EAST PRUSSIA AND DANZIG

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08C01297R000400260003-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 21, 2012
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 1, 1944
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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INFORMATION NOTES
Rv 1 a Vl.;t-t,
EAST PRUSSIA
AND
DANZIG
Issued by
THE POLISH MINISTRY OF PREPARATORY WORK
CONCERNING THE PEACE CONFERENCE
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The following Notes are prepared by experts and are designed to
give the basic facts essential to the settlement of Polish post-war problems.
They are primarily intended for the use of students and writers on
international affairs. They may be obtained direct from The Polish
Ministry of Preparatory Work Concerning the Peace Conference,
73. Portland Place, London, W.I.
Any opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those
of the Polish Government.
April, 1944
Printed at Barnard and Westwood Ltd.
London, W.1
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PAGE
1. THE SECURITY OF POLAND AND THE PEACE OF EUROPE .. .. .. 5
11. THE HISTORICAL AND ETHNICAL FACTS .. .. .. .. .. 6
111. THE ECONOMIC UNITY OF POLAND, DANZIG AND EAST PRUSSIA .. , . 7
IV. THE RELATIONS OF GERMANY TO EAST PRUSSIA .. .. .. .. 8
V. THE ATTITUDE OF POLAND .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
VI. CONCLUSIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. , , 13
ANNEXES :
1. AREA AND POPULATION
(a) East Prussia
(b) Free City of Danzig
(c) Number of Households in East Prussia in 1933
2. EMIGRATION FROM EAST PRUSSIA .. .. .. .. .. .. 15
3. INCREASE OF POPULATION AND MIGRATION IN THE COUNTIES OF EAST
PRUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1925-1933 .. .. .. 16
4. NATIONALITIES IN EAST PRUSSIA .. .. .. .. .. 17
(a) Poles
(b) Lithuanians
(c) Foreign Workers
(d) Germanization
(e) Plebiscite
5. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF EAST PRUSSIA .. .. .. 23
(a) Occupations
(b) Social Structure
(c) Industry and Crafts
(d) Agrarian System
(e) Participation in the National Income of Germany
(f) Participation in Income Tax
(g) Wages
(h) A British View
6. EAST PRUSSIA AS A SOURCE OF MILITARY MAN POWER .. .. 25
(a) Natural Increase of Population
(b) Children under 15 according to 1933 Census
(c) Recruitment of Soldiers
7. SOME VIEWS CONCERNING THE POLISH OUTLET TO THE SEA .. .. .. 26
8. THE TURNOVER OF THE PORT OF DANZIG .. .. .. .. .. 28
(a) After the First Partition of Poland
(b) After the Liberation of Poland in 1918
9. THE GROWTH OF THE PORT OF GDYNIA .. .. .. 28
10. THE AREA AND POPULATION OF POLAND .. .. .. .. 28
MAPS
1. POLAND AND GERMANY IN EUROPE .. .. .. .. .. .. 4
2. EAST PRUSSIA. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS BEFORE 1939 .. .. .. 29
3. EAST PRUSSIA. GERMAN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS AFTER INCORPORATION
OF POLISH AND LITHUANIAN AREAS .. .. .. .. .. 30
4. EAST PRUSSIA AS A MILITARY BASE IN 1939 .. .. .. .. 31
5. EAST PRUSSIA AS OPERATIONAL BASE IN SEPTEMBER 1939 .. .. 32
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EAST PRUSSIA AND DANZIG
I
The Security of Poland and the Peace of Europe
The frontier of East Prussia ' is less than sixty miles from Warsaw,
as the crow flies. Licbark (Heilsberg), the key point of the powerful forti-
fications built by the Germans in East Prussia facing Poland, is only 130
miles from Warsaw. Cutting deeply into Polish territory, the frontier of
East Prussia forms a broad sweep or bend of about 350 miles. The
whole frontier is heavily fortified, dominates the lower Vistula-the main
waterway of Poland-and touches the principal railway lines connecting
the country with the Baltic.
The seaboard allocated to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles, is very
short-only 90 miles. The city of Gdansk (Danzig)', situated at the mouth
of the Vistula, was not given to Poland, although 90.9 per cent. of the
basin of the Vistula belongs to her ; moreover, it should be noticed that
77.7 per cent. of Poland's total tonnage of foreign trade was seaborne
already in 1938.
Robert Lansing, U.S.A. Secretary of State under President Wilson
wrote:
"International boundaries may be drawn along ethnic, economic,
geographic, historic or strategic lines. One or all of these elements may
influence the decision, but whatever argument may be urged in favour
of any of these factors, the chief object in the determination of the sover-
eignty to be exercised within a certain territory is national safety. Nation-
al safety is as dominant in the life of a nation as self-preservation is in the
life of an individual.... With national safety as the primary object to be
attained in territorial settlements, the factors of the problems assume
generally the following order of importance: the strategic, to which is
closely allied the geographic and historic, the economic, affecting the
commercial and industrial life of a nation; and lastly the ethnic, including
in the terms such conditions as consanguinity, common language, and
similar social and religious institutions."'
The Polish delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris stressed very
strongly the strategic danger to Poland resulting from the German control
of East Prussia and the placing of Danzig outside the Polish frontiers. The
representations of the Polish delegates, however, passed unheeded. They
were negatived by arguments to the effect that the disarmament of Ger-
many and the demilitarization of East Prussia were sufficient guarantees
of Poland's security. The Treaty of Versailles, though formally granting
Poland free access to the sea, did not make provision for the strategic
safeguarding of this access, and, besides that, the Polish State as a whole
was not granted frontiers which could offer it any possibilities of defence.
The population of Poland increased from 27.4 millions' in 1921 to
35.1 millions in 1939. The events of September, 1939, proved that not
only the existence of the whole community, but the life of every individual
Pole, was menaced by frontiers which favoured German aggression.
East Prussia and Danzig came to be used as Germany's striking bases
for her invasion of Polish soil.
Poland can never be considered safe as long as the enclave of East
Prussia threatens her security and, therefore, her integrity. East Prussia
is not a matter of concern for Poland alone. It is, together with Danzig,
a danger zone for the whole of Europe. The solution of the problem of
East Prussia is imperative for European peace.
' Statistical data about East Prussia and Danzig are given in the annexes.
2 The Peace Negotiations, London, 1921 ; p. 91.
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The Historical and Ethnical Facts
East Prussia and Danzig have belonged to Poland during long periods
of their history. The Poles were the first colonists of that country. East
Prussia was a fief of the Polish Crown until 1657, while the part known as
Warmia (Ermeland) belonged to Poland as late as 1772. Danzig was
Polish until 1793. The city enjoyed a certain measure of autonomy, but the
inhabitants of East Prussia and Danzig were regarded in international
law as Polish subjects.
The German Order of the Teutonic Knights endeavoured to separate
East Prussia and Danzig from Poland. In the beginning of the 13th
century one of the Polish princes charged the Knights to undertake the
converting of the heathen Prussians to Christianity. The Prussians were
not a Germanic tribe, but related to the Latvians and Lithuanians while
having bonds of kinship with the Slavs. The Teutonic Knights, who
exterminated the Prussians instead of converting them, began to threaten
Polish territories by treachery and violence. A typical example of their
activities is provided by the massacre of 1308, in the course of which they
slaughtered the Slav and Polish population of Danzig.
The Polish kings did not succeed in expelling the Teutonic Knights
altogether, but made them their vassals. The secularization of the Order
in 1525 subordinated East Prussia to the House of Ilohenzollern, the
Princes of Brandenburg, who remained until 1657 the vassals of Poland.
The Great Elector still paid homage to the King of Poland, but seized
the opportunity of the Polish-Swedish war to evade his obligations towards
Poland and break the bond of vassalage.
In spite of the Germanizing efforts of the Teutonic Knights and the
Hohenzollerns, the cultural influence of Poland was very strong in East
Prussia. In fact, the Teutonic Knights came across many villages
founded previously by Polish settlers, and in various parts of the country
Polish law had already been accepted. Although the Teutonic Knights
and later the Hohenzollerns did their utmost to encourage only German
settlers, Polish colonization continued steadily until the end of the 18th
century. Along with the political links connecting East Prussia and
Poland, and the constant stream of Polish colonization, there also spread
a considerable Polish cultural influence throughout East Prussia, an
influence which made itself felt not only by the remnants of the Prussians-
almost exterminated by the Teutonic Knights-and Lithuanians, but even
by a number of German settlers.
The University of Krolcwiec (Koenigsberg) was a centre of Polish
culture. It was founded under a charter of Lygrnunt August, King of Po-
land. Many Polish books were published by Krolewiec printers. A
Polish newspaper appeared there until the 18th century. In the middle
of the 16th century the first Polish secondary school was founded in Elk
(Lyck), while the second was founded soon afterwards in Osterode.
Danzig children were educated in Polish until the beginning of the 19th
century. East Prussia is still filled with the works of Polish painters,
sculptors and architects. Polish protestants in East Prussia use to this day
a prayer book written in the 16th century by an eminent Polish ecclesiastic.
This suggests that in East Prussia even Protestantism was promoted by
Polish rather than German culture. The 19th century German philosopher
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Konstantin Frantz characterized the cultural atmosphere of East Prussia
in the following words:
" I maintain that Koenigsberg is not part of Germany, although German is spoken
there."3
Polish influence was increased by the fact that Poland was at the time
perhaps the most liberal and tolerant country of the continent. The
attempts of the Teutonic Knights and the Hohenzollerns to restrict the
civil rights and liberties of the people of East Prussia were resolutely
opposed by the Polish kings, who were the overlords of the province.
The inhabitants of East Prussia frequently appealed for protection to the
Polish King or Parliament on the ground of Polish sovereignty over the
province. The control exercised by the Polish Parliament tempered the
autocratic ambitions of the Hohenzollerns while they were the vassals
of Poland.
In the 17th century Otto von Graben, the East Prussian representa-
tive in the Polish Senate, made a speech against the rule in East Prussia
of the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg, whom he described as " foreigners."
He said :
" The Duchy of Prussia does not demand any treasures, any riches, it demands
only the liberty which so splendidly adorns the whole body of the Commonwealth.
The Duchy also is a component part of it. We believe in our common mother, the
Polish Commonwealth, and we are ready to give our life and possessions for it."'
The decline of Poland's political power and her eventual downfall
sealed the fate of East Prussia. Germanization, hitherto held in check by
the political prestige and military strength of Poland, increased. Frederick
the Great and his successors began a series of campaigns aiming at the
suppression of the Polish language (Annexe No.4). Economic pressure
forced many Poles to abandon their homesteads. Thus, German colon-
ization, carried out by brutal methods, pushed Polish culture back.
Nevertheless, Polish tradition has survived, and the Poles of East
Prussia have not lost their national character, nor have the Lithuanians
living in certain parts of that province. At the outbreak of the present
war in 1939, about 300,000 Poles still inhabited the southern part of East
Prussia, while the number of Lithuanians in the north-eastern districts
was estimated at about 50,000.
III
The Eonomic Unity of Poland, Danzig and East Prussia
As already observed, Warsaw is situated very close to East Prussia
(60 miles), whereas Berlin is 240 miles away. The Polish industrial districts
of Katowice and Sandomierz are about 215 miles from East Prussia, while
the principal German industrial region of Westphalia is 480 miles distant.
Geographically as well as economically Poland and East Prussia form
a whole.
In 1913, 35.4 per cent of the exports of East Prussia went to the
western provinces of Poland-Pomorze and Poznania, which on the other
hand supplied 14.8 per cent of the imports of East Prussia. Coal was
supplied mainly from Polish Silesia. East Prussia also had a consider-
able trade with the provinces of central and eastern Poland before 1914.
In the period between 1840 and 1939 nearly 1,500,000 persons emi-
grated from East Prussia (Annexes No. 2 and No. 3). The annual emigra-
tion from East Prussia accounts regularly for about 80 per cent of the
K. Frantz, Das Neue Deutschland, Leipzig, 1371 : p. 203.
Robert Machray, East Prussia, London, 1943 ; p. 3'.
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natural increase of population. There are in consequence 12 districts in
East Prussia which have a steadily declining population and the whole
province is the most sparsely populated in Germany. All the adjoining
Polish provinces are much more densely populated. East Prussian agri-
culture, therefore, suffers from a permanent shortage of labour, which is
met by an influx of foreign labourers (Annexe No. 4), mainly from the
adjoining Polish provinces.
Shortly before the present war, German authors (H. Aubin, Werner
Horn) expressed considerable alarm on this account:
" Who could imagine a paper frontier, a frontier of boundary posts, resisting any
pressure from nations of high fertility ? "5
" The heart of East Prussia . is so sparsely populated that there would appear
to be some justification for those Poles . who represent our Eastern provinces as
the coveted object of Polish land-hunger."6
The bonds of unity between Danzig and Poland are even more
conspicuous (Annexes No. 7 and No. 8). As soon as Danzig was separated
from Poland at the end of the 18th century, the number of ships using
the harbour decreased. Until 1919 Danzig remained in German hands
and the Berlin Government neglected the economic interests of Danzig,
while they favoured Szczecin (Stettin) and Krolewiec (Koenigsberg).
Danzig under German rule was one of a secondary port. It found new
prosperity when after 1920 it was incorporated in the Polish customs area.
Danzig was left, however, outside the political frontiers of Poland and,
in consequence, a situation arose which led to the events of 1939. There
are scores of articles in the German and Danzig Press, during the years
1940-1942, deploring the economic decline of Danzig after its renewed
incorporation into Germany.
Some Germans, therefore, appreciated the importance of the econ-
omic links between East Prussia, Danzig and Poland. For instance Fritz
Simon, the Syndic of the Koenigsberg Chamber of Commerce, suggested
in 1919 a customs union of Poland and East Prussia:
" The idea of a customs union between East Prussia and Poland imposes itself as a
necessity. . By the same measure all the inconveniences in which this province
is involved by incorporation in the economic system of the Reich would be done away
with."
Dr. Mahrholz, writing in the Vossische Zeitung of August 19th, 1928,
stated:
" The citizens of Danzig are German in sentiment, but they know that economically
they stand for nothing without Poland."
Such objective views, however, never found favour in the public
opinion of Germany, or in her political pronouncements. Germany wants
to hold East Prussia for strategic and political reasons and prefers to
ignore the geographic, historical, ethnographic and economic bonds
existing between that province and Poland.
IV
The Relation of Germany to East Prussia
The dynastic association of East Prussia with the March of Branden-
burg strengthened the Hohenzollerns within the Reich and laid the found-
ation for the power of Prussia which served as the main driving force of
H. Aubin, Von Raum and Grenzen des Deutschen Volkes, Breslau, 1938.
s W. Horn, Die Bevoelkerungsverteilung in Ostpreussen and ihre Veraenderungen,
Koenigsberg, 1931 ; p. 139.
cf. C. Smogorzewski, Poland's Access to the Sea, London, 1934.
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the imperialism of the Second Reich and the Nazi Third Reich. East
Prussia was thus linked with the myth of."German Mission." The Ger-
mans are not the autochtonous inhabitants of East Prussia, but colonists,
who established their position by the extermination and oppression of the
native population. East Prussia, therefore, was the breeding ground of
the Herrenvolk theory. As the most easterly province of Germany,
it is invaluable as a base for attack against either Poland or Russia.
That is why East Prussia is strongly associated in German minds with the
doctrine of the Drang nach Osten, menacing not only Poland, but the
whole of Central and Eastern Europe.
The main importance of East Prussia from the German point of view
is political and strategic. It has, however, also a certain economic value,
as a granary supplying the industrialized parts of Germany with food. If
Germany were a peaceful nation, prepared to exchange its industrial
products for food imported from other countries, it could dispense with
East Prussia. But military ambitions have made economic self-sufficiency
essential and the food produced by East Prussia is necessary for the Ger-
man war machine.
It has been calculated by the Polish scholar, S. Srokowski8 that, in
spite of war damage, East Prussia was feeding during the First World
War, apart from its own population:
Approximately 3,650,000 inhabitants of the Reich with cattle
3,390,000 grain
2,870,000 cheese
2,500,000 potatoes
2,290,000 bread
In view of the high birth rate of its Slav population East Prussia
has always provided the German Army with a large quota of its recruits
(Annexe No. 6).
For all these reasons Germany was prepared to subsidize a province
which really belonged to a historic, geographic and economic area outside
the Reich. The distance (Marktferne) of East Prussia from Germany
proper was overcome by preferential railway tariffs. This was an expensive
method, especially as East Prussia had to be supplied with absolutely
everything-not only cement, but also paving stones, drainage tubes and
all kinds of materials. The production of East Prussia is mainly agricul-
tural, but the delivery of the products of Prussian farms to Germany is
difficult owing to the distances. The agriculture of this area could not
pay its way and it was heavily in debt. In 1902, 35 per cent of the East
Prussian farmers had mortgaged their land to over 50 per cent of its
value. In 1926, 42 per cent of the farms in East Prussia were mortgaged
over 100 per cent of their values.
The German Treasury had to assist East Prussian economy with
credits and subsidies to save it from bankruptcy.
The scandal of the Osthilfe, the greatest scheme of financial assistance
to the German East, disclosed the social and political background of the
Treasury's subsidizing activity. More than half of the subsidies were
given to big landlords.
Out of the total utilized land of East Prussia 46.9 per cent is owned
by 4,111 persons (Annexe No.5), i.e. the Junkers. The type of Prussian
Junker is inseparable from the class which directed German policy
8 S. Srokowski, Prusy Wschodnie, Warsaw, 1929.
9 cf. Die Lage der Landwirtschaft in Ostpreussen. Ausschuss zur Untersuchung der
Erzeugungs-und Absatzbedingungen der deutschen Wirischaft (Enquete - Ausschuss),
vol. 8, Berlin, 1929.
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towards aggression, both under the Kaiser and under Hitler. The influence
and power of the Junkers is based on their estates. East Prussia, together
with Pomerania and Mecklenburg, is the province in which most of the
Junker estates exist.
The Junker dominates the social structure of East Prussia. All the
attempts at carrying out an agrarian reform in East Prussia were frus-
trated by the Junker class. It is interesting to compare the results achieved
by agrarian reform in East Prussia (14,280 sq. miles) with those attained
in the neighbouring Polish Pomorze (9,916 sq. miles):
In East Prussia, in 1936, 6.068 hectares of land were parcellated and
306 new farms were formed.
In Polish Pomorze, in 1938, 21.000 hectares were parcellated and
2,000 new farms were formed.'?
The wages paid in East Prussia were the lowest in Germany (Annexe
No. 5). No wonder that the people of East Prussia were eager to migrate.
They realised that there was no future for them under the rule of the
Junkers. The migration from East Prussia was not exclusively confined
to the normal, familiar movement of population from rural areas to towns,
for peasants from East Prussia often migrated to rural areas in other parts
of Germany.
In such conditions the province which has the lowest rate of income
per head in Germany (Annexe No.5) could only achieve prosperity through
industrialisation. The attempts of von Gossler in the end of the 19th
century and those of the Nazis in recent times have failed. The distance
of East Prussia from the sources of raw materials and from markets,
rendered the development of industry impracticable. German capitalists"
were reluctant to invest their funds in this area. That is why East
Prussia, although a maritime province, did not have even a fish canning
industry, nor-in spite of its agricultural production-a preserves industry"
The political aims of Germany, which make it imperative for her to
keep the invasion base of East Prussia, are in complete contradiction with
the natural conditions of that province connecting it with an entirely
different hinterland. The same applies to Danzig, a fact which has been
aptly pointed out by Mr. Wickham Steed on the eve of the present war
(Annexe No. 7). As to Danzig, the aggressive intentions of the Germans
with regard to that port had been obvious ever since it was established
as a Free City. The first Senate of the "Free City of Danzig" consisted
entirely of German subjects. The political parties in Danzig were branches
of the great parties in Germany. About 10 per cent of Danzig's civil
servants, especially among the higher ranks, were German subjects.
Retired German officers and civil servants, engaging in political activities
in favour of Germany, formed 10 per cent of the population of the Free
City. The citizens of Danzig served in the German Army. In June, 1939,
a German general was appointed commander of the Danzig police, which
had the strength of a full division, with full military equipment. All these
activities had nothing in common with the economical interests of Danzig.
On the contrary, the German activities in Danzig disturbed, if not prevent-
ed, the collaboration between the Free City and Poland.
10cf. Edgar Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, Penguin Books, 1938
pp. 80, 109, 224.
"cf. H. B. v. Gruenberg, Industrialisierung im Osten, WarschauerZeitung, No. 303,
of Dec. 25-27, 1940.
12cf. Europa's Schicksal im Osten, edited by H. Hagemayer, Breslau, 1938.
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The Attitude of Poland
Impartial experts agree (Annexe No. 5) that the economic situation
of East Prussia was no better before the First World War than after 1918.
It was rendered difficult by the abnormal position of East Prussia, belong-
ing politically to Germany, but distant geographically from the metro-
politan territory. German propaganda, striving to discredit the Treaty of
Versailles at all costs, made East Prussia and Danzig its favourite subjects,
in spite of the fact that the final decisions of the authors of the Treaty
largely took the German view into account, ignoring the observations
made by the commissions of experts (Annexe No. 7). German propa-
gandists tried to account for all the troubles of East Prussia by the exist-
ence of the so-called "Corridor," separating that province from Germany.
The area described by the Germans as Corridor is the Polish province of
Pomorze, which was allocated to Poland under the Treaty of Versailles
for two principal reasons: (1) in order to give Poland a free access to the
sea, and (2) because of its Polish population.
The first of these two motives was eventually fully vindicated by the
remarkable growth of the two ports (Gdynia and Danzig) handling Polish
overseas trade (Annexe No. 8 and No. 9) as well as by the increase of
Poland's population from 27,400,000 inhabitants in 1921 to over 35,000,000
in 1939 (Annexe No. 10) which all the more necessitated such an access.
Even the biased German pre-1914 statistics could not conceal the
fact that the population of Pomorze was Polish. A new and unexpected
confirmation of the purely Polish character of Pomorze was provided by
the Germans themselves in the course of the present war. In the years
1940-1942 the Germans, with their usual police methods, carried out
in Poland a census of persons of German nationality and origin. They
compiled the so-called Deutsche Volksliste. In Polish Pomorze the number
of Germans on the Volksliste was 200,000,13 while the Polish official
statistics recorded in the same territory 191,000 Germans in 1931. The
total population at that time amounted to 1,884,000-including 1,657,000
Poles, and, therefore, the percentage of Germans was only negligible.
The very close accordance of the Polish and German figures (Polish
statistics: 191,000 Germans in 1931, German statistics: 200,000 Germans
in 1940) proves that Polish nationality censuses were strictly accurate. It
also confirms the fact that Pomorze is a purely Polish province and that
the former German claims to the Corridor were completely without
foundation.
German propaganda blamed the Corridor for the economic condi-
tions in East Prussia and it was alleged that it hampered transport between
Germany and that province. This was not true, for, both before 1914
and after 1921, one third of the export and import of East Prussia were
carried by sea, while Poland offered to the Germans every assistance for
rail and road transit across Pomorze. The volume of overland traffic
between Germany and East Prussia has actually increased after 1918."
73Muenchner Neueste Nachrichten, of August 18th, 1942; article Volkstumsfragen
im einstigen " Korridor."
"A. von Muehlenfels, Ostpreussen, Danzig and der polnische Korridor als Verkehrs-
problem, Koenigsberg, 1930.
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Poland went so far as to accept payment in goods for transport services
in Pomorze. The German economic expert and ex-president of the pro-
vince of East Prussia, Batocki, wrote:
" The Polish Corridor damages our national feelings far more than our economic
interests." 11,
German propaganda against Poland on the subject of Pomorze was
dictated by political and not economic motives. The incorporation of
Pomorze into Germany, which would put an end to the "separation" of
East Prussia, would not improve its economic situation in the least. It
would, on the other hand, cut Poland off from the sea and make her
completely dependent on Germany. The economic situation of the area
can be improved only by the union of the province with its natural hinter-
land, Poland, with her 35 million inhabitants and 150,550 square
miles of territory surrounding East Prussia practically on all sides. In
the course of the present war the Germans achieved this union by the
occupation of the whole of Poland. It is significant that the Germans
immediately incorporated into East Prussia the northern part of the
province of Warsaw and a part of the province of Bialystok. German
official circles stressed the economic necessity of this step.
After the present war East Prussia should be incorporated into
Poland completely and unconditionally.
From the Polish point of view strategic security is the main reason
for the incorporation of East Prussia. There is also ground for believing
that the loss of this area may have a favourable influence on the
political make-up of the German nation. East Prussia as an advanced
invasion base, encouraged plans of aggression, which were especially
directed against Poland, for the reason that Polish territory only could
solve the economic problems of this province so remote from the centre
of Germany. The cause, therefore, of the actual Polish-German tension
was not Pomorze, but in reality East Prussia. Germany conducted her
Corridor campaigns and political activities in Danzig for no other reason
than for East Prussia. The danger of leaving this province in German
hands was fully realized by the Polish delegates at the Paris Peace Confer-
ence in 1919:
" If East Prussia should be left in German hands, as a separated Prussian possession,
cut off by Polish territory from the main bulk of Germany, the result would be an un-
ending confiict between Poland and Germany. The Germans would continually strive
to establish junction with East Prussia at the expense of Poland."1G
The loss of East Prussia by Germany would put an end to the influence
of the Jut:ker class, which has always instigated anti-Polish and aggressive
policies, both before 1914 and after 1918,when they inspired the cam-
paigns against the Treaty of Versailles and the Customs Wars against
Poland.
The incorporation of East Prussia into Poland may contribute to an
improvement of Polish-German relations. The German public as a whole
never too'.: i-auch interest in East Prussia which was described as a German
colony. It was known that this colony placed a heavy burden on all
taxpayers in Germany proper. Officials ulid army officers had to be paid
15 von Batoc 1, Ostpreussens it irtschaftliche Lage roe and nach dent Weltkl'iege,
Berlin, 1920.
16 Acts and Documents concerning the Frontiers of Poland Peace. Conference in
Paris, 1918-1919, Paris, 1925 ; part 1, p. 51 (Polish text).
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special "eastern allowances" in order to be induced to serve in East
Prussia.' The Germans of East Prussia preferred to migrate to the
western provinces, where they found a more congenial atmosphere. The
loss of East Prussia would be opposed only by the Army, the Junkers and
the nationalists emotionally fired by such watchwords as The Prussian
Spirit, Herrenvolk and Drang nach Osten.
East Prussia has been ruled succesively by the Teutonic Knights, the
Hohenzollerns and the influential class of Prussian landlords; during
all this time political oppression was accompanied by social subjection
of its inhabitants. The coincidence of these two factors speeded the change
of the ethnical structure of East Prussia over several centuries. That is
why the plebiscite carried out in July, 1920, in the Regencies of Olsztyn
and Kwidzyn was unfavourable to Poland (Annexe No. 4). The majority
of the population, although Polish by language and tradition, was not
allowed to express its feelings, because of a brutal class and political
intimidation.
Viewed from a Polish angle, East Prussia will have a tremendous value
for Poland which is overcrowded with agricultural labour. In 1939, the
number of unemployed peasants was estimated at 4 million, while
eight million Poles had to live abroad.
The present policy of Poland with regard to East Prussia goes further
than the demands made at the Peace Conference of 1919. At that time
Poland only asked for Danzig and those parts of East Prussia inhabited
by Poles, with a certain measure of strategic security for her main lines
of communication. As to the rest of East Prussia it was suggested that
"East Prussia, as the German Republic of Koenigsberg, could only be a per-
fectly neutral state under the protection and close control of the League
of Nations or of a mandatory. This mandatory ought to be the Polish
Republic, which has a historical right to East Prussia and has never done
any wrong to its inhabitants."1g
The case of the Free City of Danzig proved that League of Nations
control cannot prevent the Germans using a supposedly neutralized
territory for their own purpose, provided they predominate. The remilita-
ization of the Rhineland proved that determination, and force may over-
ride treaty obligations. The campaigns launched by the German Corridor
propaganda leave little doubt as to what would happen if the main prob-
lems were left unsolved or incompletely settled. Therefore Poland de-
mands to-day a thorough and definite solution of the problem of East
Prussia and Danzig.
The incorporation of East Prussia and Danzig into Poland is justified
on the following grounds:
(1) The territory concerned forms geographically, historically and
economically a unit with Poland.
11 J? M. Winiewicz, Aims and Failures of German New Order, Polish Research
Centre, London, 1934.
18 East Prussia, Polish Commission of Preparatory Work for the Conference of
Peace, Paris, 1919 ; p. 22.
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(2) East Prussia, as a German military base dominating Poland,
constitutes a permanent danger to her security as well as to that of whole
Eastern Europe.
(3) East Prussia became the political symbol of the German Drang
nach Osten, the main excuse of the German territorial claims against
Poland and the stronghold of the reactionary Junker class. Its.incorpora-
tion into Poland, together with Danzig, will help to clear the atmosphere
of Polish-German relations.
(4) The incorporation of East Prussia into Poland will make Germany
more dependent on food imported from abroad, and will deprive the
German Army of a considerable reserve of man power.
(5) The loss of East Prussia will weaken Germany politically and
strategically, correspondingly strengthening Poland. From an economic
point of view, the gain for Poland will be far greater than the loss for
Germany.
(6) The final settlement of the problem of East Prussia and Danzig
will remove one of the principal causes of friction and unrest in European
policy, thus consolidating peace.
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Area in -
Regency sq. miles
Kr6lewiec (Koenigsberg) .. 5,076
Ggbin (Gumbinnen) 3,628
Olsztyn (Allenstcin) 4,447
Kwidzyn(Marienwerder) .. 1,130
Whole of Germany (1933
frontiers) .. 181,632
(b) Free City of Danzig.
Area .. ..
Population
Urban population
Rural population
Density of population
731 sq. miles
407,517
293,657
113,860
565.8 inhabitants per sq. mile
Inhabitants
per sq. mile
in 1933
957,363 1,059,085 188
546,057 559,205 150.5
552,541 568,024 124
277,340 301,808 245
Persons
Inhabitants per household
Kr6lewiec .. .. 236,910 957,363 3.95
Gqbin .. .. .. 130,636 546,057 4.13
Olsztyn .. 119,970 552,541 4.53
Kwidzyn .. .. 70,364 277,340 3.88
Annexe No. 2
EMIGRATION FROM EAST PRUSSIA
BALANCE OF MIGRATIONS
Kr6lewiec .. .. -x8,214 -367,155 -30,423 -! 36,695 -352,669
Gqbin .. .. -26,953 -287,857 -63,154 - 18,684 -396,648
Olsztyn .. .. - -59,296 -92,386 -28,964 -180,646
Kwidzyn .. .. -38,634 -429,398 -20,420 --3,428 -485,024
Danzig .. .. -!- 15,697 -159,589
The eastern pro-
vinces of Germany -523,000 -3,460,000 -422,000 -250,000 -4,655,000
The above figures merely illustrate a general tendency, as the bound-
aries of the Regencies of East Prussia were changed several times during
the period between 1840 and 1939. At any rate, about 1,500,000 people
emigrated in the course of a century from the four Regencies, constituting
in 1939 the province of East Prussia.
Sources : Heinz Rogman, Die Bevoelkerungsenttt?icklung im
preussischen Osten in den letzten hundert Jahren, Berlin 1937, p. 91 ;
Ostdeutscher Beobachter, article Deutsche Wanderung in the issue of
November 15th, 1940 ; Die Bevoelkerung des deutschen Reiches nach den
Ergebnissen der Volkszaehlung, 1939. Stati.stik des deutschen Reiches,
Vol. 552, 1, Berlin, 1943 ; p. 38.
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INCREASE OF POPULATION AND MIGRATION
IN THE
COUNTIES OF EAST PRUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD
1925-1933
Natural
Actual
increase
in per cent.
Result of
Migration
REGENCY OF KOENIGSBERG-
6.6
5.0
1.6
Bartoszyce (Bartenstein)
9.0
4.2
4.8-
Braniewo (Braunsberg)
7.7
3.7
-4.0
Gierdawy (Gerdauen)
9.7
-0.2
-9.9
Ilawa (Wehlau)
3.9
1.5
-2.4
llawka (Pr. Eylau)
9.2
2.2
-7.0
Kr6lewiec (Koenigsberg)..
..
..
11.2
12.8
1.6
Kr6lewiec (Urban district)
..
..
2.5
9.9
7.4
Labiawa (Labiau) ..
..
..
8.2
2.0
-6.2
Licbark (Heilsberg) ..
..
..
9.4
1.7
-7.7
Morqg (Mohrungen)
..
..
8.5
-0.2
-8.7
Paslgka (Preussisch Holland)
..
..
7.0
-2.5
--9.5
Ra?cib6rz (Rastenburg) ..
..
..
8.8
0.8
-8.0
Rybaki (Fischhausen)
..
..
9.2
5.8
-3.4
Sw. Siekierka (Heiligenbeil)
..
..
9.2
2.8
-6.4
REGENCY GABIN ..
..
..
6.7
1.1
-5.6
Darkiejmy (Darkehmen, now Angerapp) 9.4
-3.6
-13.0
Gabin (Gumbinnen) .. .. .. 5.7
1.7
-4.0
Goldapia (Goldap) .. .. .. 6.5
1.9
-4.6
Olecko (Treuburg) .. 7.3
-0.4
-7.7
Pilkaly (Pillkallen, now Schlossberg) .. 6.9
-0.5
--7.4
Stolupiany (Stallupoenen)
..
.. 5.8
-3.0
--8.8
Tylza (Tilsit, Urban District)
..
.. 1.5
12.7
11.2
Tyl2a-Ragneta (Tilsit-Ragnit)
..
.. 7.0
0.2
--6.8
W@gobork (Angerburg)
.. 7.4
2.9
-4.5
Wystruc (Insterburg, Urban District) 11.7
4.9
-6.8
Wystruc .. 7.8
-2.9
-10.7
2ulawy (Niederung, now Elchniederung) 6.1
-1.7
-7.8
REGENCY OLSZTYN .. ..
..
10.1
2.3
- 7.8
Elk (Lyck) .. ..
7.9
-1.0
-8.9
Jansbork (Johannisburg) .. ..
10.8
-1.7
12.5
Lec (Loetzen) .. .. ..
8.3
0.8
-7.5
Nibork (Neidenburg) ..
12.2
3.5
-8.7
Olsztyn (Allenstein, Urban District) ..
7.9
13.0
5.1
Olsztyn .. .. ..
12.1
2.1
-10.0
Ostroda (Osterode) .. .. ..
10.2
0.7
-9.5
Reszel (Roessel) .. .. ..
9.2
2.7
-6.5
Szczytno (Ortelsburg) .. .. ..
10.8
2.6
-8.2
Zadzbork (Sensburg) .. .. ..
11.2
4.2
-7.0
REGENCY KWIDZYN..
..
..
7.6
4.9
--2.7
Elblag (Elbing : Urban District)
..
3.0
6.2
3.2
Elblag .. ..
..
7.6
-0.7
--8.3
Kwidzyn (Maricnwerdcr)
..
..
8.4
4.6
-3.8
Malbork (Marienburg)
..
..
..
8.3
11.9
3.6
Susz (Rosenberg) ..
..
..
..
9.8
2.5
-7.3
Sztum (Stuhm) ..
..
..
..
11.6
4.4
-7.2
Source : Dr. Ludwik Grodzicki in Biulet_vn Zachodnio-Slowianski
(West Slavonic Bulletin), No. 4-5, 1941.
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(a) Poles
1. According to East and West Prussia.-Handbooks prepared under the
direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, 1920.
Polish
language
Bilingual
(Polish and
German)
Total
Poles, 10-33 per cent.
Res7el .. ..
. .
14.2
13.1
1.5
1.4
15.7
14.5
Olsztyn (urban district)
-
8.4
-
a.7
-
13.1
Poles, 33-50 per cent.
Sztum
..
-
42.5
-
42.5
Kwidzyn .. ..
-
37.3
-
1.2
-
38.5
Ostroda
45.3
39.8
3.9
3.1
49.2
42.9
Olecko
33.5
33.4
4.5
4.4
38.0
37.8
Lec ..
38.7
32.1
8.1
4.4
46.8
36.5
Poles, above 50 per cent.
Szczytno
..
75.2
68.0
2.5
3.6
77.7
71.6
Jabsbork .. ..
..
70.4
64.8
4.4
3.1
74.8
67.9
Nibork
.. ..
..
70.0
60.5
2.0
4.4
-
64.9
Olsztyn'
..
..
49.5
57.4
3.7
3.0
53.2
60.4
Elk
..
..
55.1
48.0
5.5
4.8
60.6
52.8
Z4dzbork
..
..
51.2
46.4
6.3
4.7
57.5
51.1
The source quoted makes the following comment :
" In the greater part of West Prussia, and the Regierungsbezirk of
Allenstein (i.e. the south of East Prussia), a majority of the inhabitants
speak Polish. To the north of the Polish speaking districts of East Prussia
lies a further zone in which over one-third of the population speak
Polish. . . . In the south of East Prussia the Polish dialect is known as
Mazurian, and in this case the divergence from ordinary Polish is very
slight."
" The census figures are normally rendered somewhat unreliable by
three factors : (1) the tendency to allow national sentiment to outweigh
fear of authority varies in strength from one census year to another ;
(2) the census tables are based on ` mother tongue,' not on the language
actually used at home ; (3) the regiments recruited from Polish provinces
are usually quartered in other parts of Prussia, and vice versa ... The
persons speaking both Polish and German may be considered as virtually
all Poles."
" In 1910 there is reason to believe that a more serious source of error
was introduced, as the figures for the Polish population are some 100,000
lower than would be expected, the figures for the German population being
higher by a similar amount. . . . It must be concluded that the figures
have been deliberately falsified in order to give the impression that the
Poles are diminishing in numbers relatively to the Germans. The falsifi-
cation appears to have extended to Poznania and Upper Silesia."
Rural, in 1900 also urban district.
2 To which before 1918 the Regency of Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) belonged.
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II. Ostpreussen, Land and Volk, 5 volt. Stuttgart 1898-99; 1902, makes.
the following remarks concerning the national character of Masovia,
(Southern East Prussia) :
" The colonisation of the territory was largely undertaken by Poles
besides Prussians, Germans and a few Lithuanians. The fourteenth
century already gives evidence of Polish population in Masovia. During
the Reformation the South-Eastern parts of Masovia were entirely
Polish. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries show a steady spread
of Polish Nationality towards the north so that in 1694 there are registered
2,567 Polish Communicants and only 426 German ones in the congrega-
tion of Angerburg. The Language border of the nineteenth century ran
from Loyen via Dubeningken, Kotziolken, Ostrowen and Angerau to
Nordenburg, but Polish elements went far beyond that line. In Pillu-
poenen, Insterburg and Bartenstein sermons were held in the Polish
language as late as in the nineteenth century ; even in Koenigsberg divine
services were conducted in Polish. In the middle of the nineteenth
century the Church of Rastenburg was filled with reverend Poles and the
Secondary School for girls was visited by 44 Polish and 46 German
children. . . . In 1895 53 per cent. of the population of Masovia were
Poles " (p. 172-177).
According to Rudolf Lawin's Die Bevoelkerung von Ostpreussen
(Koenigsberg, 1930) the ethnographic structure of the eleven Polish
counties of East Prussia has been undergoing the following changes :
Out of the 100 inhabitants the following number reported their
native language to be :
Year
German
Polish
Mazur
Polish and
German
German and
Mazur
1890
41.09
37.31
17.76
2.83
0.86
1900
45.87
26.53
23.34
2.69
1.40
1905
47.38
10.66
39.25
0.67
1.87
1910
52.45
12.85
30.87
2.24
1.37
1925
82.89
2.40
7.13
3.14
4.12
As there can be no doubt that the " Mazurs " as well as the bi-
lingual population were Poles, the testimony of the German author, in
spite of his obvious anti-Polish bias, is the following :
1890
59 per cent.
41 per cent.
1900
54
?
46
1905
42
?
47
1910
47
?
52
1925
17
..
83
The sudden drop in the number of Poles recorded by the German
author does not denote an actual decrease. It simply reflects statistical
fraud and the effect of the administrative pressure referred to in the above-
mentioned British publication.
The inaccuracy of the German statistics of nationality was commented
upon by Ludwig Bernhard in his preface to Paul Weber's book Die Polen
in Oberschlesien (Berlin, 1914). He entitled his observation Die Fehler-
quellen in der Statistik der Nationalitaeten and said about the official
German statistics : " It is a strange fact that German censuses are used,
especially in their least reliable parts, for most significant political con-
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clusions. . But these just politically so important figures are not abso-
lutely reliable in Germany to-day. Only after close and critical examination
can they be utilized for the practice of policy.
IIl. Polish research (E. Romer and others), based on official statistics and
the lists of the nationality of schoolchildren, established the percentage
of Poles in the counties concerned as follows :
Reszel..
..
..
..
24.6
7.4
19.2
Sztum
..
..
..
50.3
22.7
46.5
Kwidzyri
..
..
..
49.4
22.3
43.0
Ostroda
..
..
..
71.2
21.0
58.5
Olecko
..
..
..
66.2
8.5
61.0
Lee ..
..
..
..
76.0
21.0
64.0
Szczytno
..
..
..
92.7
61.4
89.0
Jansbork
..
..
..
91.6
18.8
79.9
Nibork
..
..
..
89.1
33.4
81.0
Olsztyn
..
..
..
64.2
47.1
64.0
Elk ..
..
..
..
85.0
20.8
72.0
Z4dzbork
..
..
..
78.2
44.1
73.5
There was also at that time a considerable Polish population in two
other counties in rural districts :
Susz (Kwidzyri Regency) .. .. 20.7 per cent.
Goldapia (Ggbin Regency) .. .. 22.2 ?
In 1825 the county of Wcgobork in the regency of Ggbin had a plain
majority of Polish population. In 1919 Polish sources estimated the
number of Poles in the whole of East Prussia at more than 400,000.
(b) The Lithuanians
The German statistics recorded the following percentage of Lithu-
anians in East Prussia :
District
1890
1900
1910
1925
KRt LEWIEC REGENCY-
per cent.
per cent.
per cent.
per cent.
Labiawa (Labiau) ..
..
16.3
12.3
8.2
1.9
GABIN REGENCY-
Niziny (Niederung) ..
21.9
17.1
10.2
2.1
Pilkaly (Pillkallen, now known as
Schlossberg) .. .. ..
12.0
10.5
6.9
2.0
Tylza Town (Tilsit) .. ..
9.9
8.9
5.7
1.0
Ty12a-Ragneta (Ragnit) .. ..
24.5
19.6
13.0
1.9
The publication of the Historical Section of the British Foreign
Office, referred to above, contains the following observation on
the subject : " The Lithuanian language was formerly spoken in the whole
of East Prussia to the north-east of a line drawn from Labiau to Goldap.
. The number of Lithuanians in East Prussia, according to the census
figures of 1910, was 95,470. This shows a drop of 16,000 since 1900,
instead of the expected natural increase of 12,000. It is probable that this
discrepancy of 28,000 (-25 per cent) is partly due to some form of
falsification of the figures, similar to that which appears to have occurred
in the figures affecting the Poles."
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In the district of Klaipeda (Memel), which belonged to Lithuania
until March, 1939, the German census of 1925 recorded the following
ethnographical groups (according to Huebner's Weltstatistik for 1939)
Lithuanians .. .. 38,000
" Memellanders " .. .. 34,000
Germans 59,000
Others and aliens 10,000
The district of Memel has an area of 1,081 square miles.
(c) Foreign Workers in East Prussia
The following numbers of foreign workmen came to East Prussia in
per 1,000 of population
1910 .. 13,635 6.3
1925 22,721 .. 10.1
1933 .. 24,283 .. 10.4
Rudolf Lawin (l.c.p. 46) wrote The need for foreign labour in
East Prussia is growing, because of the continuous outflow of people
leaving that already sparsely populated province and emigrating west-
wards."
According to data referred to by Ian F. D. Morrow, about 30,000
Polish labourers came to East Prussia annually before 1914. They worked
there for several weeks, during the harvest and the potato digging season.
(d) Germanization
Extract from the Reply of the Preacher Mrongowius of Danzig to His
Excellency the Minister of State Eichorn.
Danzig, 20th September, 1842.
Following your highly esteemed instructions of 9th inst., I have the
honour to quote some facts and figures about the hard oppressed mother
tongue of my countrymen. Admittedly you can hear from all quarters,
Polish Prussia, Silesia, Lithuania, even from the Cassubians, complaints
about linguistic oppression ; but I shall only refer to incidents in which I
am most closely concerned . . . In the village of Marwalde in East
Prussia where my deceased father was a Polish protestant preacher I
noticed last year when on a visit that a teacher completely ignorant of the
Polish language was employed among an entirely Polish population. He
could only employ the children by teaching them to read German, but was
unable to explain to them the meaning of the German words in Polish.
The local inhabitants came weeping to me and the scene instead of filling
my heart with joy as I had expected, caused me great grief . . .
At Gluckau near Danzig the teacher P. was prohibited to teach
Polish children to read Polish, although the parents desired the contrary.
A teacher, named L., reports the same to me from the village of Rerin,
near Danzig. Several such cases occur in the village of Charbrow, near
Lcbork (Lauenburg), in Cecynow, near Glowitz and also in Osseken,
Saulin, Bohlschau, etc. In Krokow a German preacher by the name of
E. was employed, he was entirely ignorant of the Polish language and when
taking office found on the first Sunday among 100 members of his con-
gregation 30 speaking German and 70 Polish, the latter ones were deeply
distressed at not being able to have their divine service.
In the village of Rauden near Mewe, where half of the important
congregation speaks Polish, the completely German preacher L. was
engaged ; at the most he very imperfectly reads one sermon in Polish
in four weeks. Similar complaints are expressed in Cylau, where the
examiner G. offers those teachers rewards who teach many Polish children
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to babble in German, and threatens others with dismissal, if they have not
according to his opinion Germanized sufficiently many Polish children.
If one expresses surprise at such linguistic pressure that only German
teachers are employed among a Polish population, the usual reply is to the
effect that there are not sufficient applicants for the teaching and clerical
offices who are conversant in both languages. Thus it would seem desir-
able to introduce the teaching of the Polish language in higher schools
and colleges such as in Danzig, Elbing, Thorn, etc.
Even the late Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland) a prince of the House
of Hohenzollern complained to me in Oliva, near Danzig, during the
translation into Polish of his pastoral letters and the German reading books
for the schools, that the government of Danzig-probably Herr von
Schon, the then Lord Lieutenant-abused him for editing a Polish reading
book (which he had printed at his own expense for the benefit of the
Polish youth). However, this instructive Polish reading book in which
morality, religiousness and devotion to the Crown are taught, has brought
great blessing-and would have brought even greater blessings if the
instruction in reading Polish had not been prohibited in this area by the
order of Herr von Schon to the examiners and school inspectors . . .
Concerning the Govermnent's plan to suppress the Polish and
Lithuanian languages entirely in the Prussiar State the views have always
been divided. Some are in accord with this step, others oppose it. The
introduction to Mielke's Lithuanian Dictionary contains three essays, one
by the Berlin preacher J., the second by V. H., member of the War Council,
and one by Professor Kant, all of which stress the detriments of a violent
suppression of the vernacular (Lithuanian as well as Polish).
Will your Excellency permit me to add at this moment, that in 1817
at the re-organization of the High School the Chair of the Polish Language
was taken away from me, without its having been filled by anybody else,
in spite of the fact that I had been given the post of Polish preacher and
the Chair of the Polish Language at the local High School in 1798, thus
already under Prussian sovereignty. I made remonstrances to the then
Lord Lieutenant Herr v. Schon, and said that the State required inter-
mediaries conversant in Polish and expressed the view how good it would
be if the future preacher could by his knowledge of the Polish language
serve his congregation, the solicitor his clients, the physician his patients,
the officer the state by instructing the soldiers who frequently speak only
Polish. The same could be said for many other officials and merchants.
Herr v. Schon replied that this study would have to remain a purely
personal matter (although it is obvious that a knowledge of Polish which is
one of the languages of the country is more necessary and useful to us than
for example French).
The necessity for a chair of the Polish language at the University of
Koenigsberg was already seen by the late Minister von Ostau in the
1790's, when I was teacher at the Cathedral School in Koenigsberg ; he
requested me to draft him a written plan about this : the well-meaning
man, however, was overruled.
The antipathy against the Polish language may perhaps be explained
by the fact that the Poles were united with the French against Prussian
Government."
Source : Die polnische Sprach[rage in Preussen, Leipzig, 1845.
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(e) The Plebiscite
The East Prussian plebiscite zone of Allenstein (Olsztyn) comprised
ten districts in the Regency of Allenstein and one district in the Regency
of Gumbinnen, namely Treuburg (Olecko). The zone had a total area of
4,800 sq. miles with 565,000 inhabitants, of whom 70 per cent used Polish
as their mother-tongue.
The West Prussian plebiscite zone of Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) com-
prised the whole of the districts of Stuhm and Rosenberg (Susz), that part
of the Marienburg district lying east of the Nogat (the eastern estuary of
the Vistula) and the Marienwerder district east of the Vistula. In this
zone of 1,036 sq. miles there was a population of 174,000, of whom 32 per
cent spoke Polish. Here, as in Danzig, Germanization had made great
progress, a fact which was never denied by the Polish delegation to the
Peace Conference. They nevertheless claimed the region of Kwidzyn
in order that the railway line Warsaw-Mlawa-Danzig should run in its
entirety on Polish territory.
On July 5, 1919, immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Ver-
sailles, the Polish delegation sent to the Secretariat of the Conference its
observations on the measures to be taken by the Inter-Allied Com-
missions for the plebiscites. It was suggested that all Prussian civil
servants should be evacuated for the duration of the plebiscite and free
municipal elections be held. It may be recalled that directly after the fall
of the German Imperial rule, democratic communal elections were held
throughout the Prussian State except in provinces where the Polish popula-
tion predominated. The Socialist Government in Berlin frankly admitted
that this exception was made for fear that the communal administration
should be " invaded by the Poles." The Polish suggestions were turned
down and German civil servants remained at their posts. The municipal
authorities, elected under the old laws, remained strongholds of the
Germanic spirit on Polish soil. Indeed, General Albrecht, commanding
the 20th Army Corps, organized " security troops " (Sicherheitswehr) in
the two plebiscite territories.
The President of the Allenstein Inter-Allied Commission, Mr. E. A.
Rennie, seemed to regard the plebiscite as a mere formality to be gone
through as quickly as possible. And the Marienwerder Commission was
presided over by Signor Angelo Pavia, who never concealed his pro-
German sympathies. The Allenstein Commission brought with it 700
British soldiers, of whom 600 stayed in Allenstein ; 600 Italians arrived
later in Marienwerder. Thus in all there were 1,300 Allied troops, not a
great number for a territory half the size of Belgium.
In the region of Allenstein 353,655 votes were cast for Germany, and
7,408 (2.5 per cent) for Poland, in the Marienwerder zone 97,634 votes
were cast for Germany and 7,682 (8 per cent) for Poland.
Three important factors gave the Germans an unfair advantage
(1) At the beginning of June, 1920, when the Polish Army was
retreating in the East, the Conference of Ambassadors fixed the East
Prussian plebiscite for July 11. The vote was taken when the Soviet forces
were at the gates of Warsaw, a fact which was duly exploited by German
propaganda.
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(2) More important, however, was the fact that the Poles had no
freedom of speech or propaganda. The Germans stopped at nothing to
terrorize the Polish population. For example, they arrested the four
Polish national leaders, Bogumil Linka, his son, and the brothers Adam
and Joseph Zapatka, who went to the Peace Conference to demand the
return of their district to Poland. On returning home they were each
sentenced to one and a half year's imprisonment. Linka senior was beaten
up at the time of his arrest and died soon after. The Inter-Allied Com-
mission ignored such incidents. It is easy to imagine the intimidating
effect of these events on the Polish peasants in Mazovia.
(3) Not only the residents took part in the plebiscite. The Treaty
stipulated that the right to vote should be extended to persons who
had at some time resided in the district for twenty years or who had been
born there. Thus emigrants who had left the province for good had the
right to vote. For a fortnight seven trains daily arrived in the plebiscite
area bringing thousands of " emigrants," mostly members of different
German nationalist Free Corps. They totalled 45,500. Even more
" emigrants " came by sea. The German Admiralty brought from
Swinemuende and Stolpmuende to Pillau 157,273 people. " In certain
communes," said the Kreuzzeitung on July 11, 1930, " the emigrants
made up nearly half of the voters."
Deducting the number of emigrant votes (202,700) from the total
number of votes cast in the two plebiscite territories (466,400) we see that
only 263,500 votes were cast by residents, although the total number of
residents was 739,000.
Source : K. Smogorzewski, The Farce of Plebiscites in Free Europe,
April 24, 1942.
Annexe No. 5
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF EAST PRUSSIA
(a) Occupations
In every 100 inhabitants, including families :
Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. 42.2
Industry and crafts .. 21.6
Commerce and transport .. .. .. .. 12.4
Public service .. .. .. .. 7.2
Domestic service .. .. .. .. .. 1.7
Independent without occupation (including pen-
sioners) .. .. .. .. .. 14.9
(b) Social structure
In every 100 inhabitants of East Prussia, ins luding families
Independent (including higher civil servants) .. 19.2
Members of family assisting in work .. .. 10.9
Civil servants (including soldiers) .. .. .. 5.6
Employees 6.2
Labourers .. .. .. .. .. 41.6
Domestic servants .. .. .. .. .. 1.6
Without definite occupation, but independent .. 14.9
Unemployed .. 11.9
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(c) Industry and crafts (according to 1933 census)
Branch of industry
Number of establishments
Clothing
13,290
Food
6,116
Wood working
5,009
Building
4,943
Metal working
4,479
Leather
1,037
Stone
490
Textile
488
Electric
288
Paper
266
Mining
162
Printing
141
Chemical
42
Most of the establishments are very small, the average size being much
smaller than in Germany. For instance, 64.3 per cent of the clothing
industry consists of small tailoring shops and 24 per cent of shoemakers.
(d) Agrarian system
(1) Percentage of land under different classes of agricultural holdings
Over
0.5-2 ha. 2-5 ha. 5-20 ha. 20-100 ha. 100 ha.
East Prussia
..
..
0.7
2.5
18.3
31.6
46.9
Germany
..
..
2.3
6.3
25.6
27.9
37.9
Rhineland
..
..
4.0
11.4
34.1
20.5
30.0
Oldenburg
..
..
1.8
6.5
32.8
45.2
13.7
In Poland only 25.8 per cent of the area utilized for agriculture was
occupied by farms of more than 50 hectares (a hectare is equivalent to
2.47 acres). This proves that the large estates in Germany, especially
East Prussia, covered a much larger share of the land than in Poland.
(2) Number of holdings of various sizes
0.5 ha -
2 ha
19,370
2 ha -
5 ha
..
..
..
..
..
26,257
5 ha -
20 ha
..
..
..
..
..
59,333
20 ha - 100 ha
..
..
..
..
..
27,072
over 100 ha
4,111
(e) Participation in the National Income of Germany
National income per inhabitant in marks p.a.
East Prussia ..
..
..
..
486
814
612
Brandenburg ..
..
..
..
-
1,140
799
Whole of Prussia
..
..
..
775
1,174
794
Bavaria ..
..
..
..
629
1,041
733
Whole of Germany
..
..
..
766
1,185
804
(f) Participation in Income Tax
Income tax (Einkommen- Lohn- and Koerperschaftssteuer) paid in marks in the
following fiscal regions :
1925
13
22
39
1926
13
22
42
1927
17
25
52
1928
17
25
60
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EAST PRUSSIA AND DANZIG 25
(g) Wages
Comparative wages of workers in some industries in East Prussia
and in the rest of Germany show :
(1) Wages of skilled workmen, per hour, in 1937, in pfennigs :
East
Prussia
Branden-
burg
Hamburg
region
Rhineland
Timber industry
..
..
75.4
87.1
95.0
83.2
Breweries
..
..
..
78.0
85.0
114.7
106.9
Paper mills
..
..
56.7
64.4
68.5
82.1
Clothing industry
..
..
64.0
88.0
84.9
85.1
(2) Wages of free farm labourers (Freiarbeiter) in 1936, per annum, in marks. These
labourers received no payment in kind, or if they did, it was so insignificant as to make
no appreciable difference in the calculation.
East Prussia ..
..
..
..
695.52-753.48
Baden
916.72
Rhineland ..
..
..
..
1,128.80
Schleswig-Holstein
..
..
..
1,157.60
(3) Wages of railway craftsmen, per hour, in 1937, in pfennigs :
Krolewiec (Koenigsberg) .. .. .. 71.9
Cologne 84.4
Munich 86.9
Berlin 99.3
Hamburg .. 104.8
(h) A British View
Ian F. D. Morrow says of the economic situation of East Prussia :
" There is little hope that an agricultural province lying on the farthest
frontier of a great State will be able to compete on equal terms in the
central markets with other and far richer agricultural districts less remote
from these markets." (page 345). " Agrarian indebtedness in East Prussia
in contradistinction to other parts of Germany has been more or less a
permanent condition for a century past . . ." (page 417).
" It is clear from any examination of economic conditions in East
Prussia prior to the World War that its present economic plight is not a
new phenomenon " (page 357).
Source : Ian F. D. Morrow, The Peace Settlement in the German-
Polish Borderlands, London, 1936.
Statistisches Jahrbuchfuer das Deutsche Reich 1935, 1936, 1937.
Annexe No. 6
EAST PRUSSIA AS A SOURCE OF MILITARY POWER
(a) Natural increase of population
Per 1,000 inhabitants
Year East Prussia Germany
1922
11.6
8.5
1923
10.0
7.1
1924
11.5
8.2
1925
12.6
8.8
1926
10.8
7.9
1927
9.0
6.4
1928
10.3
7.0
1929
9.1
5.3
1930
9.6
6.5
1933
8.2
3.5
1935
10.7
7.0
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:(b) Children under 15, according to the 1933 census.
Percentage of children under 15 in the population of :
East Prussia .. .. .. .. 29.2 per cent
Berlin .. .. .. .. 14.1
Whole of Germany .. .. .. 24.2
(c) Recruitment of soldiers
According to German sources of 1907, there were in that year, for
every 140 soldiers from East Prussia 92 soldiers from the Rhineland, 39
from Berlin and 114 from all the other provinces of the Reich.
The actual number of East Prussians serving in the German forces
in the years 1882, 1895 and 1907 was as follows :
Population
Year No. of soldiers of East Prussia
1882 13,088 1,933,936
1895 30,977 2,006,689
1907 36,264 2,030,176
Source : Statistisches Jahrbuch 1924-1936 ; 1. J. D. Morrow : The
Peace Settlement in the Polish-German Borderlands, London, 1936.
Annexe No. 7
SOME VIEWS CONCERNING THE POLISH OUTLET
TO THE SEA
1. Proposed New Boundaries for Germany.-Prepared in 1919 by the
American Intelligence Section. Document 441 in David Hunter
Miller : My Diary at the Conference of Peace (New York, 1924) :
" It is recommended that the city of Danzig should be included into
Poland:
" Danzig is to-day unquestionably a German city, with a population
of 170,000 (in 1910), of which the Poles do not number 10 per cent. It is
incontestable, however, that Danzig owed its own importance in the
past to its position as the natural port of the great Polish hinterland behind
it, and that if the principle of the Polish corridor to the sea is accepted at
all, it must almost inevitably involve the inclusion of Danzig in that
corridor . . . It seems clear that there is here a major economic and
geographic necessity, and that there is no other solution of the problem,
which would be more than a half measure unsatisfactory in the long run
to both sides."
II. Report No. 1 of the Commission on Polish Affairs, March 12th,
1919. Document 498, David Hunter Miller's Diary :
" The question of the town and port of Danzig has been the subject
of very careful consideration by the Commission, who are unanimously
of the opinion that both town and port should be given to Poland in un-
restricted ownership . . . The legitimate aspirations of the Polish people
for an outlet to the sea, as endorsed by Allied statesmen, cannot be
fulfilled unless Danzig becomes a Polish port."
III. H. W. V. Temperley, A History of The Peace Conference of Paris,
London, 1924 ; vol. VI., p. 258:
" Every law of geography insists that the natural outlet for this
country, possessed of all sorts of economic possibilities and now in process
of being industrialized, is by the mouth of the river (Vistula) around
which and upon which the whole fabric of Polish society has been built ...
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Poland cannot live with a German finger in her throat. For the Polish
nation the possession of Danzig, in some form or other, is a matter not
of mere economic convenience but rather of life and death."
IV. Leon Dominian, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe
-Published for the American Geographical Society of New York,
1917 :
" The advance of the area of Polish speech . . . to the Baltic coast
is a proof of intimate dependence between Polish nationality and the
basin of the Vistula . . . The city of Danzig itself, with a Polish element
of only 10 per cent., still gives strong evidence of its Polish institutions.
Its monuments are memorials of Poland's, and many of its families bear
Polish names even though their members use German as a vernacular."
V. Wickham Steed in The New Statesman and Nation of May 27th, 1939,
Danzig :
" What is really at stake at Danzig and in the Polish " Corridor " ?
Nothing less than Polish independence on the one hand, and German
domination of Poland and the Baltic on the other. Frederick the Great
said truly that whoever holds Danzig has more power in Poland than the
King of Poland himself ; and Herr Rauschning, the former Nazi Pre-
sident of Danzig Senate, wrote on May 6th that :
'To-day the occupation of Danzig by German troops would give
Germany a most important strategical key-position, enabling her to
seize the Vistula Corridor. A transfer of Danzig to the Reich would
amount to a fourth partition of Poland . . . Hence the fate of Poland
and even the future of the Western Powers is the problem at issue,
not simply an isolated action against Danzig.'
Hitler and the German General Staff care just as much, and just as
little., for the welfare of Danzig as they cared for the welfare of the
Sudeten Germans last year. They cared much for the possession of the
Czechoslovak fortifications and arsenals ; and they care much for the
strategic encirclement of Poland by the control of Danzig and the
Corridor and unhampered military access to East Prussia. When
M. Zaleski, the Polish Foreign Minister, offered publicly in February,
1929, to demilitarize the Corridor and the whole frontier region, on
condition that East Prussia were also demilitarized and allowed to trade
freely with Poland, pre-Nazi Germany turned a deaf ear. The German
aim is neither racial nor economic, it is strategic."
VI. J. H. Harley, Danzig and the Corridor, in the National Review, July,
1925 :
" Polish Pomerania, the northern part of which is situated on the
Baltic and is called by the Germans for propaganda purposes by the name
of the " Corridor," has a population of about one million. Historically
speaking, it is of Slavonic and not of German origin. It was seized by
Prussia at the First Partition of Poland in 1772, and before that had been
in the possession of Poland for 318 years. There can be no question of the
huge preponderance of Polish feeling which remained throughout all the
period of Prussian usurpation. From 1871 to 1918 there were 115 e!eciions
to the German Reichstag, and every time, without exception, this province,
consisting of six districts, returned only Polish representatives to the central
authority of Berlin. By no process of Coalition, however cleverly staged,
was it possible to break the solidarity of the compact Polish phalanx
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(p. 5-6).
" No one who has gone carefully into the question can doubt that
not only is the so-called Corridor indisputably Polish, but that East
Prussia, from its geographical position and historical associations, par-
takes more of the nature of a colony than of a contiguous portion of the
Reich. It is a remarkable fact in this connection that East Prussia was
excluded from the German Federation which functioned from 1815 to
1866, and that it was only in 1867 that it became an integral part of
Germany " (page 8).
Annexe No. 8
THE TURNOVER OF THE PORT OF DANZIG
(a) After the First Partition of Poland (1772)
The number of ships entering the harbour :
1770 ..
..
1,988 ships
1774 ..
53
3
1782 .. ..
14
5
(b) After the liberation of Poland in 1918
1913
2,910 ships
..
..
Turnover
2,112,101 tons
1924
3,312 ?
..
..
2,374,557
1926
5,967 ?
..
..
6,300,301
1937
5,935 ?
..
..
7,201,000
1938
6,601 ?
..
..
7,127,000
Source : C. Smogorzewski, Poland's Access to the Sea, London,
1934. Huebner's Weltstatistik-1939, Wien, 1939. Polish Statistical
Yearbook, Warsaw, 1939.
Annexe No. 9
THE GROWTH OF THE PORT OF GDYNIA
Turnover
1928
..
..
..
1,108 ships
..
..
1,958,000 tons
1937
..
..
..
5,766 ?
..
..
9,006,000
1938
..
..
..
6,498 ?
..
..
9,174,000
Annexe No. 10
THE AREA AND POPULATION OF POLAND
Area in
1024
..
..
..
..
128,570 sq. miles
1492
..
..
..
..
430,480
1770
..
..
..
..
283,180
1939
..
..
..
..
150,470
Population in
1870
..
..
..
..
17,000,000
1900
..
..
..
..
25,200,000
1921
..
..
..
..
27,400,000
1931
..
..
..
..
32,300,000
1939
..
..
..
..
35,100,000
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EAST PRUSSIA
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
BEFORE 1939
y1CL.{ :0 NDARY OE PROVINCE
OUNDARIESOE REGENCIES
0011DARi ES 01 COUNTIES
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AMES OE COUNTIES AS
USED PRIOR TO SOME
ALTERAIiOHS 9EEOFE
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 KR6LEWIEC ..CAPII AI OF PROVING[
OL52TTN .... CAPIia.L GE RCOCN.^~r
l UCANY.... NAMES OF COUNTIES
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GERMAN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
AFTER INCORPORATION
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EAST PRUSSIA
AS A MILITARY BASE IN 1939
INFANTRY ? ARTILLERY
? YAWNS OTHER UNITS
........ woo N MERICAL
swop DISTRIBUTION
.......4000 OF UNITS
.........4000
RAILWAYS V CAPITAL OF STATE
RIVERS O CHIEF TOWN OF REGENCY
AIRFIELD AND
LUFTWAPFE UNITE DIVISION
SCALE OF MILES
AOUNDARIES OF STATES
BOUNDARY OF THE FREE
CITY OF DANZIG
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3 D.....
. INFANTRY DIVISION
AD.S.S...... ARMOURED DIVISION S.S.
DIRECTIONS
LUFTWAFFE UNITS
3.D.R.1..,,
INFANTRY DIVISION
1 ST. RESERVE
A.D......ARMOURED DIVISION
O O
OF
AND
7.D.R.Zw.
... ? 2
AND. RESERVE
CE,...AVALENT BRIGADE
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O
Q
CHIEF TOWN OF REGENCY N
OTHER TOWNS
y OF DA
CITY OF DANZIG
SCALE OF MILES
3
EAST PRUSSIA
AS OPERATIONAL BASE IN SEPTEMBER 1939