SURVEY OF FOREIGN ACTIVITY IN NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP05T00280R000100220001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 59
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 22, 2009
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1978
• Content Type: REPORT

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Confidential
DIRECTOR
OF
CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE
Scientific and Technical
Intelligence Committee
Survey of Foreign Activity
in Non-Nuclear Energy
Technologies
Confidential
STIC-78-604
June 1978
Copy N2 264
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SURVEY OF FOREIGN ACTIVITY IN
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (U)
STIC-78-004
June 1978
SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE
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CONTENTS
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (U) ........................................
Fossil (U) ..............................................................................................................
Solar (U) ..................................................................................................................
Geothermal (U) ..............................................................................................:.....
Conservation (U) ..................................................................................................
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SURVEY OF FOREIGN ACTIVITY IN
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
FOSSIL ENERGY
? Coal and Oil Extraction Technology
? Direct Coal Combustion
? Coal Liquefaction
? High-Btu Coal Gasification
? Low-Btu Coal Gasification
? In-Situ Coal Gasification
? Magnetohydrodynamics
? Advanced Power Systems
? Gas and Oil Extraction
? In-Situ Oil Shale
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Coal and Oil Extraction Technology =
= A US objective is to develop, test, and
demonstrate (economically and environmentally ac-
ceptable) new and improved technologies to extract
coal and oil shale. The US Bureau of Mines supports
R&D on new automated and high-speed mining
techniques. 25X1
Poland, the United Kingdom, West Germany,
and, to some extent, France are emphasizing increased
mining efficiency and developing automated mining
techniques and large-scale mining equipment. West
Germany is improving its strip-mining techniques.
Poland and the United Kingdom are studying.
environmental problems related to coal mining.
Poland's mining technology and related environmen-
tal programs should be useful to US coal extraction
programs. Canada is supporting research on extracting
oil sands and has a plant producing oil from oil sands.
he United States plans to develop coal-oil
slurry combustion and other direct combustion sys-
tems and to evaluate the reliability and efficiency of
present boiler systems. Of the direct combustion
systems studied, fluidized-bed combustion appears to
be receiving the most attention even though this type
of system, which uses coal of all ranks, quality, and
sulfur content, is not yet economical, practical, or
environmentally acceptable.
Coal Liquefaction
High-Btu Coal Gasification
= To develop second-generation coal lique-
faction technology, the United States is supporting the
development of a number of coal liquefaction
processes through the pilot-plant stage; the most
efficient process or combination of processes will be
selected for commercial application. 25X1
=Australia has an immediate need for heavy fuel
oil and is developing a flash pyrolysis technique that
can be scaled to plant size in 10 years. West Germany
is a world leader in coal liquefaction technology and
currently is working to improve hydrogenation proc-
esses. West Germany plans to build pilot plants to
produce heavy heating oils and middle distillates; its
bench-scale tests on catalysts and reaction conditions
should prove to be important to the United States.
Poland is operating a pilot plant for solvent-refined
coal. The United Kingdom is planning pilot-plant tests
on hydrogenation techniques; its studies on super-
critical gas extraction of coal and on pyrolysis appear
promising. Japan's solvolysis process for heavy oils is in
the pilot stage. One South African commercial-scale
plant' has been converting coal to gas and oil since
1955, and currently, South Africa is expanding its
commercial-scale operations. In addition, it is conduct-
ing supporting hydrogenation studies on coal and its
products. The USSR is developing high speed pyrolysis
processes through a number of pilot plants and is also
developing a hydra ngtion process for coal and oil
mixtures. 25X1 25X1
To improve direct combustion processes, Aus-
tralia and Canada are working on problems related to
drying and pulverizing coal and to environmental
concerns which include particulate matter and sulfur
dioxide emissions.
The United States, West Germany, and the
United Kingdom jointly are studying fluidized-bed
combustion to provide data and technical support for
large-scale prototype combustors; they will assess the
capabilities and limitations of pressurized fluidized-
bed combustion and exchange information on other
research in this area. South Africa is studying
fluidized-bed combustion techniques and West Ger-
many is conducting supporting studies to determine
the conversion ratio of different kinds of coal
combustion. The Soviets are beginning to develop
fluidized-bed combustion systems (see section on
Advanced Power Systems). France is commercializing
the Ignifluid boiler which employs fluidized bed
combustion.
=The United States is moving as rapidly as
possible to develop a number of second-generation
coal gasification processes and in the 1980s plans to
have the technology at the demonstration or commer-
cial scale level. Advances resulting from development
of second generation technology will be used to
increase the operational efficiency of first generation
processes now available. 25X1 25X1
E :]Results from Japan's work on fluidized-bed and
plasma gasification and supporting studies to under-
stand fundamental gasification reactions should be of
interest to the United States. West Germany is
conducting extensive research in high-Btu gasification
processes, including fixed and fluidized-bed gasifiers,
and is planning to construct a number of pilot plants in
the near future. Work in the United Kingdom has
increased considerably the operating range of the
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Lurgi process to produce synthetic natural gas from
coal; this has led to studies on char gasification and
pyrolysis. The Netherlands is doing research on high-
pressure gasification, coal slurry handling, and cataly-
sis. Newcomers to the field include Canada and
Yugoslavia, which plan to make better use of their
domestic coal reserves through gasification.
Low-Btu Coal Gasification
The United States is developing gasifiers and
hot gas cleanup systems that operate at atmospheric
and elevated pressures. It is also developing various
techniques (e.g., fixed bed, entrained-bed, and molten
salt) simultaneously to permit comparison and evalua-
tion of different gasification methods.
West German gasifiers such as the Lurgi and
Win er units are in production and are used widely in
various commercial installations. West Germany is
building a prototype coal gasification plant using a
high pressure process capable of converting 150 tons of
coal per day to low-Btu gas without by-products.
Japan currently is testing a 5-ton-per-day, low-Btu
gasification plant to generate power. The plant is also
being used for desulfurization testing. It is construct-
ing a 40-ton-per-day plant. The United Kingdom is
doing research on fluidized-bed gasification to pro-
duce low-Btu gas to generate power. The Soviet Union
has been testing 'a "new" fluidized bed gasification
pilot plant which has a coal feed rate of 50 to 100 tons
per hour and produces a low-Btu gas.
In-Situ Coal Gasification
The United States plans to develop and
demonstrate commercial technology to convert in-situ
coal to low- and medium-Btu gas. Process develop-
ment unit tests will be followed by scale-up to pilot-
plant level using multiple modules. Success has been
achieved with the linked vertical well technique,
similar to the Soviet process.
The USSR has been operating many in-situ coal
gasi ication plants since 1933, but has been. reducing
activity dramatically since the late 1960s. More
recently, the technical and economic problems in-
volved have further reduced Soviet interest in in-situ
coal gasification. However, the Soviets are selling their
know-how in this technology to an association of
electricity producers in Texas. Belgium and West
Germany are jointly studying the feasibility of
gasifying coal underground to produce low-Btu fuel
gas. If successful, experiments will be conducted to
hydrogasify underground coal directly to yield a
pipeline-quality substitute for natural gas. The results
from their efforts could be adapted to US in-situ coal
gasification. 25X1 25X1
Magnetohydrodynamic Technology ~
The US program emphasizes developing MHD
electrical generators (using coal as the primary fuel) to
augment commercial-size electric power plants. When
combined with conventional stream power systems,
MHD could significantly improve the overall thermal
efficiency of power systems. The United States plans
to design and test MHD components and subsystems
in pilot-scale facilities by 1985 and to develop and
operate a commercial-scale MHD electric power
plant, fueled by coal, by the year 2000.
The USSR is operating the world's largest MHD
aci ity, its U-25 pilot plant. As part of the US-USSR
MHD cooperative program, equipment developed by
the United States will be tested in the U-25 facility. A
US MHD channel will be tested and will be used for
joint high-field generator experiments. Soviet-de-
signed equipment will be tested in US coal combustion
facilities. These tests should provide significant data
for US MHD efforts.
Japan, Poland, the Netherlands, and several
other European nations are developing MHD technol-
ogy that may be important to, the US program.
Particular attention should be given to Poland's
"enlarged" MHD generator, which uses clean gas
from coal, and was to be operating in 1977. France,
West Germany, and the United Kingdom have
curtailed efforts in MHD because of other national
priorities.
Advanced Power Systems
The US objective in an open-cycle gas turbine
program is to develop key components to incorporate
into a prototype advanced high-temperature gas
turbine. By the year 2000, the United States plans to
implement commercially combined-cycle power
plants using high-temperature turbines fueled by coal-
derived low-Btu gas.
=West Germany's experience with its 170-MW(e)
combined-cycle power plant in Lunen will be the basis
for designing a future 800-MW(e) combined-cycle
power plant. Japan plans to develop a much smaller
combined-cycle plant from its current research. In the
Soviet Union, integrated power and' coal conversion
are being developed on an experimental and industrial
scale. At present, the Soviets are constructing near
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Krasnoyarsk a demonstration industrial plant for
processing 1.2 million tons of coal a year through flash
pyrolysis to provide boiler fuel and by-product
chemicals. A Swedish company is seriously considering
developing a 70-MW(e) advanced gas turbine power
plant to be powered by fluidized bed combustors. The
combustors are to be commercial versions of experi-
mental units currently in development in the United
Kingdom.
Gas and Oil Extractionu
0 US R&D on gas and oil extraction emphasizes
improving current and developing enhanced recovery
extraction techniques for difficult environments such
as the Arctic and outer continental shelf. The United
States is supporting industrial efforts in this area.
Work is under way to develop injection processes,
thermal recovery methods, and hydraulic and explo-
sive fracturing techniques. The United States is
exchanging information on petroleum extraction
technology with Canada, France, West Germany,
Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom, and the USSR.
E R&D in other industrialized nations also focuses
on technology for enhanced recovery. Canada, the
Netherlands, Romania, the United Kingdom, and
West Germany are developing deep drilling, high-
capacity drilling, and enhanced recovery technology.
In offshore technology, France, the Netherlands,
Romania, and the United Kingdom have active
programs to develop drilling platforms, automated
rigs, and deep-water drilling. Emphasis in the USSR is
on exploring the Arctic, transporting supercooled gas,
and constructing large-diameter pipelines. Canada is
developing transportation systems to facilitate Arctic
exploration. France is developing equipment for
exploration in the Arctic. France, Italy, and the United
Kingdom are developing large-diameter pipelines that
may be important to long-distance transportation of
oil and gas. Several nations including Canada,
Switzerland, and the United Kingdom are studying
the feasibility of storing oil and pressurized gas
underground. 25X1
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In-Situ Oil Shale Technology I ,
El The United States is supporting the develop- 25X1
ment of a technological base for a commercial shale oil
and gas industry; primary interest will be in oil
production. In-situ and modified in-situ (where a
portion of the shale is mined before fracturing)
methods will be studied. Sustained shale oil production
has been demonstrated at shallow depths using in-situ
combustion; using explosives to augment hydraulic
fracturing at medium depths looks promising.
DOnly limited information from other countries
is available on in-situ extraction of oil shale. The
People's Republic of China has the world's largest oil
shale industry; located in Manchuria, it produces
50,000 barrels of oil per day. The second largest is in
the USSR. Romania is building its first electric power
plant to use raw shale as a boiler fuel.
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? Solar Heating and Cooling of Buildings
? Agricultural and Industrial
Process Heat
? Solar Thermal Electric Energy
? Photovoltaic Energy
? Solar-Related*
- Wind Energy
- Tidal and Wave Energy
* Wind and wave energy are produced indirectly by the energy
from the sun. Tidal energy is related to the gravitational
attraction of the moon, but is listed here for convenience.
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GJ/~ I L.0A]
Solar. Heating and Cooling of Buildings
=In solar heating and cooling of buildings, the
United States is encouraging the development of
industrial and commercial application to reduce
demand on fossil fuel supplies.
ustralia and Japan could be valuable sources of
in ormation on operations, production, and sociologi-
cal aspects of a commercial flat plate 'solar collector
industry; both countries have such an industry and the
collectors have been in use for several years. Australia,
France, Japan, and the United Kingdom are conduct-
ing research on collector and system materials to
increase efficiency and decrease costs. West Germany
is the lead country in the International Energy Agency
cooperative program for testing thermal performance
of solar collectors.
Significant international research on solar
cooling is limited. However, Japan is demonstrating
the feasibility of operating a lithium-bromide absorp-
tion-cycle cooling system at low generator tempera-
tures (165 degrees F). Israel has developed a solar-
powered turbogenerator using novel collector and
working-fluid concepts. It also is commercializing a
5-hp turbogenerator that could drive a compressor for
space cooling and a generator to produce electric
power at remote sites. Japanese and Israeli activities
closely parallel.US. efforts to use low-grade heat from
flat plate collectors for space cooling.
Agricultural and Industrial Process Heat
Application of solar heat to US agricultural and
in us rial processes would reduce fossil fuel consump-
tion significantly in both sectors.
French research on applying solar heat to
in ustrial processes focuses on those processes using
high temperatures (up to 3000 degrees C) and on low-
grade heat associated with agricultural processing; the
results of this research could be important to US
efforts in this area.
Solar Thermal Electric Energy
eveI The United States plans The United States plans to expedite the
opment and implementation of commercial-scale
solar thermal electric-generating plants and total
energy systems using electric and thermal output.
France and Japan have programs on solar
thermal electric power generation which may be of
interest to the United States. Japan is designing and
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building prototypes of small units (10-kw); France has
1-kw to 25-kw units available commercially and is
developing prototypes of 10-MW to'25-MW output.
The United States is cooperating with both countries in
Photovoltaic Energy
25X1 25X1
L__fhe United States is the leader in photovoltaic
R&D. The major problems facing commercial applica-
tion of photovoltaic energy conversion are material
costs, efficiency of production techniques, and cell
conversion efficiency. Japan seems to be the best
foreign source for technical information on cost-
effective methods for producing silicon-ribbon, single-
crystal solar cells. R&D in France and the United
Kingdom are related to improved solar cell designs
and efficiency. Information on British, French, and
Japanese R&D may be useful to the US program.
Wind Energy
25X1 25X1
The United States is planning to develop and
test arge wind-powered electrical generators, includ-
ing vertical-axis machines. The United Kingdom and
the USSR have developed commercial-scale systems.
British manufacturers produce 200-w to 2-kw units.
The USSR has deployed many 1-30kw machines to
generate power in areas remote from electric power
grids, including the Arctic. Emphasis in the Nether-
lands is on modeling wind and terrain interactions as
criteria for site selection. Efforts by other countries are
devoted mainly to basic research on equipment and
materials. Canadian and Israeli research on horizontal-
axis and vertical-axis rotors has potential value, but
commercial application is not widespread. 25X1
Tidal and Wave Energy
25X1
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The United States is conducting some R&D but
has no large-scale experiments under way. France and
the USSR have the only operating tidal power stations,
although Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom
are considering such stations. France's tidal power
plant has a theoretical maximum output of 544-GW
annually, and the USSR is planning 2000-MW and
20,000-MW plants. Construction experience and oper-
ational data from French and Soviet facilities could
prove useful to US research on tidal power plants.
Japan and the United Kingdom are developing
concepts to generate power from wave motion;
practical commercial-scale designs have not been
developed. 25X1 25X1 25X1
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? Resource Exploration and Assessment
? Hydrothermal Technology
? Demonstration Projects
? Advanced Technology Applications
? Engineering R&D
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Resource Exploration and Assessment
US efforts in geothermal energy include
exploring and assessing geothermal resources; develop-
ing and demonstrating improved plant components;
and developing technology to improve methods of
recovering energy from higher salinity hydrothermal
resources, including verifying the use of binary cycles,
demonstrating the feasibility of removing with circu-
lating fluids useful energy from hot dry rock sources,
and continuing research on extracting energy eco-
nomically from geopressured zones.
~etailed information on geothermal resources is
iml iced, and fundamental geothermal processes are
not understood fully. Some half-dozen countries are
exploring for sizable geothermal reserves; improving
geochemical, geophysical, and hydrogeological meth-
ods; and developing seismicity, resistivity, infrared
imagery, temperature-gradient drilling, and other
techniques. These technological developments could
be useful to the US program, particularly the Italian,
Japanese, and Soviet efforts because of their extensive
exploratory programs. 25X1
planning two full-scale 50-MW demonstration plants
.by the mid-1980s.
celand, Italy, Japan, and the USSR also have
eve oped geothermal electricity commercially; they
are continuing to build additional facilities and
increase production in existing geothermal fields.
Italy, a pioneer in geothermal use and technology, has
been generating geothermal electricity commercially
since 1913. Japan has several programs under way to
develop technology for dry steam, wet steam, hot
water heat exchanger, and hot dry-rock systems.
Iceland is building a power station equipped with two
Japanese steam turbines (each 30-MW) that will use
steam from hot water. Technological developments in
Iceland, Italy, Japan, and the USSR should be useful to
the United States as it continues to expand and
develop its program. However, liquid-dominated
commercial generating plants operating outside the
United States were not designed to be compatible with
and do not meet US environmental standards;
therefore, these plants may offer only limited technol-
ogy transfer opportunities.
Hydrothermal Technology
L___]The~ variety of fluid characteristics from
different reserves and their impact on the economics
of geothermal use require that a variety of test
facilities be built. US R&D is under way on electrical
and nonelectrical application of hydrothermal re-
sources; the basic problems encountered in US R&D
are the same as those experienced in other countries.
=Iceland, Italy, and Japan are developing power
generation and desalination plants that could provide
relevant data to the United States. The USSR is doing
significant work on power generation and space
heating applications, but the agreement between the
US and the USSR on geothermal energy applications is
not active. Iceland is expanding its hot water supply
system to provide space heating in its capital for three
additional communities totaling 75,000 people. France
and Italy also are contributing significantly to
geothermal technology for heating buildings. Studies
of injection-production systems to optimize output are
under way in France, Germany, and Japan.
Demonstration Projects
The United States has projects under way to
develop further its geothermal resources and is
Advanced Technology Applications
Initially, the US technology program on
advanced geothermal energy focused on the use of
geopressured and hot dry rock resources, although
some preliminary work was done on normal-gradient
and nonassociated radio-genic resources. 25X1
= The United States and Italy are jointly exploring
ways to fracture hot dry rocks and pump water
through the resulting fissures, thus creating new
geothermal power sources. Japan also is developing
hot dry rock fracturing techniques and has agreed
with the United States to exchange information on
stimulating hot dry rock reservoirs. The USSR is
studying underground thermal regimes and is plan-
ning projects using rock heat. 25X1 25X1
Engineering Research and Development
=Recent US geothermal R&D programs are
beginning to provide prototype hardware for testing.
Programs on drilling technology and improving the
efficiency of geothermal energy use are continuing.
=Italy and the United States are jointly investigat-
ing methods to rejuvenate boreholes whose output is
diminishing by reinjecting condensate into the rocks.
Iceland is developing well-stimulation techniques.
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(Results from Japanese and Soviet efforts to and developing equipment to increase generating
improve and develop equipment and materials that output and to improve pipeline networks. The United
can withstand the severe corrosive amd erosive effects States is exchanging information - on geothermal
of some geothermal brines may be directly applicable technological developments with Iceland, Italy, and
to US efforts in this area. Italy and Japan are designing Japan.
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? Electric Energy Systems
? Energy Storage Systens
? Industry Conservation
? Building Conservation
? Transportation Energy Conservation
? Energy Conversion
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Electrical Energy Systems u
The United States is developing systems to
improve network planning and control methods,
increase efficiency and environmental acceptability of
transmission methods, and test new ideas on operating
utility grids.
=Italy has similar objectives and is working on a
10-year project to construct a 1000-kv pilot plant with
a 15-kilometer line which will be integrated into the
present 420-kv system through transforming stations.
All system components are to be tested directly in the
field before constructing and developing the ultrahigh
voltage network. West Germany, Belgium, the USSR,
and Yugoslavia are working on network controls and
transmission methods. Romania and Poland are doing
research on problems involving ultrahigh voltage
transmission and ways to reduce electricity
consumption.
Energy Storage Systems {
The United States is developing energy storage
systems to use more fully energy sources whose
availability does not coincide with periodic demand.
Areas of application include electric load peaking,
solar energy, and efficient energy transport. Energy
storage R&D in most countries deals with storing
pumped water or improving battery design and
construction.
[=:IChe United Kingdom is building one of the
world's largest pumped water storage facilities. West
Germany's program is innovative and comprehensive,
involving several technologies at the state-of-the-art in:
batteries, hydrogen, flywheels, compressed air, and
thermal studies. Its most interesting projects are using
small lakes and ponds with insulating covers to store
solar thermal energy and developing hydrogen-carried
energy storage and recovery systems. The Netherlands
also is developing techniques to store hydrogen
energy. East Germany, Poland, and Romania are
developing techniques to store electrical energy.
Industry Conservation
The US approach to energy conservation in
in ustry is to analyze processes, operation, and
technology to determine where major energy losses
occur.
sive industries and extensive work is under way using
industrial waste heat. Canada, East Germany, Japan,
and Poland are studying methods to use waste heat
and improve basic processes. 25X1 25X1
Building Conservation 25X1
The US goals for conservation in buildings are:
to implement existing and develop new energy-
efficient technology; to develop systems to reduce
dependence on petroleum and natural gas; and to
disseminate information about existing and' new
energy-efficient technology. 25X1
0 Canada; France, and West Germany are
participating with the United States in a multilateral
agreement sponsored by the. Committee on the
Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) to exchange
information on energy conservation technology. Can-
ada is analyzing total energy systems to increase
energy efficiency in buildings. France is. concentrating
on developing insulation methods, more efficient
automatic controls, and heat pumps. West Germany is
developing central district heating and heat pump
technology. East -Germany has developed large central
district heating complexes (400,000 apartments) for
domestic buildings. Sweden is known for its energy
conservation in buildings, but information on its R&D
is not readily available. 25X1 25X1 25X1
Transportation Energy Conservation
0 The US objective in this area is to improve the
efficiency of petroleum-dependent transportation for
the short term, to develop nonpetroleum-fueled
systems for the long term, and to change usage
patterns in the transportation sector. Several projects
in other countries could provide useful information to
the United States. 25X1 25X1
Canada is studying a high-speed, mass transit
sys em based on using magnetic levitation for low-
drag operation. The Netherlands is developing an
electric commuter vehicle which could be used in the
United States. Other work of interest includes French
R&D on electric vehicles and Italian development of
methanol-fueled transportation. The Japanese are not
only building and exporting efficient petroleum-
fueled vehicles, but also are developing electric cars
and other advanced propulsion systems.
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Energy Conversion 25X1
Sweden is effectively developing -industrial =Emphasis in the United States is on conversion
conservation; the government monitors energy-inten- methods, such as heat exchangers, motors, generators,
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and fuel cells, that have the greatest effect on savings
in petroleum and natural gas resources. Special
impetus is given to areas with potential short-term
results.
L__] The People's Republic of China, France, West 25X1
Germany, Japan, Romania, and the USSR are develop-
ing fuel cells. Little additional information is
available.
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Confidential
Confidential
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1 MEMORANDUM FOR:
,6113/-10 4RAgg1 FoR STIC No,Nwucc.e4?
ENj Ry y 1Ap,E',e (SK ~tv1sf'
FORM 1 m USE PREVIOUS
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UNCLASSIFIED LA ,-.
ST( G 0 F F I C E CoPY - 7)v NoT R61-10 V46
UNCLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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169. Poster, A.R., "Solar Engineering in Ecuador," Ashrae Journal, VOL. 18,
NO. 11, November 1976, p. 43.
170. "Solar Energy Around the World," Ashrae Journal, VOL. 18, NO. 1, January
1976, p. 70.
.171. Aiken, George E., "Coal," Society of Mining Engineers, VOL. 28, NO. 3,
31 March 1976, 54-58.
172. Potter, E.C., "Comment on 'Some Aspects of Electrostatic Precipitator
Research in Australia'," Journal of Air Pollution Control Association,
VOL. 26, NO. 1, January 1976, pp. 59-60.
173. "Energy for the Future: A New Zealand Point of View," Energy World,
April 1976, pp. 14-15.
174. "Extracts from the NEDO Report: Energy Conservation in the UK," Energy
World, March 1975, pp. 2-4.
175. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Office of International
Affairs, International Energy Research and Development Activities,
December 1976.
176. "Industrial," Energy World, December 1975, pp. 14-15.
177. Buchanan, John E., Sasser, John M., Jr., and Rutberg, Ira N., World Energy
Market Projections, Report Prepared for International Energy Affairs,
Federal Energy Administration, September 1974, Arlington, Va., Geosearch
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178. "Australian Grant for Nam Ngum Development," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 6, January 1976, p. 56.
179. "Soviet Aim is Integrated Gas Grid," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 6,
January 1976, p. 56.
180. "Follow-up Order for KWU in Australia," Energy International, VOL. 13,
NO. 6, June 1976, p. 54.
181. "Transkei Hydro Scheme Under Study," Energy International, VOL. 13,
NO. 6, June 1976, p. 54.
182. "Furnas Inaugurate 500 KV System," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 6,
June 1976, p. 52.
183. "City Refuse Fires Industrial Power Station," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 6, June 1976, p. 52.
184. "An Energy Policy for India," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 6,
June 1976, p. 12-
185. "British Loan for South Africa," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 6,
June 1976, p. 12.
186. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"Canadian Crude Oil Shortage Predicted," Energy R&D, Report No. 135,
September 17, 1976.
187. "Gas Turbine Added to Shetland Power Plant," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 5, May 1976, p. 38.
188. "Drilling Programme Completed for Drakensberg Project," Energy Inter-
national, VOL. 13, NO. 5, May 1976, p. 34.
189. "Industrial Solar Heater Revealed," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 5,
May 1976, p. 34.
190. "UK Growth Forecast 3.6 Percent," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 5,
May 1976, p. 11.
191. "New NZ Government Reveals Its Energy Policy," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 5, May 1976, p. 11.
192. "Berlin's 380 KV Ring Complete," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 11,
November 1976, p. 55.
193. "Oil-from-Coal Research Promising," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 11,
November 1976, p. 55.
194. "Soviet-American Joint MHD Test Completed," Energy International, VOL. 13,
NO. 1, January 1976, p. 38.
195. "BC Hydro Ties in Kootenay Transmission System," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 1, January 1976, p. 38.
196. "Crossley Complete First PC3," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 2,
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197. "MS9000 Prototype Reaches Full Load," Energy International, VOL. 13,
NO. 2,,.February 1976, p. 40.
198. "Dinorwic Plant Contracts Let, Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 2,
February-1976, p. 40.
199. "UN Report Shows Per Capita Consumption Doubled in 24 Years," Energy
International, VOL. 13, NO. 2, p. 8.
200. "India Studies $2600M Power Plan," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 2,
February 1976, p. 8.
201. Bowman, H.E., and Stephenson, H.G., "Vintage Year for Canadian Coal,"
World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, pp. 63-64.
202. "More Efficient Low-Cost Production Needed for South African Coal,"
World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, p. 61.
203. Lyons, Leo A., "Brighter Future in Prospect for Australian Coal," World
Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, p. 59.
204. Bund, Karlheinz, "Output and Sales Fall in the German Federal Republic," World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, pp. 54-55.
205. Ezra, Derek, "Implementing UK's Plan for Coal," World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11,
November 1976, pp. 51-52.
206. Swiss, M., "Poland's New Mines Increase Productivity," World Coal, VOL. 2,
NO. 11, November 1976, p. 49.
207. Connell, Horton R., "Chinese Coal Output Continues to Increase," World
Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, pp. 44-46.
208. Bratchenko, Boris, "Continued Demand for Energy Provides Firm Base for
Soviet Coal," World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976, pp. 41-43.
209. Gates, Leslie C., "USA's Coal Industry Stagnates and Productivity
Continues to Decline," World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11, November 1976,
pp. 38-40.
210. Markon, George, "World Coal Trade," World Coal, VOL. 2, NO. 11,
November 1976, pp. 33-37.
211. "Yugoslav Pumped Storage Plant Poses Design. Challenge to Japanese
Supplier," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 5, May 1976, pp. 28-30
212. Scott, W.E., "Thermal Plants Will Ease New Zealand's Energy Crisis,"
Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 5, May 1976, pp. 21-23.
213. "A Short Cut for Japan's Oil?" Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 11,
November 1976, pp. 30-31.
214. Scott, W.E., "Natural Gas Supply Builds Up to Melbourne," Energy Inter-
national, VOL. 13, NO. 11, November 1976, pp. 27-29.
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215. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"Canada Concerned About Tar Sands Plants," Energy R&D, Report No. 136,
September 24, 1976.
216. "Solar Sells First Mars Set to Canada," Energy.International, VOL. 13,
NO. 1, January 1976, p. 40.
217. "Western Australia Examines Energy Options," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 1, January 1976, pp. 25-28.
218. "Hydro Projects Planned for Transkei," Energy International, VOL. 13,
NO. 1, January 1976, p. 8.
219. "$NZ500M Clutha Scheme To Go Ahead," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 1,
January 1976, p. 7.
220. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"Mexico's Energy Future," Energy R&D, Report No. 139, October 15, 1976.
221. "Germany Studies Waste Heat Application to Agriculture," Energy Inter-
national, VOL. 13, NO. 2, February 1976, p. 42.
222. Scott, W.E., "Australia's Desert Gas Plant Expands to Meet Pipeline Grid,"
Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 2, February 1976, p. 27.
223. Smil, Vaclav, "China Opts for Small Scale Energy Techniques," Energy Inter-
national, VOL. 13, NO. 2, February 1976, pp. 17-18.
224. "10-Nation Accord Signed on Coal Technology," Energy International,
VOL. 13, NO. 2, February 1976, p. 7.
225. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"Shift to Alternative Fuels Urged," Energy R&D, Report No. 140,
October 22, 1976.
226. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"1977 Estimates for U.S. Petroleum Demand," Energy R&D, Report No. 142,
November 5, 1976.
227. Smith, D.V., "Environmental Planning in Norway--Innovations," Inter-
national Journal of Environmental Studies, VOL. 6, 1974, pp. 173-180.
228. Sanchez-Cardona, Victor, et al, "The Struggle for Puerto Rico," Environ-
ment, VOL. 17, NO. 4, June 1975, pp. 34-40.
229. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
"U.S. Oil Imports Up 20% in 1976," Energy R&D, Report No. 145,
December 3, 1976.
230. "India," Oilgram News, VOL. 54, NO. 247, December 27, 1976, p. 3.
231. Garner, Fradley, "View from Abroad: The Mediterranean Lives," Environment,
VOL. 17, NO. 3, April/May 1975, pp. 401-41.
232. Patterson, Walter C., "London Report: Food Energy," EnVironment,
VOL. 17, NO. 8, November 1975, pp. 4-5.
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233. Srinivasan, M.R., "India: Rubber Tires for Bullock Carts," Environment,
VOL. 17, NO. 6, September 1975, pp. 38-42.
235. Jahoda, John C., and O'Hearn, Donna L., "The Reluctant Amazon Basin,"
Environment, VOL. 17, NO. 7, October 1975, pp. 15-30.
235. Patterson, Walter C., "London Report: Oral Mosaic," Environment, VOL. 18,
NO. 7, September 1976, pp. 2-3.
236. "Soviet Thermal Mining Feasibility to be Studied for Athabasca Oil Sands,"
Oil Daily, December 28, 1976, p.7.
237. Paehlke, Robert, "Canada: Oil Sands and Oil Companies," Environment,
VOL. 18, NO. 9, November 1976, pp. 2-4, 35.
238. Newman, Peter, "Environmental Impact: Part 2--Assessment for Twelve
Selected Nations," Journal of Environmental Systems, VOL. 4, NO. 2,
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239. "U.S.-Canada Outlook," The Oil and Gas Journal, December-27, 1976,
p.. 103.
240. "South African Newsletter," Energy World, No. 25, March 1976, p. 19.
241. Chesters, J.H., "Actions Taken in the Energy Crisis," Energy World,
No. 23, January 1976, pp.'4-5.
242. "Industrial Survey," Energy World, No. 23, January 1976, p. 11.
243. Marx, A., "Energy Recovery from Municipal Refuse," The Chemical Engineer,
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244. Glendenning, I., and Count, B.M., "Wave Power," The Chemical Engineer,
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245. Shaw, T.L., "Tidal Power," The Chemical Engineer, No. 313, September
1976, pp. 592+
246. Buckley, C.M., and Chesshire, J.H., "UK Energy Resources--Some Key
Issues," The Chemical Engineer, No. 313, September 1976, pp. 589-591.
247. Wilting, J.J., "Environmental Management: A Report on a Major European
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248. "Energy and Power," Industrial Research, VOL. 18, NO. 9, September 1976,
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249. "India's Electronics Capabilities Rising," Industrial Research, VOL. 18,
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250. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Energy Conservation
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 Approved For Release 2009/06/22: CIA-RDP05TOO28OR000100220001-3
252. Caty, G.,'Drilhon, G., Fern6, G., and Wald. S., The Resear.ch'System:
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254. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Energy Balances
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255. Stanford Research Institute, Comparison of Energy Consumption Between
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 L(\t-LiA3~ 11- I L
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264. U.S. Congress, Senate. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations of
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265. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on. Interior and Insular Affairs,
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266. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, A Study
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267. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, A Study
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269. U.S..Congress, House, Committee on Banking and Currency, Energy Security
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270. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Banking and Currency, Energy Security
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271. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Banking and Currency, Oil Imports
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273. U.S. Congress, House, Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee
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274. Anderson, Earl V., "Who Pays Is Key to Helium's Future," Chemical and
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 Approved For Release 2009/06/22 : CIA-RDP05TOO28OR000100220001-3
276. "Underground Coal to be Gasified," Chemical and Engineering News,
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277. U. S.,Energy Research and Development Administration, Proc ins: A Conference
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279. "Industrial Waste Heat Use Could Save SKr100M/Year," Energy International,
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280. "Indonesia Accepts Soviet Offer," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 4,
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281. "World Bank Loan for India," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 4,
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282. "FIAT Gas Turbine Sales Top 200," Energy International, VOL. 13, NO. 4,
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283. "German-Soviet Link on Power Project," Energy International, VOL. 13,
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284.. "Japanese Gas Supply Hinges on LNG," Energy International, VOL. 13,
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285. Scott, W.E., "Drilling Starts Again on the North West Shelf," Energy
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286. "Combined Cycle Package Boosts Saarbrucken's District Heating Supply,"
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290. Morse, R.N., A Strategy for Solar Energy Research in Australia,
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294. Howard, J.H., ed., Present Status and Future Prospects for Nonelectrical
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295. Martin, Brian and Sella, Francesco, "Earthwatching on a Macroscale,"
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296. "International Energy R&D Has Firm U.S. Backing," Chemical and Engineer-
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297. "Fluidized-Bed Combustion--Full Steam'", Environmental Science and
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345. "U.K. Boosts," The Oil and Gas Journal, VOL. 74, NO. 19, May 10, 1976,
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346. "Canada Junks Goal of Self-Sufficiency," The Oil.and Gas Journal,
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347. "Mexico Remains Confident of Sizable Reserves in Baja California
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348. "Hungary Stresses Petrochem Expansion," The Oil and Gas Journal,
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349. "Minister Outlines Norwegian Policies," The Oil and Gas Journal, VOL. 74,
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350. "Major Chinese Oil Exports by 1985 Doubted," The Oil and Gas Journal,
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351. "Canada Needs Frontiers, Conservation," The Oil and Gas Journal, VOL. 74,
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 Approved For Release 2009/06/22 : CIA-RDP05TOO28OR000100220001-3
355. U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Fossil Energy,
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356. U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Fossil Energy,
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357. U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Fossil Energy
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359. United Nations, World Energy Supplies: 1950-1974, New York, N.Y., 1976.
360. "Mesa Testing Key North Sea Step-Out," Oil and Gas Journal, December 20,
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361. "Home Joins Nova Scotia Storage Project," Oil and Gas Journal,
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362. "International News: Canada," Oil Gram News, December 20, 1976.
363. "Mexico," Oil Gram News, December 21, 1976.
364. "Soviet Thermal/Mining Technique Eyed for Athabasca," The Oil and Gas
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365. "Mexican Reserves 'liked 4.7 Billion BBL," The Oil and Gas Journal,
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366. "World Petroleum Outlook," Oil Daily, Undated.
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371. Petroleum Publishing Company, International Petroleum Encyclopedia:
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374. Ironman, Ralph, "International Report," Coal Mining and Processing,
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378. Kaplan, Gadi, "Europe: Tilting Toward Fusion," IEEE Spectrum, December
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379. Morse, R.N., Cooper, P.I., and Proctor, D., The Status of Solar Energy
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380. Stein, G., "Chemical Storage of Solar Energy and Photochemical Fuel
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383. "Hearings on a Northern Pipeline," Canada: Today, VOL. 7, NO. 9,
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388. Cumberbatch, Nigel, "Venezuelan Oil Industry Prospering," Washington
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391. "An OECD Code of Conduct on Energy and the Environment," OECD Observer,
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394. U.S. Department of State, Compendium of Foreign Energy R&D Related Trips,
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395. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
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396. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
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397. Parent, Joseph D., A Survey of Regional and Total World Proved Reserves
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398. DeHaven, J.C., Energy Prices in Japan: A .Preliminary Assessment,
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399. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
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400. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
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401. Department of the Navy, Navy Energy and Natural Resources R&D Office,
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402. U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration. World Energy Resources:
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404. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Ad Hoc Meeting of Experts
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405. Commission of the European Communities, Energy for Europe Research and
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406. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Energy Policies in
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414. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in Belgium, "Response to Energy
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415. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in Canada, "Response to Energy
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of Energy R&D," 1976.
416. Federal Republic of Germany, Cable in "Response to Energy Research and
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417. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, the Netherlands, "Response
to Energy Research and Development Administration on International Energy
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 Approved For Release 2009/06/22 : CIA-RDP05TOO28OR000100220001-3
UNCLASSIFIED
418. McAlister, P., Coordination of Policy for Science and Technology:
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419.. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in New Zealand, "Response to
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420. International Energy Agency, Systems Analysis Report: Norway's
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421. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in Spain, "Response to Energy
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422. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in Sweden, "Response to Energy
Research and Development Administration Questionnaire on International
Energy RD&D Activities," 1976.
423. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy in Switzerland, "Response to
Energy Research and Development Administration Questionnaire on National
Programs of Energy R&D," 1976.
424. U.S. Department of State ,"United States Response to Energy Research
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425. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Warsaw, "U.S.-Polish
Cooperation in Coal Research," Embassy Cable, Warsaw 0912, February 13,
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426. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Stockholm, "Background
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427. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Taipei, "Background Informa-
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428. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, London, "Background
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429. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Belgrade, "R&D Priorities in
the Yugoslav Energy Program," Embassy Cable, Belgium 00228, January 15,
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430. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Ottawa, "Background
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431. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Prague, "Background Informa-
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432. International Energy Agency, Appendix A: Resource Evaluation of IEA
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433. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Paris, "French Priorities in
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435. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, New Delhi, "Background
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436. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Rome, "Background Information
on Foreign Energy Programs: Italy," Embassy Cable, Rome 00953,
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437. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Tokyo, "Background Information
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438. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Mexico, "Background on Mexican
Energy Programs," Embassy Cable, Mexico 00219, January 8, 1976.
439. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, The Hague, "Background
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440. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, Oslo, "Background Information
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441. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, An Examination of the European Economic
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442. Economic Commission for Europe, Increased Energy Economy and Efficiency
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445. Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI, Government of Japan,
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447. European Coal Information Agency, "Belgium," News and Comments,
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448. Prochnik, Martin, Coordinator for International Emergy R&D, U.S. Depart-
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UNCLASSIFIED
449. "It's Full Steam Ahead for Italy's Ambitious Geothermal Program,"
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450. U.S. Department of State, American Embassy, London, "Development of a
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451. Government of Japan, Japan's Sunshine Project, Undated.
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453. U.S. Environmental Projection Agency, International Trip Report: Poland,
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UNCLASSIFIED
462. Federal Minister for Research and Technology and Federal Minister of
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UNCLASSIFIED
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