FACTBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08-00534R000100140001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 254
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 2, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1979
• Content Type: REPORT

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National Basic Intelligence
FACTBOOK
GC BIF 79-001
January 1979
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The National Basic Intelligence Factbook, a compilation of
basic data on political entities worldwide, is coordinated and
published semiannually by the Central Intelligence Agency. The
data are prepared by components of the Central Intelligence
Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Department
of State. Comments and suggestions regarding the contents
should be addressed to the Office of Geographic and Carto-
graphic Research (Att: Factbook) Central: Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20505.
The publication is prepared for the use of U.S. Government
officials. The format, coverage and contents of the publication
are designed to meet the specific requirements of those users.
U.S. Government officials may obtain additional copies of this
document directly or through liaison channels from the Central
Intelligence Agency.
Non-U.S. Government users may obtain this along with
similar CIA publications on a subscription basis by addressing
inquiries to:
Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project
Exchange and Gifts Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Non-U.S. Government users not interested in the DOCEX
Project subscription service may purchase reproductions of
specific publications on an individual basis from:
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Non-U.S. Government users may also purchase hard copies
of this publication from:
Superintendent of Documents
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Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock Number 041-015-00103-5
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National Basic Intelligence
FACTBOOK
January 1979
Supersedes the July 1978 issuance of this
Factbook, copies of which should be destroyed.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock Number '041-015-001035.
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Entries in all capital letters refer to
basic data sheets included in this Factbook
Page
Abbreviations for International Organizations .......................................................... x
United Nations (U.N.): Structure and Related Agencies ........................................ xii
Abu Dhabi (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
AFGHANISTAN ..........................................................................................................
1
'Ajman (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ALBANIA ......................................................................................................................
2
ALGERIA ......................................................................................................................
3
ANDORRA .......................................................... .:..:....................................................
4
ANGOLA ....................................................................................................................
5
Anguilla (see ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS)
ANTIGUA ....................................................................................................................
6
ARGENTINA ................................................................................................................
7
AUSTRALIA ...................... ............. :..............................................................................
9
AUSTRIA ......................................................................................................................
10
Azores (see PORTUGAL)
BAHAMAS, THE ........................................................................................................
11
BAHRAIN ....................................................................................................................
12
Balearic Islands (see SPAIN)
BANGLADESH ..............................................................................................................
13
BARBADOS .... :........... .............................................................................. ............. ........
15
BELGIUM ......................................................................................................................
16
BELIZE ..........................................................................................................................
17
BENIN ...........................................................................................................................
18
BERMUDA ....................................................................................................................
19
BHUTAN ......................................................................................................................
20
BOLIVIA ......................................................................................................................
21
BOTSWANA ................................................................................................................
23
BRAZIL ........................................................................................................................
24
British Honduras (see BELIZE)
British Solomon Islands (see SOLOMON ISLANDS)
BRUNEI ........................................................................................................................
25
BULGARIA ..................................................................................................................
26
BURMA ........................................................................................................................
28
BURUNDI .....................................................................................................................
29
Cabinda (see ANGOLA)
Cambodia (see KAMPUCHEA)
CAMEROON ..............................................................................................................
30
CANADA .....................................................................................................................
31
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Canary Islands (see SPAIN)
CAPE VERDE ..............................................................................................................
33
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE ......................................................................................
34
Ceylon (see SRI LANKA)
CHAD ............................................................................................................................
35
CHILE ..........................................................................................................................
36
CHINA ........................................................................................................................
38
COLOMBIA ..................................................................................................................
40
COMOROS ..................................................................................................................
42
CONGO (Brazzaville) ................................................................................................
43
Congo (Kinshasa) (see ZAIRE) ,
COOK ISLANDS ........................................................................................................
44
COSTA RICA ..............................................................................................................
45
CUBA ..........................................................................................................................
46
CYPRUS ......................................................................................................................
47
CZECHOSLOVAKIA ......................................................................................................
49
Dahomey (see BENIN)
DENMARK ..................................................................................................................
51
DJIBOUTI (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) ..............................
52
DOMINICA ..................................................................................................................
53
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ............................................................................................
54
Dubai (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ECUADOR ..................................................................................................................
55
EGYPT ..........................................................................................................................
57
Ellice Islands (see TUVALU)
EL SALVADOR ............................................................................................................
58
EQUATORIAL GUINEA ..............................................................................................
59
ETHIOPIA ....................................................................................................................
60
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) ...........................................................................
62
FAROE ISLANDS ........................................................................................................
63
Fernando Po (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
FIJI ..............................................................................................................................
64
FINLAND ....................................................................................................................
65
FRANCE .....................................................................................................................
66
FRENCH GUIANA ......................................................................................................
68
FRENCH POLYNESIA ................................................................................................
69
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see DJIBOUTI)
Fujairah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
GABON ......................................................................................................................
70
GAMBIA, THE ..............................................................................................................
71
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ........................................................................
72
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GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF ......................................................................
74
GHANA ..................................................................
GIBRALTAR ...................................................................................................................
76
GILBERT ISLANDS ......................................................................................................
77
GREECE ......................................................................................................................
78
GREENLAND ..............................................................................................................
80
GRENADA ..................................................................................................................
81
GUADELOUPE ............................................................................................................
82
GUATEMALA ..............................................................................................................
83
GUINEA ......................................................................................................................
84
GUINEA-BISSAU ........................................................................................................
85
Guinea, Portuguese (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
GUYANA ....................................................................................................................
86
HAITI .............................................................................................................................
88
HONDURAS ..................................................................................................................
89
HONG KONG ............................................................................................................
90
HUNGARY ..................................................................................................................
91
ICELAND ......................................................................................................................
93
INDIA ..........................................................................................................................
94
INDONESIA ................................................................................................................
95
IRAN ............................................................................................................................
97
IRAQ ............................................................................................................................
98
IRELAND ......................................................................................................................
99
ISRAEL ........................................................................................................................
101
ITALY ............................................................................................................................
102
IVORY COAST ............................................................................................................
104
JAMAICA ....................................................................................................................
105
JAPAN ........................................................................................................................
107
JORDAN .....................................................................................................................
108
KAMPUCHEA (formerly Cambodia) ..........................................................................
109
KENYA ........................................................................................................................
110
KOREA, NORTH ........................................................................................................
112
KOREA, SOUTH ........................................................................................................
113
KUWAIT ......................................................................................................................
114
LAOS ..........................................................................................................................
115
LEBANON ....................................................................................................................
117
LESOTHO ......................................................................................................................
118
LIBERIA .............................................................................................:..........................
119
LIBYA ..........................................................................................................................
120
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LIECHTENSTEIN ..........................................................................................................
122
LUXEMBOURG ............................................................................................................
123
-M-
MACAO ......................................................................................................................
124
MADAGASCAR ..........................................................................................................
125
Madeira Islands (see PORTUGAL)
Malagasy Republic (see MADAGASCAR)
MALAWI ......................................................................................................................
127
MALAYSIA ..................................................................................................................
128
MALDIVES ..................................................................................................................
130
MALI ............................................................................................................................
131
MALTA .........................................................................................................................
132
MARTINIQUE ................................................................................................................
134
MAURITANIA ................................................................................................................
135
MAURITIUS ..................................................................................................................
136
MEXICO ........................................................................................................................
137
MONACO ....................................................................................................................
139
MONGOLIA ..................................................................................................................
140
MOROCCO ................................................................................................................
141
MOZAMBIQUE ............................................................................................................
142
NAMIBIA (South-West Africa) ....... ........ ................ ..... .........:....... .............................
.143
NAURU ........................................................................................................................
145
NEPAL ........................... :........................................ ....... ................ ...............................
145
NETHERLANDS ............................................................................................................
147
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ...........................................................................................
1`48
NEW CALEDONIA ....................................................................................................
150
NEW HEBRIDES ........................................................................................................
151
NEW ZEALAND ............................. '.................................................. ........................
151
NICARAGUA ..............................................................................................................
153
NIGER ............... :....................................................................................... ...................
154
NIGERIA ......................................................................................................................
155
Northern Rhodesia (see ZAMBIA)
NORWAY ......................................................................................................................
157
-0-
OMAN ........... :........................ .................................................................... ................ .158
-P-
PAKISTAN ....................... ............. ....................... .................. ....... :............................... 159
PANAMA .................................................................................................................... 160
PAPUA NEW GUINEA .............................................................................................. 162
PARAGUAY . . 163
Pemba (see TANZANIA)
PERU ............................................................................................................................. .164
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PHILIPPINES ..................................................................................................................
166
POLAND ......................................................................................................................
167
PORTUGAL ..................................................................................................................
168
Portuguese Guinea (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
Portuguese Timor (see INDONESIA)
Ras al Khaimah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
REUNION ....................................................................................................:...............
171
RHODESIA ..................................................................................................................
172
Rio Muni (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
ROMANIA ..................................... ......................................
173
RWANDA ......................................................................................................................
175
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA ............ ..........:........................................ .......
176
ST. LUCIA .... .... ......... :................ ............................:............. ......................................
177
ST. VINCENT ..............................................................................................................
178
SAN MARINO ............................................................................................................
178
SAO TOME and PRINCIPE .............................. :..................................... ..................
180
SAUDI ARABIA ............................... _.......................................... ........................ :....
181'
SENEGAL ........................ :...............................................................................
182
SEYCHELLES ................................................................................................................
183
Sharjah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
SIERRA LEONE ................................................ ..:..:.............................. ............... . . . . . .
SINGAPORE ......................................................... ..............:...'..
186
SOLOMON ISLANDS (formerly British Solomon Islands) ...... '.... :..........
187
SOMALIA .......................................................................................................................
188
SOUTH AFRICA ..........................................................................................................
188
Southern Rhodesia (see RHODESIA)
South-West Africa (see NAMIBIA)
SPAIN ...... ..................... :................................................. . .................. .....
191
Spanish Sahara (see WESTERN SAHARA)
SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon) ..................................................................................
193
SUDAN .........................................................................................................................
194
SURINAME :.............. .............................. :....... .................. :.................... .......................
'196
SWAZILAND ...............................................................................................................:.
.197
SWEDEN
-198
SWITZERLAND ............................................................................................................
200
SYRIA ..........................................................................................................................
201
TAIWAN ......................................................................................................................
202
Tanganyika (see TANZANIA)
TANZANIA ..................................................................................................................
202
Tasmania (see AUSTRALIA)
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THAILAND ..................................................................................................................
204
TOGO ..........................................................................................................................
205
TONGA ......................................................................................................................
206
Transkei (see SOUTH AFRICA)
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ........................................................................................
207
TUNISIA ......................................................................................................................
208
TURKEY ........................................................................................................................
210
TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) ..............................................................................
211
UGANDA ....................................................................................................................
212
Umm al Qaiwain (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
U.S.S.R ........................................................................................................................
213
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah,
Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al Qaiwain ......................................................
214
United Arab Republic (see EGYPT)
UNITED KINGDOM ....................................................................................................
215
UNITED STATES ........................................................................................................
231
UPPER VOLTA ............................................................................................................
217
URUGUAY ..................................................................................................................
218
VATICAN CITY ..........................................................................................................
219
VENEZUELA ..................................................................................................................
220
VIETNAM ....................................................................................................................
221
WALLIS and FUTUNA ..............................................................................................
223
Walvis Bay (see SOUTH AFRICA)
WESTERN SAHARA (formerly Spanish Sahara) ......................................................
223
WESTERN SAMOA ....................................................................................................
224
YEMEN (Aden) ...........................................................................................................:
225
YEMEN (Sana) ............................................................................................................
226
YUGOSLAVIA ..............................................................................................................
227
ZAIRE ..........................................................................................................................
228
ZAMBIA ......................................................................................................................
230
Zanzibar (see TANZANIA)
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I CANADA
II MIDDLE AMERICA
III SOUTH AMERICA
IV EUROPE
V THE MIDDLE EAST
VI AFRICA
VII U.S.S.R. and ASIA
VIII OCEANIA
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AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFDB African Development Bank
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the
United States
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CEAO West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Economic Mutual Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
. . . Colombo Plan
. . . Council of Europe
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA African States associated with the EEC
EC European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMA European Monetary Agreement
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper
Volta, and Togo
ESRO European Space Research Organization
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community
G-77 Group of 77
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency (Associated with OECD)
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC International Red Cross
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS League of Red Cross Societies
NAM Non-Aligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (Cont.)
OCAM
ODECA
OECD
SELA
UDEAC
UEAC
WEU
WPC
WT -0
Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
Organization of Central American States
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Latin American Economic System
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
Union of Central African States
Western European Union
World Peace Council
World Tourism Organization
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA International Bauxite Association
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCO International Cocoa Council
ICO International Coffee Organization
. . . International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IOOC International Olive Oil Council
ISO International Sugar Organization
ITC International Tin Council
IWC International Whaling Commission
IWC International Wheat Council
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
WSG International Wool Study Group
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC
GA
ECOSOC
TC
ICJ
Security Council
General Assembly
Economic and Social Council
Trusteeship Council
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD
U.N.
Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade
and Development Board
UNDP
U.N.
Development Program
UNICEF
U.N.
Children's Fund
UNIDO
U.N.
Industrial Development Organization
ECA
ECE
ECLA
ECWA
ESCAP
Intergovernmental
FAO
GATT
IBRD
ICAO
I DA
IFAD
IFC
ILO
IMCO
IMF (FUND)
ITU
UNESCO
UPU
WFC
WHO
WIPO
WMO
Autonomous
IAEA
Economic
Commission
for
Africa
Economic
Commission
for
Europe
Economic
Commission
for
Latin America
Economic
Commission
for
Western Asia
Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Agencies Related to the U.N.:
Food and Agriculture Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
International Civil Aviation Organization
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
International Fund for Agricultural Development
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
International Labor Organization
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
International Monetary Fund
International Telecommunication Union
United Nations Educational, Scientific,
Universal Postal Union
World Food Council
World Health Organization
and Cultural Organization
World Intellectual -Property Organization
World Meteorological Organization
Organization Under the U.N.:
International Atomic Energy Agency
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Political, sociological, and economic data, including monetary conversion rates, generally
reflect information through mid-October 1978, except for population estimates, which have
been projected to 1 January 1979. Military manpower estimates are as of 1 July 1978 except
for average number of males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the 5-
year period 1978-82. Military and communications data are as of 31 October 1978 unless
otherwise indicated.
Most of the land utilization estimates are rough approximations, and most of the
statistical data are rounded (thousands and millions). Figures for "arable" may reflect only
the area actually under crops rather than the potential cultivable. Fishing limits are included
only when they differ from the territorial limits.
For some countries GDP, rather than GNP, is shown. The difference between the two is
in the addition or subtraction of the value of return on foreign investment. GDP equals GNP
plus income earned in the country but sent abroad, minus income earned abroad but sent into
the country. GDP thus tends to exceed GNP in debtor countries, and the reverse is true in
creditor countries.
Major ports are the largest maritime ports of the country, relative to other ports of the
same country, on the basis of estimated port capacity, alongside berthing accommodations,
and commercial or naval importance. Minor ports are the remaining ports of a country which
have, relative to the major ports, significantly lower estimated capacity, fewer alongside
berthing accommodations, are of less commercial or naval importance. Major transport
aircraft are those weighing over 20,000 pounds. Military budgets are in U.S. dollar
equivalents. The dollar sign refers to U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated. The abbreviation FY
stands for U.S. fiscal year; all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
mm
millimeters
0.04
inches
in
cm
centimeters
0.4
inches
in
m
meters
3.3
feet
it
m
meters
1.1
yards
yd
cm'
square centimeters
0.16
square inches
in'
m'
square meters
1.2
square yards
yd'
km'
square kilometers
0.4
square mites
mil
ha
hectares (10,000 m')
2.5
acres
g
gram
0.035
ounces
oz
kg
kilograms
2.2
pounds
lb
t
tones (1000 kg)
1.1
short tons
I
liters
2.1
pints
pt
I
liters
1.06
quarts
qt
I
liters
0.26
gallons
gal
m'
cubic meters
35
cubic feet
it,
m'
cubic meters
1.3
cubic yards
yd'
in
inches
2.5
centimeters
cm
it
feet
30
centimeters
cm
yd
yards
0.9
meters
mi
miles
1.6
kilometers
km
it,
square feet
0.09
square meters
m'
yd'
square yards
0.8
square meters
m'
mil
square miles
2.6
square kilometers
km'
acres
0.4
hectares
ha
oz
ounces
28
grams
lb
pounds
0.45
kilograms
short tons
0.9
tonnes
(2000 lb)
tsp
teaspoons
5
milliliters
ml
Tbsp
tablespoons
15
milliliters
ml
fl oz
fluid ounces
30
milliliters
ml
c
cups
0.24
liters
pt
pints
0.47
liters
qt
quarts
0.95
liters
gal
gallons
3.8
liters
it,
cubic feet
0.03
cubic meters
m'
yd'
cubic yards
0.76
cubic meters
m'
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LAND
647,500 km2; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10% pasture),
75% desert, waste, or urban, 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,51.0 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,541,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Afghan(s); adjective-Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks,
9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks,
Turkmen, Kizelbashes, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pushtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11%
Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10%
thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much
bilingualism
Literacy: under 10%
Labor force: about 5.88 million (FY78 est.); 75%-80%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 20%-25% commerce,
small industry, services; massive shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Type: martial law
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces with centrally ap-
pointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal education at Uni-
versity of Kabul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: leaders of the Communist People's Democratic
Party (PDPA) clay-to-day policy decisions are made by the
political bureau of the party's central committee
Government leaders: President of the Revolutionary
Council, Secretary General of the PDPA, and Prime
Minister Nur Mohammad Taraki; Deputy Prime Minister,
Secretary of the Central Committee, and Minister of Foreign
Affairs Hafizullah Amin
Suffrage: universal from age '18
Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic
Party of Afghanistan is the sole legal political party
Communists: Parcham, a rival faction in the PDPA, is led
by exiled former Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal; the
Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Peking group
Other political or pressure groups: the military supports
the government; tribal rebellion continues in the eastern
provinces; possible religious opposition
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (FY78 est.), $130 per capita;. real growth
rate about 3.7% (1970-78)
Agriculture: agriculture and animal husbandry account
for over 50% of GNP and occupy nearly 85% of the labor
force; main crops-wheat and other grains, cotton, fruits,
nuts; largely self-sufficient; food shortages-wheat, sugar,
tea
Major industries: cottage industries, food processing,
textiles, cement, coal mining
Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1977); 585 million
kWh produced (1977), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $340 million (f.o.b., FY78); fresh and dried
fruits, natural gas, karakul skins, carpets, hides, wool and
cotton
Imports: $410 million (f.o.b., FY78); non-metallic miner-
als, sugar, tires and tubes, textiles, tea, used clothing,
tobacco, transportation, and wheat
Major trade partners: exports-U.S.S.R., India, U.K.,
Pakistan, West Germany, Switzerland, U.S.; imports-Japan,
U.S:S.R., India, West Germany, U.K., U.S.
Budget: current expenditures $158 million, capital
expenditures $163 million for FY76
Monetary conversion rate: 45 Afghanis=US$1 (official,
early June 1978)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 0.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gage,
government-owned spur of Soviet line
Highways: 20,885 km total (1975); 2,460 km paved, 3,910
km gravel, 8,735 kin improved earth, and 5,780 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 kin; steamers
use Amu Darya
Ports: only minor river ports
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Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 36 total, 35 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and
radiobroadcast services; television to be introduced by 1979;
35,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 4.1 million; 2.2
million fit for military service; about 162,000 reach military
age (22) annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively
the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1978, about $60.7 million; approximately
8.3% of central government budget
LAND
28,749 km2; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43%
forested, 14% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
PEOPLE
Population: 2,597,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun-Albanian(s); adjective-Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are
Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10%
Roman Catholic; observances prohibited; Albania claims to
be the world's first atheist state
Language: Albanian, Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics avail-
able, but probably greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9%
industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisions: 27 rethet (districts), including
capital, 200 localities, 2,600 villages
Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976;
judicial review of, legislative acts only in the Presidium of the
People's Assembly, which is not a true court; legal education
at State University of Tirane; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers,
judiciary
Government leaders: Chairman of Council of Ministers,
Mehmet Shehu; Chairman, Presidium of the People's
Assembly, Haxhi Lleshi (Chief of State)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: national' elections theoretically held every 4
years; last elections 6 October 1974; 99.9% of electorate
voted
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party
only; First Secretary, Enver I-Joxha
Communists: 101,500 party members (November 1976)
Member of: CEMA,' IAEA, IPU, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA
since rift with U.S.S.R. in 1961; officially withdrew from
Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968
ECONOMY
GNP: est. $748 million in 1970 (at 1970 prices), $300 per
capita
Agriculture: food'deficit area; main crops-corn, wheat;
tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages-wheat; caloric
intake, 2,100 calories per day per capita (1961/62)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and
clothing, lumber, and extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat
Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.8 billion
kWh produced (1977), 710 kWh per capita
Exports: $746 million (1971-75 est.); 1.964 trade-55%
minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including cigarettes);
17% agricultural materials (except foods); 5%. consumer
goods
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Imports: $1,238 million (1971-75 est.); 1964 trade-50%
machinery, equipment, and spare parts; 16% minerals,
metals, fuels, construction materials; 16% foodstuffs; 7%
consumer goods; 7% fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4%
agricultural materials (except foodstuffs)
Monetary conversion rate: 5 leks=US$1 (commercial);
12.5 leks=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which
is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277 km standard gage (1.435 m), single track,
government-owned (1975)
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km
crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or
unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake
Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1977)
Freight carried: rail-2.8 million metric tons, 180 million
metric ton/km (1971); highways-39 million metric tons,
900 million metric ton/km (1971).
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1977)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined products, 65 km;
natural gas, 64 km
Civil air: no civil airline
DEFENSE FORCES
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, 824 million leks; 10.7% of total budget
LAND
2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows,
1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 non
Coastline: 1,183 km
PEOPLE
Population: 17,944,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.4% (current)
Nationality: noun-Algerian(s); adjective-Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1%
Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
Labor force: 4.0 million; 50% agriculture, 20% industry,
25% other (military, police, civil service, transportation
workers, teachers, merchants, construction workers); at least
20% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: 25% of labor force claimed; General
Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor
organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation
Front
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or
provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with
socialist principles; new constitution adopted by referendum
November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc
Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,
including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court
divided into 4 chambers; legal education at Universities of
Algiers, Oran, and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 1 November
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislature
reconvened in March 1977; judiciary
Government leader: President Houari Boumediene died
27 December 1978; Acting President Rabah Bitat assumed
duties for 45 days
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential 10 December 1976; depart-
mental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March
1975; legislative elections held 25 February 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front
(FLN), Mohamed Salah Yahiaoui
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned
1962)
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Member of: AFDB, AIOEC , Arab League, ASSIMER,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $19.6 billion (1977), $1,100 per capita; in real
terms, 8.8% growth in 1977
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, barley, grapes, citrus
fruits
Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas,
mining, petrochemical, electrical, and automotive plants
under construction
Electric power: 1,700,000 kW capacity (1977); 4.5 billion
kWh produced (1977), 355 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1977 est.); 90% hydrocarbons,
also wine, citrus fruit, iron ore, vegetables; U.S. took 56.2%
of Algerian crude oil, supplanting France as Algeria's leading
trade partner
Imports: $6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1977); major items-capital
goods 35%, semi-finished goods 38%, foodstuffs 25%; from
France 23%, U.S. 9%
Monetary conversion rate: 1 DA=US$0.24
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km standard gage (1.435
m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter gage, 120 km meter gage (1.000
m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km concrete or
bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved
earth
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,983 km; refined products, 298 km;
natural gas, 2,398 km
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 183 total, 170 usable; 55 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 89 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and interna-
tional service in the north, sparse in the south; Atlantic
Ocean satellite station plus domestic satellite system with 14
stations; 266,000 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 18 AM and
40 TV stations; 5 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,740,000; 2,233,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually 192,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $385 million; 5.7%'of national budget
Atlantic
Ocean
LAND
466 km2
Land boundaries: 105 km
Mediterranean
Sea
(See reference map /V/
PEOPLE
Population: 29,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1976)
Nationality: noun-Andorran(s); adjective-Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 30% Andorrans, 61%
Spanish, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan, many also speak some French and
Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Andorra; Valls d'Andorra (Catalan)
Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of
President of France and Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel,
who are represented locally by officials called verguers
Capital: Andorra
Political subdivisions: 6 districts-Andorra la Vella, Saint
Julia de Loria, Encamp, Canillo, La Massana, and Ordino
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes;
Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) consisting of 24
members with one-half elected every 2 years for 4-year
term; executive-syndic (manager) and a deputy sub-syndic
chosen by General Council for 3-year terms; judiciary
chosen by coprinces who appoint 2 civil judges, a judge of
appeals, and 2 Batles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the
Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
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Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation
Andorrans vote for General Council members; same right
granted to women in April 1970
Elections: half of General Council chosen every 2 years,
last election December 1977
Political parties and leaders: traditionally no political
parties but only partisans for particular independent
candidates for the General Council, on the basis of
competence, personality and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972;
first formal political party-Andorran Democratic Associ-
ation-formed in November 1976
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco,
rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of
land is arable)
Major industries: tourism, sheep, timber, tobacco, and
smuggling
Shortages: food
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1977); 100 million
kWh produced (1977), 3,448 kWh per capita; power is
mainly exported to Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international circuits to Spain and
France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM, 1 TV station; about 3,900
telephones (14.3 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Andorra has no 'defense forces; Spain and France are
responsible for protection as needed
LAND
1,245,790 km2; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows
and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm
.Coastline: 1,600 km
PEOPLE
Population: Angola (including Cabinda), 6,527,000 (Janu-
ary 1979), does not take into account emigration from
Angola, average annual growth rate 2.4% (current); Cabinda,
105,000 (January 1979), average annual growth rate 3.3%
(12-60 to 12-70)
Nationality: noun-Angolan(s); adjective-Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% European, 1% mestizo
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4%
Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official), many native dialects
Literacy: 10-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964);
531,000 wage workers (1967)
Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in
November 1975; constitution promulgated 1975; govern-
ment formed after civil war which ended in early 1976
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 17 administrative districts includ-
ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law
system and customary law; being modified along "socialist"
model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November
Branches: the official party is the supreme political
institution
Government leaders: Agostinho Neto, President
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders:- Popular Movement for the'
Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led
by Agostinho Neto, only legal party; National Front for the
Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil
war, carrying out insurgencies
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Member of: G-77, ILO, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNICEF,
WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.8 billion (1977), $440 per capita, 6.1% real
growth (1970-72); real GDP growth has declined by at least
15% since independence
Agriculture: cash crops-coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar,
manioc, and tobacco; food crops-cassava, corn, vegetables,
plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely
self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 153,580 metric tons (1975); exports $53.0
million; imports $5.6 million (1973)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing,
brewing, tobacco, sugar processing, textiles, cement, food
processing plants, building construction
Electric power: 525,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.3 billion
kWh produced (1977), 210 kWh per capita
Exports: est. $900 million (f.o.b., 1977); oil, coffee,
diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore, timber, corn,
and cotton; exports down sharply 1975-77
Imports: est. $720 million (f.o.b., 1977); capital equip-
ment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron
and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts,
textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially
offset drop in imports in 1975-77
Major trade partners: Cuba, U.S.S.R., Portugal, Eastern
Europe, and U.S.
Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by former
Portuguese administration; budget not yet published by new
government
Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$1 as of
November 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,108 km total; 2,798 km 1.067-meter gage,
310 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface
treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved
earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,220 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 15 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 563 total, 504 usable; 25 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 8 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair network of open-wire and
radio-relay facilities; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station;
32,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 pop].); 24 AM, 12 FM, and 1
TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,574,000; 791,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually, 59,000
PUERTO IUC0
LAND
280 kmz; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested, 9% unused
but potentially productive, 18% wasteland and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 153 km
PEOPLE
Population: 73,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.3% (7-70 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun-Antiguan(s); adjective-Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other
Protestant sects, and some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Organized labor: 18,000, 20% unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Antigua
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy
as a British "Associated State"
Capital: St. Johns
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Bar-
buda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean
Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an
appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief Justice and 5 justices
Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected
House of Representatives; executive, Prime Minister and
Cabinet
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Government leaders: Premier Vere C. Bird, Sr.; Deputy
Premier Lester Bird; Governor Sir Wilfred Ebenezer Jacobs
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every 5 years; last general election 11 February
1976
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP),
Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; Progressive Labor Movement
(PLM), George Herbert Walter; Antigua People's Party
(APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: 1976 election-House of Representative
seats-ALP 10, PLM 5, independent 1, tie 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Afro-Caribbean
Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small black nationalist
group led by Timothy Hector; Antigua Freedom Fighters
(AFF), a small black radical group, leaders unknown
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $52 million (1977 est.), $720 per capita; 2.0% real
growth
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industries: oil refining, tourism
Shortages: electric power
Electric power: 31,200 kW capacity (1977); 60 million
kWh produced (1977), 780 kWh per capita
Exports: $22 million (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum products,
cotton
Imports: $54 million (c.i.f., 1975); crude oil, food, clothing
Major trade partners: 30% U.K., 25% U.S., 18%
Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975)
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(1970-76) from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $13.9 million;
no military aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $12 million; current expendi-
tures, $15 million (1977/78)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol-
lars=US$1 (July 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 78 km narrow gage (0.760 m), employed
almost exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140 km secondary
Ports: I major (St. John's), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased
out
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 2,745
m; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 3,500
telephones (4.9 per 100 pop].); tropospheric scatter links with
Tortola and St. Lucia; 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV
station; 1 coaxial submarine cable
LAND
2,771,300 km2; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved
pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25% forested,
18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continen-
tal shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
PEOPLE
Population:. 26,658,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.3% (current)
Nationality: noun-Argentine(s); adjective-Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo,
Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20%
practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
Labor force: 10 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufac-
turing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6% transport and
communications, 19% other; 4-5% estimated unemployment
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
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Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal
Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes;
constitution adopted 1853 partially superseded in 1966 by
the Statute of the Revolution which takes precedence over
the constitution when the two are in conflict, further
changes may be made by new government; judicial review
of legislative acts; legal education at University of Buenos
Aires and other public and private universities; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May
Branches: presidency; legislature; national judiciary
.Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Jorge
Rafael Videla, chosen by the three-man Junta that took
power on 24 March 1976
Government structure: the junta, composed of the chiefs
of the three armed services, retains supreme authority;
active duty or retired officers fill all but two cabinet posts
and administer all provincial and many local governments;
in addition, the military now oversee the nation's principal
labor confederation and unions, as well as other civilian
pressure groups; Congress has been disbanded and all
political activity suspended; a nine-man Legislative Council,
composed of senior officers, advises the junta on lawmaking
Political parties: a number of civilian political groupings
remain potentially influential, despite the suspension of all
partisan activity; these include Justicialist Party (Peronist
coalition that formerly governed) and the Radical Civic
Union, center-left party providing the chief civilian
opposition to the Peronists; the Moscow-oriented Communist
Party remains legal, but extreme leftist splinter groups have
been outlawed
Communists: some 70,000 members in various party
organizations, including a small nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated
labor movement, General Economic Confederation (Peron-
ist-leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturer's association), Argentine
Rural Society (large landowner's association), business
organizations; students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA; IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,.IMF,
IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commis-
sion, IWC-International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAM,
OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $48 billion (1977), $1,840 per capita; 18%
government consumption, 62% private consumption, 22%
investment, -2% net foreign demand (1975); real GDP
growth rate 1977, 4.4%
Agriculture: main products-cereals, oilseeds, livestock
products; Argentina is a major world exporter of temperate
zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 281,727 metric tons (1976); exports $42
million (1976 est.)
Major industries: food processing (especially meatpack-
ing), motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals,
printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 2.7 million metric tons produced (1977), 90
kg per capita
Electric power: 9.16 million kW capacity (1977); 27
billion kWh produced (1977), 1,040 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.7 billion (f.o.b., 1977); meat, corn, wheat,
wool, hides, oilseeds
Imports: $4.2 billion (c.i.f., 1977); machinery, fuel and
lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial
products
Major trade partners (1977): exports-10% Netherlands,
8% Brazil, 8% Italy, 7% U.S., 5% Japan; imports-19% U.S.,
10% FRG, 9% Japan, 9% Brazil
Aid: (FY70-76) economic-from U.S. $248 million; from
other Western countries $797 million; from Communist
countries $458 million; military-from U.S. $137 million
Budget: (1978) 8,000 billion pesos=$9.4 billion at
exchange rate of mid-September 1978
Monetary conversion rate: 850 pesos=US$1 (mid-
September 1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km standard gage (1.435
m), 22,788 km broad gage (1.676 m), 13,461 km meter gage
(1.000 m), 403 km 0.750-meter gage
Highways: 207,300 km total, of which 43,900 km paved,
39,500 km gravel, 104,000 km improved earth, 19,900 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 , km navigable
Ports: 7 major, 21 minor
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km refined products;
8,172 km natural gas
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2,400 total, 2,127 usable; 92 with permanent-
surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 313 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; 6 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: extensive modern system; tele-
phone network has 2.54 million sets (9.8 per 100 pop].)', radio
relay widely used, 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean
antennas; 160 AM, 12 FM, and 64 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,535,000; 5,299,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually about 226,000
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Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $1,742.2 million; about 15% of total central
government budget
LAND
7,692,300 km2; 6% arable, 58% pasture, 2% forested, 34%
other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 rim (fishing 12
rim; prawn and crayfish on continental shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,298,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.1% (current)
Nationality: noun-Australian(s); adjective-Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and aborigine
Religion: 98% Christian
Language: English
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 6 million; 14% agriculture, 32% industry,
37% services, 15% commerce, 2% other; 6% unemployment
Organized labor: 44% of labor force
GOVERNMENT .
Legal name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign
or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territories (Austra-
lian. Capital Territory (Canberra) and Northern Territory)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
adopted 1900; High Court has jurisdiction over cases
involving interpretation of the constitution; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 26 January
Branches: Parliament (House of Representatives and
Senate); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible.to House;
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Governor General Sir Zelman
Cowen; Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at 3-year intervals, or sooner if Parliament
is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election December 1977
Political parties and leaders: Government-Liberal
Party (Malcolm Fraser) and National Country Party
(Douglas Anthony); opposition-Labour Party (William J.
Hayden)
Voting strength (1977 Parliamentary election): lower
house: Liberal-Country Coalition, 86 seats; Labour Party, 38
seats; Senate: Liberal Country Coalition, 35 seats; Labour, 26
seats; Democrats, 2 seats; Independents, 1 seat
Communists: 3,900 members (est.)
Other political or pressure. groups: Democratic Labour
Party (anti-Communist Labour Party splinter group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC (associate),
Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC-International Whaling Commission, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $95.2 billion (1977), $6,830 per capita; 60% private
consumption, 16% government current expenditure, 24%
investment (1975); 2% real average annual growth (1975-77)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to livestock grazing; 60%
of area used for crops is planted in wheat; major prodiucts-
wool, livestock, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
food; caloric intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita
Fishing: catch 113,961 metric tons (1976); exports $94.5
million (FY75), imports $86.2 million (FY75)
Major industries: mining, industrial and transportation
equipment, food processing, chemicals
Crude steel: 7.8 million metric tons produced (FY76), 570
kg per capita
Electric power: 22,457,000 kW capacity (1977); .84.1
billion kWh produced (1977), 6,070 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1977); principal products
(1977)-44% agricultural products, 14%'metalliferous ores,
13% wool, 12% coal
Imports: $13.6 billion (c.i.f., 1977); principal products
(1977)-41% manufactured raw materials, 28% capital
equipment, 25% consumer goods
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Major trade partners: (1977) exports-34% Japan, 9%
U.S., 5% New Zealand, 4% U.K.; imports-21% U.S., 11%
U.K., 21% Japan
Aid: economic-Australian aid abroad $2.3 billion
(FY6S-75); $430 million (FY75), 55% for Papua New Guinea
Budget: expenditures, A$26.7 billion; receipts A$24.4
billion (FY78)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.87 Australian dollar=US$1
(A$1=US$1.]5), September 1978
Fiscal year: I July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 40,636 km total (1976); 9,197 km 1.60-meter
gage, 13,394 km standard gage (1.435 m), 18,045 km
1.067-meter gage; 800 km electrified (June 1962); govern-
ment-owned. (except for few hundred kilometers of privately
owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1977); 207,650 km paved,
205,454 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface,
424,768 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-
draft craft
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 740 km; refined products, 340 km;
natural gas, 6,947 km
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,618 total, 1,546 usable; 198 with permanent-
surface runways, 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 18 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 626 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good international and do-
mestic service; 5.5 (39.5 per 100 popl.) million telephones;
204 AM stations, 5 FM stations, 112 TV stations and 66
repeaters; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables to New
Zealand, New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and
Guam
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,551,000; 3,142,000 fit
for military service; 130,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$2,925,000,000; about 8.7%c of total central government
budget
LAND
83,916 knml; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures,
15% waste, or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,511,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate -0.0% (1-77 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun-Austrian(s); adjective-Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian, 0.3%
Slovene, 0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8% none or
other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2,784,635 (1977); 18% agriculture and
forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and communi-
cations, 7% professions, 6% public service, 2% other; 2.4%
registered unemployed; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are
employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in
Austria number more than 200,000 (1972); unemployment
1.2% (September 1977)
Organized labor: about two-thirds of wage and salary
workers (1971)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the
capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin;
constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in 1945; judicial
review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg,
and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected Presi-
dent whose functions are largely representational, independ-
ent federal judiciary
Government leaders: President Rudolf Kirchschlaeger,
Chancellor Bruno Kreisky leads a one-party Socialist
government
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presiden-
tial elections
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Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1980);
parliamentary, every 4 years (next 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria
(SPOe), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian People's Party
(OeVP), Josef Taus, Chairman; Liberal Party (FPOe),
Alexander Gotz, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri,
Chairman
Voting strength (1975 election): 50.6% SPOe, 42.7%
OeVP, 5.3% FPOe, 1.2% Communist
Communists: membership 25,000 est.; activists
7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of
Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation
(primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian
People's Party (OeVP) representing business, labor, and
farmers; the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrial-
ists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay
organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA,
EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Coun-
cil, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $47.8 billion (1977), $6,360 per capita; 58.4%
private consumption, 16.2% public consumption, 27.0%
investment, 1.7% stock building; -3.3% net foreign balance;
1977 real GNP growth rate, 3.5%
Agriculture: livestock, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84%
self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per
capita (1969-70)
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery,
textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4.1 million metric tons produced (1977), 550
kg per capita (1977)
Electric power: 11,500,000 kW capacity (1977); 38.3
billion kWh produced (1977), 5,015 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.0 billion (1977); iron and steel products,
machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Imports: $15.4 billion (1977); machinery and equipment,
chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1977) 35.9% West Germany, 8.9%
Italy, 6.4% Switzerland, 3.9% U.K., 3.1% U.S.; 76.8% OECD,
59.0 EC; 11.4% Communist countries
Aid: (1970-76) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA
and OOF), $364 million
Budget: expenditures, $14.3 billion; revenues, $11.8
billion; deficit, $2.5 billion (1977 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 16.53 shillings=US$1, 1977
.average
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,517 km total; 5.877 km government-owned;
5,397 km standard gage (1.435 m) of which 2,730 km
electrified and 1,333 km double tracked; 480 km narrow
gage (0.760 m) of which 91 km electrified; 640 km privately
owned (1.435- and 1.000-meter gage)
Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national
classified network, including 10,400 km federal and 23,200
km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved (bituminous,
concrete, stone block) and 12,800 km unpaved (gravel,
crushed stone, stabilized soil); additional 60,800 km commu-
nal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km
refined products
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 51 total,50 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient;
extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 90 AM, 94
FM, and 350 TV stations; 1 Comsat station U/C; 2.28 million
telephones (29.9 per 100 pop1.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,766,000; 1,495,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 62,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $720 million; about 4.0% of the federal budget
LAND
11,396 km2; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built on,
wasteland, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Is. 76 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 229,000 (January 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.8% (7-76 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun-Bahamian
Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro,
Religion: Baptists 29%, Church
Catholic 23%, smaller groups of
Orthodox, and Jews
(sing., pl.); adjective-
10% white, 10% mixed
of England 23%, Roman
other Protestant, Greek
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Caribbean Sea REPUBLIC
(See reference map
DDMINICAN

~ 9F
lhl s
Faroe Is.
(Den.)
Jan Mayen
(Nor.)
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Or 1 I 400 Kilometers
0 400 Miles
Sicily
Malta
Libya Egypt
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V The Middle East
stanbul
,hoens
icosia
S
Mediterranean Sea Leban
Beiru *Dama
Israe
r 'Tel-Aviv Yafo
Alexan P6 *Amman
ta
Sue: ~ D
Canal
Cairo* fZ JJOrdan
Egypt
Turkey
Adana
Aleppo
yria
uapse
Iraq-Saudi Arabia
Neutral Zone
Iraq
Baghdad*
Riyadh*
Red
Sea
Ethiopia.
Yemen "
(Sana)
*Sana
Caspian
Sea
Iran
Esfahan'
uwait
wait
'a
DhahraP
Brain
a r'e
2Doha /
bu Dhabi
rab
Emirates
Yemen
(Aden)
Gulf of
Oman
0 500 Kilometers
---I
0 500 Miles
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VI Africa
Azores
(Port.)
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Partition line 0.-
4 Mauritania-Morocco,
0 500 10,00 Kilometers
0 50I0 1000 Miles
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Malabo?J
Eq. Guinea /
Sao Tome and
Principe ,,
Sao Tom
Eq. Guinea
:gal "
,Bnjul
ssau,.
Guinea
Ivory
Coast
Mauritania
Nouakchott
Central African
Empire
hodesia
(U.K.) ,
-ibrevill
Gabon
junis .Malta v
Cypr
sia Mediterranean Sea
Benin
Nigeria
Lagos
Porto-Novo Cameroon
!Windhoek
Botswana
Gaborone .
Jordan
Cairo*
Port Suda
Lake
Nyasa
Kenya
*Nairobi
Saud i
Arabia
Yemen,
(Sana)
,fin
Ibouti
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 i
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0 1200 Kilometers
t 1 r
0 1200 Miles
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
VII U.S.S.R. and Asia
Ulaanbaatar*
Mongolia
Saudi
Arabia
I-V
U Iceland
Aral
Sea
nl eY1 abad* ~
Pakistan
new
Delhi*
Greenland
(Denmark)
La-sa
.(Lhasa
+ North Pole
J Shenyang Npfth
ei-thing P oneaan
(Peking)9Y g
Pao-t'ou? * E./+
~Wu-han
.Ch'eng-tu
Kuang-ch
(Cant
Macao nn
_j,_jV tnam
87 twfrm8Penh
Perth V Adelaide
Melbourne
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VIII Oceania
o Hang Kong Taiwan
?n) (U.K.)
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
'(U.S.)
Tasmania
obart
Western (U.S.)
Wallis and Futuna Samoa
(Fr.) ??m ..~ Pogo
'
sPago
IIApla't
Santob FIJI ISLANDS' 1F djTutuila
New Hebrides Vanua Levu, ?: y I(I{ Tonga n
(Anglo-kencch Condaninium) o VIII Levub? ; Ir.'s U Ci
oSuva.., o
Caledonia
New Caledonia
(Fr.)
:ar .?
Nuku'alofa
Cook Islands
(flew Zealand)
S 0 U T H P A C I F I C O C E A N
III
\y.
Administered by New Zealand-'
?.
T k l
P A C I F I
Farming
Jam' s
(U.S.)
ILES MARQUISES
Rape
00
U.
Pitcairn Islands
(U.K.) (l
oc Line of separation
(not a formal international
boundary or territorial limit)
500 1000 Kilometers
%p Tahiti
01-
Murriiua
ILEST18U4f F r e n c h' 's ties Gambier
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
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%, Wake (U.S.)
?SantaIsabel
Honiara~~Malaita SANTA
Guadalcanal ?San Cristobal `CRUZ
.Johnston
(U.S.)
Kingman Reef,
(U.S.) Palmyra. oe
(U.S.)
% Howland (U.S.)
Baker (U.S.)
(U.S..U.K. joint admin.)
Canton../PHOENIX IS.
Phoenixes 'U.K. (admin.. U.S. Claim)
Gardner' Hull
a e av wmed by U.S.)
(tI.Z.) `American ?
eRennell is.
Fiji
o Kauai
Oahu0.
Hawaiian oMaui
Islands VHawaii
United States .
a
(U.K. admin.,
U.S. claim) to
U 0
' ~1s