Norway, and Russia), the King of Sweden and Norway and the Emperor
of All the Russias agreed to a demarcation of the line of sovereignty
in the boundary area. The agreement was included in the "Convention
of Limits Between Russia and Sweden," 2-14 May 1826, signed at St.
Petersburg. 2/ This division of the area by Norway and Russia
precluded Finnish access to the Arctic Ocean; The problem thus intro-
duced was to exert great influence and to cause several changes in
Norway's neighbors along the boundary.
The line established in 1826 was the boundary between Norway and
Russia until 1920 and between Norway and Finland from 1920 to 1944.
This boundary was described ganerally as following the Pasvikelv
gats-lbki7** and Jakobselv Pror'yema7 Rivers, with several long,
straight, connecting land sectors. The actual 1826 marking of the
line consisted of only 10 markers or stone cairns, most of them set
at the main breakpoints. Krokfjell (Muotkavaara) Mountain was
established in 1833 as the meeting point of the territories of the
USSR, Norway, and Finland by representatives of Russia proper and
the Grand Duchy of Finland, but the marker was not erected there
until after the 1846 Norwegian-Russian survey of the boundary.
After Finland became a neighbor of Norway in 1920, the two
countries opened talks concerning the boundary in the Finnmark-Petsamb
ffechenga7 area. An agreement was reached on 28 April 1924 that
superseded the 1826 agreement concerning the boundary between Finnmark
*References in Arabic numerals are to the list of sources in
Appendix B.
**Place-name forma in this section are those that appear on the
official 1947 Norwegian-PSSR demarcation map and in the boundary
survey protocol; the Russian form, when known, follows in brackets,
and alternate names are given in-parentheses. In most of the
languages used in this report, the endings of geographic names carry
the generic meaning; for example, in Norwegian "elv" means river
and "fjell" means mountain. The English term is added in many cases,
either in parentheses or capitalized, for easier understanding.
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Province (fylke) of Norway and Petsamo District (herred) of Fin-
land. 3/ Although it made no basic changes in the boundary de-
scription, the 1924 agreement contained a clause calling for the
establishment of the line in the territorial sea north of the mouth
of the Jakobselv. During the negotiations, however, the Norwegians
proposed two modifications of the 1826 line, both to no avail. First,
they wished to apply the thalweg principle to the Pasvikelv River
near Ostrov Chevessuolo (island) and Ostrov Niva-saari; second,
they proposed that the line leave the Pasvikelv in an easterly di-
rection in the vicinity of Ozero.Kuets-yarvi (lake) and continue to
the Jakobselv, instead of following the river to a point north of
Kolttakengyas (formerly the Boris Gleb area)* and then taking a
southeasterly course to the Jakobselv. The second proposal had
been rejected in the negotiations preceding the 1826 agreement,
which not only established the boundary farther north but also pro-
vided for the cession by Norway to Russia of a small area around
the Russian Church of Boris Gleb on the west bank of the Pasvikelv.
In the 1922-24 Finnish-Norwegian negotiations, the Finns rejected the
proposal for a change on the ground that Norway could offer no terri-
torial compensation.
In 1925, Norway and Finland conducted a survey of the bound-
ary. 4/ So that there would be no doubt as to the course of the
line in the Boris Gleb area, a boundary road was built and additional
markers were erected. The Pasvikelv sector of the boundary was to
follow the line in the river that had been established previously
by the Norwegians and Russians. Special signs were placed on river
islands to designate the country to which they belonged.
A supplementary protocol to clarify the position of the boundary
in the mouth of the Jakobselv was signed on 12 September 1931 (see
accompanying map 12104). This protocol established 11 points through
which the line was to be drawn and also provided that vessels of both
countries could freely lie and anchor on either side of the boundary.
The line provided for in the protocol of 1931 was finally marked in
1939, using a series of 20 sight markers placed on the land in such
a manner that the sight lines .intersected at the 11 points along the
boundary line.
The name "Kolttakengyas" is the present Russian version of
"Kolttakongas," the name given to the town by the Lapps who settled
the area. In the 16th century a Russian Orthodox church was built
at the site of the present town of Kolttakengyas and dedicated to
two 8th-century Russian princes, Boris and Gleb.
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In August 1946, representatives of Norway and the Soviet Union
met and established the Joint Soviet-Norwegian Commission for the
Marking of the International Boundary Between the USSR and Norway.
Its basic task was to establish the international boundary in accord-
ance with the old Norwegian-Russian line. The discussions of the
Joint Commission had the following results: (1) the line in the
mouth of the Jakobselv was to follow the thalweg as determined at
low tide, in accordance with the recommendation of the Norwegians;
2) the USSR was to give up demands for a change at Grensefoss
Graensefoss) Falls where Norway controls both banks of the Pasvikelv
(marker No. 11); and (3) Norway would transfer the three small islands
in the Pasvikelv to the USSR.
Only preliminary discussions were held on the problem of the
territorial sea north of the mouth of the Jakobselv. Since the
viewpoints and claims of the two countries to territorial waters
differed radically, the Norwegians claiming 4 nautical miles and
the Soviets 12, the Joint Commission decided to keep this question
open for future diplomatic negotiations.
At the conclusion of the marking of the Soviet-Finnish boundary
in 1945, it was agreed to place a three-nation boundary marker at
Krokfjell. A Norwegian representative was present to approve the
position of the marker, and a tri-state protocol was signed on 26
October 1945. After the Yaniskoski-Niskakoski area was ceded to
the Soviet Union by Finland in 1947, a new demarcation of the
northernmost sector of the Finnish-Soviet boundary, just south of
Krokfjell, was undertaken. In the summer of 1947 a Norwegian repre-
sentative inspected the marker, and on 3 December 1947 a new tri-
state protocol regarding the marker on Krokfjell, replacing the
1945 protocol, was signed.
During the summer of 1947, two mixed Norwegian-Soviet sub-
commissions (under the Joint Commission) marked the boundary.- One
subcommission was supervised by the USSR, the other by Norway. The
Soviet-supervised subcommission marked the first section of the
1 boundary, from the junction at Krokfjell northward 61.1 miles to
69?32'N, north of Holmfossen. The Norwegian-supervised subcommission
marked the second section, from 69032'N northward 60.5 miles to
mRrker No. 415, a buoy stake north of the mouth of the Jakobselv.
Each subcommission was responsible for placing, painting, and number-
ing the markers along its section of the boundary. A topographic
survey of a strip at least 0.5 kilometer (about 0.3 mile) wide
along each side of the boundary was made at the scale of 1:25,000,
and &polygon system was laid on which the rectangular coordinates
of the boundary markers were computed.
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On 18 December 1947, with the final drafting and reviewing of
the boundary documents, the boundary agreement, together with the
maps and protocols,* was signed in Moscow. 5, 6, 7/ The Norwegian
Stortine ratified the agreement unanimously on 3 December 1948, and
the instruments of ratification were exchanged on 23 May 1949 in
Moscow. 8/ Before ratifying the agreement, the Norwegian Storting
questioned the cession to the USSR of the three small islands in the
Pasvikelv. The issue was dismissed, however, because the islands
were regarded as being of no strategic or economic value, and it was
agreed that under the terms of the 1826 convention the islands fell
on the Soviet side of the line. The course of the boundary as marked
in the mouth of the Jakobselv proved satisfactory to the Norwegians,
since it permitted their fishing vessels to enter and leave the river
without crossing the line. 9, 10/ The demarcation maps show the
boundary along the, channel of the river at low tide, which was the
line held by the Norwegians during the dispute with the Finns over
the issue following the 1925 investigation of the boundary.
B. :Linear Description of the Boundary**
Only about one-fifth of the 121.6-mile-long Norwegian-USSR
boundary is on.land. The course of the remainder of the line is
determined mainly by the deepest channels of the Pasvikelv (Figure 1)
and Jakobselv and their associated lakes. (Figures 2 and 3,)
The westernmost point of the border is at.Krokfjell Mountain,
where the boundaries of Norway, Finland, and the USSR meet (see map
11738). From Krokfjell the boundary follows a southeasterly direction
in a series of short, straight-line sectors through somewhat hilly,
partly marshy terrain to the Pasvikelv, which it crosses to marker
No. 11 near Grensefoss, a main breakpoint in the boundary. At that
market the entire river lies within Norway. From marker No. 11,
the line takes a.northeasterly direction, at first for 70 meters
(229.66.feet), then down the steep slope of the Gelsomio Promontory
and over to the Pasvikelv. It continues along the mountain lake .
Grensevatn (Grensevann) to marker No. 12, leaving Aittasaari (island)
on the Soviet side. The Norwegian post stands on the east side of
The descriptive protocol includes: (1) a table of coordinates
and elevations of the boundary markers and the points in the geodetic
network along the boundary and (2) a list of the boundary markers.
**In the following description of the Norwegian boundary, place
names are those that appear on the official demarcation map (see
footnote, p. 3); Russian forms are given in brackets and alternate
names in parentheses.
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Grenseneset Point on a hillock 165.1 meters (541.65 feet) from the
boundary. The Soviet post is on the northwestern point of Aitta-
saari, 6 meters (19.68 feet) from a steep slope and 115 meters
(377.29 feet) from the boundary.*
From marker No. 12 the boundary follows Grensevatn in a north-
easterly direction to marker No. 14, leaving an islet having a
boundary post on the Soviet side and Balgisholmen (island) on the .
Norwegian side. The boundary then extends in a north-northeasterly
direction along the lake, with Bgrkholmen on the northern side.
From this point the boundary continues in the same direction from
Grensevatn (marker No. 16) out into the Pasvikelv (marker No.
17), and then follows the channel of the Pasvikelv for approximately
3.7 kilometers (about 2.3 miles) to marker No. 24, situated on a
small wooded island on the Norwegian side. The boundary continues
in a general north-northeasterly direction to marker No. 28, located
on the northernmost islet of a group of three on the Soviet side;
the Norwegian post stands on the east slope of a hillock, north of
the mouth of Gjeddebekken Creek. From marker No. 28 the boundary
extends along the channel chiefly in a northeasterly direction,
passing wooded isles and rocks on the Norwegian side, to marker No.
30. At this point the boundary resumes a north-northeasterly -
course through Tangefoss, then turns toward the northeast past five
small islands -- two on the Norwegian and three on the Soviet side --
to marker No. 31.
The boundary passes from marker No. 31 along the channel of
the Pasvikelv, first in a northeasterly direction past three isles
on the Soviet side, and then in a north-northeasterly direction to
marker No. 32, situated on a wooded island on the Soviet side.
Maintaining the same course, the boundary goes past a group of
reefs or sandbanks on the Norwegian side to marker No. 33, at which
point it extends in a curved line toward the north-northwest, past
a Soviet reef, and then toward the north-northeast, past a Norwegian
reef, to marker No. 34. From there the boundary follows the channel
to the northeast past two islands (Norwegian) to marker No. 35, then
makes an arc, turning north to marker No. 36. The Norwegian post
stands on the left riverbank, directly opposite the mouth of the
Kornetijoki, 63.4 meters (208 feet) from the border; the Soviet
post is on the right riverbank, on the south side of the mouth of
the Kornetijoki, 100 meters (328 feet) from the border. The boundary
? *In most cases, only one of the two boundary posts on opposite
sides of the border along the Pasvikelv and Jakobselv is mentioned
here.
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then passes along the channel in a north-northwesterly direction to
marker No. 37 before curving toward the north-northeast to marker No.
38. On the Norwegian side the post is situated 300 meters (984.25
feet) southwest of a railroad track.
The boundary continues in a general north-northeasterly direction
to marker No. 40, bending along the river to Hestefoss, then along
the falls to marker No. 41. From marker No. 41 the boundary turns
with the channel for about 3.3 kilometers (approximately 2 miles))
passing numerous isles (Skiltholmen on the USSR side and Bgrnholmen
and Sauholmen on the Norwegian side), to marker No. 46 on the right
,riverbank (Soviet side) 60 meters (196.85 feet) southwest of a
dwelling house on the Hoyhenjgrvi .5heykhen"yarv.i7 (Khoyhenyarvi)--
Majatalo 5iayatald7 road. The AMS series Finland-Scandinavia
1:250,000 shows a graded road crossing the border north of Majatalo
(Pechenga; NR 35,36-8: 58-762)* connecting Norwegian Highway 955 with
the Arctic Highway on the Soviet side. From marker No. 46 the bound-
ary goes in a general northeasterly direction to marker No. 48, pass-
ing a number of isles and islands, and then turns toward the north-
west between Tjernholmen and Rittasaari to marker No. 49. North of
Kisteholmen, at marker No. 50, the boundary takes an east-
northeasterly course along Lake Fjaervatn (HoyhenjErvi), passing an
island (Jakolan-Lammasaari) on the Soviet side and a sandbank on the
Norwegian side, to marker No. 51. The boundary continues along
Fjaervatn for approximately 4.6 kilometers (about 2.9 miles) to mark-
er No. 58, at which point it turns along the lake toward the north,
past a Norwegian reef, and then follows the channel in the Pasvikelv
toward the northeast to Jordanfoss (marker No. 59).
The boundary bends with the channel in the Pasvikelv past sever-
al reefs and isles before turning into Lake Vaggatem (Vaggetemjavrre)
to marker No. 62. The Norwegian post stands on the western shore of
the lake, 175 meters (574.14 feet) northwest of a narrow-gauge rail-
road track. The Soviet post stands on a promontory on the eastern
shore of the lake, 85 meters (278.87 feet) north-northwest of the
mouth of an unnamed creek. From marker No. 62 the boundary goes in a
generally northerly direction, passing numerous isles, to marker No.
64. The NorViegian post stands on the western shore of the lake, 115
*Locational indices given in parentheses refer to sheets of AMS
Series M515, Finland-Scandinavia 1:250z000, and are keyed to the map
sheets as follows: (1) name of sheet (given in first reference only);
(2) sheet number, found in upper right-hand corner; (3) index number
of north-south grid line nearest west of place or feature located;'
(4) index number of east-west grid line nearest south of place.
Num.hers that are underscored appear in larger type on the map.
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meters (377.29 feet) southeast of Nesheim and 261.8 meters (858.92
feet) from the border. From here the boundary bends along the lake
in an arc for about 2.6 kilometers (approximately 1.6 miles) to
marker No. 68, leaving Gravholmen on the Norwegian side and Skolte-
holmen ITStrov Chevessuold7 on the Soviet side. From this point to
marker No. 78 the boundary extends in a general northerly direction
past a number of isles -- Vaerholmen, Lavholmen, and Bgrnholmen
on the Norwegian side and Krokholmen and Brannholmen on the Soviet
side. In this sector the Skogly Farmstead is located on the Norwegian
side southwest of marker No. 71. From marker No. 78 the boundary
passes along Lake Vaggatem in an east-northeasterly direction to
marker No. 80, at which point it continues along the Pasvikelv, then
through the Vaggatemstryket (rapids) and an old riverbed (the Stein
Rapids) to marker No. 85. In this stretch of the border, an isle,
Brennholmen, is situated on the Soviet side.
The boundary passes from marker No. 85 along the old riverbed
toward the northeast, first over a dry section, then over a deep
pool, and past a Norwegian isle to marker No. .86; the Soviet post ,
stands on the northwest side of Nivasaari, 23 meters (75.45 feet)
from the border. From here the boundary follows an east-northeasterly
course to marker No. 88, turns in a southeasterly direction along the
channel of the Pasvikelv, and then passes through the Vakkerstryket
Rapids to marker No. 90. From this point the boundary curves in an
east-northeasterly direction out over Kattolampolo (lake) to marker
No. 93, leaving the isle of Grasholmen on the Norwegian side. Con-
tinuing in the same direction for approximately 2.1 kilometers (about
1.3 miles) the boundary extends to marker No. 97, with Sauholmen
situated on the Norwegian side, then turns along the channel of the
Pasvikelv.in a northeast-southeast arc to marker No. 98. The
Norwegian post stands on the left side of the river, on the south-
western part of a promontory 225 meters (738.18 feet) south-
southeast of the end of'a narrow-gauge railroad track, and 54.6
meters (179.13 feet) from the border. From marker No. 98 the
boundary passes toward the east and northeast through Kobbfoss to
marker No. 99, then arches toward the south-southeast along Lake
Langvatn (lossojavrre) to marker No. 100. From here the boundary
continues south-southeastward to marker No. 102, where it makes a
bend in an east-southeasterly direction to marker No. 103. The
boundary curves slightly along the lake in an east-northeasterly
direction from marker No. 103 to No. 104, leaving Aittasaari on the
Soviet side and Hareholmen on the Norwegian side. Maintaining a
northeasterly direction for approximately 7.1 kilometers (about )4.4
miles), the boundary extends to marker No. 118. In this sector
Kaurinkisaari is on the Soviet side and Langnes (peninsula) and
Frigard and Ilyng Farmsteads are on the Norwegian side.
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From marker No. 118 the boundary passes along the lake in an
arc toward the north-northeast, with Niskasaari on the Soviet side,
to boundary marker No. 119. The Norwegian post stands on the left
shore of the Pasvikelv on the point of a small promontory 65.1 meters
(213.58 feet) from the border. Continuing in a north-northeasterly
direction, the boundary extends from Langvatn out over the Pasvikelv,
following the channel through the Skogfoss (Hakokoski) (Figure 4)
to marker No. 122, leaving an isle and reefs on the Norwegian side
and five isles and reefs on the Soviet side. The Norwegian post
stands on the left shore of the rapids, 80 meters (262.46 feet)
south of the northern end of a narrow-gauge railroad track, and 71.6
meters (234.9 feet) frOm the border. The boundary passes from marker
No. 122 along Skogvatn in a line curving first northeast then north-
northwest, with sandbanks on the Norwegian side, to marker No. 123.
The Norwegian post stands on the western shore of the lake, 30 meters
98.42 feet) south of the nearest house on Bgrklund, 400.1 meters
1,312.6 feet) from the border. The Soviet post stands on the eastern
shore of the lake, on the southwestern side of Harrnes Point, 65
meters (213.25 feet) from the border. From marker No. 123 the bound-
ary extends along the lake close to the western end of Harrnes, then
toward the north-northwest past Grasholmen and a smaller islet south
of it on the Soviet side, to marker No. 124. Here it passes through
a narrow strait with a strong current at the LillestrOmmen, describing
an arc toward the northeast, to marker No. 125. In a winding but
generally east-northeasterly course along the lake, with two small
isles and Gravholmen on the Soviet side, the boundary extends to
marker No. 129, leaving Fuglebukta (bay) and Grasholmen on the
Norwegian side. The Norwegian post stands on the northwestern shore
of the lake, 80 meters (262.46 feet) west-northwest of the south end
of a narrow-gauge railroad track and 60.2 meters (197.5 feet) from
the border. The Soviet post stands on the southeastern shore of the
lake, at the northwestern end of Koskennis-Kanniemi Cape, 16 meters
(52.49 feet) from the shore and 125 meters (410 feet) from the border.
From marker No. 129 the boundary passes first along the channel
toward the southeast and then along Melkefoss (Maitokoski) in a
general northeasterly direction for about 4.7 kilometers (approxi-
mately 2.9 miles) to marker No. 136. In this sector, Norwegian post
No. 133 stands 50 meters (16)-i- feet) northeast of a dwelling house
at Mikkelstad. Huhmunsaari Island (marker No. 134) is on the Soviet
side of the border.
From marker No. 136 the boundary follows a general southeasterly.
direction to marker No. 140, then extends along the channel of the
Pasvikelv in an arc toward the south and southeast to marker No. 141,
situated on Litle Skody (on the Norwegian side). The posts on both
sides of the border are located in marshy terrain. Soviet post No.
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141 stands on the right riverbank) on the eastern point of a prom-
ontory at the left side of the mouth of the Menikkajoki, 708
meters (2,323 feet) from the border. The boundary extends from
marker No. 141 eastward along the channel, then via Svanvatn
(Salmijdrvi) in an east-northeasterly direction to marker No. 144.
The Norwegian post stands on the northwestern shore of the lake,
on Barknes Point, terminus of the road from Svanvik, 531.9 meters
(1,745 feet) from the border. From marker No. 144 the boundary
follows a north-northeasterly direction for approximately 5.3
kilometers (about 3.3 miles) to marker No. 152. In this sector
Ostre SkrSytnes, Tangen, Myreng, and Framnes Farms are on the
Norweg,ian side. Marker No. 150 is located on the northwestern shore
of Barnsund, 61 meters (200.13 feet) northeast of the southernmost
dwelling house on Utnes. Norwegian post No. 151 stands on the
northwestern shore of the sound, on Langnes (point) 318.4 meters
(1,044 feet) from the border. In this same area, Soviet post No.
147 stands on the southeastern shore of Lake Svanvatn, 215 meters
(705.38 feet) west of the fork on the Petsjenga gechenga7--
Rovaniemi road (Arctic Highway).
From marker No. 152 the boundary follows the sound in a north-
northeasterly direction for a few kilometers to marker No. 156,
leaving an islet south of Furumo on the Norwegian side. From marker
No. 156 the boundary turns in an arc toward the northeast and north-
northwest along the BOrnsund to marker No. 158. From here the
boundary extends along the channel of the Trongsund.in a general
northerly direction to marker No. 164 -- a distance of approximately
2.5 kilometers (about 1.6 miles). Norwegian post No. 164 stands on
the western shore of the sound, on the east side of a promontory,
65 meters (213.25 feet) northeast of the Trongsundneset Farm.
The boundary runs from marker No. 164 along the channel of the
Trongsund, then across Bjornvatn (Kontiojgrvi) in a general northerly
direction to marker No. 167. The Norwegian post stands on a
promontory on the western shore of the lake, 32 meters (104.98
feet) northeast of the road between Kirkenes and Svanvik. From
marker No. 167 the boundary passes along the lake in a curved line
in a north-northeasterly direction and then to marker No. 169, a
cairn set up on the southern point of Store Grenseholmen in 1896 and
restored in 1947. The boundary then proceeds along a border road
toward the north-northeast via Store Grenseholmen to marker No. 172,
where it continues in a northeasterly direction along the channel of
the Pasvikelv between Litleholmen on the Norwegian side and an un-
named isle on the Soviet side, to marker No. 173. The Norwegian post
stands on the left river bank on the Kirkenes-Holmfoss road, near a
destroyed bridge, 108.4 meters (355.64 feet) from the border. The
Soviet post stands .on a promontory, on the right riverbank 15 meters
(49.21 feet) west of the Holmfoss-Ahmalahti road and 150 meters
(492.12 feet) from the border.
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From marker No. 173 the boundary bends along the middle of the
river in an east-southeasterly direction, then turns in a north-
easterly direction past two small islands (one on each side of the
border) to marker No. 174. The Norwegian post stands on the south
point of Floytarneset Cape, 135.5 meters (444.55 feet) from the
border. Nordmo Farm is located to the northwest of marker No. 174.
Continuing in a north-northeasterly direction, the boundary extends
along Klistervatn to marker No. 176, leaving Skolteholmen on the
Norwegian side. From here the boundary winds along the lake, first
toward the northeast then toward the north and northwest, to marker
No. 178. The Norwegian post is situated on the top of wooded
Ellenholmen Island, 390 meters (1,279.5 feet) from the border.
From marker No. 178 the boundary winds along the lake in a north-
northeasterly direction to marker No. 181, then turns in a north-
northwesterly direction to marker No. 182. In this sector,
Norwegian post No. 179 stands on the western shore of the lake, on
the southern part of Fjellfrossneset Point, 320 meters (1,049.86
feet) from the border, and the Soviet post stands on a steep
mountain slope on the eastern shore of the lake, 160 meters
(524.93 feet) west of the Storskog-Ahmalahti road. From marker
No. 182, the boundary passes along the lake, first in a north-
northwesterly direction and then bending toward the north-northeast,
to marker No. 183, where it curves again in a general northwesterly
direction., which it maintains for about 2.8 kilometers (approxi-
mately 1.7 miles) to the northern end of the lake (marker No. 187).
In this area Iso Palossari Liistrov Iso Palosar17 is on the Soviet
side.
From marker No. 187 the boundary continues along the Pasvikelv
in a north-northwesterly direction toward Harefossen, then along
the middle of the falls to marker No. 189. The Soviet post stands on
the right bank of the falls, on a mountain ridge to the north, 50
meters (164 feet) west of a narrow-gauge railroad. From marker No.
189 the boundary follows the middle of the river rapids (below
Harefossen) along a northwesterly course to marker No. 190, then
turns in a northeasterly direction to marker No. 191. The Soviet
post stands on a wooded gravel hill on the right riverbank, 30
meters (98.42 feet) west of the Skoltefossen-Ahmalahti road.
From this point the boundary trends generally northward, first along
the middle of the rapids in the Pasvikelv, then along Fossevatn, past
two islands on the Soviet side and one on the Norwegian side, to
Boddiholmen (marker No. 192). The boundary then extends along the
middle of the lake in a general north-northwesterly direction to ?
marker No. 196 at Skoltefossen, where it leaves the Pasvikelv
(a breakpoint)-.
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In the Pasvikelv, the boundary follows the deep channel and,
for the most part, it also follows the middle of the lakes. Except
for Skolteholmen fistrov Chevessuol2 and Nivasaari fistrov Niva-
saari7, the islands in the river and lakes are allocated to the
country on whose side of the channel they lie. Only a few islands
or sandbanks are crossed by the boundary, the only one of signifi-
cant size being Store Grenseholmen LOstrov Sture Grense-kholmen7,
on which markers Nos. 169-171 are located.
After leaving the Pasvikelv, the boundary proceeds in a straight
line to the west for about 1.8 kilometers (about 1.1 miles) to marker
No. 208 (a breakpoint). In this sector the boundary traverses a
barren mountain, crosses a path, a marsh, a winter road, and Lake
Georgsvatn (Jokonjgrvi). From marker No. 208 the boundary turns in
a north-northwesterly direction, first down the barren slope of
Georgvasstoppen, and then over rolling terrain west of Eski3jgrvi
to marker No. 209. The boundary continues in the same direction over
a barren, rounded mountain to marker No. 211, situated on top of
Grensefjell (a breakpoint), where it turns in an east-northeasterly
direction to marker No. 212, located on a barren mountain on the
northwestern slope of Karhunpgg. From here the boundary follows
an east-northeasterly course to marker No. 216, which stands at
the west side of the Kirkenes-Kolttakengyas (Boris Gleb) road,
then crosses the Pasvikelv to marker No. 219 on the right bank of
the river. This sector of the boundary encircles the town of
Kolttakengyas and leaves an area of more than 1.5 square miles on
the west bank of the Pasvikelv under Soviet control. The Soviet
Union also has complete control of the river for approximately 2
miles.
From marker No. 219 the boundary continues in,a straight line
in an east-northeasterly direction across increasingly rough ter-
rain to marker No. 222 on Russefjell Mountain (a breakpoint), where
It turns to the southeast. The boundary extends in that direction
for about 1 kilometer (0.62 mile) to marker No. 226, located on the
western shore of the northwestern inlet of Lake Pikevatn (Neitijgrvi).
From there it crosses the lake to marker No. 230, situated on the
west side of the Storskog-Ahmalahti road, then continues in a
southeasterly direction up a barren mountain slope to marker No. 233,
a cairn erected at an earlier date and restored in 1947, on the top
of Vardehaug (hill). From marker No. 233 the boundary turns slightly
to the south-southeast and continues down the mountain slope in dense
forest and marshland to marker No. 236, which stands on the western
shore of Langvatn. The boundary maintains the same course for
approximately 3.6 kilometers (about 2.2 miles) to marker No. 248.
In this sector, marker No. 240 is located on the top of Storslgttfjell
and No. 245 is on the northwestern slope of Vardefjell. The boundary
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continues to follow a southeasterly course across rising terrain to
marker No. 249, located on a small mountain knoll 140 meters (459.31
feet) southeast of the southernmost end of Fiskevatn, then down
a steep mountain slope and across a brook between Hamborgvatn and
JoosepinjErvet to marker No. 251. Maintaining a southeasterly
direction, the boundary extends along a border lane, across a de-
pression with a little brook, then up a very steep slope HUghaugen
(markers Nos. 252 and 253), from which point it continues over
slightly rising terrain, a barren mountain, and a marsh with sparse
plant growth to marker No. 254.
The boundary continues from marker No. 254 in the same direction
over rising terrain for approximately 2.6 kilometers (about 1.6
miles) to marker No. 264. In this area the border crosses Serdivatn
(Siertijdrvi) and the slopes of Siertitunturi and Aborvassfjell.
From here the boundary passes in a southeasterly direction to
Grensevatn (Rajajdrvi), marker No. 268, crosses the lake, and
continues to marker No. 274, which stands on the northeastern slope
of Pieni Vohtastunturi. The boundary continues a southeasterly
course to marker No. 278, then turns in a slightly more southerly
direction to marker No. 279 just southwest of Hundvatn. Boundary
marker No. 278 (a bairn erected in 1925 and restored in 1947) is
located on the southwestern slope of Hundvasshaugan. In this entire
sector -- from marker No. 219 to No. 279 -- the border crosses fairly
rugged land, barren mountains, moors, marshes, and numerous small
lakes and ponds. From marker No. 279 (a breakpoint), the boundary
extends in an easterly direction to marker No. 285, situated 245
meters (803.8 feet) northeast of the eastern end of Kuasjdrvi. -
From marker No. 285 the boundary turns slightly, taking an east-
southeasterly direction to marker No. 290, located on a wooded
moraine ridge east of a small depression, 20 meters (65.61 feet) north
from Tardenmyran. From here the boundary continues in the same di-
rection along rocky, open terrain to marker No. 293, situated 400
meters (1,312 feet) north of the summit of Lasertunturi, at which
point it turns in a slightly more southerly direction, but continues
generally east-southeast for about 3.3 kilometers (approximately 2
miles) to marker No. 302, where it joins the Jakobselv. As in the
Pasvikelv, the boundary follows the deep channel and, in general,
the middle of the lakes through which it passes. Islands are allo-
cated to the country on whose side of the channel they lie.
The boundary continues from marker No. 302 in a general east-
southeasterly direction to the point of directional change in the
Jakobselv where it meets the river's channel. From this point the
boundary runs along the channel, first turning north and then veering
sharply toward the east to marker No. 304. It then follows the river
in a general east-southeasterly direction, past an isle on the
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Norwegian side, to boundary marker No. 308. From here the boundary
swings along the channel in an arc to marker No. 309. At a rock
isle on the Soviet side the boundary extends in a southeasterly
direction to marker No. 310. The boundary winds along with the
channel, in general in a southeasterly direction, to a point where
the river widens, flowing around a small wooded isle, to marker No.
313 (on the Soviet side). At that marker the boundary turns to the
northeast/ past two isles on the Norwegian side and one on the Soviet
side, to marker No. 314, then extends in the same general direction
for about 2.3 kilometers (approximately 1.4 miles) to marker No. 322.
Norwegian post No. 322 stands on the steep left riverbank, 50 meters
(164 feet) northeast of the mouth of a brook and 20.5 meters (67.25
feet) from the border. The Soviet post stands near the right bank,
on marshland skirted by a river bend (where a brook flows out of
the marsh), 15.8 meters (51.83 Teet) from the border. The boundary
continues from marker No. 322 along the channel in an east-south-
easterly direction to marker No. 323, then turns in a north-north-
easterly direction, past an isle on the Soviet side, toward Jakob-
selvvatn (Vuoremijgrvi) to marker No. 325.
From marker No. 325 the boundary goes along the lake in a
general northeasterly direction to its outlet (marker No. 330).
The boundary then continues along the channel of the Jakobselv in a
northeasterly direction along the rocky riverbed, with an isle on the
Soviet side, and then on toward the north between seven islets (four
on the Norwegian side and three on the USSR side) to marker No. 331.
Maintaining the same general northeasterly direction, the boundary
extends for about half a kilometer to marker No. 334, situated on
the Pechenga-Tgrnet road. The Norwegian post stands on the left
riverbank on the west side of the road from Tgrnet, near a partially
destroyed bridge. The Soviet post stands on the right bank, also
west of the road to Pechenga and near the same bridge. From marker
No. 334 the boundary follows a north-northeasterly then northeasterly
course to marker No. 336, at which point it turns northward to
Langvatn (marker No. 337). The boundsry follows the lake in a
northerly direction to marker No. 338. The Soviet post stands on the
eastern shore of the lake, on the wooded slope of a hill, 70 meters
(229.66 feet) south of the outlet of the Sulajoki and 84.5 meters
(277.23 feet) from the border. The boundary continues northward
along the lake to marker No. 339, from which it swings to the north-
east and then north again to marker No. 340. The Norwegian post
stands on the western shore of the lake, 260 meters (853 feet)
northeast of the mouth of the Korpelva, and 49.5 meters (162.4 feet)
from the border. From here the boundary proceeds northward along
the lake to its outlet into the Jakobselv and then northwest along
the channel to marker No. 341, whence it follows the winding channel
northward to marker No. 342, situated on an islet on the Soviet side.
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The boundary continues from marker No. 342, at first along the
channel in the Jakobselv and then out into Lake Rundvath, before
extending toward the north and northeast along the lake and again
along the channel of the river to marker No. 343. From here the
boundary continues northward to marker No. 346, where the Norwegian
post stands on the left riverbank on the northern'point of a wooded
promontory. The Soviet post is located on the right bank, at the
northern end of a marsh strip Where the river flows into Lake
Trollvatn. From marker No. 346 the boundary goes in a northwesterly
direction along the lake, then follows the channel in the Jakobselv
to marker No. 348, at which point it turns in'a northeasterly .
direction to No. 349, leaving an isle on the Norwegian side and
three on the Soviet side, From marker No. 349 the boundary extends
in the same direction, past two Norwegian isles and one Soviet isle,
to marker No. 350. It follows a northerly course along Lake Kjosen,
then turns in a northeasterly direction to marker No. 352. From here
the boundary extends toward the northeast along some rapids and then
in a general northerly direction to marker No. 353, at which point
it follows the bends of the channel for approximately 2.7 kilometers
(about 1.7 miles) to marker No, 358. In this sector the boundary
passes numerous isles along Rundholen, a wide -section of the river.
From marker No. 358 the boundary follows a general northwesterly'
course past a number of islets to marker No. 362; the Sandvasselv
enters the Jakobselv on the Norwegianeide of the border between
markers Nos. 360 and 361. The boundary then continues in a north-
northwesterly .direction to marker No. 364, with several wooded islands
on both sides of the border. The Norwegian post stands on the left
riverbank, 66 meters (216.53 feet) north of a hut (Elveheim), and the
Soviet post stands on the lower right bank, at the northern tip of
two small rock islands. From marker No. 364 the boundary continues
along the channel, swinging to the west and then the north in a sharp
curve, to marker No. 365, whence it continues along the channel in a
north-northwesterly direction, past three isles on the Soviet side
and two on the Norwegian side, to marker No. 366. The boundary then
turns in a northeasterly direction to marker No. 367, where it
makes a double bend toward the southeast, the northwest, and back to
the east-southeast to marker No. 368. It then swings alongthe
channel in another horseshoe curve around Langletneset, passes two
isles on the Norwegian side, and turns to the north-northeast to
marker No. 369. From there the boundary travels in a general norther-
ly direction (first northeast, then northwest) to marker No. 372,
from which point it swings along the channel in three sharp turns,
chiefly west-northwest,-leaving five isles on the Soviet side, to
marker No. 373.
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The boundary continues to marker No. 374 along the channel in
a northwesterly direction, turning west-northwest and passing two
islets on the Soviet side, to marker No. 375, where it turns in a
north-northeasterly direction to marker No. 376. Passing along
the channel of the river, which bends around two promontories --
Storsteinneset on the Norwegian side and an unnamed peninsula on
the Soviet side -- the boundary extends in a generally northwest
direction to marker No. 378, then winds toward the northwest, west,
and north over some rapids to marker No. 379. Continuing in a
general northwesterly direction to marker No. 382, the boundary
turns toward the northeast past a small brush-covered isle on the
Soviet side to marker No. 383. The Norwegian post stands on the low,
rocky left riverbank, 120 meters 393.7 feet) south-southeast of
the Bjornstad Farm and 33 meters 108.26 feet) from the border.
Curving along a bend in the channel toward the east and southeast
past the mouth of the Tverrelva River to marker No. 384, the bound-
ary extends in a general northerly direction (first east and then
west) to marker No. 386. In this sector the Norwegian post stands
on the left bank, on a large crag 4 meters (13.12 feet) west of a
road running between Lillesanden and BjOrnstad. The boundary turns
from marker No. 386, first in a northeasterly direction, then bend-
ing sharply toward the east and then the northwest, to marker No.
387, located on a low, wooded promontory on the Norwegian side, 170
meters (557.74 feet) northeast of the Heimdal Farm and 36 meters
(118.11 feet) from the border. The Soviet post stands on the right
riverbank, at the edge of a steep wooded slope 16.5 meters (54.13
feet) from the border.
Continuing to wind along with the channel in a general north-
northwesterly direction, the boundary extends approximately 3.5
kilometers (about 2.2 miles) to marker No. 394. In this area,
Norwegian marker No. 391 is situated 52 meters (170.6 feet) north-
east of a school at Eggemoen, and marker No. 394 is located 140
meters (459.31 feet) from the Heggdalsmo Farm. The Soviet post
stands on the right riverbank, on a low, rocky sandbar 13 meters
(42.65 feet) from the foot of the northwestern slope of Pikkutunturi
Mountain. The boundary then twists and turns in sweeping curves along
the channel, chiefly to the northwest, to marker No. 400, then turns
in a general westerly direction to marker No. 401. In this sector
Norwegian post No. 396 stands on the left bank of the Jakobselv,
on a steep mountain slope descending from Ovreflag, 5 meters (16.4
feet) west of the Lillesanden-Bjornstad road, and post No. 399 is
located on a steep dip descending from Nedreflag, 7 meters (22.96
feet) east of that road. From marker No. 401 the boundary follows
a general northwesterly course to marker No. 404, then turns toward
the north to marker No. 405. The Norwegian post stands on the left
riverbank on the northeast corner of Finngammneset Point, 286.3 meters
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(939.3 feet) from the border. From marker No. 405 the boundary
goes along the deep channel toward the north-northwest, past a
large sandbank that divides at Storbekken, to marker No. 407. From
here the boundary extends in the same direction for less than a
kilometer to marker No. 411, with the Norwegian post on the left
bank at the northeast end of Storsanden, and the Soviet post near
the top of a crag on the right bank, 9.6 meters (31.5 feet) northwest
of a cairn that was erected in 1826 and bears the old number 363.
At low tide, numerous sandbanks are exposed in the wide section
of the Jakobselv south of its mouth. The boundary in this area
follows tha channel of the river at low tide, which places it close
to the Soviet side of the estuary (see map 12104). The boundary
continues near the Soviet bank through the narrows to marker No. 412,
the last marker at the mouth of the river. Between markers Nos.
412 and 415 the boundary is marked by a series of sight lines from
boundary markers and by special sight markers. From marker No. 412
the boundary goes north-northwest in a straight line for 47.8 meters
(156.8 feet), north for 214 meters (702 feet), and again north-
northwest for 429 meters (1,407 feet) to the final marker, No. 415.
C. Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security
The land boundary between Norway and the USSR is marked by pairs
of wooden posts or by single stone cairns (Figures 5 and 6). Each
marker is visible from the next, and in no case are the markers more
than 1 kilometer apart. Double markers on land are placed at a
distance of 2 meters (6.56 feet) on either side of the line, and the
line itself is indicated by a small wooden post or by the center of
a 25-centimeter (9.84-inch) circle carved in rock. A cleared strip ,
along the entire land boundary measures 8 meters (26.24 feet) in
width, which, in the case of the double markers, includes the 4 meters
(13.12 feet) between the posts and 2 meters (6.56 feet) behind each
post. Markers Nos. 11, 208, 211, 222, and 279, at the main break-
points (changes of direction) in the boundary (see map 11738),
are old stone cairns, which were restored in 1947.
Where the boundary follows the Pasvikelv and the Jakobselv, it
is marked by double posts, one on either side of the river or lake,
or one on a bank (Figure 7) and one on an island. North of the
mouth of the Jakobselv is the northernmost marker of the 1947 bound-
ary, marker No. 415. -This is a buoy stake anchored at a depth of
17 meters (55.77 feet).
Most of the boundary posts are 2 meters (6.56 feet) high and
22 centimeters (8.66 inches) square. The Norwegian posts are
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painted yellow with black tips, and the Soviet posts are painted in
alternating red and green stripes with red tips.
A very detailed agreement dealing with border activities and
providing means for the settlement of conflicts and incidents was
signed on 29 December 1949. The agreement. went into effect on
30 October 1950, after exchange of instruments of ratification in
Moscow. 11/
The agreement provides regulations for the following: (1) the
inspection and maintenance of markers and a cleared strip (vista)
along the boundary; (2) the use of boundary, streams and lakes, in-
cluding shipping, log floating, and fishing; (3) land use along
the land boundary, including hunting, agriculture, and mining; (4)
the avoidance of incidents; and (5) the solution of disputeb.and the
enforcement of the provisions of the agreement. Article I states
specifically that the boundary extends under the ground and into the
air. Points 2 and 3 are of particular interest, since their effec-
tiveness in guaranteeing to residents of the border areas the right to
pursue their means of livelihood will determine whether the course
of the boundary will be subject to dispute in the future.
The provisions for the movement of, vessels and for fishing apply
to both the Pasvikelv and jakobselv, but the regulations on timber
floating apply only to the Pasvikelv, probably because the Jakobselv
area is almost barren. Vessels may use the main channel, even if
they must cross the line to do so, in the narrow sections of the
Pasvikelv between markers Nos. 9 and 10 and at marker No. 196 and
along the entire Jakobsely boundary. This permits Soviet travel
through the part of the Pasvikelv that lies wholly within Norway.
Limitations at marker No. 196, on the other hand, prohibit Norwegian
transport through the Soviet KOlttakengyas area, thus preventing
Norwegian use of the river as a.route to and from the sea. Above
this area, the river would not be a.main waterway even if it were
open, since only shallow Lapp boats can navigate above the Soviet-
held portion and portages are necessary at the falls and rapids.
In the larger lakes the only vessels allowed to cross the boundary
are those used in log floating, which may do so under certain
conditions.
Fishing is allowed up to the boundary, but fishing zones are
not defined by marker numbers. Presumably fishing by nationals
of the USSR is not permitted in the part of the Pasvikelv between
boundary markers Nos. 9 and 11, which belongs to Norway, or by
Norwegians in the Kolttakengyas region, which belongs to the USSR.
Both travel along and fishing in the rivers at night are prohibited
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except on the larger lakes, where vessels must stay at least 200
meters (656.2 'Peet) from the line and be adequately lighted. All
vessels must be marked clearly, and landing on the bank of the other
country is allowed only in case of distress.
Limitations on the floating of timber are not so strict. Nor-
mally, logs may be floated freely through the two sectors of the -
Pasvikelv that lie entirely on either the Norwegian or Soviet side
of the line. This is a distinct advantage to the Norwegians, since
it gives them access to the mouth of the Pasvikelv, which lies in
their territory. Soviet regulation has disturbed the water level in
some areas to such a degree, however, that log floating by Norwegians
has been restricted. Until special agreements have been reached on
control of the water level of the Pasvikelv, the Norwegians will
probably avoid the risk of having timber lie dry in the riverbed.
The boundary administrators are to decide by 1 April of each year
when timber may be floated in the area. Foremen and crews are
'allowed to cross the river and work on the opposite bank by daylight
to set up installations essential to the floating activities. At
least 5 days' notice of such a boundary crossing must be given to
authorities of the other country, and the workers must have special
certificates from their boundary commissioner. Timber floated down
the river is not subject to customs or other duties.
Agriculture, lumbering, and mining are to be carried on without
violating or damaging territory or property of the other country or
crossing the boundary for any reason. Wild animals and birds are not
to be shot or pursued across the boundary. The other party must be
notified of dangerous forest fires across the boundary, or of
trees that have fallen across the line, which will then be cut and
returned. Mineral deposits may not be explored or exploited in a
manner that might cause damage on the other side of the boundary.
(Figure 8.) These activities are prohibited within a 20-meter
(65.6-foot) strip along the boundary unless the two parties agree to
an exception and make adequate provisions to "insure the preservation
of the boundary line."
Conflicts and incidents resulting from nonconformance with the
regulations or from such issues as injury of persons living on the
other side of the boundary, unapproved crossings and communications,
animals straying across the boundary, photographing of parts of the
other country, and damaging of markers are to be handled by the
boundary commissioners. Serious issues may be negotiated through
diplomatic channels, but provision is Made for returning such issues
to local authorities for discussion. (Figure 9.)
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The 1949 regime agreement provided for the concluding of
special agreements regarding the construction of any installations
on the boundary rivers that might affect the flow or level of water.
Before the regime agreement was drawn up, some Norwegian farmland
in the valley had been flooded during the summer and suffered from
drought in the fall because the USSR had dammed the river and regu-
lated the water level, probably in connection with the Yaniskoski
powerplant upstream beyond the southern end of the Finnish-USSR
boundary. The problem of waterflow seems likely to become increasing-
ly significant since the Yaniskoski dam has been completed. Another
dam is under construction at the Rajakoski (Ragjeguoikka) (falls)
and possibly still another on the Pasvikelv near Kolttakengyas.
The great number of boundary restrictions necessitates a system
of almost constant patrol, particularly in the settled Pasvikelv
Valley. The Norwegians, as a result of the December 1949 agreement,
planned to expand their frontier police force and, in response to
Soviet protests against Norwegian boundary crossings, to have a
permanent police force in the frontier areas where settlement
is comparatively dense. According to recent press reports, the
Norwegian Government, in connection with the next national budget,
will recommend that the present border patrol be almost doubled in
strength. If the reported proposals are put into effect, a force of
approximately 50 men will patrol the 122-mile-long Norwegian-Soviet
frontier. The recommendations will also include the construction of
houses and watchtowers to facilitate the work of the border guards.
The USSR has placed wooden watchtowers at points along the
Pasvikelv portion of the boundary averaging one-half kilometer
(1,640 feet) apart and about 200 yards behind the line. 12/ Although
the border is watched closely by Soviet guards, it is apparently
possible to cross undetected during the summer. The Soviets can
"organize a very effective pursuit" if an illegal crossing is sus-
pected, 13/ but the Soviet side of the border does not appear to be
as heavily guarded here as farther south.
D. Maps of the Boundary
The exact location of the present Norway-USSR boundary is shown
best on the official 1947 demarcation map at 1:25,000 (1 in list
of citations at end of this section). Ranking second is the Norwegian
topographic map series at 1:100,000, which shows the Norwegian version
of the line. No large-scale Soviet maps produced since the USSR
acquired Pechenga are available. Two sheets of a 1941 Soviet map at
1:500,000 (2) show the boundary, but this is neither an official
presentation of the line (the Pechenga area was still a part of
Finland) nor of much value in tracing the actual detailed course of
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the boundary, since the scale is too small. Consequently the pres-
ent.Soviet area is covered only by some very old Finnish map series.
Maps at scales smaller than 1:100,000 do not show adequately
such detailed features as islands and sandbanks in the boundary ?
rivers, which have been the main subjects of dispute Sheet No.
35, pechenga, of the AMS 1:250,000 series (3) shows the bound-
ary line at that scale as "approximate." For the jakobselv area even
the scale of 1:100,000 is much too small, and sufficient detail is
given only on the 1947 demarcation map (1) and the Finnish 1:20,000
maps (4). Usefulness of the Finnish maps is limited because of the
early date -(1928-33) of the surveys on which they are based;
changes in the thalweg and islands of the rivers since the surveys
were made have altered the position of the boundary considerably.
Furthermore, the map does not show the boundary symbol in the
estuary of the Jakobselv and the waters to the north, and the
available sheets cover the boundary only as far south as approximately
69!20'N.
Finnish coverage of the boundary area at scales of 1:100,000 and
1:200,000 is spotty, the former covering approximately the same area
as the 1:20,000 series and the latter covering only the southernmost
part of the boundary. Although the scale is too small to show bound-
ary detail, Finnish map coverage of the-boundary is provided by the
1:400,000 general map of Finland (5). The most recent date of this
series is 1946, but a supplementary sheet has been issued that shows
later boundary revision, including the delineation of the new Finnish-
Soviet boundary in the Yaniskoski-Niskakoski area.
German maps and the British.GSGS maps of the border area are
based on the Norwegian and Finnish series, with the boundary line
apparently taken from the Norwegian 1:100,000 series.
The boundary demarcation map (1) is more useful than the
descriptive protocol because it shows the exact position of the
line; the protocol merely supplements the information shown on the
map. The demarcation map locates the boundary line and its 415
markers and carries topographic detail for strips 0.5 kilometer
(1,640 feet) wide on both sides of the line, including the areas
along the banks and shores of boundary rivers and of all but the
largest boundary lakes.. The markers are located on the Map with
an error of not more than 0.2 millimeter, and topographic detail
within the boundary strip is plotted with almost equal precision.
1. Karta gosudarstevennoy grantisy mezhdu Soyuzem Sovet-
skikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik i Norvesiey (Map of the State
Boundary Between the USSR and Norway); 1:25,000.; Smeshannaya Soyuza
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SSR i Norvegii Kanissiya po demarkatsii gosudarstvennoy granitsi
mezhdu SSR i Norvegiey (Mixed USSR and Norwegian Commission for the
Demarcation of the State Boundary between the USSR and Norway); 18'
ozalid sheets, each in both Norwegian and Russian, 1947; CIA Map
Library Call No. 74710.
2. 2-G-enera1 Staff of the Red Army Topographic Mag;
1:500,000; General Staff of the Red Army; Sheets Ozero Inari and
Murmansk, 1941; Army Map Service Library Call No. N-3-30-57049-500,
Sheets Nos. R-36-C and D and R-35-C and D.
3. Finland-Scandinavia 1:250,0001 Army Map Service Series
M515; 1953; AMS Library Call No. IM 3-30-90,000-250.
4. Topografinen Kartta (Topographic Map); 1:20,000,
ffinnish7 Maanmittaushallitus (General Survey Office); Sheets
Vuoremi, Pasaritunturi, Kivitunturi, Vuoremijgrvi, Maajgrvi,
Kuvernobrinkoskik Vohtasjgrvil,JaniskoskiKolttaaingas, Valasjgrvil
Salmi'grvi, Menikka, and Pitkajgrvi, 1941'reprints; AMS Library
Call No.. 21M-23-30-37509-20. (These sheets may be consolidated with
the new Finnish series, Peruskartta, Which has replaced the Topogra-
finen Kartta.)
5. Suomen Yleiskattta (General Map of Finland); 1:400,000;
ginn4.117 Maanmittaushallitus;'Sheet A 14, 1946;-AMB Library Call No.
21M 3-29-37505-400.
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Figure 1. Pasvikelv River, separating Norway,
on the right, from Soviet territory (formerly
a part of Finland), on the left.
Figure 2. Another part of the Norwegian-Soviet
boundary, taken from a frontier post.
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iigure 3. Terrain along Norway-USSR boundary; Soviet Union on far side of river (1948).
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Figure 4. View across the Pasvikelv from the Norwegian
guard post at Skogfoss; Soviet observation tower on the
summit opposite (19)-i7).
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1.
Figure
Marker posts along the land boundary.
_Figure 6. View of boundary cairn.
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4
Figure 4. View across the Pasvikelv from the Norwegian
guard post at Skogfoss; Soviet Observation tower on the
summit opposite (1947).
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Figure 5. Marker posts along the land boundary.
_Figure 6. View of boundary cairn.
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Figure 7. Norwegian boundary marker No. 120, Skogfoss (1947).
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Figure 8. Air view into
the Soviet Union from
the Norwegian side of
the border. The smoke-
stack probably identi-
fies the nickel proc-
cessing plant at Nikeli,
USSR.
Figure 9. Border-crossing point at Storskog; the Norwegian
and Soviet commandants hoist their respective national flags
on the tall poles when they wish to confer (19)-i7).
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Figure 7. Norwegian boundary marker No. 120, Skogfost (1947).
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Figure 8. Air view into
the Soviet Union from
the Norwegian side of
the border. The smoke-
stack probably identi-
fies the nickel proc-
cessing plant at Nikel'I
USSR.
Figure 9. Border-crossing point at Storskog; the Norwegian
and Soviet commandants hoist their respective national flags
on the tall poles when they wish to confer (1947).
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CONFIDENTIAL
29?00,
29?40,
30'20'
31?00'
31?40,
164'50
25X1
VAI?ANGER
POLUOSTROV
RYBACNIY
MYS ZEMLYANOY
"40----
BASE: Nordeuropa 1300,000 Sheet V70/W68
(German) Generalstab des Heeres, 1944,
SOURCES:
1. Topografisk kart over kongeriget Norge
1:100,000 Norges geografiske oprn5ing,
1939-50.
2. Norwegen 1:100,000 (German) General-
stab des Heeres, 1940-42.
3. Russland 1:100,000 (German) General-
stab des Heeres, 1942-43.
4. Suomen YIeiskartta 1:400,000
(Finnish) Maanmittaushalkus, 1946.
5. Map of the State Boundary between
the USSR and Norway 1:25,000
(Mixed USSR and Norwegian Commisslon
for the demarcation of the state bound-
ary between the USSR and Norway),
1941,
Storskog
HU JVVAN KO HS 1H
Pee enga
Nyheim
Scevi
UTNES
SVANV A V
BlOrknes
I
le/ ...5 - ---,
1 '7-7--
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HREB Er PA/'S:4310. ' 'H.-1'W
,----- -'''
Luo d ri
59'
20'
31'40'
LA VA NN
Pitkeya
OSTROV
SSUOLO
69'
00'
DCY
Yaniskoski
Mani e
11738 CIA, 4- 52
2900'
29?40'
31200'
U.S.S.R.-NORWAY FRONTIER AREA
955
Primary route
Other route
Track
Winter track
State route number
5
SCALE 1:400,000
10
82
Railroad
International boundary, 1952
Boundary marker
Falls or rapids
Contour interval is /00 meters
15
0
NOTE: The geographic and the military coordinate grids on
this map were taken from the German base cited above.
Miles
10
Kdometers
15
20
2
30'20,
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59'
40'
5X1
1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/18: CIA-RDPO8C01297R000500010011-6
Norway ?USSR Boundary in the Mouth of the Jakobselv
30?48'
69"
64116
30?50' I 30?
SOURCE:
Map of the State Boundary between the
and Norway 1:25,000; Boundary demarcation
No. 18; 1947
52'
USSR
sheet
69'
48'
+
to Liller.randenU.
BARENTS
415
(buoyA
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4/ORY
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69?
46'
Scale 1:25,000
cYards ---j?
??:-.--.,,,--.
46'
? , , , 590 1000 MetersMeters
in
to oiorrrstad
10?148' E. of Greenwich I 6? tp
30?
50' I 300 52, 64
i.
12104 CIA, 12-51
International Boundary 1947
Boundary Markers
Sight Markers
Road
A Triangulation Station
? 38 Elevation (in meters)
Sand
--- Track
25X1
25X1
25X1
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II. Finland-USSR Border
A. History of the Boundary
In 1899, Russia, with which Finland had been united since 1809
as a semi-independent Grand Duchy, began a policy of.Russification
with the purpose of restricting the constitutional and civil
liberties of Finland. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, however,
Finland was proclaimed an independent state, and a peace treaty be-
tween the new Finnish Republic and the Soviet Union was signed in
Dorpat (Tartu) on 14 October 1920. By the terms of that treaty, the
USSR recognized Finland "within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of
Finland, as an independent and self-subsistent nation." According
to Article 4 of the treaty, the Petsamo .2Tchenga7 region was to be
ceded to Finland,1.21/ which thus gained an outlet on the Arctic -
Ocean. Article 5 of the treaty stipulated that the Governments of
Finland and the USSR were to appoint a special commission, consisting
of two members from each country, to delimit and demarcate the
frontiers. A general protocol covering the course of the boundary
from the Gulf of Finland to Vaitolahti on the Arctic Ocean was signed
in Moscow on 28 April 1938. It was stated that by this action the
boundary delimitation begun in 1925 and completed on the ground in
1934 had been "definitely established." 1V The Treaty of Dorpat
also provided for the withdrawal of Finnish troops from the communes
of Repola and Porajdrvi and the reincorporation of these communes
into the Soviet Union.
In January 1939 Finland and Sweden signed an agreement for the
joint fortification of the Aland Islands. This proposal aroused
Soviet protests, although other interested nations gave their ap-
proval. By the fall of 1939 (14 October) the Soviet Union, in order
to strengthen the security of Leningrad, presented a specific set of
demands to the Finnish Government. These were (1) the cession of a
number of strategic islands in the Gulf of Finland; (2) the relin-
quishing of territory in the southeast (the Karelian Isthmus); (3) the
cession of some land in the extreme north, on the Rybachi ffiybachig
Peninsula; (4) the demilitarization of the Soviet-Finnish frontier;
and (5) a 30-year lease on the port of Hango (Hanko) and adjacent
land, for the establishment of a Soviet naval base. In return, the
USSR offered to give Finland 2,134 square miles of Soviet territory
on the east-central frontier (Karelia).
Finland was prepared to yield to most of the Soviet demands, but
firmly refused, as incompatible with her neutrality, to lease or sell
the port of Hane. This refusal resulted in the termination of nego-
tiations. At the end of November the Soviet Union launched the
"Winter War" of 1939-40 by invading Finland's eastern frontiers.
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After 105 days of fighting, superiority in manpower and materials
enabled the USSR to defeat the Finns, who signed a treaty of peace
in Moscow on 12 March 1940.
The terms of the treaty were far more exacting than the original
demands of the Soviet Union. Finland was forced to cede about 10
percent of its territory, including (1) the entire Karelian Isthmus,
including Viipuri gybor0 and the islands in the bay; (2) territory'
to the north and west of Lake Ladoga; (3)' a number of islands in the
Gulf of Finland; (4) a sizable triangle of land to the northeast,
in the Salla region; and (5) Part of the Rybachi Peninsula. 16/
At the same time the Soviet Union obtained a 30-year lease qn HangS
Peninsula (and some adjacent land and water) for conversion into a
Soviet naval base. Article 5 of the Treaty of Moscowl confirmed the
transfer of the Petsamo District to Finland (Treaty of Dorpat, 1920)
and provided for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the area to
permit free transit of persons, goods, and air traffic. The treaty
also provided for the creation of a Mixed Boundary Commission for
the purpose of establishing a more detailed delineation of the
boundary line. The protocol delimiting the new frontier between
Finland and the USSR was signed by the representatives of the two
nations on 29 April 1940. 21/
When the Germans invaded the USSR on 22 June 1941, they were
joined by the Finns. This military venture turned out disastrously
for Finland. Hostilities ended on 4 September 1944, and on 19
September an armistice was signed in Moscow between Finland on one
hand and the USSR and the United Kingdom on the other (the latter
acting on behalf of the Allied Powers at war with Germany and Finland).
Under the terns of the armistice, the Soviet-Finnish borders of 1940
were restored and Finland agreed to return tfie-Pa-Midt-area-trr-the-
qfp, According to th-e wording of the armistice, tfiTE-EFFFrEUry-had.
been "voluntarily ceded to Finland by the Soviet State in accordance
with the Peace Treaties of 14 October 1920 and 12 March 1940." 18/
The relinquishment of Petsamn was later confirmed by the Treaty of
Peace of 10 February 1947, 22/* which, after ratification, went into
effect on 18 September 1947. In addition, Finland granted the USSR
a 50-year lease on the Porkkala Peninsula as a naval base. In the
1947 Treaty of Peace the Soviet Union confirmed the renunciation of
its right to the lease of the Peninsula of Hangs.
*The Treaty of Peace was signed by Finland and all the Allied
and Associated Powers except the United States, which had not de-
clared war onTinland.
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The new boundary between Finland and the USSR was surveyed and
marked by a Mixed Soviet-Finnish Commission in the summer of 1945 (see
accompanying map 12927). The demarcation documents were signed on
26 October 1945 and confirmed by an exchange of notes ?On 19 February
1946. The terminus of the new boundary was. the cairn on Ktokfjell
Mountain, which became the trijunction of the frontiers of Norway,
Finland, and the Soviet Union.
Under the terms of the German Assets Agreement of 3 February
1947 between Finland and the USSR (ratified 18 April 1947),,the
Yanis koski....4.rea in northern Finlandwas ceded
S5agt_pnion. The Finns agreed, as part of triEripaa'-el-AAL-ci176--
reeonstruct the dams and hydroelectric station at Yaniskoski which
served as the main source of power for the Petsamo nickel mines.
As a result of this cession of territory, a new demarcation of the
northernmost boundary (just south of Ktokfjell) was undertaken in
the summer of 1947, and ,a new boundary protocol was signed on
7 December 1947. 22/
On 19 June 1948 a Finnish-Soviet agreement for the settlement of
border disputes and incidents was signed at Moscow. The protocol
applied not only to the frontier between Finland and the USSR but
also to the border between Finland and Porkkala-Udd. The document
was concerned mainly with border markings, boundary-crossing pro-
cedure, and customs formalities affecting hunting, forestry, and
mining. 21, 22/ Six months later, on 9 December 1948, another agree-
ment between the Governments of Finland and the USSR was signed
concerning measures necessary to maintain a proper regime on the
border between the two countries. On 22 April 1949 an "in,force"
order implemented this agreement.
B. Linear Description
The border between Finland and the USSR starts in the south on
the east side of Virolahtl Bay off the Gulf of Finland and runs in
*This boundary description covers areas of different widths for
different sectors of the boundary; for the 1940 boundary, the area
is approximately 1 kilometer (about 0.6 mile) wide; for the old-
domain (pre-1940) boundary, it is approximately 0.5 kilometer (0.3
mile) wide. Along the 1940 boundary, the markers are numbered, from
south to north, with a Roman numeral indicating the sector and an
Arabic numeral the marker -- for example, No. I/1; for markers-along
the old-domain boundary, an Arabic numeral is used alone, as No. 857;
and for those along the 1947 Yaniskoski-Niskakoski boundary, the
designation includes a letter, as A/44.
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a northeasterly direction, bisecting Karelia, to Lake Virmajdrvi in
Ilomantsi, the easternmost point in Finland.* From the lake the bor-
der follows an irregular course, generally south-north in direction,
seldom paralleling a divide or water course, to the Patsjoki (Paats-
joki) River. At the Patsjoki it turns eastward for about 20
kilometers (approximately 12 miles) and ends at Krokfjell Mountain,
the tri-state junction point. The length of the border is about 1,269
kilometers (approximately 788 miles), of which all but some 200 kilo-
meters (124 miles) is over land.
F9r purposes of this study the Finnish-Soviet boundary has been
divided into the following eight sectors:
1. The Southeast sector, from the shore of the Gulf of Finland
(Rautalanlahti Bay), boundary marker No. I/1, to Lake Immalanjgrvi,
boundary marker No. I (the 1940 border), a distance of 108.8
kilometers (67.6 miles), of which 11.3 kilometers (approximately 7
miles) are over water (lake and river) and 97.5 kilometers (about
61 miles) over land.
2. From Lake Immalangrvi, marker No. II/1, to Lake Kangasjgrvi,
marker No. III/11 a length of 116.8 kilometers (about 72.5 miles),
of which 39.2 kilometers (about 24 miles) are over water (lake and
river) and 77.6 kilometers (about 48 miles) are over land.
3. From Lake Kangasjgrvi, marker No. III/1, to Lake Virmagrvi,
marker No. 111/277/577 (No. 577), a length of 139 kilometers (about
86 miles), of which 34.4 kilometers (about 21 miles) are over water
(lake and river) and 104.6 kilometers (about 65 miles) are over land.
4. From marker No. 577 to marker No. 775 on the old state bound-
ary between the USSR and Finland (the central sector of the pre-1940
border), a length of approximately 468 kilometers (about 291 miles),
5. From marker No. 775 (IV/1) to the Kuolajgrvi-Kelloselka road
the Salla sector), marker No. V/1, a distance of 149.4 kilometers
about 93 miles), of which 20.2 kilometers (12.5 miles) are over
water (lake and river) and 129.2 kilometers (about 80 miles) over
land. .
*In Finnish, "lahti" means bay; "jgrvi," lake; "vaara," mountain
or hill.; and ,"joki," river. In the translation of the protocols, as
in this report, the English term is in many cases added to the name.
Place names in the Finnish section follow the spellings on the two
1:250,000 AMS series, M515, Finland-Scandinavia 1:250,000, and N501,
Eastern Europe 1:250,000; alternate names are given in parentheses
and Russian forms in brackets.
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6. From the Kuolajdrvi-Kelloselka road (boundary marker No.
V/1) to Mount Puitsitunturi in the Salla commune (boundary marker
No. 857), roughly about 103 kilometers (64 miles).
7. The old-domain boundary (upper sector) from Puitsitunturi
(marker No. 857) to Korvatunturi Mountain (marker No. 859), approx-
imately 73 kilometers (about 45 miles).
8. The northernmost sector from Korvatunturi Mountain to Krok-
fjell Mountain, the trijunction of the frontiers of Finland, Norway,
and the USSR, roughly 155 kilometers (about 96 miles).
Sector No. 1, Gulf of Finland to Lake Immalanjdrvi:
Finm boundary marker No. I/1, situated on the northern shore of
Rautalanlahti Bay (Vyborg; NP 35, 36-14: 54-671);* the boundary
extends in a general northeasterly direction in a straight line to
boundary marker No. I/4, located in a forest or woodland 200 meters
(656 feet) west of Signaalivuori eignalinay2.7 Mountain, leaving
Simola Farmstead (NP 35, 36-14: 5....-671) on the Soviet side. The
boundary turns to an east-northeasterly course and continues in a
straight line to boundary marker No. I/11, located in the middle of
Koskelanjoki River. In this sector the border passes through an area
of sparse mixed woodland, crossing Lake Kiiskijdrvi between markers
Nos. 1/7 and 1/8. It then takes a general northerly course along the
middle of Koskelanjoki River to marker NO. I/14, located on ar island
at the confluence of Oiskelanjoki River and a nameless stream, leaving
the villages of Koskela and Reinikkala ITeynikkala7 (NP 35, 36-14:
54-671) on the USSR side and the village of Kurkela on the Finnish
side. At marker No. 1/14 the boundary turns to the northeast and
runs along the middle of a nameless stream to boundary marker No.
1/17, located 250 meters (820 feet) northeast of a bridge across the
stream on the Reinikkala-Vaalimaa road** (NP 35, 36-14: 54-671).
From here the boundary goes in a northeasterly direction in a straight
*Locational indices in the section on the Finnish border refer
to sheets of ANS Series M515 and N501. For explanation of the key,
see footnote, p. 8. The indices do not apply to ozalid sheets of
these series, however.
**Many of the "roads" referred to in this description are shown
as tracks or trails (paths) on the AMS 1:250,000 series.
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line for about 2.5 kilometers (approximately 1.5 miles) to marker
No. 1/20, located on the.Viipuri-Hamina highway (NP 35, 36-14:
54-671): In this area of sparse coniferous and deciduous? trees
the border intersects two paths (at markers Nos. 1/18 and .I/19)
and passes through some swampland* south of marker No, 1/20.
Continuing in a northeasterly course in a straight line for approxi-
mately 8 kilometers (about 5 miles) to marker No. 1/30, the bound-
ary traverses a mixed woodland area and some brush or shrub land,,
crossing numerous roads or tracks... It crosses the Urpalanjoki
River at marker No. 1/22 and intersects the Ndppi-Murikala
(Muurikkala) country road at marker No. I/27i In this sector the ,
villages of Mgkeld Lgyakelya7 (NP 35, 36-14: 5.2-672), Laisniemi, and
Ndppi are situated on the Soviet side of the border and Laisniemi
Farmstead is on the Finnish side.
From marker No. 1/30 the boundary follows a straight line in a
northeasterITdirection_to marker No. 1/32, a point 520 meters
(1,706 feet) northeast of the eastern shore of Lake Salajgrvi**
on the Finnish side. The village of Salajdrvi fdalayarvi7 (NP 354
36-14: 5.2-672) is on the USSR side. The boundary then turns in a
southeasterly direction to marker No. 1/33, located 135 meters (443
feet) southeast of the point of divergence of the Salajdrvi-Nurmela-
Vgkevgld roads (NP 35, 36-14: 5.2-672). From marker No, 1/33 the
boundary again follows a northeasterly course to marker No. I/35, then
turns in a northwesterly direction to VI Arker No. 1/36 before con-
tinuing in a general northeasterly direction. Maintaining the same
course for approximately 4 kilometers (about 2.5 miles) to marker No.
I/45, Situated on the right shore of Santajoki River (brook), the
boundary traverses an area of Mixed woods and swamps, crossing Lake
Hallilampi between markers Nos. 1/40 and 1/41 and the BRkkijgrvi-Pulsa
highway at marker No. 1/431 as well as a few dirt, field, and forest
roads. From the Santajoki,the boundary continues in a northeasterly
direction along a straight line to marker No. I/49, located 42 meters
(about 138 feet) southeast of the point where a nameless brook flows -
into Lake Luotosenjdrvi on the Finnish side. The border then extends
*The distinction between swamp and marsh areas is difficult to
ascertain in each specific case. The two terms are often used inter-
changeably in this boundary description.
**There are many discrepancies with regard to lakes between the
AMB 1:250,000 series and the Mixed Boundary Commission maps (see
Maps of the Boundary, p. 58).
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along a number of other lakes -- ValkjErvi (southeastern shore),
PukallusjErvi (Pukalusjdrvi) ITzero Pukatus-Yarv1:7 (NP 35, 36-14:
56..671), KirvesjErvi, and Lappjdrvi (LapjErvi) -- to marker No.
1766, located on the northwestern shore of the last-named lake,
leaving Vanhatimperi ffankhatimperi7 Farmstead (NP 35, 36-14:
56-673) on the Soviet side.
After making a turn at marker No. 1/66 the boundary continues
in an east-northeasterly direction across Lake Lasilampi, completing
an inverted V-shaped bend at marker No. 1/72. From here the boundary
makes a V-shaped turn and resumes a northeasterly course to Tervajoki
River (marker No. I/79), intersecting the HUs1E-Hyttild road (track)
at marker No. 1/76. North of this point(marker No. 1/80) the
boundary crosses the HEsUld-Villala road NP 35, 36...14: 56-674). In
this sector the border passes through a predominantly swampy area.
Following the same general course, the boundary crosses the UkkojErvi
River between markers Nos. 1/84 and I/85, then continues in a
northeasterly direction for a few more kilometers to marker No. I/89,
situated at the confluence of two unnamed streams southwest of
Kaiko (Kaikko) ffiaykkg village (NP 35/ 36-14: 51-674). From marker .
No. 1/89 the boundary turns to the north-northeast and follows a
straight line through a region of mixed woods, intersecting a number
of dirt roads and crossing Lake TelkjUrvi (NP 35, 36-14: 51674),
to marker No. 1/96, located in the middle of the Hounijoki River.
At this point the boundary turns to a general southeasterly direction
along the middle of the Hounijoki and goes downstream to marker No.
I/98, 200 meters (656 feet) southwest of Rajasalmi village (on the
Soviet side). It then turns again in a northeasterly direction and
goes in a straight line to marker No. I/100. At marker No. 1/99
the boundary crosses the single-track, 5-foot-gauge Viipuri-Kbuvola
railroad (NP 35, 36-.14: 51-674). The railroad station at Vainikkala
on the Finnish side is used regularly for traffic across the border
(Figures 10 and 11). Continuing in the same direction through an
area of sparse woods and swamps, the boundary maintains a straight
line until it crosses the Ykspdlinjoki River between markers Nos.
1/108 and I/112, where it bends to the southeast, the northeast, and
then north. (This curve appears as only a slight bend on the
1:250,000 series.) North of the river the border resumes a northeast-
erly course, intersects the Lautala-Haapajdrvi dirt road or track
(NP 35, 36-14: 51-675), and continues in a straight line to the
Viipuri-Lappeenranta highway (NP 35, 36.-14: 51-672), which it crosses
between Nos. 1/123 and 1/124. At the latter marker, it turns slightly
to the southeast, then at marker No. 1/125 assumes an east-northeaster-
ly course, which it follows to marker No. 1/129.
From marker No. 1/129 the boundary bends to the north then the
northeast to marker No. I/133, then follows a general northeasterly
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course to marker No. I/146, situated on the left bank of the Saimaa
Canal Lanai Saymaan Kanava7 (NP 35, 36-14: 58-672), 12.4 meters
(40.68 feet) from the shore. From here the boundary goes in a
southeasterly direction to marker No. 1/147, where it turns
toward the east, intersecting the Kokkila (Kokinkyld)-Viipuri
road at marker No. 1/150 (NP 35, 36-14: 58-676). Taking an east-
southeasterly course, the boundary extends to marker No. 1/152,
located on the left shore of the Saimaa Canal where it enters Lake
Nuijamaajgrvi 2Tzero Nuiyama-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36-14: 58-676). Markers
Nos..1/153 and 1/154 are located on small islands in the lake, with
the boundary line running to the north of the Soviet islands of
Herrasaari and Vuohisaari. At marker No. 1/155 the boundary goes
overland in a northeasterly direction to the northwestern shore of
a small lake, Laihalampi (marker NO. 1/158), and then in a south-
easterly direction to the north shore of Lake Pankajdrvi
(Pankkajdrvi), leaving both lakes on the USSR side. The Pohjola
Farm is located on the Finnish side to the north of this area.
From Lake Pankajgrvi (marker No. 1/162) the boundary follows a
pneral north-northeasterly course for approximately 8 kilometers
(about 5 miles) to marker No. 1/179. In this sector are some swampy
terrain, stands of both coniferous and deciduous trees, and patches -
of brash. Boundary marker No. 1/170 is located on the Kdntu-Askola
road 200 meters (about 656 feet) west of the fork of the Kbntu-
Ndveri ?Yaveri:7-Askola roads (NP 35, 36-14: 52-676), leaving a
group of homesteads south of Kbntu (on the Soviet side). Continuing'
in a northeasterly direction from marker No. 1/179, the border inter-
sects the Viipuri-Joutseno road at marker No. 1/180 and crosses Lake
Suokumanjgrvi (Suokumaanjgrvi) between markers Nos. 1/181 and 1/182,
leaving some of the,Penttild jenttilya7 Homesteads on the Soviet
side (mikkeli; NP 351 36-10:- 52-676) and some on the Finnish side.
From marker No. 1/181 the boundary follows a northerly course to
No. 1/186, situated on the southwestern shore of the small lake,
Valkealampi, before taking a northeasterly direction to marker No.
1/202. In this area of woodland and brush, the border crosses the
Viipuri-Imatra highway (NP 35, 36-10: 52-67/) at markerNo. 1/193
and two Small 'rivers or brooks, the Melikonjoki and Holmanjoki.
Farmsteads in the Vicinity of Kriurmanpohja Airmanpokh'yg are on the
USSR side. A forest lane (clearing or firebreak) intersects the
border between markers Nos-. 1/198 and 1/199.
' From marker NO.' 1/202 the boundary curves slightly then goes in
a north-northeasterly direction for approximately 3.5 kilometers
(about 2 miles) to marker No. 1/216 (on the 1:250,000 series this
section of the border approximates a straight line running north).
The boundary crosses the Vuoksi RiVer, between markers 'Nos. 1/215
and' 1/216, the latter located on the ieft shore Of the Vuoksi River,
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39 meters (128 feet) northeast of the shoreline and 360 meters (1,181
feet) west of the westernmost house of a country estate. Rdikktild
ffiyaykkely.aj Village (South) is on the Soviet side (NP 35, 36-10:
52-671) and Rdikkold Village (North) on the Finnish side. Numerous
tracks and ditches cross the border in this sector, as well as the
Viipuri-Meltola highway (shown as a dirt road on the 1:250,000
series). Continuing in a northeasterly direction, the boundary
intersects the Antrea-Imatra railroad at marker No. 1/218 and the
anski (Midske)-Imatra highway at marker No. 1/219 (NP 35, 3610:
59-671). Both the railroad and road are shown on the 1:250,000
series, but the northern terminus of the railroad is placed to the
east of Imatra (Figures 12 and 13). In this sector what appear to
be telephone and telegraph lines parallel the forest lanes that
cross the border south of marker No. 1/222. From this point the
boundary follows a straight line in a northeasterly direction to
marker No. I/225, then turns north-northeast to No. I/228, located
410 meters(
1,345 feet) northeast of the fork formed by the j
la ddski-
Hirsm ./
pi Khirslampi7 road (NP 35, 36-10: 60-678) and a country
road going west. Taking a northeasterly course to marker No. I/231,
situated 90 meters (295 feet) north of the JUdski-Hirslampi road and
480 meters (1,574.8 feet) southwest of an isolated homestead on an
elevation in Finnish territory, the boundary turns in an easterly
direction to marker No. 1/234, located 660 meters (2/165 feet) south-
west of a peat barn on the JUdski-Hirslampi road. In this sector the
boundary appears as an inverted bowl on the AMS 1:250,000 map series.
From marker No. 1/234 the boundary takes a northeasterly course
to marker No. 1/235, located on the southern tip of the Karhusuo peat
bog, then continues in the same general direction (with some angular
turns) to marker No. 1/242. The boundary from marker No. 1/225
through No. 1/242 closely parallels the JUdski-Hirslampi road, which
is on the USSR side. Only .a portion of this road appears on the
1:250,000 map series, which shows the boundary in this area as a
shallow bowl-shaped bend. From marker No. 1/242, the boundary con-
tinues in a northeasterly direction in a straight line to marker No.
I/247, located 87 meters (285.4 feet) east of an isolated homestead
on the Finnish side, leaving Laitila Village on the Soviet side (a
Laytila Village is shown slightly to the south of this approximate
location on the 1:250,000 series).
The boundary goes in a straight line from marker No. 1/247
through No. 1/255 to marker No. II/1, which is situated 200 meters
(656 feet) north of the northern tip of the triangle formed by
the roads in Hirslampi Village and 8 meters (26 feet) west of the
Hirslampi-Niskala (Niskapietild) road 00 35, 36-.10: 60-678). In
this sector the border traverses a region of swamps and mixed vege-
tation, crosses numerous field roads, intersects two small unnamed
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lakes (between markers Nos. 1/250 and I/251), and crosses the south-
easternmost inlet of Lake Immalanjdrvi.
Sector No. 2, Lake immalanjdrvi to Lake Kangasjdrvi:
From marker No. II/1 the boundary continues in a northeasterly
direction along a straight line to marker No. II/5, south of Lassila
Village (NP 35, 36-10: 61-678) on the western shore of Rapolankorven-
oja, 4 meters (13 feet) From the shoreline and 230 meters (754.5 feet)
south of a small bridge- From here the boundary continues in the same
course, intersecting the Hilisevanjoki River (between markers Nos.
11/6 and II/7), to marker No. II/11, located 3 meters (9,8 feet)
southwest of the Natikanlahti-Purnujdrvi (PurnujErvi Estate). In this
sector, a small lake, Leppdlampi, is on the USSR side, and the area
is one of swamps (with reeds), mixed forests, and country roads or
paths. What appear to be powerlines cross the boundary between mark-
ers Nos. II/3 and 11/4 and slightly north of No, 11/5.
From marker No. II/11, the boUndary continues in a northeasterly
directiony'except in the area of Suurissari Island on Lake Hiidenjdrvi
OMP 35, 36-10: 61-672), where the boundary makes a U-shaped bend
around the south end of the island 50 meters (164 feet) from the
shore, leaving the whole island on the Finnish side. The exact
position of the boundary in this area is given by three posts with
pointers to boundary marker No. 11/15, located on the western shore
of a small lake, KarsalaMpi The border skirts the northern edge
of this lake, leaving it on the Soviet side: From marker No. 11/19
the boundary follows a winding but generally northeasterly course
along the middle of an unnamed brook, Which flows from the north.-
eastern tip of Lake Karsalampi, to marker No; II/22, situated at the
confluence of that brook with another brook flowing through Roiha
Village. The boundary then extends in a straight line to marker No.
II/23, located on a steep sand hillock south of Viikko (Paavola)
Village (NP 35, 36-10: 61-67,2)., 59 meters (193.5 feet) from the brook.
From this point the boundary takes a southeasterly direction to
marker No. II/241 then resumes a northeasterly course to the Lankila-
Miettild road (marker No. I1/25). It then parallels the Karajoki
River (a Kuruy-YOki River is shown on the 1:250,000 series) before
veering in a north-northwesterly direction to marker No. 11/27,
located in a woods at the eastern end of a field belonging to Nilkko
Village and 145 meters (475.7 feet) from a hay barn. The sector from
marker No. 11/23 to No. 11/27 appears as a pronounced bend on the
1:250,000 series.
From marker No. 11/27 the boundary makes a- turn to a northeaster-
ly course, which it follows to marker No. II/291 situated at the east-
ern limit of Vans Village, 6'meters (19.6 feet) south of the-Ilmee
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fhm57-MiettilE dirt road (NP 35, 36-10: 62-672) and 90 meters (295
feet from a cow barn. Turning slightly to the north, the boundary
goes about 6.5 kilometers (approximately 4 miles) to marker No. 11/38,
located at a brook flowing from the northwestern part of a small lake,
Savolaisenmaenlampi, on the USSR side. Between markers Nos. 11/35
and 11/36 the boundary crosses Lake Pitknjarvi 23zero Pitkya-Yarvi7
(NP 35, 36-10: 62-680). From marker No. 11/38, the boundary winds
in a.general northeasterly direction along the middle of an unnamed
brook downstream to marker No. II/411 and then goes in a straight
line in the same direction to the AnkilEnsalo-Ankild country road or
track (marker No. 11/47). In this sector the border crosses the
Ilmee-Laikonkanka and the Pajari 2Tayari7-Ankild (Haaprinta-Jokela)
roads at markers Nos. 11/39 and 11/44, respectively (no road con-
necting the latter two villages appears on the AMS 1:250;000 series).
In part of this region the boundary traverses an area of swampland.
Continuing in a northeasterly direction to marker No. 11/49, located
on the northeast shore of Kokkolanjoki (Kitolanjoki) ffokkolan-lbki7
River 6 meters (19.7 feet) from the Shoreline, the boundary inter-
sects what appears to be a winter road south of the river.
From marker No. 11/49 the boundary continues in a straight
northeasterly course to marker No. 1I/511, situated 51 meters (167
feet) from the Kbitsansalo-Koitsanlahti flag-station road. Between
markers Nos. 11/51 and 11/52 the boundary crosses the Koitsansalo-.
Simpele railroad, shown to the south of Simpele on the 1:250,000
/7/
series. Maintaining the same direction to marker No. 11 159, which is
700 meters (2,296.5 feet) southwest of the Lamminkula Lamminkyuly2.7-
flag station on the Poutala-Koitsanlahti all-weather road (NP 35,
36-10: 61-681), the boundary passes through an area of sparse mixed
woodland.
From the Poutala-Kbitsanlahti road, the boundary turns in a
north-northwesterly direction and follows a straight line to a
deflection point located on Kukkarolahti (Kukkavalampi) Inlet -
of Lake SimpelenjUrvi between markers NOS. 11/64 and 11/65, Where
it makes practically a right-angle turn to the east. (Figures 14
and 15.) The turning point of the boundary, which forms the apex
of the triangle shown on the 1:250,000 sheet is located 463.1 meters
(about 1,519 feet) north of marker No. II/611.. The passage of the
boundary line along the Kukkarolahti Inlet is further indicated by
a post with a pointer set up on the west shore of the inlet in line
with the deflection point of the boundary and with boundary markers
Nos. 11/65 and 11/67, as well as by a f.lOating marker (anchored
float) set up at the deflection point. From marker No. 11/67 the
boundary goes in a northeasterly direction by way of Lake
Pitkajdrvil then follows the middle of an unnamed brook flowing from.
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the northeastern tip of the lake to marker No, 11/71, located in the
middle of an unnamed brook at its confluence with a brook issuing
from Kiimasuo Swamp.
At marker No. 11/72 the boundary intersects the Syvdoro
ITtantsiya Syuyyaoro7-Parikkala railroad (NP 35, 36-10: 6.1-682)
before continuing in a northeasterly direction to inarker No. 1-1/76,
situated on the south shore of the larger of the Sarvilammet Lakes ?
18 meters (59 feet) from the shoreline (shown as a shallow bowl-
shaped bend on the 1:250,000 series). The Syvdoro-Parikkala road
and the Siimesoja River are crossed by the boundary at markers Nos.
11/73 and 11/75, respectively. From market No, 11/77 the border
extends for approximately I. kilometers (about 2.5 miles) through
a swampy area, intersecting two field roads, and continues in a
straight line to marker No. 11/82, located 7 meters (about 23 feet)
northeast of the Sillanlahti 2Tillanlakht17-Tivid road (NP 35,
36-10: 64-682). From here the boundary turns slightly to the east
and follows a northeasterly course by way of marker No. 11/83 to a
deflection point located on Lake TyrjEnjdrvi, 102.5 meters (334.8
feet) southeast of a post with a pointer set up on a promontory pro-
jecting into Lake TyrjEnjdrvi from the west, opposite PRivdtsaari
Island. From the deflection point the boundary proceeds in a slightly
more northern direction across the middle of a small crag projecting
above the water 140 meters (459 feet) southeast of the southern shore.
of Suusaari Island, to the center of boundary marker No. 11/85,
located 162.8 meters (534 feet) from the USSR post set up on the
eastern shore of Lake Tyrjdnjdrvi and 171 meters (561 feet) from the
Finnish post set up on the promontory on the southeastern shore of
Suursaari Island. Continuing in a north-northeasterly direction
through the lake to marker No. 11/87, situated on the eastern shore
of Suuri Naattiniemi ITolishoy Naattiniem17 Cape, the boundary goes
overland through a pine forest to marker No. 11/90, making a slight
turn toward the, east at marker No. 11/88. A small lake, Haisuan7
lampi, is located-to the east of marker No. 11/88J-in Soviet terri-
tory. The Tivi$-Saarenkyld road on the Finnish side parallels the
border in this-area.
The boundary crosses Lake Yld-TyrjdnjErvi in a generally north-
easterly direction to marker No. II/95, located in the middle of the
Koskutjoki River as it enters the lake; it then follows the middle
of the river upstream to marker No. II/99, situated in the river
770 meters (2,526 feet) above a bridge on the Parikka (Parikankyld)-
Honkakyld road (NP 35, 36-10: 64-681). Continuing in a northeasterly.
direction, the boundary passes through a mixed forest area to marker '
No. 11/102, located on the western shore of the northwestern inlet
of Lake Kurkelanjdrvi jizero Kurkelan-Yaryi7 (NP 35, 36-10: 6.2-684),
11 meters (36 feet) northwest of a spring. At this point the boundary
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turns in an easterly direction thrOug4 Lake XiIrkelanjhrvi to a de-
flection point in the lake, then goes in a northerly direction to
marker No. 11/103 on the north shore of the lake, forming an angle
that appears as a shallow V-shaped bend on the 1:250,000 series.
Northeast of Lake Kurkelanjdrvi the boundary follows an unnamed brook
and crosses three small lakes -7 Soikulanlampi, Munalampi, and
Kaatiolampi -- to marker No. II/115, located on a cape projecting
from the northwest and separating Nirkonlahti Inlet from Lake
KorpijErvi LOzero.K.orpi-Yarvi.7 OP 35, 36.-10: 42-.684). In this sector
of approximately 6 kilometers (about 3.7 miles), the border passes
through a region of deciduous forest, some stands of pine, a logged-
over area (at marker 11/111), and some swampland and is crossed by
forest roads. It continues in a northeasterly direction by way of
Lake Korpijdrvi, leaving Suursaari Island on the Finnish side, to
marker NO. 11/119, on the western shore of Suojdrvi. In this area
the border crosses two minor roads. Continuing in the same direction,
the boundary crosses Lake SuojErvi between markers Nos. 11/119 and
11/120 and passes through the Suurisuo Swamp to marker No. 11/123,
situated on Kuivaniemi Cape on the south shore of Lakej'yhdjErvi
ffzero Tyukhya-Yarvi7 (Sortavala; NP 35, 36.-11: 34-682). The bound-
ary continues in a general northeasterly direction, making a slight
bend in the middle of a strait between Suitsansaari Island and
Salmenniemi Cape (NP 35, 36-11: 34.-682), then in a northeasterly di-
rection along a.straight line through Lake Pyhdjdrvi to boundary
marker No. 11/128 at the north shore. It continues overland in a
straight line to marker No. 11/133, then turns to the north to marker
No. 11/135, located on the shore of a cape abutting into Lake
VaitjErvi (NP 35, 36-11: 32-686), passing through marshland and de-
ciduous and coniferous forests. Makinga V-shaped turn, the boundary
crosses Lake Vaitjdrvi in an easterly direction, then at marker No.
11/137 turns northeast to marker No. 11/140, situated 9 meters (29.5
feet) southwest of the Ndrsdkkbad-Kumuri.road. In this sector the
border crosses the Rajajoki River at marker No. 11/138. The boundary
follows a straight line in a northeasterly direction to the edge of
Rudhosuo Swamp, continuing to within 5 meters (16.4 feet) west of the
Lahdenkyld-Ristiselkd road, then, making turns at markers Nos. II/143
and 11/145, to marker No. III/1 on the southwestern shore of Lake
Kangasjdrvi ffzero Kangas-Yarvf (NP 35, 36.-11: 36-681). Although
these segments of the boundary are straight lines, the section appears
as a cuprshaped bend on the 1:250,000 series.
Sector No. 3, Lake Kangasjdrvi to Lake Virmajdrvi:
From marker No.'III/1, the boundary goes along the western part
of Lake Kangasjdrvi, then bends in a northeasterly direction along.
the middle of the Kiteenjoki River upstream to boundary marker No.
III/11. In this sector, at marker No. 111/5, the boundary crosses .
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,a wooden bridge across the river on the Kangaskyld-Sdyneenkyld road.
From marker No. III/11 to No. 111/24, located on an elevation 124
meters ('06.8 feet) northeast of the intersection of the Matkaselkd-
Kitee and Havukkamgki-Bjornintalo roads, the border passes through
predominantly swampy land and mixed forests, leaving Turtiala Home-
stead (VYartsilya; NP 35, 36-7: s.w. corner) on the Finnish side.
The boundary continues in a northeasterly direction to marker No.
111/42 on the southwestern shore of Lake Rdmeenjdrvi 2Tzero Ryamen-
Yarvi/, 370 meters (1,214 feet) northeast of Kosonen Homestead. In
this area of mixed woods and swamps, the boundary crosses a small
lake, Matkalampi (marker No. 111/29), and is intersected by the
Katihtalammenpuro Brook (No. 111/37). Maintaining the same course
from Lake Rdmeenjdrvi the boundary crosses the PElkjUrvi-Peijonniemi
road northwest of the Hakulinen Homestead (marker No. 111/53) and
continues through swam2land to marker No. 111/67, at which point it
crosses the Vdrt,sildjyyartsilya7-Kauri1a road and railroad (NP 35,
36-7) (Figure 16). From marker No. 111/68 the boundary bends along
the middle of the Jdnisjoki River, east of Thurula (Turala), and
continues upstream to the confluence of the Juvanjoki and jdnisjoki
(marker No. 111/73), leaving the Vdrtisildkffyartsilyg Homestead on
the USSR side .and Uusikyllig Homestead on the Finnish side. East of:
Lake SdEperijdrvi, the boundary line turns east at marker No. 111/78
and passes through Lake Rytisitijdrvi at marker No. 111/83, resuming a
true northeasterly course at marker No. 111/88, located 320 meters
(1,050 feet) west of the exit of afield road onto the Vdrtsild-
Saarivaara road, From this point the border extends in a straight
line to marker No. 111/98, located in a wood 85 meters (279 feet)
west of the intersection of the boundary by the Vdrtsild-Kenraalinkyld
road, leaving Miikkulampi (a small lake) on the USSR side and Kalliola
Homestead on the Finnish side; a settlement of the latter name also
appears on the USSR side (NP 35, 36-7), east of marker No. 111/103.
The border then passes through a group of lakes, including jouhtenus-
jdrvi, Kaustajdrvi, and Kukkolampi, to marker No. 111/113. The Vdrt-
sild-Saarivaara road parallels this entire Sector on the Soviet side
to marker No. III/110, where it crosses the line in following the
shore of Lake Kukkolampi. The boundary continues in a northeasterly
direction to marker No. 111/117, located in a wooded area 795 meters
(nearly half a mile) southeast of a bridge across the Sgrkilampi-puro
Brook, which is on the Vdrtsild-Onnenvirra road (Finnish side). After
making a slight bend at this point, the boundary extends in a straight
line across the southwestern inlet of Lake Kahdjdrvi (Kanajdrvi) to
marker No. 111/126, and then on to No. 111/138, 77 meters (252.6 feet)
northeast of the intersection of the boundary by the Tsiipakka-Hoilola
road on the southwest shore of Lake Korpijdrvi 275zero Korpi-Yarvi7
(NP 35, 36-7). In this sector the boundary runs through lakes,
swamps, and sparse woods. The boundary turns eastward at marker Na.
111/139 and then northeast at No. 111/141, passes through the western
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part of Lake Kbrpijgrvi to marker No. 111/143, then follows the middle
of the Tsiikonjoki River upstream in a general northwesterly direction
to boundary marker No. 111/146. From this point the border resumes
a northeasterly direction to marker No. 111/153, located on the
Korpiselkg-011tild road. Slightly to the south of this area the
Korpiselkg (Korpisel'kya)-Onnenvirra road is intersected.
From marker No. 111/153, the boundary goes through a region of
lakes, brooks, swampland, and sparse woods in a straight north-
easterly direction to marker No. 111/175, where it crosses the
Karali-Saxinola (Mutalahti) road (VP 35, 36-7). It then continues
to marker No. 111/178, located 18 meters (59 feet) southwest of the
intersection of the boundary and the southwestern shore of Lake
Viiksinselkg gzero Viksin Selikya7. From this point the boundary
turns slightly to the east, then sharply in a northerly direction
across the lake to marker No. 111/185, where it takes an easterly
course to the edge of a forest (boundary marker No. 111/186) 20
meters (65.6 feet) east of the intersection of the boundary by the
eastern shore of Lake Melaselkd gzero Melasel'kyg. From Lake
Melaselkg the boundary runs in a general northeasterly direction in
a straight line, passing through Lake Lutonlampi (gietalahti) from
marker No. 111/189 and continuing to No. III/2001 located on an
elevation 296 meters (971 feet)Isoutheast of Lamanaho (Lammenakho)
Homestead. In this sector the border intersects the Peurujoki and
Piisteenjoki Rivers, and crosses a trail north of each. On the
1:250,000 series, a Peuruioki Farm (NP 35, 36-7) is shown to the
east (the Soviet side) of this sector.
The boundary continues in a northeasterly direction along a
straight line from boundary marker No. 111/200 to marker No. 111/215,
located on the left bank of Koitajoki River northeast of Vihurinsuon-
torppa Homestead which is on the Finnish side. In this area the
border traverses mainly swamp, bog, and sparse woods. From No.
111/215 the boundary twists and bends along the middle of the Koita-
joki River to its outlet into Lake Piijdrvi (No. 111/225). The bound-
ary follows an unnamed stream that connects Lake Piijdrvi with Lake
Konnukka (Mustikaisenlahti) to the northeast, whence it continues
northeastward through that lake and the swampy and forested areas
beyond to marker No. 111/250, southwest of Ilajan-Ruukinpohja Home-
stead; it intersects the Huotarinvaara (Kuolismaah)-Mbhk6 road at
marker No. 111/239. From marker No. 111/250 the boundary makes a
V-shaped bend between Lakes Ilajanjiirvi on the Finnish side and
Luovenjdrvi ffouven-Yarvi7 on the Soviet side (NP 35, 36-7) and then
continues from marker No. 111/257 in a straight northeasterly line
to marker No. III/264, located in the forest 56 meters (183.7 feet)
northwest of the mouth of Papinpuro Brook. What appears to be a
track or a dirt road between Niemijdrvi and Longonvaara crosses the
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boundary at marker No. 111/265 (on the 1:250,000 series a Longonvara
Farm is shown on the USSR side). From here the border extends in a
northeasterly direction to marker No. 111/271, situated on a prom-
ontory formed by the Koitajoki River and Luokkipudas Inlet. It then
continues in a straight line northeastward to marker No. 111/277/577,
located on an unnamed island in the northwestern part of Lake Virma-
jgrvi gzero Tel'ma-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36,7). In this sector the boundary
crosses Kalatonlampi Pond and Pissipuro Brook. Parelleling the border
on the Finnish side between markers Nos. 111/259 and 111/275 is a
forest lane. On the Soviet side two such clearings occur near the
boundary, but not parallel to it, north of Pissipuro Brook. At some
places on the Finnish side also there may be more than one clearing.,
Sector No. 4, Lake Virmajgrvi to Marker No. 775:
From boundary marker No. 111/277/577, the boundary goes along,
the old Soviet-Finnish line in a northwesterly direction to marker
No. 578. (The central sector of the old-domain border is between
boundary markers Nos. 111/277/577 and 775.) At marker No. 578 the
boundary continues through Lake Virmajgrvi and follows the twists .
of an unnamed river that flows generally northwest, entering Lake
Kivijgrvi at marker No. 580. The border then passes through a
swampy area of sparse woods, crossing the Asumajoki River north of
marker No. 582. The boundary continues in the same northwesterly
direction to marker No. 584, at which point it veers sharply to the
west. At the Vaskijoki River (marker No. 585) it turns again to
a northeasterly course (Lendery; NP 35, 36-3: 42-63?00'). (On the
1:250,000 series, a Vaska River is shown here on the Soviet side.)
From marker No. 586 the border takes a northwesterly course to Lake
Alinen Aittojgrvi gzero Ayto-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36-3: 42-692), where
it turns sharply west for a short distance before resuming a north-
westerly direction along the Rajapuro Brook. The boundary then
.3
traverses a swampy region as far as marker No. 94, from which it
passes through Lake Palojgrvi gzero Palo-Yarvi (NP 35, 36-3:
41-692). From the lake the boundary goes in a northwesterly direction
to Lake Kartitsanjgrvi gzero Kartsya-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36-3: 41-700),
which it crosses between markers Nos. 598 and 599. A Kartitat Farm
is shown on the Finnish side on the 1:250,000 series. Continuing
the same course, the boundary reaches a small lake, Jerkosenlampi, at
marker No. 602, continues to marker No. 605, and then extends along
the middle of the Haapajoki ffhapa-Yoki7 River to Lake Ylinen
Raapajarvi (marker No. 611). In this area the border passes through
predominantly swampy land, coniferous forests, and some burned woods.
From Lake Ylinen Haapajgrvi the boundary goes in a northwesterly
direction to marker No. 617, then swings to the west, crossing-a
country dirt road at marker No. 618 (NP 35, 36-3: 407702). At marker
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No. 619 it curves through a small lake, Korpilampi, then makes another
bend before continuing a northwesterly course to marker NO. 624. It
then follows the Ruokooja /Tuokko-Ioki7 Stream (ditch) (NP 35, 36-3:
3.2-702), crossing the Lieksanjoki (Lenderka) River between markers
Nos. T28 and 629. The border then continues in a northwesterly
direction, intersecting a road or track before reaching Lake Kokko-
jgrvi gzero Kokko-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36-3: 38-702) at marker No. 630.
The border continues in the same general direction beyond Lake
Kokkojgrvi (marker No. 632), passin through basically swampy
terrain interspersed with conifers (probably pine) until it crosses
a prominent hill, Aittovaara, approximately 300 feet high (marker
No. 635). Southwest of this point, on the Finnish side, lies
Aittovaara Farm. Just north of Aittovaara Hill, the border inter-
sects the Tuulijoki 51197 River (NP 35, 36-3: 311701) at marker No.
6'16. Thence the boundary follows a similar course to the Saari-
jgrvenjoki River before crossing the eastern part of Lake Saari-
jgrvi (NP 35, 36-3: 36-702). From Lake Saarijgrvi the border goes
in a northwesterly direction, crossing the western section of Lake
Py8rglampi gzero Pyuri-Yarvi7 (NP 35, 36-3: 36-705) from marker No.
645. Northwest of this point the border crosses a dirt road (Lieksg-
Repolg) and then extends along the middle of Lake Pitkg Valamojgrvi
from marker No. 649 to No. 650 (Pirtti-Valamanjgrvi and Saari-
Valaman-jgrvi appear to the southwest and west of the line, respect-
ively) (NP 35, 36-3:30?00T-706). From No. 650 the boundary goes to
marker No. 655 on the western shore of Lake Otrosjgrvi (Nurmes; NP 35,
36-2: 64-701), where the border comes to a point. A noticeable feature
of this entire sector of the boundary (Lendery; NP 35, 36-3) is the
scarcity of roads of any kind. The whole area is dominated by
swamps, small lakes, and coniferous forests.
At Lake Otrosjgrvi, the borderturns sharply to the northeast,
passing Jokivaara, Mtintovaara, and Mgrkgvaara Hills before reaching
marker No. 660. From No. 660 the boundary traverses another section
of swampy and forested terrain, trending in a northeasterly direction
to marker No. 663, torth of Kuusijgrvi (a Lake Kuusijgrvi is to the
west on the Finnish side) (NP 35, 36-3: 36-708), at which point a road
or trail intersects the boundary. Continuing to bear in a northeaster-
ly direction, the boundary crosses a small lake (Verkkolampi), a river
(Rokojoki), and a prominent hill (Pihlajavaara) to marker No. 669 on
the northern edge of a small lake (Sgrkilampi). This boundary sector
is in a remote, basically uninhabited, swampy region characterized by
boggy lowlands. The border follows the same general course until it
reaches a small lake., Honkalampi (marker No. 671), where it turns once
again in a northwesterly direction (Lake Vonganjgrvi appears to the
southwest of the boundary) (Kimasozero; NQ 35, 36-15: 3/-711). The
boundary then crosses the eastern part of Lake Kaitakiekki TNQ 35, 36-
15: a/-711) at marker No. 672 and pursues the same course to marker No.
673 (Hutunsilmglampi), where it turns sharply northeastward. At marker
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No. 674 the boundary veers northwestward again, crossing a small lake,
Mahakaslampi, and at No. 675 turns further toward the west, parallel-
ing the Mahakasjoki River as far as marker No. 676. From this point
the border turns more to the northwest, then at marker No. 677 almost
due north. It traverses the western sections of two small lakes
(RUhilampi and Sgrkilampi), then makes another V-shaped bend north-
westward at marker No. 678, intersecting Lake Hoikkajgrvi and the
Hoikanjoki River, and crosses a trail along the eastern end of Lake
MaanseIgnjgrvi (NQ 35; 36..15: 36...711). In this sector the boundary
passes through an area of bogs and a swamp and lake region inter-
spersed with some coniferous forests. Continuing in an irregular
northwesterly direction, the boundary passes Lake MEntyjgrvi (NQ 35,
36-15: 36..711). Between markers Nos. 684 and 686 the boundary fol-
lows a northwesterly course that approximates .a straight line for
a distance of about 5 kilometers (3 miles), crossing Lake Koivaja-
jgrvi. Koivaja Cabin appears to the west of this point (NQ 35,
30?00'-714).
North of Lake Koivajajgrvi, at marker No. 686 the border again
turns to the north-northeast, makes a series of V-shaped bends at
markers Nos. 687, 688, and 689, and passes through Lake Karanka-
jgrvi from marker No. 690. A Karanga River is shown on the Soviet
side ($4 35, 36-15: 30?00'-715). Trending slightly to the northwest
from marker No. 689, the boundary makes another shallow V-shaped
bend at marker No. 691, crosses a trail, and continues through
swampy land and coniferous forests. Bending slightly at each marker
but maintaining a generally northerly course to marker No. 697, the
boundary intersects another path between markers Nos. 694 and 695.
At marker No. 697 (Sotkamo; NQ 35, 36-.1)-i.: north of 64030'), south of
Hyvgnmurronlampi, a small lake on the Finnish side, the boundary turns
due northeast. In this sector the border passes Honkavaara. Hill and
Lakes Iso-Lahnajgrvi and Pieni-Lahnajgrvi. At marker No. 698 (near
Tapionaho), the boundary turns farther to the east before crossing
Lake Karsikkojgrvi. ?The border intersects only one trail in this
sector, but as elsewhere in the boundary area it crosses many brooks
and streams. East of the Karsikkopuro Brook (marker No. 699) the
border turns slightly more northward to marker No. 700 and again to
No. 701, situated in Lake Vuokkijgrvi ITzero Kamennoyg (Kimasozero;
NQ 35, 36-15: 36-711), where it veers northwest to Lake Kivijgrvi
(NQ 35, 36-15:i 30?00'-717). At marker No. 707 (Kontiovaara Hill),
the line again turns in a northeasterly direction and at marker No.
709 reverts to a northwesterly course, intersecting Lake Viiangin-
jgrvi (Pien-Viiankijgrvi) (NQ 35, 36..15: 36..718). It then turns due
west at a point south of Ala-Mrsgmbjgrvi TN?. 711) The boundary
then takes a westerly course, passing over a slightly raised area,
or platform, between markers Nos. 713 and 716, for about 16 kilo-
meters (approximately 9.9 miles). In this section the boundary
skirts the northern part of Lake Korpijgrvi (Sotkamo; NO. 35, 36-.14:
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northeast corner), passing through predominantly swampy land and
crossin a trail to the west of marker No. 715. At Kangasaho (marker
No. 717) the border turns in a northwesterly direction, intersecting
a dirt road (Raatteese-Vaatanvaara) at marker No. 718 and continuing
across the middle of Lake Raatejgrvi NI 35, 36_14). At the northern
end of the lake the boundary turns to the northeast to marker No. 721
(SaarenmannpEg 'Point), then veers again to the northwest toward
Syrjgvaaranpuro Brook. This whole sector is swampy, with some conif-
erous woods.
From Syrjgvaaranpuro Brook (marker No. 723) the boundary traces
a shallow curve to marker No. 726, from which it continues in a north-
northwesterly course to Kivipuro Brook (No. 727) before turning to
a generally northeasterly direction. In this area the border trav-
erses a forested and swampy area, seemingly remote and isolated,
intersecting a trail north of Ristikangas (marker No. 728). Con-
tinuing along the same generally northeastern course to Yppyransuo
Swamp, the boundary turns more sharply to the northeast. Near
Lavgvaara Hill (No. 731), it turns due east and continues to the
vicinity of Puukonvaara Hill (No. 732). In this area the border
crosses the Raippajoki and Kirkkelgnjoki Rivers and a path or trail.
At Puukonvaara the boUndary takes a .general northeasterly-direction
to marker No. 734, Where it crosses the Venetheitonjoki River.
Veering sharply northwestwardi the border forms a V before skirting
around the eastern end of Lake Pirttijgrvi (markers Nos. 735, 736,
and 737), intersecting a trail north of the lake and continuing on
to marker No. 738. At marker No. 738 (west of Hautasuonaho) the
border turns abruptly in a northeasterly direction, crossing Lake
Hoikkajgrvi, which approximates the location of Ozero Levi on the
Soviet side (Kuusamo; NQ 35, 36-10: southeast), and continues along
the same course to marker No. 740 before turning slightly to the
northwest. In this sector two small lakes are crossed, Aumalampi
and Lomalampi. At marker No. 740 the boundary crosses the Martin-
joki River in a northwesterly direction, continuing for a distance
of 1.5 kilometers (about 0.9 mile) before turning gradually in a
general westerly direction, beginning at marker No. 741. Between
markers Nos. 741 and 748 the border intersects Haatajanoja Brook,
goes through a district of small lakes, one of which is Sgrkkalampi,
and crosses a dirt road (Juntusranta-Lonkka) and an unnamed river
before turning in a northwesterly direction at Hallavaara Hill (No.
748). Between markers Nos. 748 and 749 a trail intersects the
boundary. At marker No. 749 the border turns in a northeasterly
direction and crosses Lake Kalmojgrvi. From marker NO. 750 (west of,
Olkivaara Hill), it follows a northeasterly course to No. 752..: In.
this area of continuous marshes and swamps the boundary crosses two
trails. At marker No. 752 (southeast of Ahvensuo Swamp) the border
again turns in a north-northwesterly direction to marker No. 753,
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northwest of Louhisuo Swamp. From here it takes a straight northerly
direction for a distance of approximately 15 kilometers (about 9
miles) to marker No. 755, in the vicinity of Kalliovaara Hill. In
this sector the border passes Vierivaara Hill and crosses Rytipuro
Brook, Kgyrghoki River, and two small lakes -- Joutsenpesglampi and
Karhulampi. From marker No. 755 the boundary extends northeastward
to marker No. 756, then continues in the same general direction to
Sarvikivi (No. 757). From here to boundary marker No. 759 the
border passes through.an area of burned woods and coniferous forests.
At marker No. 759 (east of Matovaaranpalo and just south of a
trail intersecting the border), the boundary turns sharply in a
northwesterly direction, continuing for approximately 8 kilometers
(about 5 miles) through a remote area of predominantly swampy vege-
tation to marker No. 764. At the western edge of Lake Lattajajgrvi
No. 765) the border turns due northeast, crossing Lake, Lauttajgrvi
Lauttajajgrvi) (NQ 35,36-10) and the Kaartojoki River (which
approximates the location of the Keto River on the Soviet side), and
extends to Lake Parvajgrvi (No. 768), a distance of about 15 kilo-
meters (approximately 9 miles). From Lake Parvajgrvi (No. 771) the
boundary takes a southeasterly direction through a lake area to mark-
er No. 774, at which point it turns to the north, making a sharp V,
and extends to marker No. 775 (Ukhta; NQ 35, 36-11: 30000'-728), the
last in this section of the old state boundary between the USSR and
Finland.
Sector No. 5, Marker No. 775, to the Kuolajgrvi-Kelloselka Road:
From boundary marker No. 775, the boundary goes in a northerly
direction in a straight line to boundary marker No. IV/11, located
north of Lake Suurijgrvi 2Tzero Suuri-Yarvi7 (NQ 35, 36-11: 30?00'-
729), crossing Lake Kinnusenjgrvi, the eastern part of Lake Kovajgrvi,
Virmajoki River, and Lake Suurijgrvi. Lakes Pajulampi and Palolampi
are on the USSR side and Lake Peltojgrvi.on the Finnish side. From
marker No. IV/11 the boundary goes in a north-northwesterly direction
along a straight line to marker No. IV/16, located on Penninkiluo-
manvaara Hill, and continues in the same course to a crag south of
Lake Penninkiluoma Lozero Penninkiloma7. North of this point the
border crosses a dirt road (NQ 35, 3611: 30?0cv-730) and then the
lake. From marker No. IV/18 the boundary continues in a straight
line, crossing the Pistojoki River, which runs out of Lake Multijgrvi
/Ozer() Multi-Yarvi7, and skirting the eastern end of Lake KUurna at
marker No. IV/24. Konttila Homestead is on the Soviet side near mark-
er No. IV/18. From Lake KUurna the course of the boundary continues
north-northwesterly to the eastern end of Lake Laakiainen, intersect-
ing the Pitkaperanjoki River north of. marker No. IV/26 and leaving
a small lake, Kaihlalampi, on the Finnish-side-between No IV/28 and
1V/29. This whole sector is marshy and swampy. ---- -
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Continuing a northwesterly course to boundary marker No. IV/31,
located on Mount Palovaara, the boundary extends to the southern shore
of Lake AngerjErvi .gzero Angar-YarvJ7 (NQ 35, 36-11: 30?00,-731).
Crossing Lake AngerjErvt, the boundary traverses a swamp and bog
region, intersecting the Munajoki River and a trail at a point
south of marker No. IV/35. From here the boundary goes in a straight
line northwest to marker No. IV/38, located 120 meters south of the
western tip of Lake Huutolampi. On the Finnish side of the border
in this sector there is some meadowland. At marker No. IV/38 the
boundary bends in a northeasterly direction to marker No. Iv/424 lo-
cated on a small islet in Lake Pukarinjgrvi /".Ozero Pukari-Yarvi/ (NQ
35, 36-11:30000'-731), at which point it turns back to a northwesterly
direction, making a V-shaped bend. From here the border crosses the
Kuusamo-Pukari Homestead road at marker No. IV/43, then extends in a
northerly direction, intersecting a trail just south of marker No.
IV/44. The boundary then continues in a straight line to marker No.
IV/48, located on Cape Jyrkkaniemi on the southern shore of Lake
EksymEjErvi (Kuolayarvi; NQ 35, 36-6: southeast corner). In this
area a trail or path crosses the border south of No. IV/47. The
boundary bends around a cape in the western part Of Lake Eksymgjarvi,
forming a dipper, to Marker No. IV/51, located on the north shore of
Sarkilahti Inlet. To indicate the passage of the boundary line
along Lake EksymRjErvi, pointers have been set up on boundary-marker
posts Nos. IV/48 and IV/51 showing the direction of the boundary line
between Nos. IV/48 and IV/49 and Nos. IV/50 and IV/51.
From marker No. IV/51 the boundary takes a northwesterly course
through swampy and boggy terrain with some scattered coniferous
forests to marker No. IV/54, situated on the south shore of Lake
SarajNrvi. In this sector a forest lane cuts diagonally across the
border at marker No. IV/52. From marker No. IV/54 the boundary goes
in a northeasterly direction to No. IV/551 located on a small islet
north of the Strait of Hirvassalmi, leaving Kelkkasaari Island, on
which a village is located, on the Finnish side. A Kelkka-Saari
Farm appears on the 1:250,000 series (NQ 35, .36-6: southeast corner)
(Figure 17). From marker No. IV/55 the boundary continues a northeast-
erly course to No. IV/56, where it turns sharply to the northwest,
making a V-shaped bend, to marker No. IV/57, on the north bank of .
Isojoki River. From marker No. IV/58, about 60 meters (196 feet)
from IV/57, the boundary goes in a northwesterly direction to Mount
Hepo-ojankangas (No. IV/59), which is south of Lake.Hepolampi.
From marker No. IV/59 the boundary continues in a straight north-
westerly direction to marker No. IV/67, located on the Kuusamo-
Aittokumpu road 160 meters (525 feet) northwest of the western end of
of Kuntilahti Inlet .galiv-Kuntilakhti7 (NQ 35, 36-6). South of mark-
er No. IV/60 a trail crosses the boundary between Lakes Hepolampi
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and Iso Kaivoslampi and passes through another small lake, Kaakkuri-
lampi, north of No. IV/63.
From the Kuusamo-Aittokumpu road (Marker No. IV/67) the boundary
makes a slight bend, but still going in a northwesterly direction
crosses Kuntikorvensuo Swamp, a track, and a forest lane (between
markers No. IV/70 and IV/71), and then continues in a straight line
to marker No. IV/73, located on a hill south of a small lake, Puuro-
lampi. Continuing in the same direction, the boundary crosses Lake
Juumajgrvi between markers Nos. IV/75 and IV/76; Lake Ruoppijdrvi is
on the USSR side and Jumajoki River on the Finnish side (an Ozero
Yuma-Yarvi and Lake Ruoppijgrvi appear on the 1:250,000 series).
North of Lake Juumajdrvi the boundary crosses Pirttivaara Hill (a
Pirttivaara Farm appears on the Soviet side .5Q 35, 36-67) and the
Kuusamo-Paanajdrvi (Tuutijdrvi) road, at marker No. IV/71. In this
entire sector the border passes through swamp and meadow interspersed
with coniferous woodland. The boundary continues in a northwesterly
direction, crossing the Kuusinkijoki River between markers Nos. IV/83
and IV/84. At marker No. IV/86 the boundary continues in a straight
line to the middle of the Oulankajoki River (NQ 35, 36-6), then turns
westward and follows the middle of the river along a double bend to
boundary marker No. IV/91. North of marker No., IV/94.the border
crosses a small lake (Uopajalampi) and then resumes a straight north-
westerly course to marker No. IV/99, located on the summit of Mount
Suistovaara, after crossing Suorapuro Brook (an Ozero Suora-Yarvi
appears on the USSR side on the 1:250,000 series), which flows from
Lake Suistojdrvi.
From marker No. IV/99 the boundary continues in a northwesterly
direction to Lake Kuivajdrvi (north of marker No. IV/102), intersects
two forest lanes, and extends to the Kdyld-Sovajdrvi road (marker
No. IV/10)-i-). At this point the boundary, continuing in the same
direction, crosses a trail south of marker No. IV/105, which is
located on the summit of Mount Korvasvaara, and continues to marker
No. Iy/lo6 on the south-central shore of Lake Korvasjdrvi (Ozero
Korvas-Yarvi) (NQ 35, 36-6)
From Lake Korvasjdrvi the border traverses a predominantly swampy
and forested areal. intersects a forest lane, and crosses the Kallio-
joki .5allio-Yoki/ River. Between this point and the Hangasjoki
River dzero Khangas-Yarvi7 (marker No. IV/119), the boundary crosses
another forest lane (the region is probably one of pines) and passes
through an area of numerous peat bogs. Continuing in a general north-
westerly direction, the border intersects the Niitselysjoki River (NQ
35, 36-6) between markers Nos. IV/121 and IV/122_and continues in a
northwesterly course to marker No. IV/132, located ii the middle of '
a brook flowing between two small lakes, East and West Sokkalampi.
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From this point the boundary follows an irregular course along the
main bed of an unnamed brook to marker No. I11/139, located in the
middle of the Naataoja Stream (brook), which it follows downstream to
marker No. IV/141) situated on the southeast tip of Lake Kortakkajdrvi
(Kartakkojdrvi). The boundary in Lake Kortakkajdrvi starts in a
northwesterly direction, then goes straight north to marker No.
IV/143, where it turns due east to No. IV/144. The Kieskisjoki
River (both the river and a lake of the same name are shown on the
Finnish side on the 1:250,000 series) flows into Lake Kortakkajdrvi
at the northwestern shore. From marker No. IV/144, the boundary goes
in a northeasterly direction to NO. I11/145 at the northeast corner of
Lake Kortakkajdrvi. Turning in a northwesterly direction, the border
traverses a region of swampland to marker No. IV/148, located on the
left side of the Harmusoja. Stream at the point where a brook from
Lake Haltiojdrvi Bizet? Khaltio-Yarvi7 (NQ 35, 36-6) flows into it.
From this marker the.border extends in a general northerly direction,
winding along the middle of the Hatmusoja Stream to marker No. I11/152,
located on the right side of the stream 21 meters (68.9 feet) south-
west of the place where an unnamed brook flows into it.
From marker.No. I11/152 the boundary goes in a northwesterly
direction along a straight line, crossing Kutuoja ditch (brook) at
marker No. I11/158, then traverses an area of open water, Possoliselkd,
to marker No. I11/161, located on the western slope of a hill about
500 meters east of Lake Possolijdrvi ,(Possolijarvi). The border con-
tinues in a northwesterly direction through a remote region to marker
No. I11/173, located on the left side of Peunaoja Brook (ditch). In
this sector the terrain consists mainly of swamps, bogs, meadows, and
some coniferous Woods. A trail intersects the boundary between mark-
ers Nos. I1/167 and IV/168. At No. I1/173 the boundary goes along
the Peunaoja in a general westerly direction to marker No. I11/176,
located in the middle of Liinasoja Stream north of its confluence
with the Peunaoja. From No.. 111/176 the border follows the middle
of the Liinasoja downstream to marker No. I11/177, located in the .
middle of the stream where it flows into Lake Onkamojdrvi (NQ 35,
36-6). The boundary crosses the lake in a northwesterly direction,
turns slightly to the north, then veers sharply to the northeast
at marker No. IV/180, and makes a shallow turn at No, I11/181.
From marker No. IV/183, located on the right bank of Koirankyronoja..
Stream approximately 30 meters (98 feet) northwest of its confluence
with Siikaoja Stream Lgikaoyg, the boundary continues along the mid-
dle of the Koirankyronoja in a general northwesterly direction to
markers Nos. IV/186-IV/187. From marker No. IV/187 the boundary goes
in a northwesterly direction along a straight line to marker No.
IV/190, located at the eastern edge of the natural boundary between
a coniferous forest and a swamp, and then on to No. IV/194, situated
at the edge of the PikkulehdonjdnkE Swamp northeast of M6unt
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Murtovaara. At this point the border takes a more northerly route
7/
to marker No. IV 200, located on the western slope of Mount SErkivaara
Iiso Sarkivaara . In this sector the boundary passes through an area
of swamps and bog lowlands with some scattered coniferous woods. The
boundary then goes in a northwesterly direction from marker No.
IV/200 to No. IV/204, which is Iodated at the confluence of the
Pekeloja and Kaulaoja Streams, and to markers Nos. IV/206 and V/1.
In this part of the Salla sector, 1940 boundary, numerous lanes
crisscross the border, principally in a southwest to northeast
direction. It is quite probable that these correspond to the forest
lanes, or firebreaks, previously mentioned.
Sector No. 6, KuolajErvi-KelloselkE Road to Mount Puitsitunturi:
North of marker No. V/1 the boundary crosses the Salla (Kuola-
jdrvi) KelloselkE railroad (probably a 5-foot-gauge, single-track
line)* and continues in a northeasterly direction along a straight
line to marker No. V/5, located in a forest 60 meters (196.8 feet)
southwest of a clearing that intersects the boundary ,in the Sikakangas
area. From here the border continues in a northeasterly direction,
turning slightly more to the east, crosses what appear to be three
winter roads (presumably swamp area traversable when frozen over)
north of markers Nos. V/7 and V/8, and continues to marker No. V/101
on the left bank of the Sallajoki 5alla-Yokt7 River (NQ 35, 36-6:
northern part). In this sector the boundary crosses Kiekioja Brook
(ditch) between markers Nos. V/8 and V/9. The border thpn extends
along the middle of the Sallajoki River to marker No. V/11, situated
on the right bank of the river, before intersecting the KuolajErvi-
Kotala road between markers Nos. V/12 and V/13. In this whole sector
there are numerous forest lanes on both sides of the border.
From marker No- V/13 the boundary goes in a northeasterly course
to No. V/19, located '436 meters (1,430 feet) northeast of its inter-
section with a path northeast of Koltaanharju Ridge. 'Again, a number
of forest lanes intersect the boundary, as well as a winter road
(south of marker No. V/15) and a path (south of No. V/16). From
marker No. V/19 the boundary continues in the same direction, inter-
secting two lanes (at markers Nos. V/20 and V/22) and crossing a
trail or-path between marker's Nos. V/23 and V/24 and again between
Nos. V/24 and V/25. North of this Boint the boundary -crosses the
TennijOki (Appears as Tenni6 JokiiTeniye-yoki7 on ANS 1:250,000
series) River at marker No. V/26 (SaVukoski; NQ 35, 36-2: southeast
corner). This sector is primarily a swamp and bog area with sparse
*It has recently been reported that the USSR has dismantled a
section of railway track for at least 400 yards on its side of the
Finnish-Soviet border eastward from Kelloselkd.
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woods. From the Tennio Joki River the boundary continues in a north-
easterly direction to the KUUmeojal(Nayayaarmeoy) Stream, between
markers Nos. V/38 and V/39, and then on to marker No. V/44, located
on the northwest slope of Nilitunturi* in a part of the forest where
there are few trees. From this point the border follows a north-
easterly course along the Satsijoki River between markers Nos. V/48
and V/49, intersecting a clearing at marker No. V/50. The boundary
then crosses Lake SatsijUrvi (at marker No. V/51), continues to
marker lb. V/O in a general northeasterly direction, and then bends
along the middle of the Tenni8 Joki (rennitijoki) River (NQ 35; 36.-2)
to marker No. V/83, situated in the middle of the river. This marker
is approximately 6.4 kilometers (about 4 miles) southwest of the
intersection of the boundary by the Sorsajoki River (No. V/92). A
small lake, Siutoivalampi, appears on the Finnish side of the border
an the 1:250,000 series. Between markers Nos. V/85 and V/86 a forest
lane cuts diagonally across the boundary.
From the Sorsajoki River the border extends in a northeasterly
direction, crossing a clearing south of maiker No. V/95 and con-
tinuing on to marker No. V/99, located at the edge of the forest 276
meters (905.5 feet) from a rather high elevation (about 1,600 feet)
on the Finnish side. Continuing along a general northeasterly course
the border crosses a lane at marker No. V/102 and continues to No.
V/105, located on the right bank of the Tuntsajoki gUntsa-yoki7
River CR 35, 36??2) 40 meters (131 feet) from the shoreline. From
here the boundary goes in a north-northeasterly direction to
Jaurakkioja (Jaurukkioja) Stream (No. V/109) and then on to marker
No. V/122, at which point it crosses Luuntaittumaoja Stream (a
Luuntaitt Streams or Brook, is shown on the Finnish side on the
1:250,000 series). The boundary continues in a northeaqterly di-
rection in a straight line from Luuntaittumaoja (marker No. V/122)
to marker No. 857, located on Mount Puitsitunturi on the old state
boundary between the USSR and Finland (Kandalaksha; NQ 35, 36...3:
30?00'-750). In this sector the border passes through predominantly
swampy land and crosses a small unnamed lake between boundary markers
Nos. V/124 and V/125.
Sector No. 7, Mount Puitsitunturi to Korvatunturi Mountain:
At marker No. 857, the boundary makes a V turn in a north-
westerly direction and follows the old Soviet-Finnish boundary to
marker No. 858. North of Mount Puitsitunturi the border intersects
Papuhaara (Po-puhaara) Stream (Savukoski; NQ 35, 36-2: northeast
*The Finnish ending "tunturi" means barren arctic mountain or
hill (found primarily north of the Arctic Circle).
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corner) and then crosses the Hirvasjoki River at a point southeast
of marker No. 858. At Mount Nuorttitunturi (No. 858), the boundary
turns slightly more to the north but continues a generally north-
westerly course, passing through swan regions and areas of coniferous
forests to marker No. 859, Korvatunturi Mountain (Virtaniemi; NR 35,
36-11: 52-.755). In this sector the boundary crosses the T6rmdoja
(Tbrmajoki) and Nuortljoki (Nuorttijoki) Rivers (IQ 35, 36-2),
Korvuspuolivaara Hill, and an unnamed brook south of marker No. 859.
Korvatunturi Mountain is approximately 12.5 kilometers (about 8 miles)
north of Nuortljoki River.
Sector No. 8, Korvatunturi Mountain to Krokfjell Mountain:
In this extreme northern area -- the Pechanga sector (Murmanskaya
Oblast) -- the boundary line is identical with the pre-1917 border,
which is the same as that between the former Grand Duchy of Finland
and Tsarist Russia.* From marker No. 859 the boundary continues in
a northwesterly direction to the Jaurijoki ffauri-Yokg River (NR 35,
36-11: 51-756), a distance of approximately 23.5 kilometers (about
14.6 miles). In this heavily wooded sector the border passes through
some swampland and crosses several streams. Continuing in the same
directiOn for a few kilometers the boundary reaches TalkkunapER Point
(NR 35, 36-11: 56-756) (elevation approximately 2,000 feet) before
turning in a north-northwesterly direction. Talkkunapdd and the
surrounding territory are shown on the 1:250,000 series as a barren
area devoid of woodland (possibly an area of bedrock).
From here the boundary extends for about 8 kilometers (5 miles)
to the Aaddar (Anterijoki) ffnteri=Yok17 River (NR 35, 36-11:
56-751), crosses the river, and continues in a northwesterly direction,
intersecting several small streams flowing from a group of lakes on
the Finnish side, principally Lake KlertamdjUrvi. North of this
sector the boundary passes through a zone of birch brush. The
1:250,000 series shows another area similar to that of Talkkunapdd
minus the forested cover of the surrounding region. The boundary
follows the same northwesterly course for about 6.5 kilometers (about
4 miles), at which point it crosses the Lutto 2Tutto-Yoki7 (NR 35,
36-..11: 56-75.2). On the northwestern shore of the river, on the
Finnish side, is Raja Jooseppi Hut, where the border intersects a
main winter road. Two trails also appear to the southeast of the
river, on the Soviet side. The boundary continues in a northwesterly
*The demarcation maps and protocols for this portion of the
boundary are not available. ANS Series M515, sheet NR 35, 36.-11,
Virtaniemi; Netzbild, von Petsamo; and three sheets of Suomen
Taloudellinen Kartta (1945-4.6) were used in describing this sector
(see Maps of the Boundary, p. 58).
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direction for approximktelyBILLIcaieters (About 5 ifilles) -tO a bar
point, SuorsapEE, with an elevation of about 1,550 feet.
? From SuorsapEE the boundary takes a northeasterly course to an?
arctic mountain, Konnostunturi (NR 35, 36...11: 56..762), situated in
a birch-shrub zone at an elevation of about 1,300 feet. In this
sector the boundary crosses the Kirvausjoki River and the southeastern
tIp of Lake Bippitjdrvi (Kiepsajaur) leaving most of Lake Madsashjaur
Pzerb Madsash-Yani7 on the Soviet side. A trail intersects the -
border about halfway between the lake and river, with a small lake
(possibly.Rautalappi) crossing the boundary line southwest of Konnos-
tunturi. Fr. her the boundary follows a northeasterly course
through a region of lakes, intersects a stream flowing from Lake
SuikusjErvi (NR 35, 36...11: 56-76a), and reaches the base point of
the Finnish-,Soviet boundary at marker Na. A144,* which is set in a
clearing on rocky ground 977.4 meters (3,206 feet) north of boundary
marker No. A/43 (fixed by demarcation documents in 19)4.5). The
coordinates of boundary marker NO. A144 are 68'52'13"N-28?48'07"E.
, From marker No. A/44 the boundary extends in a west-northwest
direction through a rocky region to marker NO. A/45, set in a clear-
ing on the north slope of an unnamed hill. Continuing in the same
direction the boundary crosses a swampy depression and rises along
the rocky eastern slope of the Calkokotamaa Range to marker-No. A/47,
located on its summit From here the boundary extends in a north-
westerly direction along the steep western slope of the Calkokotamaa
Range, crosses the southern part of Lake Eastern Calkolampi, and
continues for 0.8 kilometer (about half a mile) to marker No. A/50,
situated in a clearing on the isthmus between Eastern and Western
Calkolampi The boundary then goes in the same west-northwest
direction, touches the north shore of Lake Eastern Apilampi, and
crosses a swamp before reaching marker No. A/56, located in a rocky
clearing on a slight elevation. '1Maintaining a west-northwest course,
to marker No. A/57, the boundary intersects Lake Kottilampi, then
continues to a height east of the shore of Lake VipujErvi (Tshuhts-
jiirvi). At this point it crosses the lake, leaving one small unnamed
island on the USSR side and three unnamed islands on the Finnish side.
*This is the initial point of the border between Finland and the
USSR in the region of the Yaniskoski Hydroelectric Power Plant and
the Niskakoski Control Dam. In order to conduct field demarcation
work the area was divided into two sections -- the southern, 17.7 -
kilometers (11 miles) long, marked by Finland, and the northern,
25.6 kilometers (16 miles) long, marked by the USSR.
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The boundary then continues to marker No. A/59, set up in a
clearing 159 meters (about 521 feet) west of the shore of Lake Vipu-
jdrvi before following a direct cut-through west, crossing a depres-
siOn and leaving a small unnamed lake on the USSR side, to marker No.
A/60. From here the boundary goes along the same course, crosses
two depressions, and extends to the southern slope of the Caloselka
Ridge (marker No. A/63). Continuing in a westerly direction for
approximately 3.4 kilometers (about 2.1 miles) the boundary inter-
sects three bays on the southern part of Lake Sortojdrvi before
reaching marker No. A/68, located in a clearing on an unnamed rocky
height 188 meters (about 617 feet) from the western shore of the
lake. From marker No. A/68 the boundary follows a westerly course,
crosses an unnamed brook and swamp, and continues to marker No. A/72.
Turning in a northwesterly direction, the boundary then passes
through a rocky area and crosses a wide depression, a section of cut
forest, and a small lake, Rakkalampi, to marker No. A/75, situated
in a clearing on the western slope of an unnamed height. About a
kilometer (0.6 mile) farther on in the same direction is marker No.
A/78, located in a clearing on rocky ground. In this area the border
crosses the Pechenga-Rovaniemi (Arctib) Highway (Figure 18) and the
Pasvikelv (NR 35, 36-11: 52-764), Virtanieml ffirtaniyem47 settle-
ment is located at the point at which the border intersects the
Arctic Highway (shown on the 1:250,000 series). From marker No. A/78
the boundary continues a northwesterly course along the southwestern
rocky slope of the Mustikkavaara Mountains to marker No. A/80,
situated in a clearing on the southern slope. This boundary marker
is the terminal point of the southern section and is the base point
of the northern section.
From boundary marker No. A/80, the border follows a direct cut-
through northeast by east to marker No. A/84, crosses an unnamed
stream flowing from Lake Joutsenjarvest, and passes through a hilly
region to marker No. A/85, set up in a clearing on am elevation 100
meters (328 feet) southwest of a grassy swamp. From here the bound-
ary continues in the 'same direction for a few kilometers to marker
No. A/89, situated in a clearing on the southeast slope of the
Suovaselka Range. Maintaining a northeasterly course, the boundary
follows a direct cut-through along the northeast slope of the
Suovaselka Range, leaving a small unnamed lake on the USSR side. It
then crosses a depression and an unnamed stream before continuing
in the same direction to marker No. A/91. At this point it inter-
sects a stream (Ristikurunojan) in a deep ravine, leaving an unnamed
lake on the Finnish side.
From marker NO. A/92 to marker No. A/97 -- approximately 2.3
kilometers (about 1.4 miles) -- the boundary crosses numerous wide,
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shallow depressions. From marker No. A/97 the border takes a north-
easterly course to the southeastern slope of the Sakkiselka Mountains
(marker No. A/99), descends along the northeastern slope of the
mountains, crosses Sakkiselanoja Stream, and then climbs along the
southwestern slope of an el&ation with a benchmark at 210.6 meters
(about 691 feet) to marker No. A/100. Continuing in a northeasterly
direction for about 3.7 kilometers (approximately 2.3 miles) to
marker No. A/105, the boundary passes through a number of depressions,
crosses a wooded footpath, and intersects an unnamed stream. Between
markers Nos. A/105 and A/109 the boundary follows a direct cut-through
northeast, crossing a few depressions and unnamed elevations. From
marker No. A/109 the boundary, continuing in a northeasterly course,
crosses a swampy depression to marker No. A/110, situated in a
clearing on a slight elevation 94 meters (308 feet) southwest of Lake
Luppojarvenlompolo. The boundary then intersects Lake Luppojarven-
lompolo, crosses a ravine (at marker No. A/113), and descends along
the northeastern slope of an unnamed elevation to marker No. A/116.
In this sector of approximately 3.6 kilometers (about 2.2 miles),
the border passes through a swampy depression and a small unnamed
lake. From marker No. A/116 the boundary follows a direct cut-through
northeast to marker No. Aj117, then crosses an unnamed stream and a
number of rocky depressions and spurs of Krokfjell Mountain to the
Krokfjell boundary marker (69003'11"N-28055'50"E), marking the tri-
junction of the Soviet, Finnish, and Norwegian boundaries.
C. Boundary Marking, Administration and Security
The boundary line between Finland and the Soviet Union in the
territory between the Gulf of Finland and the trijunction of the
frontiers of Finland, Norway, and the USSR is in most places marked
by two boundary posts of wood, stone, or masonry or by two stone
mounds, one on each side of the boundary, usually 2.5 meters from the
line.* In some instances, one stone mound or wooden post whose center
coindides with the actual boundary line is used. Along much of the
pre-1940 border the markers are cairns and natural stones or rocks.
In the entire 43.3 kilometers (26.9 miles) of the boundary in the
Yaniskoski-Niskakoski,area (1947 cession) are 74 markers, of which
4 are stone, 69 are pairs of wooden posts, and 1 is a three-posted
marker. Boundary markers are located at all important spots, such as
railroad and road crossings (Figure 19), inhabited areas, and the
shores of the principal water bodies. In some straight stretches of
the boundary the posts are 1 or 2 kilometers apart, in other sections
they are 5 kilometers apart, and in sparsely populated regions they
*Primary sources for the physical description and marking of the
1940 and 1947-Finnish-USSR boundary are the Protocols. 17, 24/
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are within visible range,of one another. The last arrangement is
especially common along the old-domain border.. Turning-point markers
of wood or stone, 60 centimeters (about 2 feet) high; are placed on
the boundary line where it departs from a straight line.
The course of the land boundary in forested areas is indicated
by a clearing on each side of the border. The width of this cleared
strip in the Sella and southeast sectors (the 1940 boundaries) is 5
meters (16.4 feet) on each side, or a total width of 10 meters. In
the ?central and upper sectors (the old-domain borders) and in the
Yaniskoski-Niskakoski region the boundary strip is 4 meters (13.12
feet) wide on each side of the line, measured from the boundary to
the tree branches. 2.3./ A Finnish-Soviet agreement of 1949 provides
that this strip shall be kept in proper condition and cleared of
brushwood and other growth interfering with visibility. 2,2/
In sectors where the boundary crosses lakes, rivers, or streams
the line is marked by two posts or two stone mounds, one on each
shore or one on one shore and one on an island. In certain instances,
three posts, situated at various distances from each other, denote
the transition of the boundary line from a land to a water sector
(or from water to land). According to the survey agreement for the
1934 old-domain boundary, which is presumably applicable also to the
1940 boundary, whenever a sector that passes through a body of water
has not been clearly defined, the following principles are to be
applied: If the boundary follows a river in which the main channel
can be determined, the line extends along the deepest channel bed
(the thalweg). In the smaller rivers, the boundary line runs in
such a manner that at mean water level each point is at an equal
distance from the shore of each country, figured from the nearest
spot on the mainland on each side or on an island or rock that is
permanently above water level.. Where it runs through a lake, the
boundary is a straight line connecting the points at which the land
boundary touches the edges of the lake. Ownership of islands or
rocks by one country or the other is determined with reference to
the boundary line. If a river or stream that formerly Constituted a
natural boundary changes its channel, the boundary remains as origi-
nally determined. In cases where changes in the shores threaten to
shift the river channel or the water course, the state that would
suffer damage or inconvenience from such a shift has the right to take
preventive measures. 2?./
The enumeration of markers of the 1940 boundary is from south
to north according to sectors. The numbers of the boundary markers
are written as fractions, of which the numerator (designated by a
Roman numeral) represents the number of the sector and the denominator
(an Arabic numeral) is the serial number of the boundary markr. The
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old-domain boundary markers are designated by Arabic numeral only;
and numbers of the markers in the Yaniskoski-Niskakoski area are
preceded by the letter A.
The height of the boundary posts above the ground is 2.06 meters
(6.75 feet). The cross section of the posts is a square 22 centi-
meters (8.6 inches) on a side, 2.7./ except on the old-domain boundary,
where the cross section is 20 centimeters (7.8 inches) square. Each
post is capped by a pyramid. To increase the stability of the posts,
two crosspieces, approximately 80 centimeters (2.6 feet) long, are
nailed at right angles to the bottom part of each post on the 1940
border but not on the old-domain boundary. The posts are set about
1 meter below the surface of the ground. Buried under the center
point of each post on the 1940 boundary are pieces of glass, charcoal,
or 5 stones; under those of the old-domain boundary a bottle, char-
coal, or 5 stones are placed. A mound of earth 14 centimeters (5.5
inches) high is built up around each post and covered by turf, brick,
or stone. Water moldings around the bottom of the posts are used
on the 1940 boundaries only.
On the Finnish side, the posts were originally painted all white.
In 1949, however, with Soviet approval, the Finns changed to stripes
of white and "official" blue. In all sectors of the Finnish boundary,
the posts are probably now painted with horizontal blue and white
stripes, 19 centimeters (nearly 8 inches) in width. On the Soviet
side, the posts are painted with alternate vermilion and green hori-
zontal stripes the same width as the sides of the post. Thus painted,
the posts on both sides of the border should be clearly visible when
the ground is covered with snow.
On some of the markers on the Finnish side the numbers are
painted with black enamel directly on the posts. In other sections
of the boundary, a sheet-metal plate measuring 15 x 16 centimeters
(5.9 x 6.3 inches) is attached to each post. This plate is treated
with rust preventive and painted white with black enamel numbers.
On all sections of the boundary facing the Soviet Union, boundary
shields or plaques are attached to the posts 7 centimeters (2.75
inches) from the lower edge of the pyramid. .These boundary plaques
are made of cast iron with black edges and a base of red enamel on
which Finland's coat-of-arms (the lion) is embossed and painted in
gold. On the USSR posts is the Russian emblem, a wreath surround-
ing the hammer and sickle. In the Yaniskoski-Niskakoski area,
boundary-marker numbers on the wooden posts are black on a white back-
ground on the Finnish side and white on a green background on the
Soviet side. Turning-point markers are painted white wherever possi-
ble, but stone or masonary posts are unpainted.
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Maintenance of boundary markers (wooden and stone posts, earth
and stone mounds, signs of alignment, and others) in such a way that
their location, appearance, form, size, and coloring conform to all
requirements has been agreed to by Finland and the USSR. The care of
boundary markers is divided between the two countries. Each country
maintains the markers on its own territory; responsibility for those
placed exactly on the line of the land frontier is divided, the even-
numbered markers being cared for by the USSR and the odd-numbered by
Finland. In case of loss, destruction, or damage of a boundary mark-
er, the nation on whose territory such a marker is located or to
whom it is assigned shall take immediate measures for its restoration
or repair.
The boundary between Finland and the USSR is a "closed border."
This means that boundary crossings are restricted to the minimum.
The Soviet Union is meticulous in securing the inviolability of its
own side of the border, and it has concluded precise agreements
with Finland regarding the frontier zone. A belt of land 7 kilometers
(4.4 miles) wide along the border on the Soviet side is under the
absolute control of the of the' Interior.
Adjacent to the 7-kilometer belt is a 20-kilometer (12.4-mile) zone
that can be entered only with special police permission.
The attitude of the Finns toward the problem of guarding the
border is quite different from that of the Soviets. It would be
considered a restriction of individual liberty to prevent Finnish
civilians from living in close proximity to the border. Because of
the geopolitical position of Finland, however, the Government does all
it can to prevent illegal border crossings by its nationals and has
placed warning signs along the roads (Figures 20 and 21). An example
of its efforts to prevent violations of the Soviet boundary is a
recently built 5-1/2-foot-high reindeer fence that extends for 390
miles along the Lapland section of the Finnish-Soviet border. (The
exact termini of the fence are not known.)
The need for a Finnish border guard first arose-when Finland
succeeded in obtaining its independence. A civil frontier patrol
was then established, which was later integrated into the Finnish
armed forces. During World War II the Finnish Border Guard was used
as the backbone for the organization of new military units (Figure
22).
The present Border Guard is composed of regular army officers
and volunteers who are directly under the operational control of the
Minister of interior. The Guard is commanded by a major general of
the Finnish Army, located in Helsinki, who is assisted by a head-
quarters staff of 56 persons. The total strength of the Border Guard
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is believed to be 4,083 (all ranks), with its main concentrations in
the following areas: (1) Southeast Finland (Karelian frontier); (2)
northern boundary of Porkkala enclave; (3) Northeast Finland (Soviet
frontier); (4) western sectors along Norwegian and Swedish borders.
The nucleus of the Border Guard consists of personnel With long
service who have joined the Guard on completion of their military
service but before reaching 30 years of age. These men must have at
least an elementary-school education, must join the Guard for a
minimum of 1 year, and must belong to the Army Reserve. Conscripts
may be assigned to service with the Border Guard instead of with the
Defense Forces, and are usually stationed near their respective
home districts. Officers and noncommissioned officers may be detached
from the Defense Forces for duty with the Guard. Recruits for the
Border Guard are frequently obtained through newspaper advertising.
The functions and activities of the Border Guard are prescribed
by laws and regulations pertaining to the Guard itself and by other
legislation on related matters, such as the border zone. Some of
the principal duties of the Guard are: (1) the surveillance of the
boundary and prevention and reporting of unauthorized crossings;
2) prevention and detection of contraband traffic across the border;
3) the prohibition of any activities in the border zone which may
create border incidents; (4) care and maintenance of boundaries,
boundary fences, boundary zones, and boundary markers and monuments;
(5) responsibility for maintaining liaison with the border officials
of a neighboring country; and (6) the settlement of border disputes
and incidents with neighboring border authorities.
The Finnish Border Guard is under orders not to observe any
happenings on the Soviet side of the border, but merely to safeguard
the border from violation from the Finnish side. They are interested
primarily in activities that are directed against or might be harmful
to the security of Finland.
Radio communication is maintained between headquarters and units
of the Border Guard, which in turn have subsidiary radio nets down
to companies and posts. At present there are 132 radio stations in
operation, 105 in the Coast Guard and 27 in the Border Guard. Head-
quarters and lower echelons are connected by private telephones.
Telegraphic communications and visual signals are utilized whenever
possible.
Transportation needs of the Border Guard are met by making use
of bicycles, horses, carts (600-pound, 1-horse, 2-wheeled), passenger
cars, 2-1/2- or 3-ton trucks, and man-drawn"boat sledges" during the
winter. Skis are standard equipment for all land-based Guard units.
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The USSR guards its border with Finland primarily by patrolling.
Soviet patrols have been observed along the entire length of the
border, even in the most remote sections. In winter, members of
such patrols wear white snowsuits and are equipped with skis. The
complement of a patrol in the northern area is usually 1 non-
commissioned officer and 3 or 4 men, but occasionally it may have
ag many as 6 or 7 men. In the summer, Soviet patrols have been '
known to make their rounds after midnight, accompanied by trained
dogs. Each boundary post is inspected by the patrol. (Figure 23.)
The Soviet Border Guard is perpetually alert, suspicious, and
highly disciplined. Over-all training includes the art of forming
ambuscades, as well as the careful observation of occurrences on the
Finnish side of the border.
Soviet lookout posts supplement the patrols. It has been
reported that in the Petsamo border region and farther south in the
Salla area lookout posts are so numerous that they seem to form an
unbroken chain. A perpetual watch is maintained in important areas,
such as those where there are roads, but not in the more remote
regions. The security of the Arctic Highway, which is within the
frontier zone, is the responsibility of the MGB Border Guards
(pogranichniki), and the zone here is well patrolled.
In the more thickly populated areas along the southern sector
of the boundary, 5-foot barbed-wire barriers have been erected. In-
formation is not available to indicate the length of this fence or
the length of the gap between it and the recently built Finnish
reindeer fence. It was noted recently, however, that Soviet defense
activities on all Finnish borders have been speeded up.
D. Maps of the Boundary
The exact location of the present Finnish-USSR boundary is best
shown on the official demarcation maps. Those of the Mixed Boundary
Commission (1 and 2 in list at end of section) show the exact position
of the boundary line and topographic detail within the boundary strip.
The five sections of the boundary involved in the terms of cession
under the Treaty of Peace of 1940 are shown on the following sheets
of the 1:20,000 demarcation map (1): Section 1, sheets 1/1--I/4;
Section 2, sheets 11/1-11/5; Section 3, sheets 111/1-111/6; Section
4, sheets IV/1-IV/7; Section 5, sheets Vii-V/4. Sections 1 throuh
3 depict the 1940 border from the Gulf of Finland (marker No. Ill
to Lake Virmagrvi (marker No. 111/277/577) on the "old domain" bor-
der (those sectors of the Finnish-Soviet boundary not affected by the
1940 changes). Sections 4 and 5 show the 1940 boundary from marker
No. 755 (IV/1) on the old-domain border at Lake Kinnusengrvi to
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marker No. 857 at Mount Puitsitunturi (north of marker No. V/125),
the Salla sector. The coverage of the border area. at the scale of
1:25,000 (2) (Sheets 16 through 38, and 51 through 54) shows the
course of the boundary in the central sector (markers Nos. 577 to 775)
and the upper sector (markers Nos. 857 to 859) of the old (pre-1940)
Finnish-Soviet border.
Official large-scale demarcation maps are not available for the
section of the boundary from Kbrvatunturi (marker No. 859).to the
initial marker of the Yaniskoski-Niskakoski border (No. A/44) and
then to Krokfjell, the meeting point of the present territories of
the USSR, Norway, and Finland. The border in this northernmost
region ifs identical with the pre-1917, boundary with the exception
of the area of the 1947 cession (Yaniskoski-Niskakoski). Maps at
smaller scales (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) were used in describing this
portion of the boundary.
Two Army Map Service series at 1:250,000 (3 and 7) together
cover the entire Finnish-Soviet frontier, and these were Used in
conjunction with the demarcation and other maps, although their use-
fulness is limited because of the small scale.
The land boundary in the 1940 Finnish-Soviet frontier of the
Karelian sector is given in great detail on 5 Finnish sheets at
1:100,000 (8). However, the 21 border strips show the Finnish side
of the boundary only, and orientation is difficult.
Large-scale Soviet maps produced since the USSR acquired Pechenga
and Yaniskoski-Niskakoski are not available. The present south-
western boundary of the Pechenga area (identical with the pre-1917
boundary of the Grand Duchy of Finland) is shown on a 1:200,000 map
(4), but essential detail is omitted.
The entire ceded area in the extreme northern section of the
boundary (Yaniskoski-Niskakoski) is portrayed on the Finnish
1:100,000 photostats (6), whereas on the 1950 printed sheets (5) only
the Finnish side is presented.
The official demarcation maps are supplemented by descriptive
protocols.
1. Karta Gosudarstvennoy Granitsy Soyuza Sovetskikh
Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik i Finlyandii (Socialististen Neuvostoq
Tasavaltojen Liiton Ja Suomen Valtakunnan Rajan Kartta) (Map of the
State Boundary Between the Soviet Socialist Republic and Finland);
1:20,000; 26 sheets (5 sections); in Russian and Finnish; 1940; CIA
Map Library Call No. 34269.
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2. Kartta Suomen Tasavallan Ja Sosialististen Neuvo-
stotasavaltojen Liiton Vdlisestd Valtakunnanrajasta Laatokasta
L_-_-
Pohjoiseen Jddmereen (Karta Granitsy Mezhdu Soyuzom Sovetskikh
Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik i Finlyandskoy Respublikoy ot Ladozh-
skogo Ozera Do Sev. Ledovitogo Okeana) (Map of the Finnish Republic
and the USSR. Revision of the National Boundary from Lake Ladoga to
the Arctic Ocean); 1:25,000; 27 sheets, in Finnish, title and legend
in Finnish and Russian; revised 1934, 1936, and' 1937; CIA Map Library
Call No. 79399.
3. Finland-Scandinavia 1:250J000; Army Map Service Series
M5151 Sheets Nos. NR 35, 36-11, Virtaniemi, and NR 35, 36-8, Pechenga;
1953; ANS Library Call No. 1M 3-30-90,000-250.
4. Netzbild von Petsamo; 1:200,000; Helsinki, 1933 (reprint);
CIA Map Library Call No. 47118.
5. Suomen Taloudellinen Kartta; 1:100,000;pinnif
Maanmittaushallitus (General Survey'Okfice); Sheets Nos. 374 -4722-
4724, TalkkunapER (1945), 3833-4811, Raja-Jooseppi: (1945), 3834-4812,
Kbnnostunturi (1946), and 3843-4821, Paatsvuono (1950); CIA Map .
Library Call No. 35500.
6. Kartta Jdniskosken Vesivoimalaitoksen Ja Niskakosen
Sddnnostelypadon Alueesta; 1:100,000; photostat; in Finnish; 1947;
CIA Map Library Call No. 38196. ANIS 1?-61
7. Eastern Europe 1:250,000; Army Nap Service Series N501;
1952; AMS Library Call No. N23-30-90,000-250.
8. Uusi Valtakunnanraja (Voimassa kunnes raja maastossa
kRydR6n); 1:100,000; in Finnish; 5 sheets (21 sections); 1940; CIA
Map Library Call No. 47458.
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Figure 10. The railroad station at Vainikkala
(Finland), used regularly for traffic across
the border.
Figure 11. Reparations goods passing the
border at Vainikkala.
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Figure 12. View from the Imatran Valtionhottelli
(Imatra), looking toward the east and the Finnish-
USSR border in the distance.
..Figure 13. 13. Railroad and lake northeast of Imatra. The swath through the
forest (right background) marks the Finnish-USSR border. Finland is on
the left, the USSR on the right.
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Figure 14. The Finnish-USSR border in the vicinity of Simpele. The
lake in the background, probably SimpelenjUrvil separates the two
countries.
Figure 15. Looking toward the Soviet'border'across
an inlet of Lake SimpelenjErvi, northeast of the town
of Simpele.
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Figure 16. The Soviet town of VYartsi1ya (VNrtsilN) near the present
Karelo-Finnish border (62012'N-30?42'E).
. ; ? I i? 6.11.
:c
t4 :
Figure 17. Isolated farm surrounded by forest in the central
portion of the border region.
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Figure 18. Scene along the Arctic Highway (exact loca-
tion unknown), photographed at midnight.
Figure 19. A wooden marker at a railroad crossing
along the Finnish-USSR boundary.
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Figure 21. The Arctic Highway
entering the Finnish-Soviet border
zone near Virtaniemi.
Figure 20. Check point at entrance
to 2-mile-wide zone along the Fin-
nish-Soviet border.
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_Figure _22. Border patrol on guard along the boundary between old Finland
(before the Winter War of 1939-40) and the Soviet Union.
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Figure 23. Finnish border guard accompanied by a dog. Note the pair of
boundary markers directly behind the guard.
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CONFIDENTIAL
KCONFIDENTIAL-
Korali
,?Korpisellya
Vyartsilya
CONFIDENTIAL
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III. Poland-USSR Border
A. History of the Boundary
At the close of World War I in November 1918, with the endorse-
ment of the victorious Allies, Poland became an independent republic.
The Paris Peace Conference in 1919 provided for the establishment
of the western and southern boundaries of Poland, in general along
ethnic lines. The eastern boundary presented more of a problem
because of the mixed nature of the population in that area. In
December 1919 the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers set a line
within which the Polish Government could organize its administration.
This boundary became known as the "Curzon Line" the following year,
when Lord Curzon proposed that it become the armistice line between
Polish and Soviet forces.* Before the Supreme Council's announcement,
two alternative lines had been suggested as southern extensions of
the provisional boundary,through Eastern Galicia. One of these ran
to the east of L'vov (Lwow), thus including that town in Poland; the
other ran a considerable distance to the_west of L'vov. ?Neither of
these two lines was embodied in the Supreme Council's December 1919
boundary, but the eastern line was shown on the map accompanying the
announcement and later was popularly accepted as part of the Curzon
Line. The present boundary is in some respects similar to the
alternative western line. 28, 29; 30/
Drawn on ethnic principles, the Supreme Council line excluded
from Poland large areas inhabited by Lithuanians, Belorussians, and
Ukrainians. The Supreme Council, however, intended only that this
line should describe the minimum eastern extension of Poland; it
was not the purpose to prevent the Polish and Soviet Governments
from agreeing upon a final boundary farther to the east. The Polish
Government had, in fact, insisted upon the territorial limits of 1772
(before the first partition of Poland), and after Polish forces de-
feated the forces of Soviet Russia, Poland received most of its claims
by the Treaty of Riga, 18 March 1921. In accordance with Article 2
of the Treaty of Riga, the eastern frontier was to follow plans
drawn up by the Polish-Soviet Delimitation Commission and men-
tioned in the General Final Protocol of the Commission signed 31
July 1922. 2/ The new boundary of Poland ran southeast from the
Latvian frontier, then generally due south, passing about 29 kilo-
meters (18 miles) west of Minsk then some 113 kilometers (70 miles)
east of Pinsk. In the neighborhood of Ostrog the line turned slight-
ly southwest and continued in that direction for some 40 kilometers
.*The Curzon Line is also in part identical with the western bor-
der of the Polish territories annexed by Russia in the Third Partition
of Poland in 1795.
?
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(about 25 miles). Then it turned due south again to the Zbrucz
River, which it followed to its junction with the Dniester ffinestr7.
In Paris in March 1923, the Conference of Ambassadors of the
Principal Allied and Associated Powers recognized the boundary line
as delimited by the two countries on 23 November 1922. 32/
At the close of the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, the Polish
Government seized the Wilno region from Lithuania, later incorporat-
ing it into Poland. In 1923 the Conference of Ambassadors officially
allotted Wilno to Poland, ?an act that touched off a controversy be-
tween Poland and Lithuania that continued until 1938.
On 23 August 1939, the USSR concluded a nonaggression pact
with Germany, and on 1 September Hitler invaded Poland, precipi-
tating World War II. On 17 September 1939 the Soviet armies crossed
the eastern frontier of Poland, and by the end of the month the
German-Soviet conquest of Poland was complete. The treaty signed on
28 September 1939 by Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop and Molotov
defined a common German-Soviet frontier resulting in the fourth
partition of Poland. la/ The Ribbentrop-Molotov line ran due west
from the tip of Lithuania to the frontier of East Prussia, giving
Germany the city and district of Suwa/ki. The line continued along
the East Prussian frontier to Ostrc4eka, then southeast to the Bug
River, along the Bug via Brest (Brest-Litovsk) to Krystynopol',
a town north of L'vov, and then almost due west to the San River,
which it followed to its source on the border of Ruthenia. 321/
In October 1939, the USSR ceded to Lithuania the disputed territory
of Wilno.*
ee 3 enj //c
// ve. 1/11.f,4 g tt?,
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Big Three
(Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) agreed that Poland's eastern
boundary should be moved westward from its prewar line to the old
Curzon Line of 1919, with some digressions in favor of Poland. 12/
For this loss of territory to the USSR, Poland was to be compensated
at the expense of Germany. At the Potsdam Conference (2 August 1945)
the Big Three agreed to terms whereby Poland lost approximately
70,000 square miles of its prewar territory in the east to the USSR
and received provisionally about 40,000 square miles in the west from
the former German provinces of Silesia, Pomerania, and East and West
Prussia. The northern part of East Prussia was placed under Soviet
administration and the southern part under Polish administration.
The agreement .?./ stated that --
?
*This area was later incorporated into the USSR as part of the
Lithuanian SSR.
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pending the final determination of territorial questions at
the peace:settlement the section of the western frontier of
Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic
Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay
of Danzig to the east north of Braunsberg-Goldap (Braniewo-
GoXdap), to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania
and East Prussia.
Regarding Poland's western frontier and southern East Prussia it was
stated that --
pending the final determination of Poland's western frontiers
the former. German territories east of a line running from the
Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemunde (Swinioujscie), and
thence along the Oder River to the confluence of the western
Neisse River and along the western Neisse to the Czechoslovak
frontier, including that portion of East Prussia not placed
under the administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics in accordance with the understanding reached at
this conference and including the area of the former free City
of Danzig, shall be under the administration of the Polish
State.
On 16 August 1945 Poland and the USSR concluded at Moscow a
treaty on the Polish-Soviet frontier, as well as an agreement on the
question of compensation for damages caused by the German occupation.
The new state border as described in this treaty followed the Curzon
Line and the westernmost of its southern extensions through former
Eastern* Galicia with the exception of a few deviations of 5 to 30 kilo-
meters (3 to 18.5 miles) each; The principal deviations were in the
vicinity of Grodno and Przemys11,where they were in favor of the Soviet
Union, and in the Jalowka-Niemirow sector and the area along the
Western Bug and Sohkija Rivers south of the town of Kry/aw, where
they were in favor of Poland. 37, 38/ Northeast of Suwalki the new
line corresponded with the prewar Polish=Lithuanian boundary. The
treaty further stated that, pending a final peace conference, in
conformity with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference part of the
Polish-Soviet frontier adjoining the Baltic Sea was to pass from
the Bay of Danzig eastward, north at' the cities of Braniewo and
Goldap, to the point where the Polish, Lithuanian, and East Prussian
boundaries met. Article 2 of the treaty provided for a Mixed Polish-
Soviet Commission for the demarcation of the frontier, with head-
quarters in Warsaw. Upon completion of its work in the field, the
members of the Commission signed the delimitation documents on 30
April 1947.
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The Polish-Soviet border as delimited by the treaty of 16
_August 1945_was_slightly-alteredJoy an_agreement signed in Moscow on
15 February 195d-by-Roland and the Soviet Union, which resulted in
the-Mutual exchange of 480 square kilometers-(185.3 square miles)
of territory between the two nations. Poland acquired a strip of
land near the southernmost section of the Polish-Soviet frontier at
a point where the San River had been the boundary, including the town
of Ustrzyki Dolne. The USSR, in turn, received an area of land along
the So/olija and Bug Rivers to the west of the town of Sokal. 39, 40,
41 42/ Two agreements were signed by representatives of Poland and
the USSR in Moscow 8 July 1948, one of which established the princi-
ples to be applied in marking the boundary and the other the organi-
zations and procedures for boundary administration. An agreement
was signed on 8 December 1951 modifying the 1948 agreements in order
to conform to the situation created by the two border rectifications
of that year (see accompanying maps 12698, 12926, and 12757). 43, 44
45, 56/
B. Linear Description of the Boundary
1. Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuanian SectOr*
The boundary between Poland (Polish-administered East
Prussia) and Kaliningrad Oblast (Soviet-administered East Prussia)
begins on the Baltic shore of the sand spit, Mierzeja Wislana (Frische
Nehrung) (see accompanying map 12698). The line crosses this sand
spit in a straight northwest-southeast line, touching the eastern
shore at a point about 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) north of the Polish
settlement of Nowa Karczma (Neukrug) (Braunsberg; J-14: 10-34).**
At the eastern shore of the sand spit, the boundary turns to east-
southeast and crosses the lagoon Zalew Wislany (Frisches Haff) in a
straight line.
The boundary intersects the mainland at a point about 2 kilo-
meters (1.2 miles) northeast of the Polish settlement of Pas/eka
*In the description of this sector of the Polish border, the
place-name forms are, wherever possible, those used on the side of
the border on which the place or feature is located. For mAny places
on the Soviet side, however, the Russian name is not available, and
in such cases the Polish name, if known, is given, followed by the
old German name in parentheses. If only the German name is known,
it is given in parentheses.
**Locational indices for places in the entire Polish border area
refer to AMS Series. M651, Poland 1:1001000, For an explanation of
the key, see footnote, page 8:
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(Passarge)* (J-14: 20-733) and just north of the mouth of a small
stream that runs northeast of and parallels the stream Pasieka
(Passarge). The boundary continues Overland, crossing the stream
Omaza about 4 kilometers (2.5 Miles) northwest of the Polish settle-
tent Zelazna Gora (Eisenberg) (J-14: 38-29). In the section from
the coast to the Omaza, the boundary f's crossed by the Braniewo
(Braunsberg).-Kaliningrad (KBnigsberg) railroad, the Braniewo-
Kaliningrad main road, and a secondary road leading from the Polish
settlement of Lipovina (Lindenau) (J-14: 33-24). The boundary also
crosses the stream Bahnau and for a short distance parallels the
Mamonovo** (Heiligenbeil)-Tsinten (Zinten) railroad. It is probable
that very little traffic circulates across the border over any of
the routes discussed. The following boundary crossings are given in
west-to-east order:
(1) A road crosses from Zelazna Gora to Mamonovo.
(2) The main road (a former Reichsautobahn) from the west to
.Kaliningrad crosses at a point southwest of the Soviet settlement
Tyrowo (Thierau) (J-14: 40,-33).
(3) The Omaza River loops northward near Tyrowo, crossing the
boundary three times.
(4) A road from the Polish settlement Of jachcAo (Hanswalde)
(J-14: 43-28) crosses to Tyrowo and Mamonovo.
(5) Two small streams cross the boundary south of the Soviet
settlement (Hermsdorf) (J-14: 46-33).
(6) South of Tsinten (J-14.: 54-35) the boundary passes just
sbuth of the junction point of two railroads -- one from the south-
west, from the Polish city of Orneta, the other from the southeast,
from Lidzbark Warminski; from the junction point the railroad runs
north to Tsinten,
*If the policy of evacuating the population for a considerable
depth on either side of the boundary has been carried out along the
Polish-Soviet frontier, as has been done along some other Soviet
frontiers, it is possible that many of the settlements or villages
mentioned in this description may now be uninhabited. Since March
1953, however, the Ukrainian authorities have launched a large-scale
compulsory resettlemeht program in the former Polish-Soviet frontier
area.
**Mamonovo is the most recent Soviet name for this town. In the
earlier years of Soviet occupation, the Soviet name appeared as
Kheyligenbeyl.
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(7),The main Orneta-Tsinten road crosses the border just east.
of the Orneta-Tsinten railroad.
In the sector from the coast to the vicinity of Tsinten,
the boundary traverses low, open country with only a few scattered
patches of woodland. Many small streams and, near the coast, small
canals or ditches cross the boundary. Before the boundary was
established (1945-46), there were about 10 small settlements in the
border area, and houses and buildings were distributed with fair
uniformity. The border zone here and elsewhere along the Polish-
Soviet boundary is probably almost uninhabited at present, and it
is possible that many of the buildings that were near the line have
been removed.
From the road and railroad crossings south of Tsinten, the
boundary line continues in a generally west-east direction. It
extends for about 23 kilometers (14 miles) to a point some 3
kilometers r8 miles) south of the Soviet town Bagrationovsk
(Pr Eylau) Konigsberg; J-15: 77-28). In this section, the following
roads cross the boundary:
(1) A road from the Polish settlement Kandyty (Canditten)
(J-15: 58-20) to Tsinten, a branch of which leads east to the Soviet
settlement Rassiten (Rositten) (J-15: 62-29).
(2) Several secondary roads in the Kamiensko Forest (Forst
Preussisch Eylau) sector, through which the boundary runs for about
5 kilometers (3 miles) in the area southeast of Rassiten.
(3) The Olsztyn-Kaliningrad main road, which crosses the bound-
ary southwest of Bagrationovsk.
The terrain is considerably more rolling and broken in this
sector than to the east. The Kamiensko Forest occupies high ground
east of Bagrationovsk, and another large forested tract, apparently
a detached part of the Kamiensko Forest, is on the Polish side of
the boundary a short distance south of Bagrationovsk. Prewar settle-
ment in this sector was not quite as dense as to the east, although
there were many buildings some distance to the north and south of
the immediate border zone.
The boundary continues eastward for about 16 kilometers (nearly
? 10 miles), crossing the Bartozyce (Bartenstein)-Keliningrad main road
and railroad. It intersects the Bartozyce-Pravdinsk (Friedland)
railroad and main road near the settlement of Shenbrukh (Schtinbruch)
(J-15: 92-25). From,south of Shenbrukh the boundary runs eastward
for about 27 kilometers (16.7 miles) and intersects the Olsztyn-
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Chernyakhovsk railroad and the Olsztyn-Znamensk main road about 4
kilometers 2.5 miles) south of the Soviet town of Zheleznodorozhnyy
Gerdauen) J-15: 19-24). In this sector the line crosses the kna
Alle) River about _9 kilometers (5.6 miles) east of Shenbrukh. The
Polish settlement Lipowo (Lindenau) (J-15: 06-22) lies near the
boundary about 5 kilometers (3 Miles) east of the kna. From the road
and railroad intersections south of Zheleznodorozhnyy, the boundary
Continues in an easterly direction to the town of Nordenbork (Norden-
burg) (Insterburg; J-16: 35-22), Which appears to be on the Soviet
side of the boundary.
The boundary sector from ShMbrukh to Nordenbork traverses
undulating, open land interspersed with small patches of woodland.
A fairly large woodland area lies on the Soviet side northwest of
Nordenbork. There were a number of small settlements near this
sector of the boundary in the prewar period.
From Nordenbork the boundary approximates a straight line
bearing slightly north of east to the northern end of the (Goldaper
See), about 5 kilometers north of Gofdap. In this long sector there
are now no sizable towns near the boundary, though there were many
small settlements in the prewar period. West of Nordenbork the bound-
ary crosses the Kanal-Mazurski, which, with its extensions, connects
Lake Rydzowskie in Poland with the kna River in Soviet territory.
On the ANS 1:100,000 series this canal is not shown as crossing the
boundary. ? The boundary crosses the Wegorapa (Angerapp) River about
8 kilometers (nearly 5 miles) south of the Soviet town of Ozersk
(Darkehmen) (J-16: 65-31).
Between Nordenbork and Gofdap the major road and railroad
crossings are as follows:
(1) Wegorzewo-ZheleznodorozhnyY railroad crossing, about 4
kilometers (2.5 miles) east of Nordenbork;
(2) Wegorzewo-ZheleznodorozhnyY main road crossing at Rauschen-
feld (Reuschenfeld) (J-16: 41-22);
(3) Wegorzewo-Ozersk (Darkehmen) railroad crossing (J-16: 55-
23);
(4) Gofdap-Ozersk main road crossing (J-16: 75-24);
-(5) Gofdap-Ozersk railroad crossing, east of the main road
crossing;
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(6) Go/dap-Gusev (Gumbinnen) main road crossing about 2 kilo-
meters (1.2 miles) southeast of the Soviet settlement Plawiszki
(eplawischken);
(7) Gofdap-Nesterov (Stallupdnen) railroad crossing, just west
of the northern end of the Goldaper See.
From Nordenbork to the Goldaper See the boundary traverses only
a few small areas of woodland, mainly in the vicinity of Kowary
(Kowarren). There are nearby woodland tracts of considerable size,
however, one in Poland south of Nordenbork and the lake Jezioro
Nordenborskie (Nordenburger See), and a second, also in Poland, south
of the place where the WTgorapa River crosses the line. The terrain
is irregular, and local elevations are fairly high. The boundary
passes over high ground east of Nordenbork, descends to the valley
of the WTgorapa, then climbs to the highest elevation in this sector,
about 180 meters (590 feet), near the Goldaper See.
From the Goldaper See, the boundary extends eastward through
a forested area, the Puszcza Romincka (Romintener Hide), for about
23 kilometers (14 miles) to the vicinity of the Polish settlement
of Zytkiejmy (Szittkehmen) (Kalvarija; J-17: 10-25). A branch line
of the Go/dap-Nesterov railroad crosses the boundary just west of
Zytkiejmy. The boundary apparently follows almost a straight course
through the forest, slightly north of east. For about 7 kilometers
(4.3 miles) in the central part of the forest, it parallels a road
called the Goldaper-Teerbuden Weg on the ANS 1:100,000 series. In
the western part of the Puszcza Romincka Forest, the boundary is
crossed by several small streams, and there are a few settlements
and some cleared land in this area. From the vicinity of Zytkiemy to
the beginning of the Lithuanian boundary the terrain is open and
irregular. Outside Zytkiemy and two other smaller settleMents,
scattered houses and buildings are rather evenly spaced.
From Zytkiemy the boundary extends for about 7 kilometers in
an east-northeast direction to the point where it meets the Kaliningrad
Oblast-Lithuanian SSR boundary, about 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) south-
east of the lake J. Wisztynieckie (Wystiter See) and 5 kilometers (3
miles) west of the Polish settlement of Wizajny (J-17: 21-27). From
,this junction point the Lithuanian boundary trends northeast for
approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles), then curves around the northern
end of Lake Wizajny and continues in a direction slightly south of east
for about 7 kilometers (4.3 miles). The Lithuanian settlement of
Grafauskai (J-17: 26-32) lies north of the boundary in this section.
The boundary turns southwest for roughly 3 kilometers, then southeast
for about 5 kilometers, passing south of the Lithuanian settlement
of Liubavas (J-17: 32-28). In this section the line is crossed by the
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river Sheshupe and by a secondary road leading from the Polish settle-
ment Rutkatartak (J-17: 28-23) to Liubavas.
In the sector from the trijunction of Poland, Kaliningrad
Oblast, and Lithuania to the Sheshupe there is considerable high
ground. Some of the small streams that cross the boundary have
rather steep-sided valleys, several of which are drained by chains
of small lakes connected by creeks. There is marshy ground to the
north-northwest of Jez Wizajny and along the Sheshupe. On the
Soviet side immediately adjacent to the boundary are several fairly
large patches of forest. Between two of these, the boundary skirts
the southern shore of the small lake Dunajewo (J-17: 20-33). Settle-
ment and buildings were rather uniformly dispersed in this sector
before the war, Liubavas containing the only sizable cluster of
buildings. A network of secondary roads crossed the boundary, and
there were apparently open fields in several places along the border.
From the Sheshupe, the boundary parallels the stream Szelmentka,
a tributary of the Sheshupe, southwestward' tothe northern end of Lake
Kupowo, passing to the northeast of a forest tract. The line then
trends southeast for about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles), then curves
northeastward for about the same distance; in this section it crosses
the Suwafki-Kalvariya main road. The line runs southward for about
2 kilometers (1.2 miles), then turns east near the Settlement of
Trompole (J-17: 42-20), which it apparently passes through. Thence
it extends in a direction slightly south of east for 2 kilometers,
then southeast for about 5 kilometers (3 miles). In this section,
at a point some 4 kilometers northeast of the POlish settlement
of Punsk (J-17: 42-16), it intersects the railroad from Suwalki to
Maryampole and Alitus.
The boundary follows a slightly curving course eastward to
Berezniki (J-17:'50-16), passes through this settlement, and crosses
a secondary road to the Polish town Sejny (Druskieniki; K-18: 53-99)
from Kalvariya. From Berezniki, the boundary follows an irregular
course in a general southeasterly direction to the northern shore
of Lake Gafadus, where a road crosses from Poland to the Lithuanian
town of Lazdiyai (K-18: 64-14). The boundary continues southward
through Lake Gafadus for about 6 kilometers (3.7 miles), roughly
half the length of the lake.
The stream Szelmentka and the lake Kupowo, like the streams
to the northwest, are in an entrenched valley. After traversing this
valley, the boundary passes onto an upland of irregular topography.
There are some marshy areas near the line, and a small lake lies in
an angle of the boundary near the Lithuanian settlement of Trompole.
Several small tributaries of the Sheshupe drainage system flow across
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the line into Lithuania, and the boundary passes through or near
a series of small lakes before reaching Lake GaXadus. As in the
area to the northeast, buildings were rather evenly distributed
in the prewar period and there was a dense network of secondary
roads, many of which crossed the boundary.
From Lake Galadus, the boundary turns eastward on land and
intersects a secondary road leading from Sejny to Lazdiyai. From the
point where it crosses this road, the line curves to the south-south-
east then southeast, passing southwest of the Lithuanian settlement
Janoslavas (K-18: 62-07). The Sejny-Lazdiyai main road crosses the
boundary a short distance northeast of a small lake, Hozny, on the
Polish side. The boundary continues in a general southerly direction,
and after crossing the small lake Bo/oni it intersects the Suwa/ki-
Alitus main road east of the Polish settlement Berzniki (K-18: 61-97).
The irregular terrain characteristic of the boundary zone
northwest of Lake Ga/adus continues southeast of that lake to the
vicinity of the Lithuanian settlement KuCillnai (K-18: 64-02), south
of which elevations are lower and the surface is smoother. Southeast
of Lake Ga/adus the prewar buildings were grouped more definitely
into settlements than to the northwest.
From the intersection with the Suwa/ki-Alitus road, the bound-
ary extends southwestward through a forested area for about 8 kilo-
meters (5 miles) along a secondary road running south from the
Lithuanian settlement KlepoCiai (K-18: 69-02). In this forested
tract the boundary is crossed by a road extending southeastward from
Sejny by way of Berzniki in Poland to KapnAmiestis (K-18: 74-88) in
Lithuania.
The boundary meets the Marycha River at a point some 4 kilo-
meters (2.5 miles) southeast of the Polish settlement Zelwa (K-18:
60-91) and follows the course of the Marycha for about 7 kilometers
(4.3 miles) to the point of junction of the boundaries of Poland, the
Lithuanian SSR, and the Belorussian SSR, southwest of the Lithuanian
settlement of Grickavas (K-18: 68-85). In this sector the land is
cleared, and in prewar times buildings were spaced rather closely
along both banks of the river, but on both the Polish and Lithuanian
sides extensive forested tracts lie within a short distance of the
stream. On the Polish side these tracts are part of the large
forest, Puszcza Augustowska. The valley of the Marycha, where the
boundary follows it, pnd the areas to the east and west are fairly
flat and at lower elevations than the boundary zone to the north.
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2. Belorussian Sector*
The sector of the boundary between Poland and Belorussia
may be divided into two parts. The longer northern section extends
across land or along small streams from the point of junction of the
territories of Poland, the Lithuanian SSR, and the Belorussian SSR
to the Bug River. The second, or southern, section follows the Bug
to the point where the Belorussian-Ukrainian boundary intersects the
Polish boundary (see accompanying map 12926).
The Polish-Belorussian border extends from the trijunction
of the boundaries of Poland, Lithuania, and Belorussia in a southerly
direction, bearing slightly to the east, to a point on the Kanal
Augustowski northeast of the Polish settlement of Rudawka (K-18:
65-73). In this sector, the boundary traverses a forested area inter-
spersed with clearings. The line continues in a southeasterly
direction along the Kanal Augustowski to its junction with the stream
Wo/kuszanka, which the boundary then follows for roughly 4 kilometers
(2.5 miles). Continuing southward over land, the boundary passes to
the west of the Soviet settlement of Ho/ynka (K-18: 70-63). Near
this village the line bends to the southeast, passes to the east of
the Polish settlement of Rakowicze (Grodno;,L-18: 69-59), and again
turns southward. After crossing the Augustow-Grodno highway, the
boundary bears to the southeast, traversing the swampy area along the
stream Popilja.
From this area the boundary continues its southeasterly course
in an approximately straight line for about 20 kilometers (12 miles)
to the vicinity of the Polish settlement of KuZnica (L-19: 75-34).
From north to south in this sector, the line intersects the Augustow-
Grodno railroad, the Dabrowa-Grodno main road, the Soko/ka-Grodno
railroad, and the Sokotka-Grodno main road. The AugustOw-Grodno rail-
road is crossed by the boundary at a point between the Bielany
railroad station (L-18: 71-48), which is in Poland, and the settle-
ment of the same name, which is in the USSR. The Soko/ka-Grodno
railroad extends north from Kuznica for a short distance before
crossing into the USSR. In the vicinity of the boundary the railway
parallels the stream yososna ZEososna7.
From near KuZnica to about 33 kilometers (20.5 miles) southeast,
near the Swisjocz 5vislochq Stream, the boundary again approximates
a straight line, passing to the east of the Polish settlements of
*In the descriptions of the Belorussian and Ukrainian sectors of
the Polish border, the place names used are those appearing on AMS
Series M651, Poland 1:100,000. For places on the Soviet side, the
Russian forms are given in brackets wherever possible, and alternate
names are in parentheses.
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Nowodziel (L-18: 77-30), Minkowce (L-18: 82-18), and Krynki (L-18:
84-06). Several secondary roads from the Polish side of the line
converge on the Soviet settlement Odelsk Lodelisk7 (L-18: 83-22).
Opposite Krynki, on the Soviet side of the boundary is Porzecze
(L-18: 89-06). From a point south and east of Krynki the boundary
turns southeastward, crossing first the Nietupa, a tributary of the
Swisfocz, and then the Swisfocz itself. Between the two streams the
ground is swampy.
The boundary follows the Swisfocz southward (upstream) through
swampy terrain for some distance. On the Polish side in this sector
are the settlements of Ozierany Wielkie (Swisfocz.; M-18: 90-00),
Bobrowniki (M-18: 93-91)1 and Swisfoczany (M-18: 92-86); on the Soviet
side is the settlement Hofynka and fdolynka7 (A-18: 94-97). Between
Bobrowniki and Swisfoczany the boundary stream is crossed by the main
road and the railroad between Biafystok and Volkovysk.
The Swisfocz rises in Soviet territory and flows first to the
southwest, then makes a sharp turn to the northwest., At the turning
point the boundary leaves the' stream and continues in a generally
southerly direction to the Hajnowka-Volkovysk railroad (M-18: 97-72),
passing to the east of the Polish settlement Jafowka (A-18: 95-78) .
and intersecting the railroad southwest of the Soviet settlement
Niezbodzicze ffiezbodichf (M-18: 99-74). The boundary parallels the
railroad for a short distance in a southwesterly direction, then turns
south, crossing the Kofonna Stream and the marshy ground along it.
From the Kofonna area, the boundary enters the Biafawieska
Forest, through which for a considerable distance it trends southward
and southwestward. It crosses an area of cleared land within the
forest around the Polish settlement of Masiewo (M-18: 96-58),
then continues southward to a point east of the Polish settlement
Biafowieza (Hajnowka; N-18: 93-44). Here it take's a general south-
westerly course, passing to the south of Biafowieza. For a, short
distance the boundary follows the Perewoloka, a tributary of the
Lena Stream, and then turns briefly to the northwest along the
Lesna. On leaving this stream the boundary curves in a southwesterly
direction, emerging from the main part of the Biafowieska Forest some
distance to the north of the Soviet settlement of Omelaniec Omeleneta7
(N-18: 73-25). Within the forest the boundary is crossed by several
narrow-gauge or tramway tracks, probably built for logging purposes.
These lines radiate out from the vicinity, of the Polish settlements
of Biafowleza and HajnOwka (N-l8: 74-48) to points on the Soviet side
of the boundary.
On leaving the Biafowieska Forest the boundary continues to
curve in a southwesterly direction. In this sector the line passes
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_ _ _ _
to the east or southeast of the Polish settlements of Czeremcha
59-22), Klukowicze (Siemiatycze; N-17: 54-10), and NiemirOw
N-17: 47-96). Another settlement, Tokary (N-17: 52-06), lies across
the boundary but probably mainly on the Polish side. On the Soviet
side in this sector are the settlements of Omelaniec, Buszmicze
ffiushmichi7 (N.,18: 68-21), and Bola /dolyi.7 (N-18: 60-16). The rail-
way between Bielsk-Podlaski and Wysokie Litewskie 5ysoko-Litovsi7
and the in road between Kleszczele and Wysokie Litewskie cross the
boundary northwest of Hola.
The southern section of the Belorussian border begins east of
NiemirOw, where the boundary joins the Bug River. The boundary in
the Bug is now defined as following the middle of the stream, with-
out reference to the main or navigable channel (thalweg). In many
instances the middle or median line in the central section of the
river differs from the central line of the main channel. The allo-
cation of river islands presumably does not differ greatly from that
agreed upon in 1939-40 between Germany and the Soviet Union. The
Soviet Union probably retains most of the-islands assigned to it
in the 1939-40 boundary agreements, and Poland probably holds most
of the islands then assigned to Germany. The principal road and
railroad crossings over the Bug River from Niemirow south to the
Ukrainian border are as follows:
(1) Road crossing on the JanOw Podlaski-Kobrin route (BrazegC
nad Bugiem; P-18: 70-85).
(2) One road and one railroad crossing at Brest, on the Bia/a
Podlaska-Kobrin route (P-18: 81-75).
(3) Possibly a minor road crossing at KodeA (P-18: 80-56).
(4) Crossing by a road running eastward from Radzvn Podlaski
to the north-south road paralleling the Bug on the Soviet side
(P-18: 79-)40).
(5) Road crossing at Wiodawa on the Cheim-Kobrin route (d/odawa;
Q-18: 78-16).
(6) Railroad crossing at Orchowo ffrkhovo7 (Q-18: 81-14) on
the Chem-Brest railway.
At the time of the 1939-40 boundary survey, apparently the only
bridges across the Bug on these routes that had not been removed or
destroyed were the railroad bridge at Brest and the road bridge at
Koden.
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3. Ukrainian Sector
The boundary between the Ukrainian SSR and the Belorus-
sian SSR joins the Polish-Soviet border on the Bug River several
kilometers southeast of the Soviet town of Orchowo, to the south-
east of W/odawa (see accompanying maps 12926 and 12757). From this
point, the Polish-Ukrainian boundary continues to follow the Bug..
River generally southward to a point southeast of the Polish town
of Kry/ow (Sokal; S-18: 92-20), a distance of approximately 169
kilometers (about 105 miles). In this sector (Figure 24), the
boundary passes through a region predominantly of swamp or marsh-
land. To the west of the border are the Polish settlements of
SobibOr (Q-18: 83-08), Zbereze (Q-18: 87-00), Wilka-Uhruska (Q-18:
83-90), Dubienka (Wodzimierz; R-18: 03-61), and Horod/o (R-18:
92-44). On the Soviet side lie the settlements of Opalin (Q-18:
89-87) and Ugc4ug fU7stiluil (R-18: 99-40). Numerous paths and cart
tracks parallel the river on both sides of the boundary, and a minor
road crosses the area east of Dubienka. The principal road and rail-
road crossings of the Bug River from W/odawa southward to where the
boundary leaves the river southeast of Ho/ubie (S-18: 93-15) are
(1) a main road between Hrubieszow and Whdzimierz gladimir-
Volynskig, crossing at ULIJug, and (2) a railroad crossing on the
ZamosC-W/odzimierz route (R-18: 08-32).
The boundary leaves the Bug at a point southeast of Robbie*
where the generally north-flowing river makes a wide bend, then
continues southward over land for roughly 7.5 kilometers (about 4.7
miles). It passes to the east of the Polish settlement of Honiatyn
(S-18: 93-07), near which the line turns to the southwest for approxi-
mately 19 kilometers (11.8 miles) to a point south of Oserdow (S-18:
12-92)., where it turns due west. In this sector .the border cuts
across patches of woodland and is intersected by many paths.
Continuing a westerly course, then bearing to the southwest,
the boundary crosses the Rzee.Kyca (Swynoryj.21 Stream and_parallels
the Rawa Ruska fflava Russkaya/-Krystynopol Krystynopol'/ railroad,
which is on the Soviet side. Southeast of the Polish settlement of
NowosiO/ki-Przednie (5-18: 90-86) the border approximates a straight
line to the south for about 5 kilometers (3 miles), passing the
Polish towns of WOlka-Wierzbicka (S-18: 91-84) and Wierzbica (S-18:
90-82). In this area the tributaries of the So/okija cross the bor-
der in a region of considerable marsh and swampland.
*The boundary line south of Hobbie is described according to
available documents, protocols, and small-scale maps.
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After turning again in a southwesterly direction, the bound-
ary crosses the Szczebrzeszyn-Rawa Ruska rail line (S-18: 86-76),
passes to the east of the Polish settlement Hrebenne (S-18: 84-75),
and intersects the main road between Tomaszow Lubelski and Rawa
Ruska (S-18: 8)1-74). South of Hrebenne the boundary cuts across a
wooded area, the Rata River (a tributary of the Bug), and the
LubaczOw-Rawa Ruska rail line (Lwow; T-18: 80-70). From the vicinity
of the railroad southwest for about 19 kilometers (11.8 miles) to
a short distance south of the small stream Smolinka, the boundary
again approximates a straight line. After crossing a wooded area
interspersed with clearings, a small stream, and a secondary road
In the vicinity of the Polish village Budomierz (Przemysl; T-17:
64-54 purple*), the boundary curves in a southwesterly then
southerly direction. Turning southwestward again east of the Polish
settlement of 7mijowska (T-17: 58-47 purple), the border crosses the
Szklo (T-17: 80-69 red) and the Wisznia (T-17: 72-60 red), tributar-
ies of the San River, and passes to the east or southeast of the
Polish settlements Budzyn (T-17: 79-691red), Zapust (T-17: 75-64
red), and Medyka (T-17: 63-51 red) to a point east of the Polish
village of Siedliska (T-17: 59-47 red). On the Soviet side of the
boundary in this sector are the settlements Gnojnice ffinoenyetzg
78-66 red), Zahorby (T-17: 72-60 red) and Bucow ffiukov7
T-17: 67-54 red); the settlement Starzawa Ataryavg (T-17: 71-59
red) is on the border but mainly in Soviet territory. The railway
and main road between Przemygl and LwOw LETvoV7 cross the boundary
east and south of Medyka.
From Siedliska the border goes to the south as far as a point
east of Pod Luczycami (Sambor; U-17: 56-45), where it again takes a
southwesterly course to a peak (elevation about 2,000 feet) south-
east of the Polish Settlement Jureczkowa (U-17: 37723).** In this
area the boundary twice crosses the Wiar Stream, a tributary of the
San River, at_points.northeast and southwest of the Soviet town of
Nizankowice LNizhankovichi7 (U-17: 53-38). It also intersects
numerous_paths and the railroad and Main road between Przemysl and.
Chyrow Inlyrog (U-17: 53-40). A number of linear settlements built
along streams cross the border in this sector.
*Since on the AMS 1:100,000 series the Russian Belt 4 Grid .
(purple) and the Danube Zone Grid (red) overlap in this area, the
color of the grid system used is specified.
**The boundary line in the Jureczkowa area is described accord-
ing to available documents, protocols, and small-scale maps.
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From the forested peak southeast of Jureczkowa, the boundary
makes a sharp V-shaped turn and extends in a southeasterly direction
for approximately 7.5 kilometers (about 4.7 miles), intersecting
the Ustrzyki Din (Dolne)-Chyrow railroad and main road northwest
of the Soviet village Smolnica (U-17: 45-16). The boundary then
continues in a general southerly direction, curving slightly, to a
point east of the Polish settlement of Michniowiec (U-17: 44-96).
In this sector the border crosses numerous streams and passes through
scattered forest areas at elevations from 2,000 to 3,500 feet.
From a point south of the vicinity of Michniowiec the boundary
meets the San River (Turka; V-17: 42-87), which it follows, first
southeast then bending sharply northwest, to the point that marked
the beginning of the former boundary between Poland and Czechoslovakia
in the Beskid Range (V-17: 52-63). The Soviet settlement of UYok
(Uzhok) is located in this area (Figure 25). The line then extends
along the old border to Kremenec* (V-17: 30-74), which now forms the
trijunction of the frontiers of Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, and
Czechoslovakia.
C. Boundary Marking' Administrationt, and Security
-1. East Prussia Sector
According to the available Polish-Soviet agreements, the
boundary between Kaliningrad Oblast, RSFSR, and the Polish-adminis-
tered portion of East Prussia has not been further defined since the
Polish-Soviet Treaty of 16 August 1945, and no formal provision has
been made for its administration and demarcation. The ostensible
reason for this is that this segment of boundary is considered pro-
visional until a peace treaty with Germany is concluded. It is
probable, however, that this segment has been demarcated and provision
made for its administration without the pertinent documents having
become available.
Very little Information is at hand on the markiftg of the bound-
ary between Kaliningrad Oblast and Poland. In 1947, the Polish and
Soviet sections of East Prussia were reportedly separated by a border
zone about 10 kilometers wide from which the population had been
evacuated and in which no farming was permitted. The frontier itself
is completely closed and is patrolled by guards on both sides. A
barbed-wire fence apparently extends along the entire length of the
frontier; in 1952 the fence was reported to be equipped with flares,
? *In documents on the Polish-Soviet frontier, the Polish spelling
"Krzemieniec" and the Russian spelling "Kremenetz" (or "Kremenets")
are also used.
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which a touch on the connecting wires would set off. It is. likely
that barbed-wire entanglements also are present along all-or most
of the border. Possibly these frontier barriers constitute the only
marking of the boundary.
A-description of the barriers at. an important railroad cross-
ing point between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast illustrates the
extreme security measures used along the border. In 1951 the fol-
lowing successive zones were reported at Zheleznodorozhnyy (Gerdauen):
first, farthest from the boundary' line itself, a cleared area about
300 meters (984.25 feet) wide; then, nearer the boundary, a, plowed
strip 10 to 15 meters (32.8 to 49.2 feet) wide, in which wooden watch-
towers with searchlights were located at 300- to 400-meter .(about 984-
to 1,312-foot) intervals; next, a barrier 2 meters (6.5 feet) high
of barbed-wire rolls and barbed wire strung on crosspieces; and
finally, 3 to 5 meters (9.8 to 16.11- feet) nearer the line, a_high
barbed-wire fence strung on wooden poles. Watchtowers with search-
lights are probably spaced along the whole boundary, since they appear
to be a standard security feature of the Polish-Soviet frontier. .
The stretch of the boundary in the lagoon Zalew Wislany is marked
by buoys and is reported to be lighted at night ,by searchlielts from
towers on the sand spit Mierzeja Wislana and on the mainland.
2. Sectors South of East Prussia
The agreements of 1948 and 1951 establish procedures for
the settlement of disputes and conflicts that might arise along the
line, and for the general administration of the boundary, for the
sectors from the junction point of the Polish, former East Prussian,
and Soviet territories southward to the junction of the Polish-Soviet
boundary with the Czechoslovakian boundary., This entire stretch
of boundary is divided into five Polish and five Soviet sectors, each
under the charge of a boundary commissioner who is responsible for its
administration. Each sector bears the name of the town where its
headquarters are located. From north to south the sectors on the
Polish side are:
(1) Sejny sector, extending the length of the Polish-Lithuanian
SSR boundary.
(2) Bialystok sector, extending from the junction point of the
Polish, Lithuanian, and Belorussian boundaries southward to ,
the point where the boundary joins the Bug River near Niemirow.
(3) Terespol sector, from NiemirOw southward along the Bug to
Orchowo.
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?)(4) Chen sector, from Orchowo southeast of Whdawa (boundary
marker No. 1122) to the point at which the JarosXaw-Rawa
Ruska railway (marker No. 673) crosses the boundary.
(5) Rzeszow sector, extending from the JarosXaw-Rawa Ruska
railway to the junction of the Soviet, Polish, and Czecho-
slovakian,frontiers (Ktemenec), with headquarters in the city
of Przemysl.
Administration of the boundary is designed to discourage inter-
course across the line. Apparently no provisions are made for regular
circulation from one side of the boundary to the other by inhabitants
of the border region in the course of their normal occupations, as is
done along many western European and New World boundaries. The bound-
ary waters are open to navigation by both Polish and Soviet vessels
and to timber floating by the nationals of both states, according
to the stated provisions of the agreements, but navigation is per-
mitted only in the daytime. Vessels of one state may put in at the
bank of the other state only if they are in distress.
Agreements provide for local border crossing by only a few
classes of individuals. These include, among others, the boundary
commissioners and their subordinates in the course of their official
duties and the laborers engaged in construction of installations con-
nected with timber floating or in clearing the banks of logs. Notice
of persons crossing the border must be given in advance to officials
of the other state. Nationals of either state may fish in the bound-
ary waters up to the boundary line on their side, but only in the
daytime. Shooting and pursuit of game across the line is prohibited.
Provision is made for the return by boundary officials of persons who
may accidentally stray across the line. Generally, in mineralized
areas, mining and mineral prospecting is prohibited in strips of land
20 meters wide adjacent to the boundary.
The basic agreements of 1948 state that commerce by railroads,
main roads, and waterways intersected by the boundary line, and
frontier transit points on such routes, are to be subject to special
agreements between Poland and the USSR. At such transit points, where
a major transportation route crosses the boundary, each state is
required to erect and maintain proper signs and barriers. It is
agreed that should the whole boundary or sections of it be closed to
traffic, the border-crossing privileges of the boundary officials
shall be suspended. It is therefore possible that even the limited
border intercourse permitted under the agreements of 1948 and 1951
may be inoperative in whole or in part.
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The course of the land boundary along the Polish-Soviet fron-
tier is indicated by a cleared strip totaling 10 meters in width,
5 meters on each side of the line. Provision is made in the Polish-
Soviet agreement of 1948 for keeping the border strip in proper
condition and cleared of thickets and other undergrowth interfering
with visibility. Care of the frontier strip on its own side of the
line is the responsibility of each state. Cultivation and the
construction of buildings for any purpose except defense are pro-
hibited in the boundary strip. Along the boundary line a series of
markers, numbered in consecutive order from south to north, has been
erected.
On land, the boundary is delimited by these markers and is
defined as an immovable line running from one marker to the next.
These markers consist of two wooden posts, probably about the height
of a man, placed 2.5 meters from the frontier line, with a small
round wooden post or four-sided stone post between them on the line
itself. At principal turning points, a concrete pillar is placed
on the line between the usual two wooden posts. At points of crossing
from land to water or water to land, two wooden frontier posts and a
small wooden post or concrete pillar are placed on one bank of the
river or lake, with a third post on the opposite bank in alignment
with the frontier line.
Along water sectors, boundary markers consist of two wooden
posts placed on opposite sides of the stream or lake. On navigable
rivers (except the Bug, as explained earlier) the frontier line is
defined as following the thalweg (middle of the main channel). On
unnavigable rivers the frontier follows the middle of the stream or
the middle of its main branch. Natural changes in the bed of a
boundary stream that would involve shifts in ownership of property
or buildings do not change the position of the boundary line except
by special agreement. The boundary line divides bridges, dikes, and
sluices, placing one half in Poland and the other half in the
Soviet Union, regardless of the location of the line in the water.
The frontier markers are numbered in order from south to
north. The first marker is in the Beskid Range at Kremenec, the
trijunction of the frontiers of Poland, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia.
The approximate locations of other known boundary markers are as
follows: marker No. 350, on or near the bank of the San River, south
of the Ukrainian settlement Zurawin ffhuravng; markers Nos. 432-A and
472, between 3 and 4 kilometers (about 1.9 and 2.5 miles) east of
the Polish settlement Jureczkowa; marker No. 673, near the place
where the JarosAw-Rawa Ruska railway crosses the boundary; marker
No. 700, south or southeast of the Polish town Wierzbica; markers
Nos. 859-A and 860, on or near the bank of the Bug River where it
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/
t j
intersects the boundary south of the Polish town Kryfow; marker No.
1122, near the Belorussian settlement Orchowo; marker No. 1345,
near the Polish town Niemirow; marker No. 1788, at the point where
the boundary meets the Marycha River, at or near the junction of the
territories of Poland, Lithuania, and Belorussia; and marker No.
1987, near Gromadczyzna, at the convergence of the boundaries of
Poland, the Lithuanian SSR, and Kaliningrad Oblast. Gromadczyzna
appears on the ANS 1:100,000 series in the German form, Gromadtschisna.
In the prewar period, Gromadczyzna was a small cluster of buildings
immediately on the boundary, between Lithuania, East Prussia, and
Poland.
The border between Poland and the USSR is the most heavily
guarded section of the Polith boundary line. It has been reported
that along the entire border is a continuous line of barbed-wire
entanglements 2.5 to 3 meters (8.2 to 9.8 feet) high and broadened
at the top to increase the difficulty of crossing. On the Polish
side. of the frontier, watchtowers have been erected every 2 kilo-
meters (about 1.2 miles)_. The Polish border police maintain posts
20 kilometers (12.14- miles) apart all along the boundary.
On the Soviet side, much stricter measures have been taken.
In order to make the frontier impenetrable, the Soviets have divided
the border area into three zones. The first zone (that farthest
from the frontier) reaches from 80 kilometers (about 49.7 miles) in
the interior to a point 15 kilometers (about 9.3 miles) from the
boundary line. In this zone, the population is kept under rigid
control by restrictive measures. Departures or arrivals in this
area can be made only with proper authorization, and all inhabitants
are provided with temporary passports, which are marked and numbered.
The second zone extends from the periphery of zone 1 to-a point 800
meters (about half a mile) from the border. This sector is under
approximately the same strict control as the first, with, in addition,
an established system of outposts manned by frontier guards. In this
area there are also numerous "observation points" equipped with
machine guns, telephones, and radios, some of which are surrounded
by a system of defensive dugouts. The third zone, also about 800
meters wide, includes the frontier itself and is entirely depopulated.
The ground has been completely leveled and cleared of trees. Watch-
towers stand about half a kilometer (1,640 feet) apart on the Soviet
side. Running parallel to the barbed-wire entanglements that extend
alone the boundary is a pelt of plowed land about 15 meters (49
feet) wide, which is under constant surveillance for footprints.
In addition to these security measures a variety of alarm devices,
some of which release flares upon contact, have been installed as
added precautions. Moreover, the border area is patrolled regularly
by guards with trained dogs. There is believed to be a line of
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fortifications, the so-called Stalin defense line, on the Soviet
side of the border. A line of fiXed heavy--concrete gun emplacements.
has been observed between the city of Brest and the boundary.
D. Maps of the Boundary-
Probably the most authoritative and legible map source for:
the Polish-Soviet boundary available in this country, aside from a
few medium- and small-scale Soviet maps, is the 1:5001000 Maim
Polski (1, in list at end of section). The linear description of
the boundary given in this report is based on that map, but it is
also keyed to the Army Map Service series Poland 1:100,000 (2),
although the latter does not show the present boundary' line. A
more recent German nap of the East Prussian sector (3), based an
sources available in Western Germany, shows the line in a. rather
generalized manner but differing in only a few details from that
on the MaRa Polski.
In the Lithuanian SSR sector, the boundary apparently has
been altered only slightly from the prewar line between Poland and
Lithuania as shown on the AMS 1:100,000 series. The source of that
line is a 1:100,000 series of the Polish Military Geographic
Institute dated 1929 and 1931.
The position of the boundary along the Bug River from NiemirOw
southward to the vicinity of Kryhw and along ?the upper San River at
the extreme southern end of the line corresponds with that of the
Ribbentrop=Molotov line between the German and Soviet conquests in
1939. A set of 1939-40 boundary-demarcation maps of this line (4),
at the scales of 1:5,000 and 1:25,000, is available, but the boundary
markers and numbers shown are out of date. The extent to which the
boundary in the Bug River as shown on these maps differs from the
present line is not known, but presumably the difference is not
great.
The text of the Polish-Soviet agreement regarding the exchange
of territories signed 15 February 1951 and the accompanying map at
scale of 1:11000,000 (both enclosed with a Foreign Service despatch
from Warsaw) provide Information on the rectified sections of the
boundary.
1. Mapa Polski; 1:500,000; Wojskowy Institut Geograficzny
(Polish Military Geographic Institute); 1947.
2. Poland 1:100,000; Army Map Service Series M651 (GSGS
4416); 1944; AMS Library Call Na. 55M 23-30-90,000-100.
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3. Karte des Verlaufs der polnisch-sowjetischen -
Verwaltungsgrenze in Ostpreussen (Map of the Course of the Polish-
Soviet Administrative Boundary in East Prussia); 1:300;000;
Bundesanstalt fUr Landeskunde; Remagen, 1953.
4. Karten der Staats- und Interessengrenze des Deutschen
Reiches und der Staatsgrenze der Union der Sozialistischen-Sowjet-
republiken vom Grenzzeichen Nr. I/1 bis zum Grenzzeichen im Dreiort
Deutsches Reich-Union dSSR-Ungarn (1939-1940) (Maps of the State and
Sphere-of-Influence Boundary of Germany and of the State Boundary of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from Boundary Marker No. I/1
to the Boundary Marker at the Tripoint of Germany, the USSR, and
Hungary, 1939-1940); 1:5.,000 and 1:25,000; Die Gemischte Zentral-
kommission des Deutschen Reiches und der Union dSSR fUr Grenzfragen
(Mixed German-Soviet Boundary Commission); 1939-40.
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DZIAJItl.) 00 ltiLIN ?rt./Lion. Dl../ItIJESC tilt ZIA.
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10
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NOTE: Names in brackets [Die/any] on the USSR
side of the border are Polish forms for which
Russian spellings ore not available.
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12926 1-54
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COASTAL PL
USSR?POLAND: East Prussian?Lithuanian Border Area
INTERIOR PLAIN
LAKE ATEAU !LAKE
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(8/berg)
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WESTERN UKRAINIAN BORDERLAND
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IV. Czechoslovakia and Hungary-USSR Border
A. History of the Boundary
The Czechoslovak Republic that came into existence on 28 October
1918 was confirmed by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 10
September 1919 la/ and was formally recognized by the Allied and
Associated Powers. The new state comprised the five provinces oF
Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Slovakia,' and Ruthenia. Ruthenia,
which along with Slovakia formerly belonged to Hungary, was incor-
porated into the Republic as an autonomous territory in order to
provide Czechoslovakia with a natural boundary in the east (the
Carpathian Mountains). Most of the inhabitants of Ruthenia were
similar in many respects to the Ukrainians of southeastern Poland
and the Soviet Union, but there were Hungarians also in the southern
part.
On 29 September 1938, 20 years after its formation, the Czecho-
slovak Republic was dismembered by Hitler in accordance with the
Munich Agreement signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany.
Germany was ceded the Sudetenland plus additional small scattered
areas, and Poland demanded and received Teschen (October 1938). By
the Vienna Award of 2 November 1938, Hungary was assigned the southern
portions of Ruthenia and Slovakia. In Ruthenia the new boundary
extended in a northwest-southeast direction to the south of Uzhgorod,
in general separating the plain of the Tissa* River to the south, -
where the Hungarians were concentrated, from the Carpathian Highlands
to the north. On 14 March 1939, the German-sponsored government of
Slovakia proclaimed the territory an independent state. On 15 March,
German troops occupied what was left of Czecho7Slovakia,(as the name
of the dismembered republic was now spelled), and the next day Czechia
(Bohemia plus Moravia) was declared a German protectorate and incor-
porated into the' ThirdReich. Meanwhile, Hungarian troops marched in-
to the northern part of Ruthenia, which was formally annexed by
Hungary on 16 March, giving Hungary a common frontier with Poland,
After Germany's defeat in May 1945, the Czechoslovak Republic
was reborn and the territories seized by Germany, Poland, and Hungary
were returned to Czech sovereignty by June 1945. As a result of
negotiations, a treaty was concluded in Moscow on 29 June 1945 be-
tween the Czechoslovak Republic and the USSR for the incorporation of
Ruthenia (the Subcarpathian Ukraine) into the Soviet Union. 48/ This
*"Tisa" is the Czech form, "Tisza" the Hungarian, and "Tissa"
the Russian form of the name of. this river. All three forms are used
in the report.
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treaty provided that the frontiers existing between Slovakia and the
Subcarpathian Ukraine as of 29 September 1938 (the pre-Munich
eastern boundary of Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia) were to be-
come, with some alterations, the boundaries between Czechoslovakia
and the USSR. In 1946 the Mixed Czechoslovak-Soviet Commission for
the demarcation-of-the frontier concluded its work and defined the
boundary in general terns (see accompanying map 12757). The
Commission's definition of the boundary, which is 115 kilometers (71.4
miles) long, reads in part as follows --
from the Polish frontiers in the north it retains the old Slovak
Subcarpatho-Russian regional boundary to the south as far as the
Vysne Nemecke Plain. From here the frontier turns west and runs
between the villages of,Sahor and Bozos. It continues behind
the commune of PinkoVce, which belongs to Czechoslovakia, and
turns right to the commune of Lakard Ifiekart7.
The fate of this latter village remained in doubt until the Soviet
Union agreed to allow the boundary to pass to the east and southeast
within 1 kilometer of Lekart, leaving the town and its territory on
the Czech side. 49, 50/ .
- The Hungarian Armistice signed on 20-January 1945 provided that
the boundaries of Hungary as they existed on 1 January 1938 should
be restored. This provision was confirmed by the Hungarian Peace
Treaty of 10 February 1947, with the exception that the so-called
Bratislava bridgehead opposite the city of Bratislava was ceded to
Czechoslovakia. With Ruthenia ceded to the USSR, the frontier that
from 1919 to 1938 was the boundary between Czechoslovakia and Hun-
gary 21/ became the Hungarian-Ruthenian (USSR) boundary (map 12757).
B. Linear Description of the Boundary*
From the convergence of the Czech, Soviet, and Polish boundaries
at Kremenec (Turka; V-17: 30-74),** the Czech-Soviet boundary dips
1Place names in this section are those appearing on AMS Series
M651, Poland 1:100,000, and M671, Middle Danube 1:100,000. Russian
forms, where known, follow in brackets, and alternate names are given
in parentheses.
**Turka (11.-17) is a sheet of AMS Series M651; all other sheets
referred to in this section are of AMS Series M671. For explanation
of locational key, see footnote, p. 8.
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slightly to the southwest before turning due south for approximately
5.6 kilometers (about 3.5 miles). This area is heavily wooded and
contains few settlements. Southeast of the Czech village of Nova
Sedlica (V-17: 26-69), the boundary curves before taking a south-
westerly course that approximates a straight line for roughly 8.5
kilometers (about 5.2 miles). Southeast of Berezovec, a Czech
village (V-17: 16-58), the boundary again takes a southerly direction,
crossing a metaled road between the Czech settlement of Ubla (V-17:
16-54) and M Berezny, a Soviet settlement southeast of Ublg. Beyond
the intersection the boundary turns west for a short distance. On
the Soviet side in this sector the Uh gzh7 River and the railway
and main road between Vel' Berezny Bereznyy7 (V-17: 20-52)
and PereLn fferechiri7 (mukacevo; W-17: 19-35) roughly parallel one
another in a south-southeast direction.
East of the Czech village of Dubrava (V-17: 13-52) the line con-
tinues in a generally southward course, through predominantly forested
moUntains (PoprAny Peak) (V-17: 12-41), for about 22.5 kilometers
(roughly 14 mile.5 to Cerveng hora (W-17: 10-31) northeast of
Uzhorod gzhgorod (Uzhorod; W-16: 07-24) at which point it again
turns in a southwesterly direction and crosses the main road between
Sobrance and Ulhorod at the site of the Czech village of Vy'g Nemecke
(Vyg-gemecke) (W-16: 04-28). A few kilometers to the southwest the
Jankovce-ULorod road is intersected. South and west of VyX Nemecke
the border passes to the east of the Czech settlements of Zghor (W-16:
99-25), Pinkovce (W-16: 98-23), which is east of the commune of
Lekart, and MatOvce (W-16: 94-19). At Pinkovce the line crosses the
Uh River.
Southeast of the Czech village of Met6vce the boundary continues
in a southerly direction to a point where it intersects the Vel'
KapiAany (NagyKapos)-ULorod railway and road (W-16: 95-18); About
3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles) due south, another road is crossed between
Rus.a. and Surty cSzUrte), west of the Soviet settlement of Palad'
KomaroVce ffomoro2:7 (W-16: 96-14). From here the line dips slightly
to the southwest and then turns southward again, bisecting the settle-
ment of Vel' (Nagy)-M(Kis)-Slemence (male Slementse) (W-16: 94-12).
t?-?
From the vicinity of Vel'-M-Slemence the boundary follows a
southwesterly course approximating a straight line for roughly 9.6
kilometers (about 6 miles). In this lowland area the border inter-
sects the Latorica (Latoritsa) River after crossing .a tributary, the
Szirin, southeast of the Czech settlement of Ptruksa (EtruAa). In
this sector a number of minor roadsand,cart tracks cross the bound-
ary. East of the Czech village of Oerna,(W-16: 90-04) the r9ilroad
and main road between Satoraljaujhely (Satoraljaujhely) and Cop
Lahoi7 intersect the line. South of this point the boundary turns
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due east for about 1 kilometer, at which point it meets the Tisa
River, where the borders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the
Ukrainian SSR meet OW-16: 94-00).
The boundary between Hungary and the USSR follows the Tisa to
a point south of the Soviet village of Saloka (W-16: 01-96), where
it leaves the river and turns eastward along the old border. Ifi
this area a railroad and a road cross the border in a north-south
direction to the west of 6op (W-16: 97-03). To the north of this
sector lies an area of swamp forest. The line continues in an
easterly direction for roughly 5 kilometers (about 3 miles) until it
meets the Caronda Stream, a tributary of the Latorica River; it then
bears in a south-southeasterly direction. East of the Hungarian
village of Kisdereny6 (Satu Mare; X-17: 08-81) the boundary makes
a V-shaped bend, then extends in a northeasterly direction for about
1 kilometer, at which point it turns eastward. To the north of the
border on the Soviet side lies the settlement of Kosino (Kosini)
(W-17: 15-82); to the south on the Hungarian side is Barabg.s (X-17:
12-80). This entire sector is characterized by patches of woodland
and brushwood interspersed with marsh areas. From east of Kosino
the boundary extends,in an irregular southeasterly course, inter-
secting the Beregsurany-Berehovo (Beregovo) main road (X-17: 22-71)
and skirting the Kis erd6 (forest) to the east. As in the area to
the northwest, there ?is a dense network of secondary roads, many of
which cross the boundary.
East of the Hungarian settlement of Tarpa (X-17: 19-65) the
border turns and runs in a general easterly direction to the Tisa
River (X-17: 25-6)4), then follows the river through lowland
characteristic of this stretch of the border. South of the Soviet
settlement of Vhok ffry147 (Xr17: 41-63) the boundary leaves the
Tisa and follows a tributary, the BatL-, to a point east of the
Hungarian village of Magostiget cX-17: 43-57). The railroad and
main road between Berehovo and Vylok skirt the eastern reaches of
the Tisa along this section of the border; a branch of the road in-
tersects the boundary south of the river.
After leaving the Batg.r Stream, the border extends south-
southwestward through continued lowland until meeting the Tur,
another tributary of the Tisa. It turns in a southeasterly direc-
tion along the Tur, crosses a road, and follows the course of the
stream to the point where the Hungarian, Rumanian, and Ukrainian
SSR frontiers meet east of Nagy erd6 (forest) (X-17: )43-47).
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C. Boundary Marking, Administration, and Security
The Czech-Soviet border is indicated on the ground by a cleared
strip, usually 10 meters wide but 20 meters in some places. The
cleared area is especially evident in mountainous and wooded areas.
Provision is made for keeping the border strip clear of growth at
all times. Paralleling the cleared strip on the Czech side is a
zone of impenetrable growth.. Presumably, all roads and highways
within 200 meters (656 feet) of the boundary not actually used as
border crossings or necessary to forestry and agriculture have been
destroyed. Hunting grounds near the border area. continue under the
control of the forestry service and are nonleasable.
Observations along the frontier of Czechoslovakia indicate that
the boundary is marked by small red-white-and-blue posts. On the
USSR side the border posts are solid red. Boundary markers are
probably spaced similarly to those along the Polish frontier, al-
though no definite information is available.
It is known that the frontier between Hungary and the USSR has
been demarcated and that a boundary regime has been agreed upon,
but the details of these agreements are not available.
In 1948 and 1949 a Joint Soviet-Hungarian Frontier Commission
redemarcated the line in accordance with the terms of the 1947
Peace Treaty with Hungary. The protocol resulting from this
demarcation, along with maps and Other documents, was signed in
Moscow on 30 July 1949. 52, 53/ This protocol presumably reestab-
lished border markings to conform to those set up at the time of the
Treaty of Trianon after World War I. A treaty on the regime for the
frontier and a convention on the method of settling frontier con-
flicts and incidents were signed in Moscow on 24 February 1950. The
provisions of these agreements on boundary administration are not
known..
The method of boundary marking probably is similar to that
described for the Polish frontier, consisting of.nuMbered border
posts. The white stone markers mentioned in the 1948 description
of security zones have probably been replaced by new boundary markers.
Soviet border posts are closely spaced along the Czech-Soviet
frontier. Two command posts for the sector of the border situated
west and south of Drohobycz (Drogobych) are located at Turka and
Ustrzyki-Dolne. Subordinate patrol posts are at Sianki, Beniowa,
Buczkarnia, Lutowiska, Tarnawa, Lokiec, Dydiowa, Pohary, Boberka,
Zurawin, Smolnik, and Chmiel. The number of border troops stationed
at these posts ranges from 10 to 15 men at Zurawin to approximately
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_ _ _
/
250-at Sianki. Situated between the border posts are border defense
points manned by 3 or 4 men. Reportedly, these defense points are
located in well-concealed bunkers on tops of hills and are spaced
about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) apart. The typical layout at these
points is a one-story wooden building for housing the troops,
surrounded by a circular trench connected with the building by
arterial trenches. Each defense point is equipped with machine
guns, pistols, rockets, flares, and telephones.
Behind the frontier area on the Soviet side is a plowed and
raked strip approximately 50 feet wide. High wooden guard towers
about half a mile apart, equipped with revolving searchlights, are
visible in the vicinity of Cierna-nad-Tisou. On the Czech side, a
number of wooden towers 20 to 25 meters (66 to 77 feet) high are
located very close to the border at intervals of 400 to 500 meters
1,320 to 1,650 feet) and are occupied by guards at all times.
Figure 26.)
An elaborate system of border security is maintained along the
Hungarian-Soviet border (Figure 27). According to g report from
the Mukacevo district, there are eight parallel security areas On
the Soviet side, beginning at the border and running eastward. The
border itself is marked by a series of white stones approximately 400
meters. (1,312 feet) apart. A clearing about 50 meters (164 feet)
wide next to the border is bounded on the east by a. barbed-wire
fence about 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, surmounted by two electrically
charged copper wires. A second zone about 200 meters (656 feet)
wide lies east of the fence and consists largely of marshland. In
this zone an alarm wire, which releases rockets when tripped, runs
close to the ground and is difficult to detect. The third area is ?
an artificial swamp, about 300 meters :(984 feet) wide, through which
runs a zigzag strip of dry, carefully raked earth. The fourth area
eastward is a plowed and raked strip also about 300 meters wide. The
fifth area, a cleared path about 2 meters wide, is patrolled by pairs
of Soviet frontier guards, who are often accompanied by trained dogs.
The sixth zone, about 500 meters (1;640 feet) wide, is in uninhabited,
swampy terrain and has wooden observation towers about 6 meters high
spaced at approximately 500-meter intervals.
To the east of the six narrow zones lie two other security areas
of greater depth. The first of these, called the Number 1 Zone or
"Forbidden Zone," is about 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) deep. The
inhabitants of this zone are handpicked Communists, and their
identification documents are printed with a large figure 1. There
are additional observation towers in this zone. The Number 2 Zone,
or "Restricted Zone," which lies further east, is 32 kilometers
(about 20 miles) deep. Only Communists and politically trusted
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peasants, who often serve as informers, are allowed to live in this
zone. Their documents bear a large figure 2 for identification
purposes.
Soviet troops in the border area are carefully picked and well
trained. They are organized into sections (Otdels) and detachments
(Otriads), Which in turn are designated by numbers and code names.
A detachment varies in strength from 500 to 1,000 or more men
depending on local requirements. These frontier units are respon-
sible for security along assigned border areas and are equipped
with horses, motorcycles, automobiles, and light patrol planes.
The section commander is responsible for the collection of in-
formation along the adjoining border strip as well as for the
security of his frontier section.
D. Maps of the Boundary
The postwar boundary between Czechoslovakia and the USSR, as
delimited by a treaty of 29 June 1945 and later approved by the
Maxed Czechoslovak-Soviet Commission for the demarcation of the
border, is shown on a State Department map (1, in list below).
Other naps showing this boundary are listed as (2) and (3).
The present boundary between Hungary and the USSR corresponds
to the prewar Hungarian-Czech border (in the Subcarpathian Ruthenia
area). A Joint Soviet-Hungarian Frontier Commission redemarcated
the border in accordance with the 1947 Peace Treaty with Hungary.
The principal source for this line is the Hungarian 1:75,000 series
(4).
The linear description of the boundary as given in this report
is based on the maps mentioned andy except for the Czechoslovak
section, on AMS Series M671 (5).
i 1. Provisional Boundary Between Czechoslovakia and USSR;
1?P29,500; Division of Nap Intelligence and Cartography, Department
I of State; 1946, D
i
2. Czechoslovakia: UZhorod and Mukalevo;. 1:200,000;
Eze6117 Zem.gmickjrbl.ad v. Praze (Survey Office, Prague); 1945.
v / /.
3. Mapy Krajov. Kraj KoSicky A Kraj EteYavaky "aps of
the 1%hys.*
ice Kra, e
and Pr6ov Kray); 1:200,000; /Czech
Zemgmer.icky Urad v. Praze, (Survey Office, Prague); Sheets- Nos.
1,8 and 19, 1949.
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4. Hungary; 1:75,000; Magyar Kirglyi Allaml? Te'rk404-szeti
Int4'zet (Hungarian State Cartographic Institute); Sheets 4668, 4669,
4769, 4770, and 4870, 1925-41.
5. Middle Danube 1:100,000; Army Map Service Series M671
(GSGS 4416); Sheets W-16, W-17, X-17, X-18, X-19, Y-19, and X-201
1944; AMS Library Call No. 7M 23-30-90,000-100.
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_ _ _ _ _
V. Rumania-USSR Border
A. ? History of the Boundary
The boundary separating Rumania and the Soviet Union has fluc-
tuated considerably during the last century and a half. The area
between the Prut and Dnestr Rivers formerly known as Bessarabia (now
comprising the major portion of the Moldavian SSR), has changed
hands in whole or in part several times. The population in this
area included Rumanians, Ukrainians, Jews, Russians, Bulgarians,
and Germans. In the period between the two World Wars, Rumanians
(Moldavians) comprised about 50 percent and Ukrainians about 20 per-
cent of the population of Bessarabia.
After changing hands, several times between the Turks and the
Russians, Bessarabia fell once more to Russia in 1812, and the
boundary between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was placed along the
Prut and the lower Danube Rivers, in practically the same location
as the present line. In 1829 the Russians obtained possession of
the Danube Delta, but as a result of the Crimean War in 1856 they
were pushed back to a line in southern Bessarabia considerably
north of the Danube. The strip of southern Bessarabia from which
they withdrew became part of Moldavia, which, together with Wallachia,
was recognized as an autonomous principality under the Ottoman ,Empire.
.By the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 Rumania became independent and
secured possession of the Danube Delta and the Dobruja area, while
Russia again, annexed the southern strip of Bessarabia. 54/
The boundary between Rumania and Russia was thus restored to its
1812 position, which is approximately its present location.
After World War I and the Russian Revolution, the National Council
of Bessarabia declared the province independent of Russia and later
approved its annexation to Rumania. Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan recognized this act in 1920, 55/ but the United States did
not. The USSR also refused to recognize the incorporation of
Bessarabia into Rumania, and for many years the frontier between the
two countries, along the Dnestr River, was closed. Bucovina, which
had been part of Austria-Hungary, was also ceded to Rumania after
World War I.
On 26 June 1940, the Soviet Union presented Rumania with an
ultimatum demanding the return of Bessarabia and northern Bucovina.
Rumania, powerless to resist Soviet claims, was forced to cede these
territories, totaling about 21,000 square miles, to the USSR (Soviet-
Rumanian Agreement, 28 June 1940).
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In June 1941, when the Germans invaded the USSR they were aided
by Rumanian troops, and the territories of Bessarabia and northern
Bucovina were temporarily reannexed by Rumania. In October 1941,
Odessa and Transnistria (an area beyond the Dnestr) were brought
under Rumanian administration, However, by March 1944 the Soviet
armies had recaptured the greater part of this territory, and by
that summer Rumania accepted the armistice agreement offered by the
USSR (representing the Allies). Article 4 of the armistice signed .
on .12 September 19141. reaffirmed the Soviet-Rumanian boundary of
1940. Ei ,Rumania's retrocession.of Bessarabia and northern
Bucovina to the Soviet Union as provided by the armistice was con-
firmed by the Rumanian Peace Treaty signed at Paris 10 February
1947. Thus the Rumanian-Soviet boundary was once again placed along
the Prut and lower Danube. Delimitation of the frontier was carried
out by the two countries in 1949 (see accompanying maps 12757 and
12904). A protocol (including maps and other documents) describing
the exact line was concluded, but the terms were not revealed.
B. Linear Description of the Boundary
The frontier between Rumania and the USSR may be divided into two
sectors for purposes of description. The northern sector extends from
the trijunction of the Hungarian, Rumanian, and Soviet borders to the
Moldavian boundary (map 12757), and the southern sector extends along
the Prut and lower Danube Rivers to the Black Sea (map 12904).
1. From the Trijunction of the Hungarian, Rumanian, and
Soviet Boundaries to the Moldavian Boundary*
The western part of this border is the former frontier between
Rumania and Czechoslovakia. From the trijunction point east of Nagy
erdo (Satu Mare; X-17: 43-47)** the boundary follows the TUr River to
a point south of the Soviet village of Fertealma (X-l7: 47-49).
Leaving the river, the line extends in a northeasterly direetion for
about 1 kilometer (0.62 mile) and then turns sharply northward, form-
ing an elbow south of the forested area of All erdo (X-17: 47-55).
*Place names in the description of this sector of the Rumanian
border are those appearing on the AMS Series M671, Middle Danube
1:100,000, and N501, Eastern Europe 1:250,000. For places on the
Soviet side, the Russian forms are given in brackets wherever possible.
Alternate names are in parentheses.
**Locational indices for places named in this sector refer to ANS
Series M671 except for the final 8-mile stretch, which is covered on
5heetNW35-11 of AMS Series N501. For explanation of locational key,
see footnote on p. 8.
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The border then takes an east-southeasterly course, intersecting the
Satu Mare-Chust 2:Rilus7 railroad and main road (X-17: 52-50). In this
sector many secondary roads branch off from the principal highway,
each with different termini. To the east of the railroad crossing,
the boundary dips to the southeast before continuing in an easterly
direction along the Egersky Kanal. After following the same general
course for several kilometers the boundary turns abruptly to the
northeast, passing through an area interspersed with woodland.
Throughout this section a network of minor roads and a number of
streams cross or approach the frontier. To the east of the line, on
the Rumanian side, the settlement pattern is dense, although it is
possible that in the postwar years many of the villages in the border
zone have been evacuated. The boundary then continues in an irregular
northeasterly direction to a point west and north of the Rumanian
village of BocicAu (K-17: 64-60). In this general sector the Satu
Mare-Chust railroad on the Soviet side and a main road on the Rumanian
side parallel the border.
From the vicinity of Bociellu the line makes a broad, irregular,.
north-south loop, then straightens out and takes a southeasterly
direction for about 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles). The highest elevation
in the area (2,600-2,700 feet) is in this sector. South of Frasin
(X-17: 73-61) the boundary makes another loop to the north and
traverses a heavily forested tract, resuming a general southeasterly
course for roughly 30 kilometers (about 19 miles) to a point less than
1 2 kilometers (about 1 mile) southeast of Polan (Sighet; X-18: 88-46).
The border than turns in a northeasterly direction, which it follows
until it meets the Tisa (X-18: 92-50). The boundary follows the
river to a point south of the Soviet village of Trebu'gtany (X-18:
39-38), a stretch of pout 60 kilometers (37 miles). In this sector
the railroad between TaCovo f.yache.g (X-18: 95-49) on the Soviet
side (Figure 28) and Sighet X-18: 18-38) on the Rumanian side cross-
es the border southeast of the Soviet settlement of Teresva ffereshva7
(X-18: 07-46).* From Sighet the railroad parallels the boundary to
the point where the frontier leaves the river and continues overland
(X-18: 39-36). On each side of the border a main road, from which
a number of secondary roads -and cart tracks raadate, closely parallels
the boundary. The road-to the north, between TaCovo and Trebusgtany,
passes through the So BULGARIA
Soroki
Black Sea
1
30
48
Ryshkany
Radauti
tosani
anep
Suceava
Faleshty
lyany
ishinev
Piatra-Neamt
Roman
Bendery
Hui
Vaslui
Bacau
Leovo
Kagul
Focsani
Lacul
Brates
Galati
Selected road
Principal railroad
Rumania?USSR boundary
SSR boundary
Scale 1:2,000,000
25
'Oz.ifagul lzm
Vilkovo
BLACK
lsaccea
stantul-
Gheorghe
12904
f0-53
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