CHINA EXAMINES SCIENCE POLICY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP04-01460R000100190001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 201
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 2008
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1982
• Content Type: REPORT

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January 1982
CHINA EXAMINESSCIENCE POLICY
Reprinted From
JPRS: CHINA REPORT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JPRS: CHINA REPORT: ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
DAILY REPORT: CHINA
Fall 1980 - January 1982
IFBISI
FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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January 1982
CHINA EXAMINES SCIENCE POLICY
The articles in this report have been selected from the DAILY REPORT:
CHINA and JPRS: CHINA REPORT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and JPRS: CHINA
REPORT: ECONOMIC AFFAIRS. The documents are presented chronologically
within each. subheading and cover the Fall 1980 - January 1982 period,
with emphasis on the last six months of 1981.
CONTENTS
I. Science Policy--Technology Imports, Non-agricultural
Economy, Politics of Science
Beijing Radio Stresses Use of Science in Economy
(Beijing Domestic Service, 10 Jan 81) ..............................
GUANGMING RIBAO on Science, Technology
(GUANGMING RIBAO, 15 Jan 81) .......................................
3
RENNIN RIBAO Calls for Self-Reliance in Modernization
(RENNIN RIBAO, 23 Feb 81) ..........................................
7
RENMIN RIBAO on Foreign Economic, Trade Ties
(XINHUA, 25 Feb 81) ................................................
9
XINHUA Interviews Science, Technology Official
(XINHUA, 23 Feb 81) ................................................
11
RENNIN RIBAO on Science, Technology in Production
(RENMIN RIBAO, 27 Feb 81) ...........................................
12
RENMIN RIBAO on Digesting Imported Technology
(RENMIN RIBAO, 27 Mar 81) ..........................................
14
RENMIN RIBAO Explains, Science, Technology Policy
(RENMIN RIBAO, 7 Apr 81) ...........................................
16
GUANGMING RIBAO on Scientific Policy Research
(XINHUA, 18 Apr 81) ................................................
20
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East China Environmental Protection Conference Held
(Yang Kaimin; GUANGMING RIBAO, 3 May 81) .......................... 21
JIEFANG RIBAO on Eliminating 'Leftism' in Science
(Xia Yulong, Liu Ji; JIEFANG RIBAO, 2 Jun 81) ..................... 23
RENMIN RIBAO Editorial Stresses Science
(XINHUA, 7 Jun 81) ................................................ 28
JINGJI GUANLI on Lessons From Importing Equipment
(Lin Senmu; JINGJI GUANLI, 15 Jun 81) ............................. 31
Fang Yi Stresses Science Education for Youth
(XINHUA, 19 Jun 81) ............................................... 37
RENMIN RIBAO Commentary on Science, Technology
(Jia Weiwen; RENMIN RIBAO, 5 Jul 81) .............................. 38
Role of Technological Sciences in National Economy, Defense Construction
(Lo Peilin; ZIRAN BIANZHENGFA TONGXUN, 10 Aug 81) ................. 42
More Scientific Formulation of Macroeconomic Policy Urged
(Sun Xiaoliang; JINGJI GUANLI, 15 Aug 81) ......................... 48
Commentator on Application of Science, Technology
(RENMIN RIBAO, 13 Aug 81) ......................................... 55
Economic Rationality Must Accompany Technical Advancement
(Lu Taihong; KEXUEXUE, 20 Aug 80) ................................. 57
NANFANG RIBAO on Promoting Science, Technology
(NANFANG RIBAO, 29 Sep 81) ........................................ 65
JINGJI GUANLI on Technical Transformation
(Chen Yi; JINGJI GUANLI, 15 Oct 81) ............................... 67
Report on First Economic Science Meeting
(Jiang Yingguang; RENMIN RIBAO, 15 Oct 81) ........................ 75
Yu Guangyuan Article on Economic Science
(Yu Guangyuan; RENMIN RIBAO, 15 Oct 81) ........................... 77
XINHUA on Integration of Science, Production
(XINHUA, 24 Nov 81) ............................................... 80
Excerpts from Zhao Ziyang Government Work Report
(XINHUA, 14 Dec 81) ............................................... 82
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Economist on Renewal of Existing Industries
(Zhang Ciyun; CHINA DAILY, 12 Dec 81) ............................. 84
II. Science Policy--Agriculture
Agricultural Science Research and Education
(ZHONGGUO BAIKE NIANJIAN, 1980) .................................... 86
Rely on Policy, Science to Increase Grain Production
(Hou Xueyu; RENMIN RIBAO, 6 Mar 81) ............................... 93
GUANGMING RIBAO on Science's Role in Production
(XINHUA, 24 Apr 81) .................................... 99
ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO Cited on Agricultural Science
(XINHUA, 23 May 81) ............................................... 100
Expanding Contract System for Scientific Farming Emphasized
(Zhou Changnian; BANYUETAN, 25 Jul 81) ............................ 102
RENMIN RIBAO Emphasizes Agricultural Science
(RENMIN RIBAO, 21 Jul 81) ......................................... 104
Biological Research to Modernize Agriculture Emphasized
(Guo Xingxian; ZIRAN BIANZHENGFA TONGXUN, 10 Aug 81) .............. 107
SHIJIE JINGJI DAOBAO Discusses Agricultural Development
(SHIJIE JINGJI DAOBAO, 2 Nov 81) .................................. 114
Commentator on Science, Agricultural Production
(RENMIN RIBAO, 8 Dec 81) .......................................... 118
Wan Li Stresses Agrotechnology Popularization
(XINHUA, 4 Jan 82) ............................................... .120
III. Scientific Organizations
GUANGDONG Gives First Material Rewards for Scientific Achievement
(NANFANG RIBAO, 21 Sep 80) ........................................ 121
Scientific Research System Reformed in Sichuan
(GUANGMING RIBAO, 23 Sep 80) ...................................... 123
Shanghai Research Institues Reform Management Systems
(Xie Junbao; GUANGMING RIBAO, 26 Sep 80) .......................... 125
Science Symposium Puts Proposals to Government
(XINHUA, 9 Dec 80) ................................................ 127
Present, Future Application of Scientific Decisionmaking
(Wang Shouyun; GUANGMING RIBAO, 16 Dec 80) ... 129
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Anhui Scientific, Technological Association Congress Ends
(Anhui Provincial Service, 26 Dec 80) ............................ 133
Congress Activities
Resolution Adopted
Awards Given for Major Scientific Inventions
(XINHUA, 14 Feb 81) .............................................. 134
Scientific, Technological Association's Tasks for 1981
(XINHUA, 7 Mar 81) ............................................... 136
Academy of Sciences Responsible Person Interviewed
(XINHUA, 29 Mar 81) .............................................. 137
Intensification of Party Support for Science Urged
(GUANGMING RIBAO, 18 Apr 81) ..................................... 138
Achievements of Chinese Academy of Sciences Noted
(XINHUA, 8 May 81) ............................................... 143
Leaders Attend Academy of Sciences Session
(XINHUA, 11 May 81) .............................................. 144
Meeting With Academy Personnel
Yan Jici's Opening Speech
Fang Yi Report
Further on Fang Yi Report
Further on CAS Scientific Council Session
(XINHUA, 13, 14 May 81) .......................................... 147
Leader-Member Conversations, by Zhang Jimin, et al.
Fang Yi on Achievements
Report on Technical Development
Further on CAS Scientific Council Session
(XINHUA, various dates) ...................... .. ............... 151
Scientific Gains Noted
Approval of Constitution
Further on Constitution
Election of Officers
BEIJING RADIO on Scientific Leadership
(Beijing Domestic Service, 19 May 81) ............................ 155
RADIO BEIJING Interviews Academy President Lu Jiaxi
(Beijing Domestic Service, 19 May 81) ............................ 157
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WEN WEI P0: Hu Yaobang Meets Scientists
(WEN WEI P0, 21 May 81) ......................................... 159
Fang Yi Speaks at CAS Scientific Council Meeting
(Beijing Domestic Service, 29 May 81) ........................... 161
Fang Yi, Other Leaders Attend Science Conference
(XINHUA, 6 Jun 81) .............................................. 166
RENMIN RIBAO Editorial on Scientific Council
(Editorial; RENMIN RIBAO, 19 May 81) ............................ 170
RENMIN RIBAO Commentator on Scientists, Construction
(RENMIN RIBAO, 20 Jun 81) ....................................... 173
XINHUA Interviews Leading Physicist Zhang Wenyu
(XINHUA, 25 Jun 81) ............................................. 175
Anhui Holds Meeting on Scientific Farming
(XINHUA, 8 Jul 81) .............................................. 176
Zhou Peiyuan on Science, Technology Progress
(XINHUA, 23 Dec 81) ............................................. 177
PRC Scientists' Role Brought Into Fuller Play
(XINHUA, 29 Dec 81) ............................................. 178
Science, Technology Filing Regulations Implemented
(XINHUA; 24 Jan 81) ............................................. 179
Wider Application
Penn State, Jiaotong Universities Work Together, by Wu Hongue,
Xing Pingan
Zhejiang Science Society
Shanghai Science Association
Hebei Scientific Research Forum
Shanghai Scientific Research
County Scientific Bodies
Jiangxi Scientific Research Forum
National Academic Symposium
Computing Mechanics Symposium
Systems Engineering Society
Guangdong Agricultural Science Research
Scientific-Technological Meeting
180
180
180
181
181
181
181
181
182
182
182
IV. Applied Sciences
Computer Application, Popularization Making Rapid Progress
(GUANGMING RIBAO, 3 Jan 81) ..................................... 183
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PRC Protessur. lllscusses biological Research
(XINHUA, 18 May 81) .............................................. 186
Recent Developments in PRC Computer Industry Outlined
(GUANGMING RIBAO, 2 Sep 81) ...................................... 187
Beijing Computer Exhibition, by Zou Anshou
Applications Stressed
Computer Industry Striving to Catch Up with West
(DIANZI SHIJIE, 1981) ............................................ 190
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I. Science Policy--Technology Imports, Non-
agricultural Economy, Politics of Science
BEIJING RADIO STRESSES USE OF SCIENCE IN ECONOMY
0WJ01908 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin 1200 GMT 10 Jan 81
[Station contributing commentator's article: "In Performing Scientific and Technological
Work, We Should Make the Promotion of Economic Development Our Primary Task"]
[Text] The major readjustment of our national economy is designed to gradually rationalize
our economic structure and find a way to expand the production of society by primarily
relying on running existing enterprises well, improving production techniques and raising
economic efficiency. Recently, the State Scientific and Technological Commission held a
scientific and technological work conference and studied the policy concerning science
and technology. It has been decided that in performing scientific and technological work
we should make the promotion of economic development our primary task. We should make
still more, remarkable contributions to agricultural development, the development of con-
sumer goods production, the rational technological transformation of existing enterprises
and the realization of our long-range economic plan.
Science and technology should be coordinated with economic and social development. We
must attach great importance to the factor of science and technology while working out
such details of economic plans as economic objectives, economic structural changes,
the rational utilization of resources, the distribution of productive forces, the
orientation of the technological transformation of enterprises, the employment structure,
population control, medical care and environmental protection. When we select the
priority scientific and technological projects and decide the proportion, scope and speed
of progress of various research work, we must consider the necessity and feasibility
in a certain stage of economic and social development.
We should emphasize technological research and development for production.
While continuing the necessary research and development.of high-grade, pre-
cision and advanced science and technology, we should from now on mobilize
and organize scientific and technological personnel in a more comprehensive
way in all fields of our country and make great efforts to step up the
research and development of productive technology. The research on produc-
tive technology should be done to promote the development of inexpensive
good commodities to meet market demand. We should coordinate scientific
research, design and production and not stop only at exhibits and samples.
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;a should step up the technological development of industrial and mining enterprises and
opularize relevant experiences. The industrial and mining enterprises should make
,echnical innovations in a comprehensive way, actively apply new technology to improve
;he quality of products and accelerate the production of new generations of products.
Oaly in this way can they constantly improve their technology, enhance the competitive
power of their products, make quick responses to market changes and quickly improve
economic effects. This is the only way to modernization.
oeshould encourage and organize the scientific-and technological personnel of various
scientific research organizations and institutions of higher education to actively support
the scientific and technological work of industrial and mining enterprises by popularizing
scientific and technological achievements, cooperating in research and offering consulta-
tion. We should see to it that basic scientific research progresses step by step and on
sfirm foundation. We should develop and step up basic scientific research directly
affecting the economy in a planned'way. We should learn, absorb and digest foreign
scientific and technological achievements as an important way to develop our own science
and technology. We should not try to do everything from scratch nor attempt to invent
everything by ourselves. In learning from foreign countries, we do not have to go after
the newest and most advanced in everything, but should consider our economic needs and
our technological foundation. In learning from foreign countries, we should not weaken
or slacken our scientific and technological research at home. When we import foreign
technology, we will be unable to truly absorb and digest it if we do not have our own
scientific and technological research to match it.
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GUANGMING RIBAO ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
HK300732 Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 15 Jan 81 pp 1, 3
[Commentator's article: "Science and Technology Must Be Developed in Coordination With
the National Economy in the Course of Readjustment"]
(Text) Over the past year, our country's scientific and technological front has made
fruitful efforts and achieved remarkable successes. In order to make steady progress,
in 1981, our scientific and technological work must be carried out in coordination with
the readjustment of the national economy.
Our country's national economy must be greatly readjusted this year. Under the
circumstances in which our investments in capital construction projects have been reduced.
readjustment of the national economy mainly depends on giving full play to the roles of
the existing enterprises which must carry out rational technological transformation and
reforms in economic structures, cut down the consumption of raw materials, improve the
quality of products, raise efficiency and strive for beneficial results. With the basic
change in the policy on our economic construction, we must rely on science and technology
in a more effective way, give full play to the role played by science and technology in
promoting productive forces and use science and technology to achieve better quality of
products, greater economic benefits and higher speed. [paragraph continues)
cur scientific and technological work must make still greater contributions to promoting
*rricultural production, developing the production of our people's articles for daily
use, promoting technological transformation and progress in our existing enterprises and
developing the national economy in the days to come. In a word, the tasks for our scientists
Vid technological front have not become lighter but have become heavier and more pressing.
njring the period for economic readjustment, there is also a question of readjusting
scientific and technological undertakings. To achieve a proper readjustment, we must clear
and overcome the influence of the "left," conscientiously proceed from our national
conditions and further sum up experiences and lessons. The following are some of our
problems: The. problem of blindly striving to catch up with and surpass advanced countries
and losing contact with Chinese reality; the problem of not paying great attention to the
agricultural and light industrial science and technology; the problem of not paying great
attention to the scientific and technological work of enterprises; the problem
redundant scientific research projects and tasks; the problem of building some redundant
scientific research organs and making irrational overall plans; the problem of having an
improper ratio between various types of scientific research work and various types of
personnel in scientific research organs; the problem of not paying great attention to
the rational use and training of scientific and technological personnel; and the problems
of having great shortcomings in our scientific and technological management system and of
having an urgent need to raise the standard of management. We must face these problems
squarely, conscientiously carry out proper readjustments and enable our science and
technology to advance more healthily, sturdily and steadily. For this reason, while trying
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ut evet'v. possible way to strengthen that scientific and technological work which meets
the needs of the developing economy, we must also readjust all impractical plans, reduce
the speed and scale of some projects and cancel other projects. In this sense, the
scientific and technological front also holds the question of retreat in the course of
readjustment.
To properly readjust our scientific and technological workand to properly strengthen and
cancel some of our scientific and technological projects, we must pay special attention
to coordinating scientific and technological development with economic and social develop-
ment, coordinate our scientific and technological readjustment with the readjustment of
the whole national economy and regard promoting the development of the national economy as
the most important task. According to the spirit of the recently held national conference
on scientific and technological work, we should pay attention to the following few questions
regarding the guiding principle for the development of science and technology:
First, the development of science and technology must be brought into the orbit of the
plan for developing the national economy and there should be a unified plan for developing
science, technology and the national economy. We should attach importance to scientific
and technological factors when we give consideration to making policy decisions and mapping
out plans for economic and social development such as deciding on the targets of economic
development, transforming economic structures, making changes in consumptive structures,
making rational use of resources, arranging productive forces, choosing policies on
technology and economy, deciding on the orientation of enterprise transformation, proving
the necessity of important construction projects and projects of an earlier stage, creat-
ing more jobs, controlling population growth and promoting environmental protection,
public health work, labor safety and educational reform.
Second, we must attach importance to and strengthen research on production techniques and
correctly choose from the available techniques and from a rational technological structure.
In the coming period, qur country cannot carry out many capital-intensive technological
projects that consume large amounts of energy resources, but should actively develop those
advanced technological projects that require high-level technical knowhow, are suitable
for our country and consume smaller amounts of energy resources. In the course of readjust-
ment, we must achieve the three-in-one unity of advanced technology, productive feasibility
and rational economy and pay special attention to handling some important problems in our
economic construction which demand prompt solution. [paragraph continues]
These problems include the problem of, energy conservation, the problem of popularizing
achievements in agricultural scientific research, the problem of developing good and cheap
articles for people's daily use and building materials, the problem of raising the basic
technological level of our manufacturing industry and the problem of improving the quality
and competitive ability of our export, commodities.
Third, we should attach greater importance to and strengthen the work in popularizing
achievements in applied science and technology. There has been very unbalanced economic
development in various areas of our country. An important reason for this unbalanced
development is that there are great differences in the technological levels of various
areas. If we popularize the technology of advanced areas and enterprises among backward
areas and enterprises and popularize the application of many new techniques and technology
that are available in China according to local conditions, we shall not necessarily spend
a lot of money on this kind of popularization and we can achieve rather quickly some
relatively great economic results, thus enabling our country's national economic output
value and revenue to increase by a big'margin.
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Fourth, we must make full use of the scientific and technological forces of the existing
factories, mines and enterprises, make full use of the capital and material conditions of
our enterprises and further strengthen the work in exploiting the technological forces of
our enterprises. We must encourage and organize scientific and .technological forces in
all fields to actively support the technological exploitation and scientific experiments
carried out by our factories, mines, enterprises and rural areas. We should energetically
advocate "circulating knowhow" and strengthen the mutual infiltration and "hybridization"
among different branches of learning and technology. We should adopt measures to encourage.
our scientific and technological personnel to go to the border areas, factories, mines,
enterprises and rural areas to give assistance to the work there, and we may also encourage
them to do part-time jobs or consultative work in such places.
Fifth, within the limits of security regulations, we should try in every possible way
to introduce achievements in military scientific research, most advanced branches of
military technology and even some scientific management methods to civilian units. In
the course of readjustment, the national defense scientific and technological system should
use its relatively superior manpower and material resources to make more contributions
to promoting national economic construction.
Sixth, we must persist in mastering, assimilating and digesting foreign scientific and
technological achievements and regard this way of doing things as an important way to
develop our country's science ano technology. We must study with an open mind and be
good at studying. During the readjustment period, our country will proceed in all cases
from the needs of the national economy and the conditions of our technological foundations
and resources and will only selectively import foreign technology and software. Generally
speaking, our country will no longer import complete sets of equipment. In carrying out
our scientific and technological work, we must pay special attention to linking the import
of. foreign technology with the work in studying and digesting imported foreign technology
and in manufacturing complete sets of equipment and also pay special attention to linking
the import of foreign technology with the work in transforming technology in old enter-
prises.
Seventh, we must also ensure that basic research can be gradually developed on a stable
basis. Wtih regard to some basic research projects which are of strategic significance
to the long-term development of the national economy and to the raising of the people's
living standard, and with regard to some most advanced branches of science and technology
which touch upon the modernization of our national defense, we -should rationally readjust
and concentrate our forces to quicken the pace of carrying out such research in order to,
'strive for a breakthrough at an early date.
In the course of the readjustment of the national economy, the retrenchment of national
financial expenditure will bring about some temporary problems in our scientific and
technological work. We think that there is no reason whatsoever for any undertaking to
use the word "strengthening" or the world "developing" as an excuse for increasing the
number of organs and personnel and the amount of capital. [paragraph continues]
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Ye must conscientiously study the ways to spend money rationally and use it where it is
Deeded most. If we rationally organize our business and raise our management standard,
can frequently "get more done for less money." Of course, this does not mean that the
:evelopment of science and, technology does not need money. We are trying to say that in
the face of temporary difficulties, we should try in every possible way to create con-
ditions and to "open all financial avenues." For example, from now on, we should
distribute funds according to scientific research projects, use funds in a concentrated
dray, support good projects and support competition. We should actively popularize the
'crosswise" and "lengthwise" scientific research contract system. According to this
s stem, on the premise of fulfilling state plans and tasks, a scientific research unit
can increase its income and make up deficiencies caused by insufficient state appropria-
tions through taking on commission research projects that are not listed in state plans,
through transferring technology or through offering technological consultative services.
The funds for the development of and research on technology in factories, mines and
enterprises should be taken from factories, mines and enterprises. Such funds should
either come from their production funds or should be deducted from their profits earned
due to achievements in the research. Many areas have already implemented these measures
vbich are effeictive in practice. We should also give consideration to emulating the
?:trial methods of offering scientific and technological loans" decided by Sichuan Province
and the Sichuan branch of the People's Bank of China and open up new ways to win
scientific and technological funds. After the existing three types of scientific and technologi-
aldevelopment expenses have been renamed scientific and technological funds, all departments
and areas may draw a certain amount of money from their renewal and reform funds and other types of
funds and classify this money as "scientific and technological development funds" which should be
used for handling the current national economic construction problems demanding prompt solution.
Achievements in all research tasks that have been fulfilled by certain areas or units should be
popularized through a compensable tranfer of the possession of achievements in scientific
research. We should try in every possible way to avoid carrying out unnecessary and
repetitive research projects and oppose squandering funds. In a word, through the reform
in financial, banking and other administrative systems and the implementation of the
nethod of integrating administrative orders with economic management, we not only can
open up new ways to win scientific research funds but can also spend funds thriftily
and rationally. It all depends on the human factor and it is well worth doing!
The current further readjustment of the national economy will affect the situation as
& whole, produce an impact on every field and bring about a series of new problems in
scientific and technological work. Some problems are foreseeable and other problems may
be expected. Therefore, the leading comrades of party committees and governments at all
levels must unite with and lead the masses of cadres and people and be prepared to?use
their indomitable will and make industrious efforts to successfully carry out a large
amount of difficult and painstaking ideological, political and organizational work. In
particular, they must do well in grasping ideological and political education which is
the key link. These problems can surely be solved &tep by step in the course of read-
justment as long as party organizations at all levels correctly and effectively give
full play to their organizational roles on the basis of strengthening ideological and
political work.
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RENMIN RIBAO CALLS FOR SELF-RELIANCE IN MODERNIZATION
HK260800 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 23 Feb 81 p 2
[Commentator's article: "We Must Have Confidence in Our Own Strength"]
[Text] The Chinese people are industrious and brave. Since the founding of new China,
they have, under the leadership of the Communist Party, opened up numerous mines, built
numerous railway lines and erected numerous bridges all over the land by relying on their
bare hands and their wisdom. A number of the large-scale construction and scientific
projects have 1ad wide repercussions at home and abroad. They include the Panzhihua Iron
and Steel Comp ny, the Daqing oilfield, the bridge across the Chang Jiang, atomic and
hydrogen bomb tests and the test firing of intercontinental missiles. Today, this paper
is running a~report on the Gezhouba key water control project on the Chang Jiang. Work.
on this project, from design to manufacture of equipment and installation, has been done
solely by Chinese engineers, technicians, and workers. Facts prove that under the leader-
ship of the Communist Party and under the socialist system, the Chinese people are fully
capable of carrying out large-scale construction by relying on their own strength. It
is foreseeable that the Chinese people can achieve the four modernizations by relying on',"
their own strength. Depreciating ourselves, not having faith in our own strength, lacking,.
confidence and not having any aspirations are not to be tolerated. We must have confidence'
in our own strength and have revolutionary aspirations at all times.
Since the Gezhouba key water control project victoriously filled in the gap with its
cofferdam, the raging Chang Jiang has been stemmed. A project of such magnitude and
involving such complicated technology is unprecedented in China. It is also-rarely seen
in the world. It furnishes us with the essential experience we need in building key
projects on big rivers and in the comprehensive exploitation of our country's rich water
resources.
The stemming of the river at Gezhouba saw the great display of the spirit of socialist
coordination. Working in close cooperation, cadres and workers from units at central and
local levels, in the front and in the rear, all contributed toward stemming the river.
The worksite teemed with people and trucks. Their tasks were arduous. The leading cadres
'studied everything carefully, made rational arrangements and gave elaborate directions.
The masses of workers observed discipline and stood fast at their posts. Since every-
thing was in good order, the river was successfully stemmed at one fell swoop. This
fully reveals the leadership level and organizational ability of our working class in
building large-scale projects.
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The Cezhouha project also displayed thr- e,tergy of our woikers, tschntciaus and cadroiu.
Under difficult conditions, they ate and :slept at the worksite, worked day in. and day
out and displayed great tenacity. They finally won their race against time and accom-
plished the task of stemming the river before the dry season. This heralds a new chapter
in the Chinese people's history of conquering the Chang Jiang. Facts show that economic
construction calls for an undaunted spirit of getting on with the job. With this spirit,
we will not slacken off in the face of difficulties and will not be discouraged when we
encounter setbacks. We are in the middle of a large-scale economic readjustment and are
faced with many difficulties. For this reason, we must display a sense of responsibility
as masters of the country, start with ourselves and strive to be conscientious men of
action. Mr Lu Xun said: "Since ancient times, people who quietly immersed, themselves
in hard work could be found among us." We must inherit and carry forward this spirit of
the Chinese nation.
The Gezhouba project gave full play- to the role of experts and technicians. Technicians
in the fields of surveying, design and construction did a great many calculations and
hydrographic examinations and verifications. The engineering bureau and technological
department responsible for the project convened a number of professional meetings attended
by relevant colleges and universities and research and design departments all over the
country. [paragraph continues]
At these meetings, they discussed at length proposals concerning river-stemming techniques,
repeatedly compared the proposals and paid special attention to hearing and drawing on the
opinions of experts and scholars on water conservancy and hydroelectricity from all parts
of the country. Because they pooled the wisdom of the masses and respected the views of
experts and technicians, work at the Gezhouba project proceeded more smoothly at the latter
stage. In undertaking every item of production and construction, we must invite experts
'to take part and leading cadres must consult experts. In this way, we can leave fewer
loopholes and avoid detours in work.
We have full confidence in our motherland's future and have unshakable faith in our own
strength. We are determined to overcome all difficulties on the road of advance and
build China into a modern and powerful socialist country and have faith that we can succeed.
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RENNIN RIBAO ON FOREIGN ECONOMIC, TRADE TIES
OW251401 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0732 GMT 25 Feb 81
[Text] Beijing, 25 Feb (XINHUA)--In an editorial today entitled "Economic and Trade
Relations With Foreign Countries Must Serve the Readjustment of the National Economy,"
RENMIN RIBAO says that at present when the policy of readjusting the national economy
is being carried out throughout the country, the central task in economic and trade rela-
tions with foreign countries is to make them positively serve the needs of readjustment
of the national economy.
The editorial points out: As the root cause of the "left" errors made in economic work over
the past many years has not been eliminated, imbalances have appeared in various sectors
of the national economy. The influence of "left" deviationist thinking in our economic and
trade relations with foreign countries can be seen from the following facts: 1) We failed
to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the policy of maintaining independence, keeping
the initiative in our own hands and relying on our own efforts and, in developing the
national economy, neglected the important role of promoting economic and technical exchange
and cooperation with foreign countries. 2) We failed to proceed from reality and, being
overanxious to get quick results, committed excesses in introducing equipment and tech-
nology from abroad without considering our own capabilities, thus aggravating the im-
balances in the national economy. All this runs counter to the open-door economic policy
laid down by the party's third plenary session and must be overcome. We must follow the
correct guiding principles for the work regarding economic and trade relations with foreign
countries.
How can economic and trade relations with foreign countries best serve the readjustment
of the national economy? The editorial says: First, it is necessary to develop produc-
tion and continue to expand our export trade. We must incessantly consolidate and expand
the established international market. Though the export volume of certain commodities
may decline in the, future, the fairly marked development of agriculture and light industry
during the period of readjustment is expected to provide a better source of commodities
for export'. In view of the fairly good foundations and great export potential of our
machinery processing industry, we should make our imports serve our export goals. In other
words, we should import, raw materials and export them as finished products. Especially
there is plenty of rood for the development of labor-intensive processing by using imported
raw materials. By -improving the quality of export commodities, redesigning the packaging
and raising efficiency in fulfilling contracts, we will be able to earn more foreign exchange.
The editorial emphasizes: Efforts should be made to strengthen import and foreign exchange
controls Foreign exchange is difficult to obtain, and therefore we must use our foreign
exchange where it is needed most. Many countries encourage exports but limit imports. In
view of our country's deficit in the balance of revenues and expenditures and its im-
mediate and long-range needs, we must strictly control both import trade and use, of
foreign exchange, formulate relevant policies and establish rigid methods of control.
[paragraph continues)
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In transmitting the Beijing Municipal Trade Union Council's "circular," the All-China
Federation of Trade Unions added an instruction. The instruction said: In order to rescue
a drowning child, Comrades Gao Yuntao and Tian Jiyue honorably sacrificed their precious
lives. Their self-sacrificing spirit and lofty moral character reflect the mental outlook
of China's working class, cultivated by the Chinese Communist Party over a long period of
time. The lofty moral character of Comrades Gao Yuntao and Tian Jiyue is in sharp contrast
with the decadent thinking and behavior of benefitting oneself at the expense of others,
of pursuing private ends and of "doing everything for money" and is a strong repudiation of
the ultraindividualist bourgeois outlook on life. The two comrades' heroic deeds have set
a brilliant example for the working class in our country.
The All-China Federation also urged trade union organizations at all levels to publicize
the glorious deeds of Comrades Gao Yuntao and Tian Jiyue among staffs and workers, to use
every trade union function to vigorously commend good persons, good things and the advanced,.
to strengthen ideological and political work among staffs and workers, to conscientiously
implement the forum's guidelines on grassroot work and to do a good job in mass work so as
to further mobilize the enthusiasm of the broad masses of staffs and workers in building
socialism, making greater contributions to economic readjustment and
8 g promoting stability
and unity with one heart and one mind.
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XINHUA INTERVIEWS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY OFFICIAL
OW231244 Beijing XINHUA in English 1220 GMT 23 Feb 81
[Text] Beijing, 23 Feb (XINHUA) --Speaking to China's scientific and research communities
today, the vice-minister of the State Scientific and Technological Commission Tong Dalin
said scientific priorities must be realigned consistentwith China's current economic
readjustment.
In an interview with XINHUA, Tong said, "Science and technology are primarily to serve
economic construction. This is-the new guideline for the development of China's science
and technology in the period of readjustment."
Tong said a five-point guideline had been formulated at a recent national policy-making
conference on science and technology. The guideline established: Science and technology
will be coordinated with the growth of the economy and social needs, the primary purpose
being the acceleration of economic development; production technologies and their appropriate
application should be a primary focus; industrial and mining enterprises should expand tech-
nological research and popularize the results; basic research should increase steadily and
gradually; foreign scientific and technological advances should be studied for assimilation
into China's own research.
In keeping with the new guidelines, many programs will gear to present development priorities
such as energy, improvement of agriculture, light industry and the streamlining of already
extant enterprises. Some research projects, said Tong, such as construction of telescopes,
nuclear reactors and linear accelerators will be postponed. Recalling some of China's past
research successes in nuclear weaponry, aerospace and genetic engineering, Tong nevertheless
emphasized the necessity of focusing on production technologies in the slowed economic
climate.
"The readjustment is a big change for the scientific and technological work in China," he
said. "It is dictated by the needs of the economy and social development. China is already'
readjusting its bcience and technology," Tong finished, "We are making an effort to put that' 11
readjustment on solid ground.
The party members and the CYL members are advanced elements among the masses.
They should play an exemplary role in the course of building a civilization imbued
with the socialist spirit. The cadres and the party's leading cadres in particular
should take the lead in following the practice of decorum and courtesy in their
private lives. Conductiag activities regarding decorum and courtesy is an
important step in building a civilization imbued with the socialist spirit.
Party committees at all Levels and the grassroots-level party organizations
should adopt practical measures to support the proposal put forward by the nine
mass organizations.
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RENNIN RIBAO ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY IN PRODUCTION
EK100512 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 27 Feb 81 p 1
[Cemunentator's article: "Grasp Science and Technology To Boost Production"]
[Text) In the course of our economic readjustment, promoting this year's industrial and
agricultural production is an important matter. To promote our industrial and agricultur-
al production, we must give full play to science and technology. The State Scientific
and Technological Commission has issued a circular calling on scientific and technolo-
gical workers throughout the country to suggest ways and means for promoting China's
economic construction. Suggesting ways and means for promoting China's economic construc-
tion is a honorable task of the Chinese scientific and technological workers. This call
will certainly be warmly supported and welcomed by the vast numbers pf scientific and tech-
nological workers and the masses of cadres and people.
Two of the "leftist" manifestations in economic construction are underestimating the role
of science and disrespecting economic laws and suggestions made by scientific and tech-
nological workers. We must conscientiously correct these deviations. Our economic
readjustment does not primarily depend on an increase in capital construction projects
to develop social productive forces. In fact, our economic readjustment primarily
depends on giving full play to the roles played by our existing enterprises. However,
if we do not attach importance to science and technology and do not give full play to
science and technology, it will greatly constrict the giving of full play to the roles
played by the existing enterprises. As a matter of fact, with the promotion of the
national economic readjustment, the objective situation is forcing some comrades to
abandon their previous practices such as contending for capital construction investment
funds and is also forcing them to seek scientific and technological help and to strive
for economic results. In this sense, the readjustment period should serve as a good
opportunity for us to greatly promote our scientific and technological work and should
also serve as a good opportunity for the masses of scientific and technological personnel
to give full play to their abilities..
Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, a series of correct
rural policies formulated by the party Central Committee have already manifested their
tremendous strength in our rural areas. The broad masses of peasants are showing un-
precedented concern for attaining achievements in their work and for production tech-
nology. In 1980 many areas adopted effective measures to spread suitable advanced tech-
nology which was warmly welcomed by the peasants and also produced marked results. At
present rural areas throughout the country one after another are comprehensively carry-
ing out farm work. A11 rural cadres must conscientiously heed the opinions of scientific
and technological workers and adopt all feasible measures to ensure high and stable
yields and low costs in this year's agricultural production including farming, forestry,
animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery.
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This Principle also applies to our industrial production. At present our light, textile
and heavy industries have the following widespread drawbacks: high consumption, high
costs, low efficiency and poor quality. How are we to reduce industrial production costs
and consumption and increase the output of marketable and fine products at low prices?
How can we bring the potentials of our existing industrial enterprises into full play?
Without science and technology, we cannot begin to talk about tapping the potentials
and carrying out reform and innovation nor can we achieve the best economic results.
In short, production command posts at all levels, all factories, mines and enter-
prises and all communes and brigades engaged in agricultural production should
regard scientific and technological work as an important means for promoting the
development of production.
Scientific and technological research requires a certain period of time and it is
very difficult to get instant results. However, we should see that due to many
years' hard work and great efforts put forth by the masses of scientific and
technological personnel, we have accumulated a large number of scientific and
technological achievements. Our current industrial. and agricultural production
work can quickly produce the desired results so long as our scientific and tech-
nological departments and our production departments act in close coordination,
make joint efforts, adopt necessary measures, actively apply and spread scientific
and technological achievements and perfect and manufacture some complete sets of
equipment.
To grasp science and technology, we must first respect science, promote technologi-
cal democracy and give full play to the roles played by experts. The party Central
Committee recently noted: In carrying out a project, we must hold group discussions
on this project. Group discussions include seeking the opinions of scientists.
With regard to scientific and technological issues, we must implement the tech-
nological responsibility system. Party organizations at all levels must guarantee
that experts who are responsible for and command scientific and technological work
can exercise their functions and powers and do their duty.
To'grasp science and technology, we must also mobilize the masses of workers and
peasants and give full play to their initiative and creative power for assiduously
studying science and technology, carrying out technological innovations and
popularizing new technology. We should encourage and support our scientific and
technological personnel to go right to the frontline of production and to assist
and guide workers and peasants in carrying out scientific and technological
activities.
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RENMIN RIBAO ON DIGESTING IMPORTED TECHNOLOGY
HK130521 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 27 Mar 81 p 2
[Commentator's article: "Do a Good Job in Digesting Imported Technology"]
[Text) Our aim in importing technology from foreign countries is to improve China's
technological standards and increase her self-reliance capacity. By doing a good job 1
digesting imported technology, we can master advanced technology and ensure that it meets
our needs for producing all kinds of commodities. We cannot produce good economic results4
if we just enthusiastically engage in importing technology without paying attention to_,
digesting it. This is a problem that has not yet been solved well; it merits our atten-
tion.
In digesting and absorbing technology from abroad, we must first produce products that ar,
up to standard in accordance with foreign technology; we must then go on to achieve mastate
through a comprehensive study of the subject and learn how to design product series; and*
finally we must take foreign technology as the starting point for developing and crea
new things, and catch up with and surpass advanced world standards. This is work that
involves grafting one twig onto another. To ensure that foreign twigs can take root,?bn`
blossom and bear fruit in China, we must prepare excellent soil and create the necessary"
conditions of all kinds. In importing a technology, we must first select the best fac-
tories for using it, that is, those factories with relatively good production conditions'
and relatively high standards of technology and organizational management, that have the",
capacity to digest and absorb advanced technology. Factories with weak technical forces,'
low standards of technology and chaotic management, that cannot carry out production in i
normal way, cannot be designated as units for accepting imported advanced technology.
Improper choice of factories was a major cause of previous "indigestion" in certain tecb-
nology imports. It is essential to have extensive cooperation in order to digest and
absorb imported technology. When using foreign technology to create certain products,
we are required to provide many more new materials and new-style accessory products, and
to organize departments and factories cooperating in production to develop new products.
We must also succeed in dovetailing production and keeping the channels open.
fits is complex organizational work,'and it is necessary to arrange it by bearing in
kind the interests of all sectors. At the same time, in. organizing production in accor-
'dance with imported technology, the factories must put forward new demands regarding the
,standards of designers, craftsmen, management personnel, and operatives, and promptly
promote training and improvement of these personnel. It is also necessary to have a
thole set of encouraging policies, and provide material and spiritual awards for those
}1o have done well in digesting and absorbing imported technology or have made new
;developments in it. In short, given fertile soil and plenty of sun and rain, twigs from
abroad will grow into beautiful flowers and yield rich fruit.
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f we fail to make efforts to develop imported advanced technology, "aging" will take
lace with the passage of time, and it will turn into backward technology. Hence it is
Knecessary to persistently combine learning with creating new things. The reasons why
some countries have been successful in importing technology is not just that they have
,paid relatively economic prices for importing technology within a relatively short period;
!more important, it is that they have not shrunk from using a lot of money and manpower on
?digesting and absorbing such technology and on striving to develop it and create new
things. Japan spends several times as much on digesting and absorbing imported technology
.as she does on importing it. This shows that the Japanese place the stress on digesting
land absorbing imported technology. It also shows how much manpower and finance is needed
?in stepping up scientific research before such technology can meet a country's require-
ments and maintain its relatively advanced nature on the international scene for a long
time. In importing certain technology in the past, China had her eyes solely fixed on
current production and attached no importance to research; we only aimed at "drawing a
gourd according to the model" and made no efforts in development and new creation. Unless
this situation is changed, we will get into a vicious circle of depending entirely on
imported technology. Apart from consuming and wasting a lot of state capital, it will be
very difficult to achieve continuous improvement of domestic technological standards, and
we will end up trailing along behind foreign countries and blindly following suit.
Catching up with and surpassing advanced world levels will turn out to be empty talk. We
must therefore step up scientific research and put development and new creation in imported
technology in its proper place. We must seriously organize coordination between units-
importing technology and the research units, make full use of existing research forces and
ensure that they play a still greater role in development and new creation.
Setting up responsibility systems and putting them on a sound basis is the guarantee for
doing a good job in digestion. Factories and management departments importing technology
must take full responsibility for buying technology, producing products, learning design,
and carrying out development and new creation. They must grasp this work all the way
through. Units importing technology must accept economic responsibility, and institute
rewards and fines on the basis of clearly defining the responsibilities and work criteria.
We must change the past situation whereby a lot of money was spent on technology imports
and then no products were produced for years, without anyone bothering about it.
Our country has imported a certain amount of technology in the past few years. This has
played an important role in improving our production technology standard. We should also
realize that we have "suffered indigestion" over quite a lot of imported technology, and
the economic results have not been good. There are many reasons for this. Obviously the
most important one is the interference and sabotage caused by the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing
counterrevolutionary cliques;' the errors in our work should not be neglected either. 'Due
to lack of the spirit of doing things according to our capability and seeking truth from
facts, and our one-sided pursuit of progress, certain items of imported technology are
not suited to our national condition; we have spent a lot of money on them without being
able to digest and absorb them.
In some cases supplies of raw materials, fuel and power are not guaranteed, and we thus
end up "cooking a meal without rice"; and certain items are not suited to our needs,
and there is no market for the products turned out. We must seriously sum up these
experiences and lessons and firmly commit them to memory.
We must have the spirit of respecting science, seeking truth from facts and seriously
taking responsibility, base our efforts on our actual financial and material strength,
and analyze our existing technological standards; we must study domestic and internatioaAj
needs, and investigate the state's energy and raw material supply capacity together
with the time needed for recouping investment. On this basis we should decide what and tiM
what not to import; what to import first and what later, and whether to import complete
or partial technology. In this way, even if certain problems occur it is easy to recoupf
them, and no great losses will be caused..
Placing the emphasis in importing technology on digesting it should become an important
guiding principle in our technology import work. In cases of previous "indigestion" in
technology imports, we should seriously absorb the lessons and strive to recoup the
losses. We must do a thoroughly good job in digesting future technology imports.
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RENMIN RIBAO EXPLAINS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY POLICY
HK201400 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 7 Apr 81 pp 1, 4
[Editorial: "Further Clarify the Policy for the Development of Science and
Technology"]
[Text] From now on, we should take the road of improving economic results in developing
the national economy of our country. This determines that, while readjusting the economic
structure and carrying out organization and integration in industry, we should rely more
;;;+on the strength of science and technology. Important changes in the policy of economic
wnstruction require us to further clarify the policy for developing science and technology.
In more than 30 years since the founding of the PRC,,tremendous progress has been made in
science and technology in our country. We have trained a scientific and technological
contingent of over 5 million people. The explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs,
the launching and recovery of manmade satellites and the successful experiments with long-
range carrier rockets underscore our attainment of a considerable level in some high-grade,
precision and advanced science and technology. At the same time, large numbers of new
achievements in science and technology have been applied to production and construction,
which bolsters economic development. Of course, we should also be aware that the role
played by science and technology as a productive force in promoting the national economy
is still not enough. In all departments of the national economy there are a large number
of technical problems in production which have not been taken seriously and have remained
solved for a long time; some comparatively ripe fruits of science and technology have
not been promptly popularized and applied in production. For example, we have trial pro-
duced and produced some precision equipment, but many basic elements and basic progresses
in the engineering industry are not up to standard; we have developed several hundred
highly sophisticated raw materials, but have been unable to produce some common steel
products. Why does such a state of affairs exist.? There are two reasons. The main one is
that, due to guidance by "leftist" ideas, experts were discriminated against and no
importance was attached to science and technology. Whenever the development of production
was put forward, a large staff would be maintained, capital construction would be increased
and backward technology would be repeatedly employed. In addition, no competition was
allowed in the system of economic management and no attention was paid to economic results.
So the road for the development of technology in production was blocked. Another reason
is that the policy for the development of science and technology has never been clear and
definite.
Since the third plenary session, we have been criticizing and correcting "leftist" errors
in economic work step by step. We now understand better that we suffered too-heavy losses
in economic construction in the past 30 years or more because science and technology were
not duly valued. Not long ago, a national work conference on science and technology was
held, at which, in accordance with the instructions of the party Central Committee and the
State Council, the work experiences in science and technology since the founding of our
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countrv, esppctaI.ly sint'p t.hp 1;+naRhf+1Q, ()f the "gA+tg of frkhr," VAR aertn++s }.y RUHN+1ek+ 1+r ewi
r~ t,,r.+?s c,~ue erning the policy toy developing science and technology were discussed. The
meeting held that we should pay attention to correcting the tendency of only attaching
importance to high-grade, precision and advanced science and technology, ignoring production
technology which is large in quantity and broad in scope, reaching for what is beyond one's
grasp and of blindly catching up with and surpassing others. The meeting explicitly put
forward the policy for the development of our country's science and technology over the
coming period. .'
The main contents are: to develop science and technology in harmony with the economy and
society, and the most important task of science and technology as the promotion of the
development of the economy; to lay emphasis on strengthening the study-of technology in
production, the selection of correct technology and the rational formation of a technolo-
gical structure; to strengthen the work of technological development and popularization
in plants, mines. and enterprises; to ensure progressive development in basic studies on a
steady basis; and to regard mastering, absorbing and digesting achievements in foreign
science and technology as an important means for developing our country's science and
technology. The core of this policy is that science and technology should first and
foremost promote the development of the national economy. Once we have clarified this poi
we will have shaken off "leftist" influence in scientific and technological work.
First, this policy is based on the basic aim of scientific research. What is the aim of S71
scientific research? Some say that it is to probe the unknown. Others say that it is to
catch up with and surpass advanced world levels. Still others say that it is to achieve gip;
results and to train competent personnel.... There are grounds for all these sayings.K
However, what does all this finally boil down to? To increase the productive forces.
we deviate from this fundamental aim, it will be difficult to avoid tendencies such as
scientific research for its own sake, catching up with and surpassing others for the sake-:
of doing so and achieving good results just for the sake of achieving them, and in the end;`Y=t
production cannot be benefitted and it will be difficult to develop the economy and get on"
with scientific research.
Second, this policy is based on our national conditions. The basic characteristics of our*,'.
country's economy and social development are a large population, a poor foundation to start.+
with and a low level. A pressing matter of the moment is to push the whole national econos
forward by means of readjustment so that it will reach the level of a "fairly affluent
family." We have a contingent of scientific and technological workers but the number of
people in this contingent is not enough and its level cannot be regarded as high. As our
country is still poor, funds for scientific research are still quite limited. Our limited
strength in scientific research can only be used on the most urgently needed spots. The WIT
things were put in the past, such as: catch up with and surpass the world's advanced level,,
in a fairly short space of time; we want everything foreign countries have; set up a
complete system in scientific research, and so on, can be cited as proud words showing the
lofty aspirations and great ideas of the Chinese people, but if they are used for guiding
practical work for a substantial period of time, we shall be making more haste and less spee:
Third, this policy is based on practical needs in economic construction. Drawbacks such as;
high consumption, high cost of living, low efficiency, low quality, and so on, commonly exix
in our country's economic construction, and in industrial production in particular. The
cause of these is a low technological level in production. The only way out is to exten-
sively and steadily develop and adopt appropriate advanced science and technology. In sole
countries whose economy, science and technology are well developed, a large portion of the
increase of the total annual output value of the national economy -is the outcome of
introducing new achievements in science and technology. In a developing country like ours,
the potential in this aspect should even be greater. it will be quite remarkable if science
and technology can accelerate the increase of the total output value of industrial and
agricultural production by 1 percent, and this is entirely possible.
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It is very important to be clear about the policy that science and technology
should first and foremost promote the development of the national economy. Once
the policy is clearly understood and everybody has the same understanding, the
tasks for scientific research of the whole country, different departments and
different localities can be put forth and technological policies suitable for
the state of our country can be formulated in accordance with this policy. Once
the policy and tasks are clear, reform of the system of scientific research will
then have a direction.
The policy that science and technology should first and foremost promote the
development of the national economy should be fully reflected in plans for
developing the national economy and science and technology. Planning departments
and technological departments at all levels should make concerted efforts to
organically integrate plans for developing the national economy with plans for
developing science and technology.
In determining the aim of economic construction, carrying out reform of the
economic structure, rationally allocating the productive forces and utilizing
resources, reforming technology in enterprises, formulating technological
.economic policies and so on, we should without exception attach importance to
factors in science and technology. In the past, when planning departments
formulated plans for the national economy, they seldom took into consideration
scientific and technological factors and were not good at listening to special-
ists' opinions, so it was difficult to make out good economic plans. Subse-
quently, no requirements for scientific and technological departments could be
put forward. Very often, scientific and technological departments did not know
much about economic work and could not grasp scientific and technological prob-
lems in economic construction which urgently required solution. With a clear
policy for the development of science and technology, and with concerted efforts,
planning, economic, scientific and technological departments can change the state
of each department being isolated from others, and can really achieve harmonious
development of science and technology, the economy and society.
In implementing the policy that science and technology should first and foremost promote
economic development at the present stage, we should especially attach importance to the
study of scientific and technological problems closely linked with the people's food,
clothing, shelter and transportation. All scientific and technological work should'"
contribute to increasing the agricultural productive forces, developing a diversified
economy, and reforming technology in existing enterprises. If readjustment of the national
economy is to be carried out smoothly, scientific and technological strength is quite
indispensable. Science and technology have bright prospects in the readjustment of the
national economy. Just imagine, which of the weak links in our economic construction and
short supply of products is not caused by backwardness in science and technology, besides
Causes such as irrational economic structure, insufficient investment and insufficient
attention paid in the past? Therefore, in readjusting the national economy, in addition
to using strong points to offset the weak ones and changing the economic structure,
appropriate rein must be given to science and technology.
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Emphasizing that science and technology should first and foremost promote economic
development does not at all mean that basic theory and high-grade, precision and
advanced science and technology can be discarded. Even during the readjustment period
of the national economy and the work of science and technology, basic study should keep on
developing on a steady basis, and research and development of some high-grade, precision
and advanced science and technology directly related to economic development and the
modernization of national defence should be continued. Science and technology are an
organic whole. Only when basic, applied and developed study are developing in an
appropriate and well coordinated way can they better promote economic construction.
If we do not carry out certain basic research and research on high-grade, precision and
advanced science and technology as a reserve, we shall be in a passive position when
production technology needs further improvement. Therefore, we should understand the
policy for the development of science and technology correctly and comprehensively. In
drawing up plans, we should take into consideration the short term and long term needs
of the national economy, guard against one-sidedness, and avoid treating-all things
equally in an oversimplified way. A national comprehensive center for the study of
natural science such as the Chinese Academy of Science should persist in implementing tht
correct policy of "laying particular emphasis on the foundation, laying particular
emphasis on advance and serving the national economy and the construction of national
defense."
We have been carrying on, construction for over 30 years. After some twists and turns,
economic construction has again taken the road of sound development through readjustment4
and reform. At present, we have further clarified the policy-for the development of
science and technology. We believe that under the leadership of party committees and
government at all levels and with the concerted efforts made by scientific and techno-
logical departments and economic departments in implementing this policy, the work of
science and technology will be even more vigorous and the whole face of economic
construction will be greatly changed.
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GUANGMING RIBAO ON SCIENTIFIC POLICY RESEARCH
OW18O819 Beijing XINHUA in English 0806 GMT 18 Apr 81
[Text] Beijing, 18 Apr (XINHUA)--The GUANGMING DAILY, in a front-page editorial today,
calls for the establishment of official councils on scientific policy research to advise,
central authorities on China's economic and social development. Entitled "The Entire
Communist Party Must Pay Attention to Science," the editorial stresses the recent State
Council approval of guidelines for science and technology, which call- the fields to pri-
marily serve China's current economic restructuring.
The paper says policy decisions must be made on the basis of scientific research and tech-
nical evaluation while devising a unified approach to the country's scientific, technological,
economic and social development. "Positive and cautious steps should be taken to restructure?
the current systems of economic and scientific management," the editorial says, "and to
help promote the coordination of scientific research institutions, factories and consumers.
of technology."
The editorial also asks an increase in funds for scientific research proportional to the'..-
state budget on the basis of a re-examination of current investment policy. "Researchers
must discover the most pressing scientific and technological problems in fields of top
priority," says the editorial, "namely agriculture, light and textile industries, energy
production, transport, machine building, production of industrial materials and electronics.'
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EAST CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CONFERENCE HELD
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 3 May 81 p 2
[Article by Yang Kaimin [2799 7030 3046]]
[Text] A conference on environmental protection for six provinces and one city of
East China took place 7-9 April under the auspices of the Environmental Protection
Office of the'State Council. The participants exchanged their experience and
studied ways to activate in-depth propaganda activities for environmental protection.
The propaganda activities for environmental' protection envisaged by the conference
are as follows: The various provincial and municipal people's governments must
play a more active role;-sum up the environmental protection work and commend those
units and individuals for their satisfactory work; join.together the "five emphases,"
"four beautifications," and the patriotic health drive in order to make the environ-
mental protection propaganda more extensive and penetrating. The conference decid-
ed that the next round of propaganda activities should focus on "The State Council
Decision on Strengthening Environmental Protection During the Readjustment of the
National Economy" so as to make the propaganda cover both the State Council decision
and the environmental protection law. Special emphasis should be placed on the
environmental protection policy-during the readjustment of the national economy.
The essentials are as follows: Prevent the spread of new sources of pollution and
stop the construction of all improperly planned industrial projects which waste
natural resources and energy and.cause uncontrollable environmental pollution; all
capital constructions must meet the "three concurrent requirements" just as pollu-
tion control mustbe included in efforts to explore production potentials or the
innovation and transformation of-an enterprise; all'the cities and industrial
centers concerned' should investigate and analyze the sources of environmental pollu-
tion and work-out.plans to control them according to the degree of urgency. The
immediate targets are to control pollution by industries and enterprises located in
residential areas, protected areas of water supply and areas of scenic and tourist
interest; and publicize effectively the state environmental protection programs and
guidelines to get the people's governments at all levels to work for effective pol-
lution control by including the targets, requirements and implementation measures
of environmental protection in the plans and programs they formulate for the national
economy and social development.
5360
CSO: 5000/4065
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SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS AWARDS--Beijing, 14 May'(XINHUA)--The Invention Assessment
and Selection Committee of the State Scientific and Technological Commission
recently awarded prizes to scientists, engineers and technicians of 26 inventions
including new fine strain cotton seeds "Lu Mian No l".; a method of coal mining
with flexible pseudo-slope shield props; a method for. manufacturing curvilinear
parts; a method of-copper-smelting from silver; an effective pesticide for the
elimination of crossocosmia in tussah [silk worms]; a diaphragm-type food extrac-
tor; Dongfeng 2-S mobile rice seedling transplanter; a method for the prevention
and treatment of a tussah disease and so on. [0W160327 Beijing XINHUA Domestic
Service in Chinese 0158 GMT 14 May 81]
CSO: 4008/360
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JIEFANG RIBAO ON ELIMINATING 'LEFTISM' IN SCIENCE
HK090211 Shanghai JIEFANG RIBAO in Chinese 2 Jun 81 p 4
[Article by Xia Yulong [1115 4416 7893] and Liu Ji [0491 0679]: "It Is Also
Necessary To Eliminate Erroneous 'Leftist' Influence on the Science and
Technology Front"]
[Text] (Outline) "Leftist" errors on the science and technology front are mainly
expressed as failure to truly regard science and technology as a productive force; the
serious consequences of this are that the subjects and projects for scientific research
are incompatible with national economic development and thus get out of joint with it.
In these circumstances, to simply say that science and technology are productive forces
is not sufficient to arouse the interest of those engaged in actual economic work. Science
and technology can have ample scope for displaying their abilities and develop in a
flourishing way only if scientific circles genuinely regard science and technology as a
productive force and further integrate science and technology with economic development both
in topics and in systems of research. [end of outline]
The Central Committee and State Council have repeatedly emphasized recently that the whole
party and the whole country must attach importance to science, that it is necessary to
rely on science and technology to develop the national economy, and that at the same
time science and technology must serve economic construction. This is a major strategic
guiding principle: it is a correct principle. The moment science and technology are
closely integrated with the national economy, they will produce tremendous social
productive force and speed up the modernization drive.
We should fully affirm that China's science and technology have rapidly revived and
developed since the "gang of four" were smashed, and played a beneficial role in national
economic development. However, we hold that it is essential to seriously eliminate
erroneous "leftist" influence in order to better implement the central authorities'
guiding principle. In other words, it is precisely "leftist" error that has laid "two
strips of skin" between our national economic planning and science and technology
development planning, and today this error is still the main obstacle to implementing
the correct policy decision of the Central Committee and State Council. An outstanding
expression of "leftist" error on the economic front is a failure to acknowledge that
science and technology are a productive force; as a result, on the one hand people act
in a shortsighted way and discriminate against and even ruin basic research, holding
that "this kind of money thrown into the pond does not even produce bubbles" with the
result that basic research undergoes large fluctuations and is unable to gradually attain
steady development; and on the other hand, and perhaps even more serious, people
misinterpret the slogan "serve production," "devour" the personnel and manpower for
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applied research and actually eliminate such research. This state of affairs reached a
fantastic peak during the 10-year catastrophe. This "leftist" error is the reflection of
the narrowmindedness of small production. It has done a great deal of harm on the science
and technology front. There has been a fundamental change in the situation since the
"gang of four" were smashed, and especially since the 3d plenary session of the 11th
Central Committee. The scientific notion that science and technology are a production
force has been accepted by people. However, the problem of the extensive and deep nature.,
of erroneous "leftist" influence has not yet been solved in practice. We must therefore
continue to eliminate the influence of the "leftism" that looks down on science, so as
to ensure the implementation of the central authorities' principle. There is no doubt at
all about that.
The current problem is, are there any "leftist" mistakes and influence on the science
and technology front, which is directly harmed by "leftist" error? If there are, in what
respects are they expressed? With regard to this issue, we take the liberty of making an
initial test probe so as to arouse discussion.
According to our observations, the chief expression of "leftist" error on the science
and technology front is a failure to truly regard science and technology as a pro-
ductive force, with the result that they get out of joint with economic development.
There are many expressions of this, the main ones being as follows:
1. Paying no heed to the national condition, blindly catching up and overtaking, and
actually engaging in "world science." For more than 20 years guiding principles and
,schemes for science and technology were determined on the basis of striving to catch
up with and overtake others, and the idea was publicized that "we must have things that
foreign countries have and also have things that they do not have." Hence we took aim
at all advanced levels in world science and technology and attempted to catchup and
overtake people at all points of the compass. However there are many categories and
branches of modern science, in fact there are as many as 2,400 in the field of science
and technology alone. We wanted to do so in all of them and to accomplish at one
stroke achievements that had taken advanced industrial nations 10 generations of effort.
Of course this was very difficult to achieve. The history of modern science and
technology shows that today no nation or state can provide more than 25 percent of world
scientific knowledge. In particular it was even more unrealistic and also uneconomic
to carry out all-round catching up and overtaking in China, with its current actual
scientific and economic capability. In the United States, expenditures on research in
oil, coal and hydrolectr?c power, research in atomic energy, and research in high-energy
physics are in the ratios of 100:10:1, and it is not proper for China and its weak
foundation and minimal funds to spend a lot of money on "big science" and on scientific
research which cannot play much of a role in the national economy for several decades.
In short, unless we eliminate the tendency to catch up and overtake others for its own
sake, in the end production will not benefit, and it will be difficult for the economy
to develop, while scientific research also cannot be promoted.
2. Failing to act according to scientific laws, neglecting the role of experts, and
actually pursuing "scientific research of the whole people." Specialization is the
fundamental characteristic of modern socialized large-scale production, and to pursue
constant improvement and institute division of labor and cooperation in accordance with
the various specialities will, as Marx pointed out, produce productive force without
costing a cent in capital. Scientific and technological research is presicely a major
specialization in modern social division of labor. . Scientific and technological activities
have their own characteristics in comparison with other human activiites, such as
creativity, exploration, inheritance and so on. In engaging in scientific and techno-
logical activities, people will obviously want to mobilize a certain amount of manpower,
material and finance to carryout these activities in a planned and organized way
with division of labor; but to adopt the method of mobilizing the whole people and
creating a great uproar cannot produce good results, and will create a situation of
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"starting off like a swarm of bees, getting stuck in the middle, and ending with a gust
of wind." Many of the methods we adopted for more than 20 years ran counter to the
laws of scientific and technological development. For example national crazes appeared
for "supersonics," "radiation," "fluidics," "bittern" and "chicken's blood" and so on.
The national science congress has played a tremendous role in promoting science and
developing technology; however, due. to the fact that the "leftist" influence of "the
whole people engaging in science" has not yet been eliminated, the phenonemon of "all
levels building research centers and flowers of science blooming everywhere" has
appeared. According to our information, the number of scientific research organs
in 1 province has soared by 153 percent--more than half of them are country-level re-
search centers--while the number of research personnel has grown by 70 percent; very
few of them are technicians, and 23 percent of the research centers have fewer than 5
technicians. There are over 2,000 farm machinery research centers in the whole
co?tntry, yet there are only some 20,000 researchers there. Some research centers are
dubbed "three no" centers (no research subjects, no funds and no personnel), some
are known as "three dimunitive" centers (one room, one seal, one empty shelf), while
others are styled "three machine" centers (one mimeograph, one stapler, and one
telephone).
China has been short of researchers, and there are only 310,000, representing 3/10,000
of the population. Since there are very few personnel, and they are scattered everywhere,
the superior features of research capability are sure to be lost, and although research
work seems lively on the surface, in fact it cannot produce hard results.
3. Only bothering about scientific research, failing to stress economic effect, and
neglecting research in production technology. Many scientific research departments simply
regard research reports as the final result and academic level as the sole evaluation
criterion; this has created the notion of striving for academic standards as the highest
aim-in research. Stress is laid neither on cost accounting nor on economic effect. This
is even the case in applied research. This is extremely prominent in the allocation of
manpower, finance and material. In foreign countries, experience over that long run has
shown that the ratio of expenditure in the benefitofa basic research project, its
translation into applied technological research, and the resulting development. of a
product is 1:10:100. Without going into great detail, although the ratios of manpower
and material allocation are not necessarily the same, they are similar. However this
ratio is extremely lopsided in China. Serious neglect of technological development and
of popularization of research has caused not only shortages of manpower, finance and
materials but has sometimes even resulted in the suspension of research. As a result the
development of many products stagnates for long periods in the stage of "samples, exhibits,
and gifts," bringing about a situation in which these three things can be found everywhere
while no actual products are produced. According to statistics from the international
economic cooperation organization, in the United States 80 to 85 percent of the benefits
of research can be promptly applied in production, and the utilization rate of research
benefits is 50 to 60 percent in Britain, France and West Germany, while in the Soviet Union
this rate is 30 to 50 percent.. But the average rate in China is only about 10 percent.
Even in places where standards of science and technology and management are relatively
high, the utilization rate is only 30 to 40 percent. For instance, the five units subor-
dinate to the Shanghai Municipal Electronic Elements Company achieved 144 research benefits
from 1970 to 1978, but only 45 -- 31.2 percent -- were put into production. This was far
behind the level--in advanced countries.
Science and technology develop very rapidly in today's world. The cycle from scientific
invention to economic benefit is shortening all the time. According to material from the
U.S. Senate, this cycle was 30 years before World War I, 16 years between World Wars I and
II, and 9 years on average since World War II. At present, the effective lag time before
the use of new material is 10 years, new techniques 7 years, and new instruments 5 years.
Hence, in order to ensure that science and technology will effectively stimulate national
economic development, it is necessary to stress economic effects, step up production tech-
nology research, raise the utilization rate of science and technology in the field of pro-
duction, and shorten the cycle.
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4. Impatience for success, launching projects blindly, and violating scientific research
order. The selection of subjects for research is the key order in scientific research.
A good start is half the battle, and directly determines the economic benefit of the
benefits of research. The selection of subjects itself is research work that requires
great caution, and it is also a major aspect of research management. In carrying out this
work we have to conduct technological and economic analysis and exposition based on the
broadest and most accurate information in order to "be clear about the situation and summon
up great resolve." However, many research departments lack sufficient understanding of the
importance of scientific and technological information. They not only fail to carry out
market surveys and forecasts of social needs, but even regard the collection of scientific
information itself to be second-class work, invest little money in it, and assign people
to it who are mostly old, weak, ill or crippled. Information gathered in this fashion
can only amount to odd bits and pieces, and no systematic analysis can be expected.
Although they may not have a clear view of the situation, people summon up resolve very
quickly. Quite often they make up their minds just on the basis of one official document
or even just one sentence. According to a sample survey of 749 new products developed in
10 years by 35 Shanghai mechanical and electrical machinery plants producting complete
items of equipment, 82 percent had not been subjected to technological proof and almost
100 percent were not economically analyzed.
It is naturally difficult to get good results from such a blind launching of new
projects, the effort turns into "bearded research subjects," and abandonment halfway is
a common occurrence. How could such projects play a stimulating role in the national
economy?
The above-mentioned "leftist" mistakes and their influence have caused a whole series of
grave consequences in scientific research activities.
For instance, there is vast duplication in-research subjects, and money spent turns out
to be useless. According to some estimates, about 40 percent of the research subjects
undertaken in China are duplicates of. subjects researched abroad which have already
produced results. Duplication within China is even more serious. Nearly 100 units are
developing yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser crystals; nearly 300 are developing Wankel
engines; over 20 are developing peripheral equipment magnetic discs for computers; and no
less than 980 are developing haploid seed breeding.
Again, the scattering of the already limited manpower, finance and material turns them
into pepper nnndlaa_ since they are scattered among various military organizations and
all kinds of research centers and plants. The results can be imagined. Duplication of
large amounts of experimental equipment results not only in a very low utilization rate
but incomplete sets of equipment in some cases; the equipment thus cannot play its proper
role. For instance, the Shanghai scientific research and higher education systems were
duplicating each other in 28 out of 63 projects introduced in 1978 and 1979, while 24 of
them were duplicates of the 53 projects introduced in these systems from 1973 to 1974.
After their introduction, the utilization efficiency of these projects was low. The
digestion and further development of these projects after their introduction was even
poorer.
However, the gravest consequence is that the science and projects in scientific research
are incompatible with national economic development and thus get out of joint with it.
"World science," "scientific research of the whole people" and so on obviously are
incompatible with the current national condition and demands in China's current economic
development, and even key science and projects are out of step with the,development of
the national economic structure because there is no stress on economic effect, projects
are undertaken in a blind fashion and so on. This greatly hampers the stimulating role
of scientific research on national economic development. Simply saying that science and
technology are a productive force is not sufficient to arouse the interest of those
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engaged in actual economic work. Only if those in scientific and tecynological circles
truly regard science and technology as a productive force and further ensure that science
and technology dovetail better with the national economy in research subjects and systems
can they attract the interest of those engaged in actual economic work, who can then
regard the economy and science and technology as depending on each other for survival.
The postwar experiences of Japan in economic and scientific and technological development
are worth absorbing in this respect. Japan has consistently considered things from the
angle of integrating the economy, industry and science in the course of accomplishing
modernization. From 1945 to 1950 the Japanese Government decided that the chemical
fertilizer, coal, iron and steel, and electric power industries should be the main
industries; from 1950 to 1960 it decided that the electric power, iron and steel, machin-
ery and petrochemical industries should be the main industries; and from 1960 to 1972 it
decided that the automobile, automation, environmental equipment, and computers indus-
tries should be the main industries; and the development of science and technology and
the selection of key sciences was closely integrated with these industries as appropriate.
As a result, industrial production rose, while science and technology also had ample scope
for displaying their abilities and rose along with industry.
At present our country's economic front is clearing away erroneous "leftist" influence
and carrying out readjustment and reform. A modern economic structure of rational and
steady development is gradually taking shape. The science and technology front must
catch up, completely clear away erroneous "leftist" influence on itself, and resolutely
act to ensure that science and technology are readjusted onto the track of close
integration with economic development. That will be a new era of flourishing develop-
ment of science and technology, and also of soaring national economy. Let us work hard
for that.
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'RENMIN RIBAO' EDITORIAL STRESSES SCIENCE
OW072325 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1208 GMT 7 Jun 81
[Editorial report on p 1 of RENMIN RIBAO, 7 June: "Vie With Each Other as Warriors
in Scaling the Heights of Science and Technology"]
[Text] Beijing, 7 Jun (XINUUA)--In addition to its front page report on a special-
class invention award given by the State Scientific and Technological Commission
and the State Agricultural Commission to a scientific research coordinating group
for breeding xian-type hybrid rice, today's RENMIN RIBAO also publishes an editorial
entitled "Vie With Each Other as Warriors in Scaling the Heights of Science and
Technology."
The editorial says: Since the establishment of a system of awards for inventions,
this is the first special class award ever given. The successful cultivation of
hybrid rice of the male sterile line, which.is of tremendous economic value, has
not only opened a new way to a big increase in rice production but has also broken
our predecessors' set pattern and enriched the theory and practice of heredity in
hybrid rice seeds. Many noted international rice experts acknowledge that our
country leads the world in research and extension of hybrid rice.
The editorial says: Since the 3d plenary session of the 11th CCP Central Committee,
we have been pursuing an open-door policy in dealing with other countries. In
our contacts with other countries, we have learned a lot. In a failure of analysis,
however, some people regard everything foreign as good, put blind faith in foreigners
and improperly belittle themselves. This successful cultivation of, hybrid rice is
sound teaching material for those people.
The editorial says: Our country has led the world and made brilliant achievements
in astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, architecture, medicine,
agronomy ... and in many other fields for long historical periods. However, our
country has lagged behind in modern times because of imperialist aggression and
oppression and exploitation by the reactionary ruling class at home. In old China,
a semicolonial and semifeudal society, the Chinese people were smeared by foreigners
as "benighted" and were regarded as an inferior nation. The victory of the Chinese
people's revolution made a clean sweep of the servility of the reactionary ruling
class, national nihilism and our national inferiority complex. The radical change
of our social system, the development of our economic construction and our scientific
and technological achievements in, for example, nuclear technology, carrier rocket
technology, synthetic bovine insulin and the successful launching and recovery of
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manmade satellites has made the world look at us with new eyes, Through the efforts
of our scientists and technicians in the first 17 years after the founding of
the PRC, the gap between China's scientific level and advanced world levels narrowed.
During the 10 catastrophic years, the Lin Biao and the Jiang Qing counterrevolu-
tionary cliques disrupted scientific and technological undertakings and persecuted
scientists and technicians, thus again broadening this gap. However, with deep
love for the motherland, with firm faith in our party and with a sense of responsi-
bility as masters of the country, our scientists and technicians still quietly
immersed themselves in hard work and persisted in engaging in scientific research
in those difficult days. Comrades like Yuan Longping continued their efforts
without interruption, thus successfully cultivating hybrid rice. Many countries
have done research on hybrid rice of the male sterile line but have not yet succeeded.
But, our country was the first to successfully breed the hybrid and popularize it.
This once again shows that our scientists and technicians have great intelligence
as well as high aspirations and creative power. We have full strength and confidence
that we can stand on our own feet in the ranks of the nations of the world.
The editorial says: Compared with advanced world levels, the scientific and
technological level of our country is still rather low. We resolutely oppose
"looking at the sky from the bottom of a well" and "parochial arrogance." We should
practice "the doctrine of taking things from others" advocated by Li Xun and study
other countries' advanced science and technology suited to the conditions of our
country in order to make foreign things serve China. However, we must not improperly
belittle ourselves and so blindly worship foreign things as to lose our self-
confidence and become dispirited.
In the past.30 years, we have trained and tempered millions of scientists and
technicians to a fair educational level. This contingent of scientists and
technicians who are loyal to the motherland and the people and who have firm faith
in the party and socialism is a force that can be completely relied on. After
summing up our experiences and lessons over the past 30 years, we have clearly
realized the role of science and technology as a productive force. We are fostering
an atmosphere of respecting science and scientists throughout the party and society
and are starting to gradually improve the conditions for the livelihood, work,
study and advanced study of scientists and technicians. Although we shall still
meet with various difficulties as we advance, we have the confidence and strength
to surmount them and to scale world heights in science and technology in order to
bring benefit to the people, to-win honor for the country and the nation and to
make contributions to mankind.
The editorial points out: The extension of hybrid rice on large tracts of farmland
has effectively promoted our country's agricultural development. This once again
proves the correctness of the party's policy that it is necessary to rely on .
policy and science in developing agriculture. When the question of the system of
responsi'.-ility in agricultural production is basically solved, it will be more
necessary to rely on science to develop agricultural production. Party committees
and governments at all levels must attach importance to agricultural science, improve
and strengthen their leadership over agricultural scientific research units and
agricultural colleges and schools and correct the ideas and practices that 16 more
agricultural science and education. It is necessary to concientiously implement
the policy toward intellectuals, to further arouse the socialist enthusiasm of
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large numbers of agricultural scientific researchers, agricultural technicians,
experienced old peasants and educated young people in the countryside and to give.
full play to their role as the mainstay in agricultural economic construction.
~In fact, we must rely on policy and science not only to develop agriculture but
to ddvelop industry as well. We must rely on science and technology to build a
.modern, powerful socialist country. All party comrades and cadres must attach
great importance to the role of science and pay close attention to bringing
scientists' power into full play.
CSO: 4008/378
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'JINGJI GUANLI' ON LESSONS FROM IMPORTING EQUIPMENT
HK301356 Beijing JINGJI GUANLI [ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT] in Chinese No 6, 15 Jun 81
pp 12-14
[Economic commentary by Lin Senmu [2651 2773 2606]: "Lessons Drawn From the
Importation of 22 Complete Sets of Equipment"; passages within slantlines pub-
lished in boldface]
[Text] After the smashing of the "gang of four," the party Central Committee made
a decision to expedite the pace of our socialist modernization program with the
utilization of foreign funds and technology. Practice has fully proven this to be
entirely correct. But it must be acknowledged that there cropped up some short-
comings and mistakes in the process of implementing this correct policy decision.
The importation of the 22 projects of complete sets of equipment signed in 1978
was a prominent instance. This batch of projects was the product of "leftist"
mistakes, and was a product of not seeking truth from facts, and of subjectivism.
In the 10'chaotic years, our national economy was brought to the brink of collapse,
the disproportionate relations of the national economy were very serious, the
scope of capital construction was overstretched and the orientation of investment
was irrational. Normally speaking, after the smashing of the "gang of four," we
should have carried out readjustment and rectification and let the people rest
and build strength, instead, we called for "getting going and going all out" and
building 120 large-scale backbone projects, and the total amount of investment
within 8 years (from 1979 to 1985) was planned to exceed the total sum of the past
28 years. Under the guidance of this "theory of achieving quick results," an
upsurge of importing complete sets of equipment was started. In 1979 in a very
short period of time, large numbers of contracts to import foreign equipment based
mainly on the 22 projects were signed. This included the contracts comprising
about half of the total amount of transactions which were signed within 10 days
beginning from 20 December 1978 to the end of that year. Many of them were pro-
jects outside the state plan. The Shanghai Baoshan Iron and Steel General Plant,
the biggest project ever seen to date, was also a project outside the state plan.
On the issue of importing these projects, no procedure of construction was fol-
lowed, neither were any earnest investigation and study nor technical and economic
deliberation and comparison of various plans made, and also no overall balance was
made through the planning departments. Everything in this respect was decided by
the leading cadres by marking dots and small circles. Even without the simplest
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certificates for planned tasks but only based on a scrap of note paper with some
dots and ring marks, they could sign more than US$2 billion worth of contracts
with foreign businessmen and decide on construction projects with a total invest-
ment of 10 billion [presumably yuan]. Therefore, the importation of these 22
projects was made largely at random and in a blind way. The large quantity Of
foreign exchange.used and investment poured into these projects could only help
make the imbalances of the national economy worse.
/1) Making the scope of capital construction become viciously inflated./ The
long-drawn-out situation in which the scope of our national economy was over-
stretched, the management was in disorder and the investment effects were poor
has remained unsolved for a long time. Although these 22 imported projects were
small in number, the investment channelled into them was substantial. This made
the already overstretched scope of capital construction continue to expand. It
will take 7 or 8 years to fulfill the volume of investment needed by the planned
large and medium-scale projects which have not been completed, calculated on the
basis of their original level of investment of that year, even without any new
projects being set up. The 22 imported projects (excluding the accumulative
total of fulfilled volume) occupied 34 percent of the total investment needed.
According to their original plans, the investment in these imported projects will
reach a climax in 1980 and 1981, each year needing 10 or 20 billion'yuan of
investment, surpassing the limit of the national financial strength and material
resources. In fact, to make this batch of projects form comprehensive productive
forces requires the building of additional necessary complete sets of projects
such as railway and power stations, and transforming electrical transmission
lines, coal cleaning plants and projects for the production of industrial chemi-
cals, and the corresponding urban construction. It was estimated that the actual
scope of the 22 imported projects plus their necessary complete sets of projects
would be 100 percent greater than the planned scope. This will greatly surpass
the actual abilities of our national strength.
/2) The orientation of investment is irrational./ In China's distribution of
investment in capital construction there has existed a tendency in which heavy
industry is given one-sided stress while light industry does not receive the.
deserved attention, resulting in a very irrational economic structure. Because
of the one-sided priority given to the development of heavy industry and the
overly low proportion of investment in agriculture and light industry, agricul-
ture and light industry could not develop in a proper way. In the inner sectors
of heavy industry, owing to the practice of "taking steel as the key link," the
basic structure such as the energy industry and transport and communications have
become the weak links. With the backward state of energy and transport and. com-
munications, only 20 to 30 percent of the industrial productive forces could be
utilized, and many enterprises stopped production for 3 days and operated for 4
days, and vice versa. Therefore, it is necessary to readjust this irrational
orientation of investment and rationalize the economic structure. However,
among the 22 imported projects signed in 1978, the main projects were metallurgi-
cal and chemical industrial projects comprising 74 percent of the total volume of
investment in this batch of projects, energy projects constituting only 11 percent
and light industrial and textile industrial projects occupying only 12 percent.
As a result, the orientation of investment has become more and more irrational.
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The total volume of investment needed by the unfinished projects of the planned
large and medium-scale projects which were under construction centered on heavy
industry, particularly the metallurgical industry comprising 22 percent of the
total volume of investment needed by the unfinished projects and the chemical
industrial projects constituting 10.6 percent.
/3) Without the conditions for production being practicable, even though the
items are completed, they still cannot go into operation./ Most of the 22
imported projects consume large quantities of energy. After going into opera-
tion, they will annually consume 10 million tons of crude oil and 20 million tons
of coal. In the present situation in which our energy supply is strained, the
state cannot afford to supply. Take a copper-producing basic construction
project for instance. If its conditions for coal, electricity and transport and
communications are unpracticable, it will annually consume 1 or 2 million tons
of coal according to the originally planned scope. This will affect the newly
built power plants and the balance between production and demand of coal, and coal
should be imported from other areas, which in turn will add weight to the over-
loaded railway transport, thus demanding additional railways to be built or
rebuilt. Some chemical industrial projects still do not know where to get crude
oil from. In addition, several other projects will encounter the problem of
energy supply of raw materials after completion.
In sum, the problems of the construction of the 22 imported projects were rela-
tively many. Therefore some of them got stranded before going into operation;
many projects which have been put into construction had to be cancelled or post-
poned and still others whose construction plans should be altered and scale
should be reduced. In this way, warehouses had to be constructed to store
the several billion U.S. dollars' worth of equipment, consuming a large amount
of manpower, materials and finances to preserve and take care of them, resulting
in several billion [currency unspecified] units of foreign exchange or scores of
billion renminbi lying,idle over a long period of time. This was unprecedented
in terms of politics and economics.
At present, the primary task for clearing away and ridding ourselves of the
"left" deviationist ideological shackles in economic work and further imple-
menting the principle of readjustment of the national economy is the further
curtailment of capital construction to a proper degree. In the meantime, it is,
imperative to earnestly sum up and draw lessons from these 22 imported projects.
/1. Borrowing from abroad to buy mechanical equipment depends on the amount of
national funds necessary to manufacture complete sets of equipment./ Under the
prerequisite of putting self-reliance first, it is entirely necessary to borrow
from abroad to import some advanced techniques. This is conducive to counter-
acting our weaknesses in construction funds to speedily enlarge the productive
forces and utilizing advanced technology to transform the national economy. But
most of the foreign debts we borrowed 2 years ago were used to buy mechanical
equipment. Using foreign debts to buy mechanical equipment does not depend on
our subjective will but depends on how much investment the state can afford for
the necessary complete sets of equipment. The ability to manufacture the neces-
sary complete sets of equipment should be considered in two ways: one is the
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national investment, materials for equipment and ability to construct needed by
the projects to manufacture the necessary complete sets of equipment, and the
other is the ability to form complete sets of raw materials, fuel, power and
transport and communications after the projects have been constructed.
Some people once argued that it was permissible to separate the carrying out of
capital construction using equipment bought with foreign debts from the domestic
planned arrangements, thus allowing it to go its own way, that is to say, it
could be disconnected with the domestic state plans or finance. This "theory of
disconnection" does not hold water. Take the first phase of the project of the
Shanghai Petrochemical Industrial General Plant, which has been completed and
put into operation for example. This project has 18 sets of equipment in all,
of which 9 sets were introduced from abroad. and 9 others are Chinese-,made. The
public facilities, municipal administrative facilities and nonproductive con-
struction were all supplied domestically. Viewed from the angle of the ratio
of investment, the imported installations comprised 37 percent while the Chinese-
made ones constituted 63 percent. If the portion of the 9 Chinese-made installa-
tions had been imported from abroad, we should have spent more foreign:exchange.
Meanwhile, the domestic productive capacity of these projects cannot be utilized.
This is economically irrational. If we build by means of borrowing from abroad
the public facilities (heat and power stations, water works, railways, roads and
docks) and import all power-generating equipment, rail sleepers and locomotives,
this seems to be disconnected, but where should we get the needed rolled steel,
timber and cement from? Apart from the bricks, tiles, lime, sand and stones
which should be taken from the domestic market, it is almost impossible to rely
on foreign countries to supply cement, electricity, coal and transport and com-
munications facilities needed by the construction. The nonproductive construction
(housing,. canteens, shops and hospitals) and the construction of water supply,
sewage, gas, telephone and transport facilities which serve factories also cannot
be solved by borrowing from abroad. In addition, taking production into consid-
eration, even if we borrow from abroad by processing supplied materials, assem-
bling supplied parts and importing assembly lines, and pay them with products
exported, we still require domestic replenishment of complementary materials,
packaging materials, necessary complete sets of equipment and the relevant funds.
How can the large-scale imported projects be disconnected with the domestic
appropriate ones? Needless to say, no matter what means and measures we take in
borrowing from abroad to undertake construction, it is necessary for agriculture
and light industry to provide us with the means of livelihood. Borrowing from
abroad to undertake production should be based on the substantially increased
production of agriculture and light industry. The disconnection of arrangements
between construction using borrowed foreign funds and production by domestic
strength, in fact, is to be divorced from the overall balance of the whole
national economy, starting to build all over again. This will inevitably lead
to loss of control over the scope of capital construction and damage the propor-
tionate relations of the national economy.
Therefore, in borrowing from abroad to import some projects, it is necessary to
make an overall plan and link up the interior and the exterior to attain overall
balance. As regards all projects using foreign investment, it is essential first
of all to consider the degree of capability and possibility to cooperate and
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manufacture the necessary complete sets of equipment domestically. It is not
permissible to decide in isolation on the scale, schedule and effects of the
imported projects regardless of the conditions for the construction of projects
to manufacture necessary complete sets of equipment and the possibility for
cooperation of building times and conditions for construction. The imported
projects and the projects for the necessary complete sets of equipment should
be arranged well concurrently, otherwise even when.they are completed, they will
not produce any practical results and on the contrary, they will become a heavy
burden.
/2. It is necessary to proceed from the national condition and increase the
capability for self-reliance./ The aim of importing technology by using foreign
investment is to increase our capability for self-reliance. We should rely on our
own strength in building the four modernizations and not buy modernization. In
using foreign debts, we should not import any projects whatsoever production.
Particular stress should be laid on introducing advanced technology and trying
in every possible way to increase the domestic level of designed capacity and
manufacturing capability. Everyone should take the overall interests into con-
sideration and energetically foster the domestic manufacturing industry. It is
not permissible to weaken and attack the domestic engineering (manufacturing)
industry.. Hence the domestic departments concerned should be allowed to undertake
every design that can be undertaken or mastered through learning at home. Equip-
ment that can be manufactured and supplied at home should be supplied as much as
possible by the departments concerned at home. As for some equipment that cannot
be supplied at home for the time being, it is permissible to introduce from
abroad the blueprints (drawings) and technical data, and engage foreign special-
ists as instructors. We should try our best to manufacture them by ourselves.
In case we are obliged to buy equipment from abroad, we should buy the key
equipment.
Furthermore, in importing advanced technology, we should take our own actual
conditions and the current national ability and resources into consideration.
Our country has limited funds, insufficient technological force and a large
population. Therefore in carrying out modernization, we have to consider what
is to be modernized first and what later, proceed on the priority principle,
make rational arrangements, differentiate what is primary from what is secondary
and distinguish between what should come first and what should come later. When-
ever modernization is mentioned, people think that everything can be accomplished
by "pressing a button." It is unnecessary and impossible to do things like that.
In our country, advanced and relatively backward techniques will exist concur-
rently. Therefore, it is necessary to spontaneously develop automation, semi-
automation, mechanization, semimechanization and manual labor of various types.
/3. 'Decisions on every project should be based on scientific confirmation and
technological and economic deliberation./ In deciding on every imported project,
we should act according to the procedure of capital construction and the scien-
tific laws and correct the unhealthy tendencies of writing instructions. or notes
arbitrarily and starting projects in an unplanned way. Without the examination
of comprehensive departments concerned and approval through collective discussion,
no one, from secretaries of the people's communes to members of the Standing
Committee of the CCP has the right to ratify any projects.
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An earnest technical and economic deliberation (feasibility study) should. be made
before importing a project, including the main problems of the research projects
such as resources, (?geology), raw materials, fuel, power, communications,
technological processes, equipment selection, product specifications, varieties,
quantity and market. We should conduct technological and economic investigation
and study of the project, make a comparison of the various plans and calculate
the technical and economic results after it is completed. Only after this
project has been proved to be technically advanced and reliable, economically
beneficial and profitable, and in addition, we are capable of undertaking it,
can we begin to carry out trade negotiations and sign contracts for imports.
Without making any scientific confirmation and without any analysis of techno-
logical feasibility or economic feasibility with regard to the imported projects,
we decided on them after making assumptions by marking only a few dots and small
circles on a piece of paper. We "did not have a real understanding of how things
stand but had great determination and lots of measures." This practice of blindly
deciding on projects to-be imported will inevitably cause great waste and inflict
many hidden dangers and insurmountable incurable diseases on production.
A. Learn to do business./ Over the past.20 years, blocked by imperialism in
the first stage and disrupted and sabotaged by Lin Biao and the "gang of four"
later, it was impossible for us to develop economic.activities with other coun-
tries on an intensive scale. As a result, we have a poor understanding of
international economic activities and little knowledge in many respects. Owing.
to lack of experience, the importation of the 22 projects was a bit too hasty,
hence we suffered some losses. We must learn to do business and master the knack
of doing business.
In negotiating loans to import technology, we have come into contact with many
foreign capitalists. We should soberly realize that foreign capitalists are after
all capitalists, and are "the personification of capital" (quotation from Marx).
Their motives and aim for doing business are to achieve the biggest profits.
The.profits they aim to obtain definitely cannot be less than the average inter-
national profit rate. If the profits they gain are less than the average profit
rate, they will not take risks to make investments and they are entirely justi-
fied in keeping their money in banks to receive interest safely and surely.
In talking about the role of gold under the socialist system, Lenin pointed out:
"After winning international victory, I think, we will build some lavatories,
with gold in the streets of the several biggest cities in the world." But at
present, we "must still treasure gold. If you sell your gold, sell'it at a
higher price, and if you buy any commodities with gold, buy them at a lower
price. If you live with wolves, you should learn to bark like wolves."
Promptly summing up experience, upholding what is correct and correcting what is
wrong are our fine traditions and also the main reasons for the progress we have
made in our work. We should uphold our fine traditions and do a proper job in
using foreign investments to import technology.
CSO: 4006/421
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FANG YI STRESSES SCIENCE EDUCATION FOR YOUTH
OW201924 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1802 GMT 19 Jun 81
[Text) Beijing, 19 Jun (XINHUA)--Speaking at the inaugural meeting of the Chinese association
of scientific-technological instructors for youngsters, which closed on 19 June, Fang.Yi,
Song Renqiong and other comrades urged all in society to show concern for and give support
to young people's activities in the field of science and technology.
Fang Yi said: An iiortant thing in developing science and technology is to train competent
workers in this field. We should not only strengthen our present ranks of scientists and
technicians, but also try to discover talented persons and cultivate them as early as
possible into a mighty scientific and technological reserve force while continuing to raise
the scientific and cultural level of the young generation. Promoting extensive activities
in the scientific and technological field among young people is an important task toward
this end. These activities, he said, can supplement classroom teaching and play a vital
role in cultivating the young people's aspiration for and interest in science and in raising
their ability to observe, think and work in a practical way. These activities are also of
vital significance to promoting socialist spiritual civilization as they can bring about
good habits among the young people of behaving decorously, paying attention to morality,
loving science and studying diligently. In his speech Fang Yi praised the scientific-
technological instructors for youngsters as "sowers of the seeds of science and good gardeners
for cultivating the seedlings of science and technology."
In his speech Song Renqiong stressed that education in science and technology must start
with children, teenagers and youth so that the youngsters will have a foundation in science.
He expressed the hope that the broad masses of scientific-technological instructors for
youngsters across the country, in particular those working in the countryside, will work
harder than ever to help with the young people's activities in the field of science and
technology. Among those attending the closing ceremony were responsible persons of the
Chinese Scientific and Technological Association, the Ministry of Education, the State
Physical Culture and Sports Commission, the CYL Committee, the All-China Women's Federation,
Beijing Municipality and other departments concerned.
The inaugural meeting of the Chinese association of scientific-technological instructors
for youngsters opened on 12 June. The purpose of this association is to unite and organize
.on a still wider scale all scientific-technological instructors for youngsters and enthusiasts
supporting young people's activities in the field of science and technology. The meeting
exchanged information on achievements and experiences in carrying out activities related to
science and technology among young people. It adopted a "proposal for further developing
the science-loving campaign among young people." Wu Zhonghua, an engineer and thermophysicst
and executive chairman of the presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was elected
chairman of the. association's board of directors. Jiang Nanxing, minister of education,
was given the title of honorary chairman of the association's board of directors.
At the 19 June closing ceremony, speeches were also made by Jiang Nanxiang and chairman of
the Chinese Scientific and Technological Association Zhou Peiyuan. Before the closing
ceremony, Fang Yi and other comrades met with all the outstanding scientific-technological
instructors for youngsters attending the meeting.
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RENMIN RIBAO COMMENTARY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
HK190454 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 5 Jul 81 p 3
(Commentary by Jia Weiwen [6238 5588 2429]: "Combine the Plans for the Development of
Science and Technology With the Plans for the Development of the Economy and of Society"]
(Text] The combination of the plans for the development of science and technology with
the plans for the development of the economy and of society will enable the economic
development of our country to take the road of less investment and accumulation and
achieve better results. This is a historical trend in the development of modern society.
There are at present several ways of combining the overall planning and all-round arrange-
ments of the above three: The planning departments should set requirements on science and
technology, the main task of which is to solve key problems in the development of the
economy; major capital construction projects, the orientation and policies of economic
development, which will be included in the plan, should all be checked and approved by
specialists; major items in economic development should be arranged in a connected
sequence; the unification of the three should manifest itself in various economic develop-
ment plans; and strengthen the connection between scientific research and production. In
the meantime, we should work out a relatively independent plan for developing science and
technology. Planning personnel, science and technology personnel and social science per-
sonnel should be organized together.
At present, the outline of the sixth 5-year plan and the outline of a 10-year plan are
being drafted in various departments and localities. In the summer of last year, the
leading comrades of the party Central Committee pointed out that our country's plan
should include not only plans for developing the economy, but also plans for developing
science and technology and for developing society. Recently, a leading' comrade of the
State Council clearly stated that in working out the plan we are going to carry out, we
must strive to express the principle of combining the development of science and techno-
logy with the development of the economy and of society, and overcome the shortcoming of
separating the three. But in our actual work, the combination of the three has not. been
carried out in orderly ways. A conscientious study and settlement of this problem are an
important condition for doing a good job in working out the plan. This is an urgent sub-
ject which will promote the development of our country's economy and society and the
progress of science and technology.
For a long rime,'the plans for the development of science and technology in our country
hive been divorced from the plans for the development of the economy and of society.
They have not been able to merge together organically. Economic development has seldom
relied on science and technology. Science and technology have not played a sufficient
role in solving major problems in the economic and social development. This is very
detrimental to economic development.
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The problem is, in the actual conditton of our country, should economic and social develop-
ment rely on science and technology? To what extent should it rely? How important will
be the roll. played by science and technology in promoting the development of the economy
and society? In the future development of our country's economy, we should probe into and
take the road of less investment and accumulation and of getting better results. To take
this road, we are required to change the stress in the economic development indices from
just concentrating on output value, quantity and speed to raising the quality of products,
increasing their variety, reducing the consumption of energy and raw materials and lowering
the cost of production. This requirement should be reflected not only in the contents of
the plan indices but also in checking methods of production and construction units.
In order to accomplish targets of economic development and achieve better economic results,
and especially to achieve better economic results when investment in capital construction
is reduced, the main thing is to carry out readjustment, reform and technical innovations.
The economic development of our country in the future cannot mainly rely on the increase of
equipment or personnel from the original level. We must not expand production by extending
production. We must expand production and raise the level of production mainly in the
contents of production. ThiF, all the more requires us to combine economic with technical
means, that is, to combine readjustment (the structure of economy and products), reorgani-
zation (specialization and cooperation), reform (management system) and restructuring
(technology), so as to energetically raise the economic and technical indices and achieve
better economic results. Taking this road is more difficult and arduous than taking the
old road. But this is a broad road, which will become broader and broader.
The combination and unification of the plans for developing science and technology with the
plans for developing the economy and society have become a historical trend in which modern
society develops. In particular, during the more than 30 years since World War II, there
have been many new major breakthroughs in science and technology, which play a more and more
important role in the development of the economy and society. According to statistics, at
the beginning of this century, technical progress accounted as a 5-20 percent factor in
the economic growth and labor productivity increase in economically-developed. countries.
In the 1970's, technical progress accounted as a 50-70.percent factor in the economic
growth of the developed countries. Because of this, many counries have now determined, from
the point of the planning and work system, on the combination of the plans for developing
science and technology with the plans for developing the economy and society.
Some people think that for a technically backward country like ours, the role of science
and technology is rather, small. Therefore it cannot be regarded as an important backing
for realizing economic growth. These people only ,see the backward side of our country's
technology, but fail to see that our country's economy has after all developed to a certain
scale, though our country's economy and science and technology have suffered many setbacks;
that our country has a science and technology contingent, of a certain scale and level that
has achieved, in different degrees, certain results in many fields of scientific research
and that has accumulated certain reserves; and that we have also imported advanced tech-
niques from abroad. By joining all this together, we know that our country's science and
technology can play a magnificent role in promoting economic development. We have obtained
successful experience in this respect. The problem now is to really bring intq play the
role of science and technology and make it a great force in raising economic results and
promoting economic development.
Several Key Methods of Carrying Out the Combination
In what ways can we combine the plans for developing science and technology with the plans
for developing the economy and society, and unify them? Judging from the present conditions,
we can at least adopt the following methods:
First, put the plans for developing science and technology and the plans for developing
the economy and society under.overall consideration and all-round arrangement. The plans
for developing science and technology and the plans for developing the economy and society
should be component parts of the plan for developing the whole national economy. Economic
development sould provide the development of science and technology and the development
of the society with the necessary conditions.
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Second, the planning departments should set requirements, on the departments of. science
and technology according to the needs of economic development. The development of
science and technology including scienctific research, the import of techniques and the
digestion and absorption of imported techniques, should meet the maximum need of economic
development and take the solution of key technical problems in economic development as
its major task. In scientific research, we should, through various experiments, obtain
complete, reliable technical and economic data that can be realized repeatedly. This
data should be provided to the production and construction departments.
Third, major capital construction projects, technical innovations, imported techniques
and the major problems of orientation and policies in economic development should all be
checked and approved by specialists in economics and in science and technology. Without
checking and approval by specialists, the planning departments cannot list the above-
mentioned items in the plan. The departments of science and technology should organize
this work and make it a system to be established. When working out a plan, we should go
by the major technical policies that are jointly made step by step and in a planned way
for the main undertakings by the departments of science and technology and those of
economics.
Fourth, from scientific research, the import of techniques and technological design to
construction and the operation of production, we should have set arrangements in connected
sequence for the major subjects and tasks in economic development, so as to change the
results of scientific research into productive forces as soon as possible.
Fifth, and most important, the combination of the development plan for the three aspects
should be reflected in the process of the working out of the various development plans
for the economy (society). This is the basic link and the main tie for joining up and
connecting the development plans for science and technology with the development plans
for the economy (society). The economic development plan includes not only a production
plan and a capital construction plan, but also a technical innovation plan, with the
enterprises as its foundation and the development plan for products and undertakings as
its main content. We should regard technical innovations as the main path for developing
products and undertakings. So long as problems can be solved by restructuring the present
enterprises, we must resolutely avoid carrying out new construction in this respect.
The technical restructuring plan of enterprises and undertakings includes the renewal of
products and the adoption of new techniques and technology. It is in fact the populariza-
tion and application of the results of scientific research or of imported techniques in
production and construction. The economic development plan of various trades and
undertakings should include plans for developing new products and for adopting new
techniques and technology. We should also create conditions for setting the indices
for net output value resulting from technical progress. There are two aspects in fully
relying on the role of technical progress in the economic development plan: on the one
hand, absorb and digest the nourishment of science and technology and adopt appropriate
advanced techniques as far as possible in production and construction and in technical
innovations; on the other hand, starting from the needs of the development of the economy
and society, requirements of vari.ous`aspects should be set on science and technology.
Many items and subjects in the plan for developing science and technology should be
put forward in this way.
Giving priority to technical innovations in the existing enterprises does not mean that
we do not want capital construction. In the light of the actual condition of our country,
capital construction should. have a certain proportion in the investment in expanded
reproduction. In view of our 30 years' experiences and lessons, we must energetically
strengthen the work in the early stages of capital construction. Technical preparation
is an important component part of such work. Technical preparation should also include
the necessary scientific research. Therefore, in the work in the early stage of capital
construction, we should make appropriate arrangements for scientific research.
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Sixth, In urder to strengthen the connection between research end production, we should
build more sample production devices for economic results that need major techniques
and for popularizing the possible results of scientific research. Take production lines
and workshops as an example. They should carry out small-scale production. It is
necessary for the production and construction units to cooperate with the scientific
research units to realize this plan. Production enterprises will be responsible for the
investment needed and the state will be responsible for the investment and loans for major
and important projects.
Only when various trades and undertakings take science and technology as an important means
for developing the economy so as to make the development of science and technology an
organic component part of the economic development plan and intertwine the economic and
technical means of achieving economic growth together, can the method of working out
plans in a mechanical way be changed and the problem of the development of science and
technology and the development of the economy really be solved.
When working out the social development plan, we should also combine economic measures
with the technical measures. Take the problem of the control of air pollution in the
urban areas as an example. If no major and important measures are taken in respect of
the popularization of the use of gar. in the urban areas, it is difficult for us to achieve
outstanding results in air pollution control. And the popularization of the use of gas
in the urban areas cannot but rely on science and technology.
In stressing the, combination of the plans for developing science and technology with the
plans for developing the economy and society and by stressing that the contents of science
and technology should be taken as an organic component part of the various economic develop-
ment plans, we do not in the least mean that there is no more need to work out plans for
developing science and technology. According to the present actual condition of our
country, we should concentrate our efforts on solving key technical problems that have
emerged in the present and recent production and construction, and giving priority to
the arrangement of projects that can bring about major and important economic results.
We should also have development in mind. We should devote certain efforts to the study
of basic theory and to the study of very advanced techniques. We should also arrange
some long-term projects so as to make preparations for the future development of the
economy and technology.
The plans for developing science and technology should include major and important
projects of scientific research (including basic, applied and exploitation research),
major and important projects for the import, digestion and absorption of techniques,
projects for capital construction in science and technology (such as experimental
bases, test centers, research centers and information centers), development plans for
scientific and technological undertakings, including funds for scientific and technological
research and material, and training plans for the increase of qualified personnel. It
should also include several key undertakings and areas to be opened up and comprehensive
projects of science and technology. According to the actual condition of our country's
science and technology and in light of needs and possibilities, we should do things in
order of importance and urgency, decide what is to be learned at home and what imported
from abroad, and carry out comprehensive balance and all-round arrangement. The projects
that are to be listed in the plan must have implementation details and guarantees so
that the plan can have certain strategic aims and be relatively practicable.
We should also adopt organizational measures to carry out the. combination of the plans
for developing science and technology with the plans for developing the economy and
society, and do our best to organize together the planning, science and technology
and social science personnel. So long as we can organize well the forces from various
aspects and conscientiously carry out investigation and study, it is possible for us to
work out a fairly good plan.
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Beijing ZIRAN BIANZHENGFA TONGXUN [JOURNAL OF THE DIALECTICS OF NATURE] in Chinese
No 4, 10 Aug 81 pp 4-6
[Article by Lo Peilin [5012 3099.7207] of the Science & Technology Committee of
the Fourth Ministry of Machine Building: ."The Role of Technological Sciences in
the National Economy and Defense Construction in China"]
[Text.] I..Delineation of the Major Stages of Contemporary Science
and Technology
Activity in contemporary science and technology can basically be con-
sidered to have four key stages: basic science (i.e., basic research),
technological science (i.e., applied research), technological develop-
ment (including what we customarily call prototype manufacture), and
concrete engineering technology. The first three stages are clearly
characterized by'the core goals of discovery, invention, and creativity,
and in general by what is called "research and development" (often
denoted abroad by the English abbreviation R&D). Here, "scientific
research" includes the two stages of basic and applied research.
Concrete engineering technology is wide-ranging. This is using the
experience of each domain to raise the level of technical guidance,
or what could be called science and technology for everyday use. Ex-
amples include the technology of production engineering in industry;
planting, plowing, and harvesting technology in agriculture; clinical
diagnosis and treatment technology in medicine, etc. Technological
development, thus, is a stage inextricably linked to technology for
everyday use. It is already a common and important source of contem-
porary technology for everyday use. It includes aspects from the ini-
tial design stage to the development and trial-production of articles.
It also includes the overall development and realization of production
and operations technology. The clear goal of technological development
is to plan on the basis of applied experience.
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Basic scientific research is another of the four stages. Its mission
is the discovery and description of the natural world's basic phenomena
and principles. The new achievements of contemporary basic science have
led to many important new technological breakthroughs. For example, the
discovery of the Maxwell equations and Hertz' experiments led to the
development of radio communications; the discovery of nuclear fission
led to the development of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. The theory
of energy transmission in quantum mechanics made crucial contributions
to the continuous rise of semiconductor technology. However, in practice
if one simply proceeds from these basic achievements, it is often still
impossible to go directly to technical development or the development
of technology for everyday use. At this point, it is necessary to conduct
a great deal of scientific experimentation and theoretical investigation.
On the other hand, the accumulation of a great degree of empirical data
and materials during everyday practice and the development of technology
requires experimental verification and theoretical summarization in order
to create rational knowledge possessing even more guiding meaning, even
to the point of being able from this to enrich the content of basic science.
All this is the mission of technological science; it is the bond joining
basic science and the development of technology. The emergence of a strong
technological science is a great event in the contemporary development of
science and technology as well as currently being the direct source of much
new technology. On the basis of the contemporary experience of advanced
countries, the existence of the four stages has already produced a rela-
tively complete scientific and technological system in which each of the
four stages is essential. They depend on, permeate, and complement each
other.
II. Historical Experience on the Development of Science and Technology
Having an overall understanding of the history of the following developed
countries' science and technology development and comparing their differ-
ences and merits could provide important lessons for our'country's develop-
ment of science and technology.
Early science has a practical nature. Since the Industrial Revolution
many important inventions have come from combining early scientific
knowledge with experience gained through production. Later, in Western
Europe, under the influence of that region 's scholastic tradition, ad-
vanced basic science was developed. These basic scientific achievements
established important conditions for modern science and technology, but
at the time it emerged, it was not at all intimately related to the devel-
opment of that region's production. The development of a technological
science between basic science and technological development came somewhat
later.
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American science and technology originally lagged behind that of Western
Europe and was the historical model of a less advanced country achieving
virtually complete success in gaining first place. At an early stage it
made use of. West European technological development for its own production.
The rapid development of industry enabled applied technology to advance
rapidly, leading to a great number of inventions and the flourishing of
technology. This began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which
was also the time of Bell, Edison, and the Wright brothers; from this
developed the ranks of American technological scientists. At the time
of WWII, the development of nuclear energy, radar, and jet technology
propelled it to new peaks. With the immense planning for space, the rapid
expansion of the information industry, the large-scale advancement of nuclear
testing, and the urgent demands on energy and the environment currently
being stressed have sufficed to continue its development. The existence
of powerful technological science ranks has become the characteristic of
American science and technology. It was only after WWII that the US
energetically developed basic science. However, since it has such favor-
able conditions as a highly developed economy and a profound degree of
applied scientific achievement and engineering technology, it rapidly
entered the advanced ranks. During this-period Western Europe also began
to fill in the thin spots in its own technological science. It is also
worth mentioning that the US relied heavily on European talent for the
development of its basic science and technological science.
Japan is a model among contemporary states of a backward state which
has reached the front ranks and attained remarkable development. After
hWII, Japan began extensive economic, scientific, and technological
development. For this reason it could make full use of the achievements
of Western European and American science and technology. First, it trans-
ferred foreign, especially American, applied engineering and technology,
vital to the rapid development of the economy and production. Later,
along with copying, it paid full attention to developing its own tech-
nology. Because of this they were able thoroughly to master and digest
imported technology as well as being able to improve it so that many
facets of it attained the front ranks. As far as basic science and tech-
nological science are concerned, Japan repeatedly achieved world class
results, but did not gain a flourishing level overall. In recent years
they have demanded an increase in the rate of technological development
and, having already realized their technological reserves are weak, they
have begun to pay attention to strengthening these two stages.
The historical development of the Soviet Union occurred under different
circumstances. Because of court promotion in Tsarist times, a founda-
tion for basic scientific research was established early. Building on
this heritage, the Soviet Union established the Soviet Academy of Sciences,
developed powerful basic scientific ranks, and became one branch of the
world's advanced scientific ranks. Dedicating themselves to sophisticated
military technological development, they also achieved notable results.
They concentrated talented scientific and technical specialists and major
material and financial resources on this arena, thereby weakening various
aspects of applied engineering technology and technological development.
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This cannot but be an important reason why their national economy incor-
porates such key sectors as electronics which are characterized by long-
standing inferiority to other developed countries. Since high technology
and applied technology are insufficiently developed and do not make urgent
demands on technological science, technical science of course cannot
flourish either.
III. Problems Worth Noting in Science and Technology Development
1. Longterm scientific research should be properly managed. The US
in its early period and Japan are examples of stress on achieving imme-
diate results; the Soviet Union is an example of concentrating energy
on the achievement of longterm results. We cannot follow the old Soviet
road of longterm development in isolation, nor can we put longterm develop-
ment into th?e background like the US and Japan. We should take the overall
experience of each into consideration. In passing from a period of isola-
tion to getting results by "feeling one's way," longterm research has been
neglected. In recent years, attention has been paid to basic science, but
the stress on applied research remains insufficient. Although applied
research, i.e., technological science, does not lead directly to products
or techniques, it provides creative conditions and paves the way for
technological development. Numerous key problems currently blocking
production and technological development often can be solved only through
emphasis on technological science research. The US established strong
technological scientific ranks relatively early. This was of great utility
to its attainment of the leading place in production and technology. The
great significance of such experience should be fully emphasized.
2. Adjustments in the proportion of technological development to engi-
neering technology in common use are useful to facilitate rapid scientific
and technological results in social practice. For example, in industrial
experience, flatly stressing the development of production during a given
period not only led to underemphasis on scientific research but caused
production engineering and the advancement of related technology to be
severely neglected, as well as leading to the neglect of general techno-
logical development. Therein lies the crux of the problem of retarded
application of many scientific and technological achievements, high
production costs, and low quality. Since production engineering and
development of technological research both require a great deal of work,
this deficiency necessitates earnest treatment. The development of pro-
duiction should he adjusted conscientiously, duplication reduced, quality
improved, and efficiency raised. The transfer of a substantial amount
of energy to production engineering is beneficial to the development of tech-
nological science. The lesson to be derived from Soviet experience is that
underemphasis on the development of engineering technology should be
avoided.
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3. One should fully understand and abide by the rules of interdependence
between the development of science and technology and the development of
production. Practice demonstrates that science and technology develop-
ment often leads to a rise to a new level of production. A great amount
of new technology is currently available abroad which can be of use to
our production. Production requires the utmost prior resolution of tech-
nological problems, only after which can one move freely ahead. In view
of these points, scientific and technological work is the precursor of
production and daily practice. But on the other hand, the task of devel-
oping science and technology must be addressed primarily from the view-
point of social practice. Everyday practice has given far more data and
source material to the development of science and technology than scien-
tific experiments have been able to provide. Many scientific and techno-
logical achievements reach final realization only after a long period of
practical verification, substantiation, revision,aand development. The
scope of science and technology developnent should be adapted to the needs
and capabilities of the level of economic development. Viewed in this
light, science and technology development is the continuation of the devel-
opment of production and construction. In the US and Japan, during the course
of science and technology development, we can see everywherethe great degree
to.which the development of production and construction has promoted and
conditioned the development of science and technology.
4. Several other important problems must also be managed well for the
development of science and technology.
(1) Theory and Practice: '1any concrete science and.technology problems
can only be exposed and resolved through profound, broad social practice.
In the development of science and technology, theory and experimentation
are indivisible. It may be that theoretical work is the key element in
certain sciences and tasks. But as far as scientific and technological
work as a whole is concerned, that by far the greatest part is accounted
for by experimental work is a fact which must be faced.
(2) Scientific Research and Inventions: Contemporary, systematic
scientific research and technological development have made unprecedented
contributions to new, technology. But after the expansion of social
practice and the general elevation of the people's comprehension of
science, the process of inventing, rather than having lost ground, has
flourished, with practical experience and creative ideas the essential
factors, and even more has been based on the new level of knowledge. In
the same year that nations are celebrating the 100th anniversary of
Einstein's birth, the US is holding a great celebration of the 100th
anniversary of Edison's invention of the electric light bulb. The
solid ranks of inventors remain a major support for the economic develop-
ment and technological advancement of today's developed countries.
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(3) Imported Technology and the Development of Domestic Science and
Technology: In reality many achievements which we have not yet mas-
tered exist in the world. We should make full use of imported tech-
nology, earnestly and honestly studying and profoundly assimilating
it. But through imports we can only learn of other people's exper-
iences; we cannot learn the rich knowledge accumulated by others
through long practice nor can we achieve the essential development
of our own science and technology, modes of thinking, work methods,
or work style. Technology importation certainly has its limits. To
go the last step toward advanced international standards, one must
rely on oneself. The Japanese studied a great deal of foreign tech-
nology, thereby saving themselves a great deal of science and tech-
nology development work, but they applied themselves positively ra-
ther than relaxing their own technological development. Because of
this they were able to surpass the level of overseas technology,
entering the international front ranks while expending relatively little
energy of their own. We should study Japan's experience.
(4) New and "Traditional" Disciplines: The newly developing discipline
often symbolizes new progress in the level of science and technology
and should of course be emphasized during the phase of initial acqui-
sition. "Traditional" disciplines also have great vitality and are
often the essential foundation for new disciplines, but they are also
often the.wealt stages of backward countries. They also reach new levels
in the process of going from superficial to profound, from low to high,
to the point that some are once again transformed into important, brand
new disciplines. Therefore, they too'must be fully emphasized.
In sum, during work on the four scientific and technological stages, one
should give the proper weight to various relationships. In the past,
technological development was stressed, the other three stages being
slighted. Our work covers a broad range but is sometimes blocked by
crucial technology so that protracted effort accomplishes nothing. To
overcome these difficulties, it is necessary to strengthen research in
the technological sciences and accumulate technological reserves. In
areas where the responsibilities of scientific institutes, institutions
of higher education, and industrial departments overlap, applied tech-
nological scientific research should be allowed to occupy its proper
place and advance by means of overall planning, full cooperation, and
the making of contributions.
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HK230204 Beijing JINGJI GUANLI [ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT] in Chinese No 8, 15 Aug 81
pp 17-20
[Article by Sun Xiaoliang [1327 2400 5382]: "How Economic Leadership Depart-
ments Can Make Their Macroeconomic Policy Formulation More Scientific"--
passages enclosed in slantlines printed in boldface]
[Text] (I) An important lesson from the experience of Economic Construction
Over the past 31 years, our country's total output value has grown very rapidly.
Except for a few years, the annual growth rate always stayed above 7 percent.
The accumulation rate was also very high, reaching around 30 percent in the
majority of these 31 years. However, we did not achieve the desired economic
results. Only 69 percent of the total investment was converted into fixed
assets. Only 46 percent of it has genuinely played a role in the. economy. The
standard of living of the masses of people has not been improved to the desired
extent. Huge amounts of capital funds have been wasted or have been tied up
because of overstocking.
There are many reasons for this situation. An important lesson from our exper-
ience is that our macroeconomic policy formulation was unscientific. This was
reflected, in practice, in the formulation of unrealistic principles and poli-
cies, the lack of a scientific basis in formulating construction plans, the
issuing of arbitrary and impracticable directions, and so on.
Examples of unrealistic principles and policies include the continuous promo-
tion of production relations to higher levels, causing them to surpass the level
of development of the productive forces; principles that violated the laws
governing socialized large-scale production, such as principles requiring each
province to become a self-contained economic system, requiring each locality
to produce a balanced assortment of materials and to make available complete
sets of equipment, and so on; slogans such as putting an end to the situation
of having to transport coal from the north to the south, and so on; policies
concerning the use of fuel, such as switching from coal to oil and then later
inconsistently switching from oil to. coal, and so on; and so forth.
Examples of the lack of a Scientific basis in formulating construction plans in-
clude the following: The 10-year plan stipulating the building of 120 major
projects was put forth before the possibility of making the funds available was
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calculated. Imports were made on a massive scale before the availability of
foreign exchange was ensured, so with regard to some imported items, though
contracts had been signed, their implementation had to be postponed or the
contracts had to be amended because of a lack of funds. The project of
"supplying Sichuan's natural gas to other provinces" was decided upon before
the natural gas reserve was cearly ascertained, so that the project had to be
discontinued halfway because of the inadequate reserve. Numerous major pro-.
jects were started before raw materials, motive power or complete sets of equip-
ment were available. Some completed projects incurred losses right from the
time they went into operation.
In our economic life, there have also been numerous instances of issuing arbi-
trary and impracticable directions. Sometimes, major economic policies were
formulated on the basis of some "tendencies" or of some leaders' feelings.
When the call for developing the iron and steel industry on a massive scale
was issued, several hundred thousand people were directed into this effort;
everywhere primitive blast furnaces were set up; trees were cut down when
coal was not available; in many regions, highly valuable forestry resources
were destroyed; and consequently money and manpower were wasted, with the
losses being greater than the gains. When the slogan of "do away with the
dictatorship of rules and regulations" was put forth, all enterprises were put
under lower administrative levels. Some enterprises which provided services
on a nationwide scale were also put under county authorities. The consequence
was chaos in economic life over a period of time. To develop a dozen or more
daqings was merely casual talk, but this turned out to be the basis for formu-
lating plans for opening up oilfields.
These ways of formulating macroeconomic policy, which were unscientific or
even contrary to science, resulted in losses, some of which are incalculable.
Therefore, we must make our macroeconomic policy formulation more scientific;
that is, we must make it compatible with the objective reality and economic
laws, and we must have an accurate numerical basis and must perform quantita-
tive analysis. If this problem remains unsolved, the national economic propor-
tional relations will be disrupted again even if they have been readjusted, and
the economy will not be markedly improved.
(II) The Importance of This Problem
The problem of making macroeconomic policy formulation more scientific is an
extremely important problem, rather than being an ordinary one. It affects the
future and destiny of the planned economy. It is connected with whether the
superiority of the socialist system can be brought into play, and whether the
system of ownership by the whole people will degenerate.
The founders of scientific socialism clearly stated that the basic contradic-
tion in the capitalist system is that between the socialization of production
and the private ownership of the means of production. The forms of expression
of this basic contradiction are the class antagonism between the proletariat
and the bourgeoisie, as well as the anarchic state of social production. This
contradiction can be radically resolved through the seizure of public authority
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by means of the proletarian revolution, and the exercise of this authority to
make possible the social ownership of the means of production, to free the
means of production from their subordination to capital, and to acknowledge
their social nature. On the basis of public ownership, the anarchic state of
social production must give way to regulation by planning mechanism, and social
labor time must be consciously allocated according to proportions among various
categories of production, so that the development of the productive forces can
be promoted. [HK230230] This is an important manifestation of the superiority
of the socialist system. However, the goal of proportionate development can be
attained only with scientific centralized social planning. Bitter experiences
at home and abroad have. proved that unscientific centralized social planning
will only lead to the artificial disruption of proportional relations. More-
over, the consequences of disrupting the proportional relations "in a planned
way" are much more serious than those of the spontaneous disruption of the pro-
portional relations. Precisely because of this, although we have instituted the
public ownership of the means of production and have adopted the planned economy,
the superiority of the socialist system has not been fully brought into play
because the formulation of many macroeconomic policies has been unscientific.
To demonstrate the vitality of the planned economy, we must not rely mainly on
"theoretically explaining" its superiority. Instead, we must "prove" its
superiority "through practice." If our planning is unrealistic, violates eco-
nomic laws, is marked by the lack of accurate data as its basis, and is effected.
through the "invention of ideas" by a minority of people, then the reputation of
the planned economy will certainly be tarnished, and its prestige will certainly
be damaged. The First Five-Year Plan was rather satisfactory. It really effec-
tively guided our national economic development and enabled people to realize
the superiority of the planned economy. However, late on, for one thing, attempts
were made to continuously widen the scope of planning and increase the contents
of our plans, so that our work load was divorced from our actual capabilities
and standards. For another thing, the setting of high targets and the issuing
of arbitrary. and impracticable directions gradually became dominant, and criti-
cisms were continually launched against right conservatism and the passive main-
tenance of equilibrium; and consequently, our planning became less and less
scientific. If things continue like this, the prestige of the planned economy
among the people of the world will be utterly destroyed, and the planned. economy
will be deprived of its vitality.
Unrealistic policy formulation, unscientific planning for construction and issu-
ing arbitrary and impracticable directions, actually amount to the degeneration
of the system of ownership by the whole people. In our country, such ownership
is realized through the ownership of the means of production by the state in the
name of the people. Real life experience tells us that when our state organs
formulate economic policies, there may be two categories of possible results
with regard to whether such policies represent the common will and. interests of
al.l. of the people. When the economic policies formulated by the state are scien-
tific, the implementation of such policies inevitably promotes our national eco-
nomic development. This amounts to representing the people's common will and
interests, and the realization of ownership by all of the people. When the eco-
nomic policies formulated by the state are unscientific, the implementation of
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such policies inevitably lead to hugh losses and waste. This is against the
common will and interests of all the people. However, the laborers are in-
capable of doing anything about it. Therefore, this actually amounts to the
disintegration of ownership by all of the people.
Thus, from whichever point of view, we should not consider the problem of mak-
ing macroeconomic policy formulation more scientific as an ordinary or minor
problem.
(III) How To Make Macroeconomic Policy Formulation More Scientific
The major requirement is that we must eliminate the influence of "leftist" ide-
ology in economic work. An increasingly large number of comrades are. beginning
to realize this point, and are effectively performing work in this respect. The
power of economic policy formulation must be linked to the responsibility for
the consequences of implementing economic policies. We must put an end to the
situation in which the subjectivist issuing of arbitrary and impracticable di-
rections causes losses to the state amounting to hundreds of millions of yuan,
and the policymakers shoulder no responsibility for these economic consequences.
Aside from these two methods, we must, by reforming our economic management sys-
tems, make our methods of organization and our systems capable of ensuring more
scientific macroeconomic policy formulation.
We must not believe that the reform of our economic management system merely
amounts to expanding the enterprises' decisionmaking power. When the enter-
prises' decisionmaking power is expanded and microeconomic activity is promoted,
there will be an urgent need to strengthen guidance by planning. The formulation
of plans must be scientific, and the means of guidance must be powerful, so that
the conscious and proportionate development of the entire national economy can
be ensured. To achieve this, we should include at least the following three..
elements in the reform of our economic management system. (1) The enterprises
under the ownership of the whole people should "be subjected to ownership by the
whole people, practice independent accounting, and assume sole responsibility
for their profits and losses," so that the power to run the enterprises indepen-
dently, and an internal motive force that promotes continuous improvements in
management and operations will be available. (2) We must reform the functional,
organizational and personnel structures of government departments in charge of
economic management, so that macroeconomic policy formulation can be made more
scientific. (3) We must reform and perfect the agencies of economic regulation,
and flexibly employ various means of regulation, so that a "bridge" can be
established between the state's macroeconomic policy formulation and the enter-
prises' microeconomic policy formulation. [HK230312] If these three categories
of reform are carried out, then the enterprises' and the workers' enthusiasm,
initiative and creativity can be brought into play, and microeconomic results
will he improved; and moreover, proportionate national economic development can
he consciously maintained, so that macroeconomic results will be ensured.
A rather popular view holds that if the enterprises assume sole responsibility
for their profits and losses, then the government departments at various levels
responsible for economic management can be combined or abolished. Actually,
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things are quite far from being so simple. When the enterprises have been
assigned greater decisionmaking power, not only must the government depart-
ments responsible for economic management use a new set of methods to guide
economic activities so as to ensure the achievement of overall equilibrium,
but macroeconomic policy making must really become scientific. This is a very
arduous task. Therefore, for the economic management departments of the state,
reform is not merely a matter of simplification, combination and abolition, but
amounts to a series of structural reforms.
/First, the functional structure must be reformed./ At present, our government
departments responsible for economic management are actually performing two
categories of functions. First, they study and formulate principles, policies
and plans concerning national economic development. Generally speaking, this
function lies within the scope of macroeconomic policy formulation. Second,
they organize and direct the enterprises' activities in production, supply and
marketing. Generally speaking, this belongs to the scope of microeconomic policy
making. At present, a large proportion of their time and efforts are actually
used to organize the enterprises' production, supply and marketing activities.
The work of studying and formulation principles, policies and development plans
is done in a very crude manner. With the assumption of sole responsibility for
profits and losses by the enterprises and the assigning of microeconomic deci-
sionmaking power to the'enterprises, this functional structure must undergo a
major reform. With the implementation of the reform, the economic management
departments will inevitably have to do some work in coordinating production,
supply and marketing, but their main function and key task will be macroeconomic
policy formulation, to which they must devote the greater proportion of their
time.
/Second, we must reform the organizational structure./ At present, our govern-
ment departments responsible for economic management actually consist of two
categories of organizations. The first category are organs of power, which are
mainly responsible for organizing, directing and controlling production, distrib-
uting funds and material resources, deciding upon construction projects, and so
on. The second category are advisory bodies, which are mainly responsible for
making investigations about and studying principles and policies, compiling and
analyzing information, studying development plans, designing schemes for policy
formulation, and so on. Judging from present circumstances, specialized advisory
bodies are too few. Their work is mostly concurrently performed by organs of
power, so that it is very difficult to perform such work meticulously and to a
great depth. Our past mistakes of various types of macroeconomic policy formula-
tion were to a great extent due to the underdevelopment of such advisory bodies.
The formulation of an economic policy generally involves three "subprocesses."
First, we must compile adequate and accurate data, some of which may be collected
for a short period of time, but most must be collected on an annual basis. If we
do not compile and analyze information in this way, it will be impossible for us
to'formulate our policies on a scientific basis. The second stage is to design
schemes for policy formulation. On the basis of mastering and analyzing an ade-
quate amount of information, we must design a number of schemes for policy formu-
lation, analyze the feasibility of these schemes, and clearly know the advantages
of each. This requires a great deal of expert knowledge and a large number of
qualified specialists. The last stage is to select the right policy. The person
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or group responslbie tor decislonmaking will choose one from a number of
schemes presented for implementation. That is, he or they will "have the
final say." The first two stages involve a great deal of work which cannot
be performed by a policymaker or a number of policymakers, but must be done
by advisory bodies. Without those bodies which are essential for compiling
information and designing schemes for policy formulation, the policymakers
will not have any accurate data, any quantitative analysis findings, or a
number of schemes to compare and select from, as was the case of "supplying
Sichuan's natural gas to other provinces." Under these circumstances, even
if the policymakers are technical experts, it will be very difficult for them
to formulate scientific policies, even after repeated group discussions. The
reason is very simple. They lack the requisite basis for scientific policy
formulation. Therefore, with the expansion of the enterprises' decisionmaking
power, the organs of power should be simplified, combined or abolished, while
the advisory bodies should be increased and strengthened. We must also estab-
lish, as quickly as possible, certain bodies which have not been established,
such as an overall national economic planning department, whose establishment
has been repeatedly proposed by Comrade Qian Xuesen.
[HK230340] /Third, we must reform the personnel structure./ The need for re-
forming the personnel structure arises from the reform of the functional and
organizational structures. On one hand, with the vanishing of the function of
organizing and directing production, supplying and marketing activities, and
with the decrease in the number of organizations, the size of the contingent of
personnel will inevitably be correspondingly greatly reduced. On the other
hand, with the rising need for scientific macroeconomic policy formulation, and
with the strengthening of advisory bodies, there must be a great increase in the
number of'people needed for the satisfactory formulation of macroeconomic poli-
cies, such as experts in social engineering and systems engineering, mathemati-
cians, statisticians, economic management experts, and so on. Such is the
reform in the personnel structure of the state's economic management departments.
Abstract reasoning invariably does not leave such a deep impression as concrete
facts do. Because at present, people have not adequately paid attention to
this issue, it is necessary to introduce here some relevant circumstances in
Hungary. Not long ago, some personnel of Hungary's Central Statistical Bureau
told the comrades of our country's observation group that subsequent to their
economic reform, the work of their statistical bureau changed greatly and they
began to pay greater attention to analyzing major problems; for example, analyz-
ing and studying the effects of various regulatory means on the economy, studying
how net income can be optimally distributed between the state and the enterprises,
studying the enterprises' wages funds and their relationship with the accomplish-
ment of tasks, and so on. Every year, the bureau conducts a family livelihood
survey of 2,300'families of various types, such as those of workers, peasants,
mental workers, retired persons, and so on. It analyzes facts related to their
income and consumption, and also changes in their consumption pattern. A spe-
cial research office under the statistical bureau is responsible for making fore-
casts, three times a year. Once every 2 years, the bureau prepares an input-
output table providing information about 30 sectors. and once every 3 to 5 years,
it prepares another such table concerning 100 sectors. Some 1,000 people of the
statistical bureau, or approximately 7,000 people if those belonging to local
statistical departments are included, are' involved in the carrying out of these
tasks.
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What we have described is just a small part of the work which must bedone to
do a good job of macroeconomic policy formulation. However, we can see from
this that making macroeconomic policy formulation more scientific cannot depend
on our wish alone; it requires us to do a great deal of arduous and meticulous
work. The agencies and personnel of our existing economic management depart-
ments are incapable of meeting the needs. Not to mention the issuing or arbi-
trary and impracticable directions, marked by "great determination with little
knowledge of the-situation," our government bodies and personnel are probably
incapable of doing a good job of scientific economic policy formulation. Last
year, several mathematicians proposed using the scientific method of input-
output tables to achieve a satisfactory comprehensive national economic equi-
librium. According to our knowledge, some foreign friends have also put forth
similar ideas. This is really necessary in the light of the requirements of
making economic policymaking more scientific. However, this is not feasible
in the light of the foundation of our work and other objective conditions. The
way out is to reform the functional, organizational and personnel structures of
our economic management departments, so that conditions will be created for the
attainment of this goal.
'CSO: 4006/1
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CO`NO=NTATOR ON APPLICATION OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
HK220632 Beijing RENNIN RIBAO in Chinese 13 Aug 81 p 3
(Commentator's article: "Scientific and Technological Work Must Be Oriented to 'Applica-
tion"')
(Text] The national conference on scientific and technological work convened at the end
of last year defined the principle that science and technology must serve the development
of the national economy. How are we carrying out this principle in practical work? The
technological exchanges organized by the State Scientific and Technological Commission
and the State Economic Commission concerning the popularization and application of new
materials such as organic silicon, organic fluorine and so on, have given us an
important inspiration: to center our work on "application," and help scientific and
technological achievements to be applied as soon as possible to industrial and
agricultural production, so as to push ahead with the development of the national economy.
To center on "application" in scientific and technological work means in principle to do
a good job of popularizing and applying those new technologies invented at home and abroad
which have been proved to fit our country's circumstances, and to push the transfer of
science and technology from laboratories to plants, from military to civilian use, and
from abroad to home. At present, our country possesses over 4,000 independent scientific
research units and a scientific and technological contingent of several million, who are
both Red and expert.
In some advanced and difficult branches of technology, we have considerable capability
to break down technical harriers. However, due to irrationality in economic and
scientific research systems, divorce between scientific and technological work and
economic work is quite common. Although we can make tremendous progress in some very
advanced branches of technology, our technology for producing commodities that are greatly
needed by the masses is really backward. Although we have made many individual achievements
in fields such as large integrated circuits, lasers and so on, we lack the comprehensive
technological capability to produce items in complete sets. Quite a number of new results
and new products come about every year, but only a few of them can really be applied and
put into mass production. Some new techniques are still confined to production in military
industry and have not been popularized quickly in the production of civilian goods.
Some new techniques introduced from abroad have not yet been well digested and popularized.
The aim of centering on "application" and carrying out the three transfers is to overcome
the weakness brought about by the divorce of science and technology from economic construc-
tion, and to give full play to science and technology so as to improve economic effect and
push ahead with economic development.
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Thers aro many branchar of netence.and technology. In research, there are basic, applied,
and development research. In order to center on "application," and to enforce the three
transfers, we have ro handle well the relations between them. Basic research cannot be
neglected, and pioneering work has to be continued. But, since science and technology must
serve the national economy, much effort (including manpower, material resources and
financial capacity) still have to be devoted to applied and development research. At
present, there are many technologies at home and abroad that suit the conditions of our
country. If we use these new technologies to transform and replenish the existing
380,000 enterprises, to solve those problems of the national economy that are of great
significance in terms of economic effect, and to improve old technologies and to create
new ones on the basis'of application, then our production capacity will be greatly raised
and better economic results will be achieved. The popularization and application of new
materials such as organic silicon, organic fluorine and so on have set very good examples.
To orient scientific and technological work to "application" and to carry out the three
transfers, we are required to consider the economy, science and technology and social
development together, and to strengthen the close coordination between scientifc research
units and production units. As scientific research departments are those which know
best the characteristics, effects and uses of scientific research results, naturally
they should take the responsibility for popularization and application. Scientific
research departments should promote social service work, and all application research
institutes should establish close contact with enterprises. Scientific research units
must make economic contracts with production units so as to push forward technical services
and popularization services. These contracts, concerning production, design, construction
and advisory services, range from those linking remuneration to work to those compensating
for transfer of researl:h results. At present, some regions and departments have already
broken down the barriers of the "local ownership system" and "departmental ownership system."
They make contracts with whatever unit which can render good services; some of them
even organize various forms of integration of scientific research and production.. All
these practices which enable the services of science and technology for the economy to
develop to more sophisticated forms.of organization deserve to be promoted.
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ECONOMIC RATIONALITY MUST ACCOMPANY TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENT
Tianjin KEXUEXUE in Chinese No 2, 20 Aug 80 pp 11-14
[Article by Lu Taihong [4151 1132 1347]: "Technical Advancement and Economic
Rationalization"]
[Text] The three elements of economic growth are: an increase in.labor, an in-
crease in capital and adoption of new technology. Adoption of new technology
occupies a more and more important position among these three elements with the
rapid development of science and technology. Take Japan, for example. The con-
tribution to its economic growth from the end of the war to 1960 was approximately
52 percent due to the labor force, 43 percent due to technological development and
only 5 percent due to increase in capital. The period 1965-1970 was a period in
which Japan's economy showed a very rapid growth rate--an average annual rate of
11.6 percent, of which 4.4 percent was achieved with an aid of science and tech-
nology. According to many forecasts, 65 percent of Japan's economic growth during
the 1980's will be due to the power of science and technology. According to a study
made by an American economist, E. F. Denison [phonetic], adoption of advanced tech-
nology constitutes 44 percent of the weight of various factors contributing toward
increased production. In fact, 40 to 60 percent, or even 80 percent, of the economic
growth achieved by a few advanced nations is due to the adoption of new technology.
Therefore, a large amount of advanced technology must be employed in order to develop
the economy. However, can every concrete technological advance bring about economic
benefit? The answer appears to be affirmative, but in fact, it is not. Here are
a number of examples attesting to this effect:
The solar energy hot water heater, distributed by Beijing service enterprises, which
has been praised as "a new blossom of science and technology" and widely propagan-
dized by the newspapers and radio star ions, was awarded a national science confer-
ence aw;ird. A total of 41 units of this solar energy hot water heater were built,
as a result of which 700-800 tons of coal could be saved a year and air pollution
could be eliminated at the same time. However, since the cost of operating the
solar energy hot water heater comes to almost twice the cost of heating water with
a conventional boiler, many units which are in possession of such equipment often
opt not i:o use it. A certain unit spent over 10 million foreign exchange units in
order to import an advanced computer. But h.ecause of its low rate of utilization,
a few hears each day at most, the economic profit it earns is not even enough to
make up its depreciation cost. Various types of advanced numerically controlled
lathes and work centers developed and manufactured in China during the 1970's have
not been popular among the-users in spite of their high degree of automation and
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supcr for capability. On the other hand, a type of numerically controlled linear
cutting; lathe which is far simpler in design (so it is not counted as part of the
numerically controlled lathes nationwide) has become so popular that the supply
could not meet the demand for a time.
Many similar phenomena have been observed during the process of our technological
development. Which'prompts one of ask: Why? Where is the grave illness of the
problem? This article will not attempt to provide an overall answer to these
questions. It merely intends to start out from a number of important facts related
to technological development and economic growth and to analyze and discuss one side
of the problem--technical advancement and economical rationalization--with the
hope of contributing in a very small way toward establishment of a technological
policy.
1. Three Foundations for the Establishment of Technological Policies
If the body of science and technology is compared to a tree, then science is the
root and trunk, while technology is the branches and fruits. Technology depends on
science for survival, while science is materialized through technology. The measure
for science is truthfulness while the measure for technology consists of advancement,
economy and safety. Since the end of World War II, science and technology have grown
into a giant tree with an abundance of branches and leaves reaching into the blue
sky. Therefore, it has become more and more difficult to give an overall evaluation
of the entire body of science and technology or to make an accurate prediction
about it. As a result, technology policies which define the direction and guide
the development of technology were necessary. The facts concerning the world's
technological development indicated that a correct technology policy could bring
about an enormous strategic profit to a nation, while unaccountable losses were
also brought about as a result of wrong technology policies. For example, the
Soviet Union made a mistake on technology policy related to the raw material used
in the electronics industry. While the semiconductor industries of the technologi-
cally advanced nations were quickly converting from germanium to silicon as the
main raw material for semiconductors, the Soviet Union preferred germanium and con-
tinued to pursue germanium technology. Later on, when it too decided to make the
conversion, it had already lost a considerable amount of time, manpower and material
power, and a state of backwardness in the electronics industry resulted. In the
field of chemical industry, the Soviet Union failed to recognize the importance of
the petrochemical industry, so not enough effort was made. As a result, the Soviet
Union was still dependent on imported technology in the 1970's. China, during the
1950's and 1960's, failed to assess the true strategic significance of the electronics
industry, so, in addition to the "congenital disorder," "malnutrition" at a later
time created a severely backward state of electronics industry in China today. How-
ever, in the field of oil resources, a new view presented by Comrade Li Siguang con-
cerning the existence of an oil-bearing basin in the depression belt of the New
Huaxia system in China's northeast area provided a basis for policy-making by the
central government and thus steered China away from entering the very expensive
road of synthetic fuels. The United States is the country in which research into
machine translation was done the earliest. It is in possession of enormous power
for carrying out research. However, after a white paper was published in 1966
pointing out the mistaken trend of machine translation, the development of machine
translation has declined. In recent years, more and more nations have begun to
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attach greater importance to technological policies and their development. In the
United States, a law was enacted in 1972 establishing a mechanism so that all
important technological policies (such as energy resources) will be decided by the
president personally. There are many technology policy problems which are related
to the realization of the four modernizations in China today. A leading comrade of
the Academy of Sciences says: "Research into technology policy is an important
undertaking having strategic significance not only for China's science and technology
but also for the economy."
What should be the bases for doing research and drafting in order to produce tech-
nology policies which are as correct as possible? The following results have been
obtained from an analysis of a large volume of facts throughout the history of
development of science and technology: technological evaluation, economic evaluation
and damage evaluation are the three indispensable bases for drafting correct tech-
nology pclicies. The technological evaluation weighs the advancement of technology;
economic evaluation weighs the economic advnatages and disadvantages of the tech-
nology; and the damage evaluation weighs the damages that the technology may bring
about. Without evaluating the advancement of technology, technological development
may produce a large number of repetitions and waste, or introduce obsolete equipment,
or engage in research into technologies which have -long been solved. There are
numerous examples of unnecessary losses incurred as a result of lack of information
and neglect in evaluating the advancement of technology. Yang Zhenning once esti-
mated that "at least 40 percent of China's research topics are subjects which have
already been solved abroad." Without evaluating the economic rationality, the
various probable courses the technology may follow cannot be compared and the best
course chosen among them; nor is it possible to find out whether the advanced
technology can enter into a practical application stage, or become popularized and
widespread; nor is it possible to expose any latent weaknesses that the technology
may possess. Is an advanced technology adoptable? We must find the answer in how
economically rational the technology is. This is a commonly known principle under-
stood by everybody in the course of our own daily lives. The reasons why nylon
stockings so quickly replaced silk stockings is not only because nylon stockings
have appeal and durability (advancement), but also because nylon stockings are
economically profitable. Although the airplane is one of the means of transporta-
tion with a highly advanced technology, many people still prefer to ride on trains
or steamships. One of the reasons is that the air fare is too expensive (economically
irrational). A pity! Such a simple yet important principle has never been suffi-
ciently applied to our technology management in the past. Scientific research pro-
ject proposals are often found without an estimation and comparison of economic
cost and a prediction of the technological and economic effects. In screening the
project proposals, little attention has been paid to the economic rationality of -
the project. In evaluating the achievement or popularization of a new technology,
we lack the figures of competitive economic indexes as a guide for passing judgment.
A few years ago, there was even a mistaken notion or slogan which ignored the
economic evaluation completely. For example: "It does not matter how much money.
is spent as long as it can be developed." Or, some projects which have been comple-
te-1 domestically are used "to fill the gap in this province (or this district, etc)."
Using this kind of standard in screening and awarding, many projects which were
neither advanced technologically nor ration,.:' economically were simply copied.
Without evaluating the damage that a technology may bring about, no preventive
measures and warnings against the side effects of a technology can be issued, so in
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the end, the loss may become greater than the gain. As a result of severe air
pollution created by the industrialization in and around London, England, in the.
early 1950's, a tragedy of 4,000 deaths within 4 days was recorded. The accident
which took place at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in the United States
,in 1979 sent ripples all over the world, causing those nations with nuclear potJer
plants to reevaluate their technology policies. A great number of small automobiles
solved the transportation problem, but at the same time, created a shortage of
energy resources and air pollution. Advanced automation technology can significantly
increase labor productivity, but is also capable of creating employment problems
in a country like China with a large population. An irrational way of creating
rice paddies from lakes, hydraulic engineering projects without a bioenvironmental
concept, and excessive fishing and water pollution can all contribute to a signifi-
cantly reduced yield of fresh. water fish.
Moreover, we can also understand how inseparable these three foundations--evaluations
of technological advancement, economic rationality and possible damage--are from the
study of a few special phenomena observed during the course of technological
development. For example, utilization of solar energy is overwhelmingly superior to
any other energy resources, and technical feasibility has long been confirmed. But
why is not the technology for utilization of solar energy popular all over the
world? In contrast, the microprocessor is a technology which appeared only in the
early 1970's. Why was it able within the short period of only a few years to enter
into commercial production and undergo four generations of changes, with production
reaching 400,000-500,000 units in 1975, an annual growth rate as high as 52-55 per-
cent (estimated over the period of 1975-1980) and spread over a very broad area with
surprising speed? The United States is a country with highly advanced electronic
computer technology which is in possession of the most advanced technology of the
fourth-generation computers. Why then during the late 1960's and early 1970's did
it develop and manufacture a large number of sequential control devices, which re-
quire much less advanced technology than the computers, and popularize them? Among
the numerically controlled technologies developed by the United States in the early
1950's, the closed-loop control was an advanced technology. However, after the
closed-loop control technology had matured, why did Japan begin research and develop-
ment of a technologically simpler open-loop control.technology? And since 1965, why
did the United States itself also develop a kind of numerical control device with
a lower degree of control power using the open-loop control as its main feature?
In the summer of 1970, a gigantic Aswan Dam was built on the upper Nile River, in-
cr'L-asing Egypt's farm area by 20 percent and producing 8 billion kW of electric
power a year. The project was acclaimed as a "great technological" victory at the
time. B y why, only 2 years later, was the project judged by the United Nations
environmental conference as "a failure in hindsight"?
During the process of drafting technology policy, the weight assigned to the three--
technoloiical evaluation, economic evaluation, and damage evaluation--may vary
according to the objectives and emphases. In certain circumstances, one of these
three ma) have to be dominant. For example, military requirement emphasizes
advancement of technology. However, the present trend tends to emphasize evalua-
tion of advancement of technology and neglect evaluation of economic rationaliza-
tion and damage. The science and technology management neglects economic evalua-
tion, while the economic management neglects technological evaluation. As one of
leading comrades of the State Science Commission observed: "Generally speaking,
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the comrades who are engaged in economic work lack understanding of science and
technology matters and so are unable to think deeply about technological advancement
and possibilities." We shall put aside the damage evaluation for a while and con-
centrate on an analysis of the interrelationship between technological evaluation
and economic evaluation.
2. Four types of Technology and Four Stages of Technological Development
In order to take into consideration both technology and economy, the foreign manage-
ment field has developed the concepts of "performance-cost ratio" and "performance-
cost curve." These useful concepts are employed to express the different economic
prices required by the different technologies to achieve the same performance.
Starting out with this concept, various types of technologies may be grouped into
four groups. When wo select technology from an ocean of technologies, we can choose
from one of these four groups.
First group: Backward technology and high economic price.
Second group: Relatively backward technology with some economic profit. For
example, coal as an energy source used in some old equipment and old technology
engaged in production.
Third group: Advanced technology with high economic cost and high price. For
example, solar energy utilization equipment developed in the 1970's; the magnetic-
ally suspended high-speed train; and the direct steel smelting method.
Fourth group: Advanced technology and low economic cost. Typical examples include
the microprocessors and the minicomputers which appeared in the early 1970's. A
minicomputer priced at $300 is more advanced in technology than the first large-
scale computer (ENIAC) built in the world. It is 20 times faster, several thousand
times more reliable, 30,000 times smaller in size, and a millionth the price; A
history of computer development spanning more than 30 years indicates that approxi-
mately every 5-8 years the computer speed is.raised 10 times, the size is reduced
10 times, and the cost is'also reduced 10 times. The cost of the.storage device,
among all the computer components, has been reduced most significantly. The per-
formance-cost ratio of the dynamic storage onboard the computer dropped from 1
penny/bit in 1972 to 0.04 penny/bit in 1979.
Therefore, technological advancement and economic rationality do not always go hand
in hand. The most advanced technology is not necessarily also economically rational.
An ;advanced technology without economic rationality cannot endure. At a certain
time and in a certain domain, it will be replaced by a relatively less advanced
technology which is economically more rational. For example, Sweden is a country
in which the electronic communications technology is relatively advanced. During
the 1970's, it already grasped the advanced technology of an all-electronic auto-
matic exchange. However, it did not mass-produce this device and utilize it im-
mediately because it learned from the performance-cost curve that, compared with
the existing old equipment, the new equipment could become economically rational
only in the 1980's.
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Furthermore, every single new technology has its life cycle, as. is evident from a
study of the process of technological development itself. Each life cycle has four
stages, including the inception stage, the growth stage, the mature stage and the
decline stage. Technology in the inception stage has an uncertain future. An
advanced technology with important economic profit can emerge if a breakthrough
can be made and if it can ride out the technological and economic storms (risks).
For example, controlled thermonuclear reaction, magnetohydrodynamic power generation,
generic engineering, and intelligence modeling of the 1970's. Technology in the
growth stage has life power and is also in possession of a potential economic com-
petitive power. For example, applications of optic fiber communications technology
and the microprocessors of the 1970's. According to a Japanese analysis, if the
profit growth rate of a technology at this stage is above a horizontal line, then a
steady economic profit over a period of time can be obtained. Technology in the
mature stage is an established technology, and it may have already been commercializ-
ed. Therefore, it is a waste of money to repeat research work on this type of
technology. It is more profitable economically to import the technology and try
to expand it horizontally according to a certain specific need. For example,
civilian applications of military technology; household applications of electronics
technology; and importation of a television production line by China. Both the
technological advancement and the economic profit can be further increased if a new
technology can be created on the foundation of the imported technology (such as the
steel making technology of Japan and the computer software technology of Rumania).
-Technology in the decline stage is an obsolete technology-which belongs to the first
group described above.
3. Horizontal Expansion and Vertical Penetration of Technology
In carrying out the technological evaluation, the first group and the fourth group
described above are relatively easier to deal with, because the technological
advancement and the economic rationality are.in agreement in these two groups. The
second group and the third group are more difficult to evaluate, because the tech-
nological advancement contradicts the economic rationality in these two groups. The
purpose of applications research and development research is, for the most part, an
effort to transform this pair of contradictions. If the factors causing the failure
of an advanced technology to be adopted are called the risk factors, then there are
two kinds of risk factors. The first kind is technological risk: failure is
brought about by insufficiently verified technology, insufficient technological
power, and insufficient ability to assimilate the technology. The second kind is
economic risk: failure is brought about by irrational economics. The tasks of
technology policy in such circumstances are to select a technological objective
and chart the course to achieve this objective in spite of the risks. In selecting
the technological objective, one concept which has become popular in recent years
involves adoption of "intermediate technology" or "appropriate technology." Accord-
ing to this concept, a relatively advanced technology, situated between the most
advanced technology and the existing traditional technology, which is most appro-
priate for the existing circumstances should be selected, because this technology
is more mature and will be able to bring about large economic advantage.
Large numbers of facts accumulated over the history of development of technology
and economy have proven that horizontal expansion and vertical penetration of
technology are the means employed to reconcile the disagreement between technolog-
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ical advancement and economic rationality. Horizontal expansion of technology
means application of the same technological invention in different areas. Hori-
zontal expansion of large-scale integrated circuit technology has produced electron-
ic watches, intelligent machines, intelligent robots, household electronic brains
and.mini,:omputers. Laser technology has seen a similar expansion. A very large
economic advantage can be brought about when new products are manufactured from the
combination of a number of technologies in the mature stage. The Japanese call
this "combination technology," and they consider that this is one of the trends of
technological development today. China should especially emphasize this trend in
its economic management today and exert efforts to develop new products by extend-
ing the useful economic life of the existing mature technology. Vertical penetration
of technology means to dig deeper into the technology and to make it more advanced.
Economic irrationality can be transformed into rationality through technological
breakthroughs. Electronic computers used to be very expensive, but the price came
down as a result of the breakthrough of the large-scale integrated circuit. A huge
economic advantage has been brought about by the appearance of the large-scale
technology since the 1950's, and large-scaling has become a trend as well. For
example, the manufacturing cost per unit of power output of a 6 million kW generator
unit is 10-20 percent lower than that of a 200,000 kW unit. A synthetic ammonia
facility with an annual capacity of 200,000 tons consumes energy amounting to 1,450
kWh per ton, while a synthetic ammonia facility with an annual capacity of 460,000
tons consumes only 50 kWh per ton. A number of breakthroughs made in the petro-
chemical industry (consisting mainly of direct synthesis technology and new types
of catalysts) have likewise made the economic index change toward greater rationality.
For example, a method of manufacturing acetaldehyde from ethylene by means of direct
oxidation has brought down the cost by 16 percent, increased the profit by 65 per-
cent, and reduced the equipment cost by 25 percent. The production of hexanolactam
using the toluene method has brought down the cost by 25 percent, increased the
profit by 100 percent and reduced the equipment cost by 33 percent.
Another approach to transforming the contradiction between technology and economy
is to Import technology. As long as the policy for technology import is correct,
we cannot only gain time and advancement but also obtain economic profit and ratio-
nality. Take Japan, for example. Japan spent $6 billion on the importation and
popularization of foreign technologies over the period 1945-1970. As a result,
a project could be concluded in 2-3 years based on the imported technologies. On
the other hand, the research expenditure of the original technologies was as high
as $180-200 billion with a time period of 12-15 years for a project to be concluded.
Therefore, the cost for importation of technology is only 1/30 of the original cost
and th_~ time is also 4/5 shorter. To further illustrate this point using specific
products as an example: Japan's Toyo Rayon Company spent $7 million to buy a license
for the production of nylon, and earned from the export of nylon $90 million within
2 years. The profit amounted to approximately 13 times the cost of licensing the
patent. On the other hand, the Du Pont Company spent more than $250 million and
11 years in order to develop this patented technology.
it is evident from the above that technological advancement and economic rationality
do not always go hand in hand. Whether a certain technology policy is correct, or
whether a certain manager is really able is measured by whether the policy or the
manager is capable of grasping the optimum point at which to carry out this trans-
formation of contradiction, to achieve the maximum economic effect by adopting the
advanced technology at the optimum time.
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. A Few Suggestions
A. Technological policy should favor the development of technologies belonging to
the fourth group (advanced technology with economic rationality). Application
screening and evaluation of scientific research projects must include economic
indexes, and a prediction of the economic rationality and the probable damage must'
be made.
B. Technological policy should protect and financially support those technologies
which are technologically advanced and economically competitive. These technolo-
gies, which are in the growth stage, will hopefully bring about relatively large
economic effect. The economic measures and price policies which in practice protect
the backward technologies should be abanoned as soon as possible.
C. In selecting scientific research projects, special attention must be paid to
those key technologies which can create obstacles to economic rationality. For
example, the key technology in the utilization of solar energy is the search for
better materials with higher conversion efficiency and not different types of con-
verters.
D. The fund controlled by the Economic Commission 'for- developmental research and
the fund controlled by the Science Commission for scientific research must be
clearly differentiated according to the subjects for funding.. The Economic Com-
mission fund should be spent mainly on the horizontal expansion of technology
in accordance with market demand in order to achieve the maximum economic profit
in a short period of time. Therefore, its subjects should consist mainly of'tech-
nologies in the mature stage. The fund of the Science Commission should be spent
mainly on the vertical penetration of technology in order to achieve breakthroughs.
Therefore, its subjects should consist mainly of technologies belonging to the
third group, or technologies in the growth stage.
8. The economic department should strengthen the upgrading and renewal of products.
As a result of rapid progress in modern science and technology, the period from the
appearance of a new technology to a product being produced industrially is becoming
shorter, so is the period for upgrading and renewal of new products, and also the
period for an equipment or a technology becoming obsolete. For example, the life of
a new product in the United States, West Germany and Japan is in general 6-8 years,
and no more than 2-3 years for certain most advanced technologies (such as the on-
board storage device). The life of new materials is approximately 10 years. The
life of new technologies is approximately 7 years, and the life of new instruments
is approximately 5 years. About one-fourth of the 3,500 products of the 3M Company
of the United States were unheard of 5 years ago. In contrast, some products in
China have been "continuously in production for several decades." Large economic
profit cannot be achieved from the use of technologies which are in the decline
stage.
(Edited by Zeng Ruyu [2582 3067 1946])
9.113
C":O: 8111/0188
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NANFANG RIBAO ON PROMOTING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
HK200307 Guangzhou NANFANG RIBAO in Chinese 29 Sep 81 p 1
[Commentator's article: "A New Task in Leading Work in the Rural Areas"]
[Text] While the agricultural production responsibility system is becoming steadily more
perfect and the initiative of the peasants in learning and making use of science is surging
to a new high, how should the party and government, in this new situation, strengthen
their leadership in the field of agricultural science and technology in order to promote the
overall development of agricultural production with advanced scientific techniques? This
is a new task we are facing in our work in the rural areas.
Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, the party committees
at all levels in this province have devoted their main efforts to ensuring the imple-
mentation of the rural economic policies as well as putting into practice various forms
of the production responsibility system. In this regard, they have achieved very notable
results. In many places earnest efforts have been made in implementing policies while at
the same time stressing science. As a result, production has developed just like a
tiger that has grown wings. Practice has shown us that policy and science are the two
deciding factors in agricultural production. By practicing the production responsibility
systems, the development of production and the peasants' economic benefits have been
directly linked, and the study and application of science have become matters that are
of mutual interest to the masses of the peasants. In the past, agricultural technological
publications which were distributed free attracted only a few readers. Now, people rush
to purchase these publications. Formerly, when technicians visited the countryside, few
people took an interest in them. Now, the peasants knock on their door to seek their
advice. In fact, many agricultural research institutions and stations are as crowded
as a marketplace. In this new situation, we can clearly see that with the basic imple-
mentation of the agricultural responsibility systems, the importance and urgency of
science as deciding factor has become all the more prominent. Under these circumstances,
we must be as enthusiastic in dealing with science as we were with policies, and do our
very best to satisfy the urgent demands of the peasants in learning and making use of
science. It must be pointed out that due to the many years of leftist influence, which
resulted in the neglect of science and technology as well as the limitations caused by
the inadequate science and cultural training of the cadres, many comrades are not
conscientious enough in their work in promoting science. In this regard, a situation does
exist where the leading cadres lag behind the masses, and we must clearly recognize this.
Consequently, to strengthen our scientific and technological work, we must first tackle
this problem in connection with our guiding ideology in order to ensure that cadres at
all levels will have a deep understanding of the absolute importance of science and
technology to the enhancement of economic development and thereby increase their efforts
in promoting science.
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VIM pdCty cuuuulttamdud govV.ruu-aAt at all levels must list the strengthening of science
and technology in the rural areas as an important item on their agenda, and make it a part
of the national economic development plan. This will basically assure the development
of science and technology in the rural areas. We should assign to scientific and tech-
nological departments research projects and tasks as well as support and assist them in
tackling difficult problems. We should also investigate all possibilities of yearly
increasing by small amounts those funds designated for scientific research. We must
appoint cadres who are devoted to the cause of science and technology, who have leader-
ship qualities and are well versed in their professional work, to the leading posts of
the scientific and technological departments. We must ake good care of the scientific
and technological personnel, particularly. the middle-aged and young personnel. It is
necessary to earnestly implement the policy dealing with the intellectuals in order to
further promote the initiative of the agricultural scientific and technological personnel,
the indigenous experts and the intellectual youths of the rural areas as well as to give
play to their roles. The scientific and technological departments must actively imple-
ment the policy of serving economic construction in their research programs, which in the
past they undertook in isolation and unrelated to local needs. They must also devote
their energy to promoting the development of the local economies.
In order to strengthen the leadership of the scientific and technological work in the
rural areas, we must also pay attention to the study of new situations and finding
solutions to new problems. For example, in the past, the system of organizing scientific
and technological research work in the rural areas comprised a four-tier network. With
the implementation of the production responsibility systems this organization has, in
many areas, undergone changes.
The popularization of scientific knowledge is now directly intended for the thousands
and thousands of ordinary households. Many new forms.of activities have appeared, such
as scientific lectures geared toward the masses, evening classes on science and technology,
centers for holding technological consultations, contracts for spreading techniques of
combining production and so on. Which of these forms do the people actually welcome most
and which produces the best results. Investigations into these forms must be made to
arrive at conclusions on how to improve them.
Let us take another example. In the process of implementing economic management methods
and spreading the results of science and technological improvement, in which ways can
resonable charges be collected? In which ways can quality be guaranteed? These problems
are directly relevant to the immediate benefits to the peasants as well as to maintaining
the peasants' enthusiasm in learning and making use of science, and are awaiting our
investigation and solution. The bulk of scientific and technological work in the rural
areas consists of popularizing scientific knowledge and spreading the scientific and
technological improvements which are suitable to local conditions. To achieve this, we
must persist in carrying out the guideline of serving localities in light of present
conditions, suiting things to local condition, and viewing things from actual conditions.
In all these aspects, we must be practical and realistic and be careful not to commit such
mistakes as formalism, commanding blindly, or "cutting with one knife."
Let us rouse ourselves, strengthen our leadership, do our best to enliven. our work in
science and technology, do a solid job in initiating an upsurge in studying and making
use of science in the rural areas throughout the province, and thus construct civilized
and prosperous socialist new villages.
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'JINGJI GUANLI' ON TECHNICAL TRANSFORMATION
HK190357 Beijing JINGJI GUANLI [ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT] in Chinese No 10, 15 Oct 81
p 3-6
[Article by Chen Yi [7115 2496]: "Overall Technical Transformation of the National
Economy Must Be Carried Out."]
[Text] 1. The Readjustment of the National Economy Should Be Combined With Tech-
nical Transformation
During a period of economic readjustment, how to combine this readjustment with
technical transformation is a question.kthat should be seriously studied. At present
our country's industrial situation is that while light industrial products and tex-
tiles are unable to meet demand, heavy industry, particularly the machine-building
industry, is operating below capacity. To increase the light and textile industries'
productive power by closing, suspending or amalgamating factories or switching them
to other production is only a temporary measure and is not the best method. Such
amalgamation and switching can neither greatly increase the productive power of
the light and textile industries, nor can it help to accelerate the socialization
and modernization of production. The current situation is one of "tearing down the
eastern wall in order to repair the western wall." In actual fact, neither of these
"walls" is newly built, as both have been in a state of disrepair for a good many
years. Furthermore, this approach also raises two other questions: First, when
most of the heavy industry is operating below capacity, how is the national economy
to maintain a steady rate of growth; secondly, how should this temporarily-idle
productive power be employed, readjusted, strengthened and improved? In the final
analysis, implementation of the four modernizations must ultimately depend on heavy
indsutry, and on. the machine-building industry in particular.
For these reasons we should view readjustment as a positive measure sand not as a
case of taking down the eastern wall in order to repair the western wall. By
combining readjustment with technical transformation, the whole of the national econ-
omy can be revitalized.
It was said recently by a leading comrade that, "in the past the emphasis was placed
on new construction and external growth; now the emphasis is placed on technical
transformation and internal improvement. This is a strategic change in our policy
for construction. The need to make full.use of our present material and technical
base and to carry out an overall technical transformation of the national economy
is an important task which influences the whole economic situation and one which
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now clearly faces all parts of the industrial sector, especially the machine-
building industry." During the period of readjustment the use of the whole country's
machine-building power to carry out a gradual technical transformation will allow
dg to.kill two birds with one stone: as the level of the entire national economy
is gradually raised and such a transformation is carried out throughout the economy,
the machine-building industry itself will also be transformed. The phenomenon of
lopsided development will then disappear.
2. If the Four Modernizations Are To Be Implemented, an Overall Technical Trans-
formation
of the National Economy Must Be Carried out in a Planned Manner
After more than 30 years of construction, our country has already established a scomplete industrial base. However, as far as the needs of the four modernizations
are concerned, this is clearly not sufficient. If the year 2000 is assumed to be
th
t
t d
f
h
i
i
i
l
e
arge
ate
or t
e
n
a
t
implementation of the four modernizations, this
means we still have 19 years left to go; or if one calculates from 1985, with the
completion of readjustment, there are 15 years left; either way the period of time
is not short. Both West Germany and Japan managed in the space of about 15 years to
rebuild themselves into powerful industrial nations from the ruins of war. Further-
more, compared with them, our base is stronger, and conditions are slightly better.
However, two other factors should also be taken into account: First, compared with
China, Germany and Japan are relatively small countries with small populations..
They also had some experience on industrial production, their people had a certain
degree of education and, more important, both countries enjoyed American support.
Our situation is thus very different from theirs. Secondly, the distance separating
us from the advanced nations of the world is too. great; this is true for all sections
of the national economy. Examples of this can be drawn from agriculture as well as
heavy and light industry: 5 percent of the American population live on the land
and provide enough food for 200 million people, with per-capita grain consumption
being around 3,000 jin. In our country, on the other hand, 80 percent of the po-
pulation live on the land, which means that a force of 300 million strong farm lab-
orers must support a total population of 1 billion, and the per capita grain con-
sumption is only around 600 jin. With over 12 million workers our country is light
and textile industries make up the largest part of the industrial sector. However,
the people's level of consumption is still very low compared to other countries.
Taking 1978 as an example, the average per-capita number of cotton goods produced
in the developed nations was 3-4 times greater than it was in our country. As for
chemical fibers and plastic products, the developed nation's per-capita rate of pro-
duction was 21 times higher than it was in China. For synthetic detergents the'
foreign rate of production was 14 times higher and for sugar and paper it was 13 times
higher. The productivity of our country's workforce is also less than it is abroad.
For example in America the spinning of a piece of 20-count yarn requires only 1.5
man days, while in our country it takes 6.5 man days. Our country's steel industry
has as many workers as the combined workforce of the American, Russian, Japanese
and West German steel industries. However, the actual level of production is less
than 10 percent of the combined production in these 4 countries. Our country's
coal industry employs over 3.8 million workers, which is about the same as the total
number employed in the important coal-producing nations; however, our coal industry
accounts for only 20 percent of total world production. While over 80 percent of
foreign coalmines have been fully mechanized, only 28 percent of our major mines have
such equipment. Our country's power generator installed capacity is only 10 percent
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that of America's and 50 percent of Japan's. In terms of workers and the number of
machine tools, our country's machine-building industry is the second largest in the
world; the value of output, though, is 1/9 of America's and 1/4 to 1/3 of West Ger-
many's and Japan's. Labor productivity in the machine-building industry is about
1/12 to 1/10 bf that in America, West Germany and Japan. As for the machine-..
building industry's production of export products, America, West Germany and Japan
produce 150 to 200 times more than our country does; France and Britain produce 100
times more; and even several small East Asian nations produce 5 to 7 times more. Our
machine-building industry's utilization rate of steel is only 65 percent, while in
advanced foreign countries it is up to 80 percent. The floating capital turnover
in our machine-building industry takes about 221 days, while in America it is 70
days and in Japan 76.
For these reasons it can be seen that while our country has a certain industrial
and technical base, the actual productive power is extremely low. At present the
critical question is how to use our present base and promote its improvement and
development. There exist two possible solutions: the first is to make a determined
effort to liberate productive force by reforming any irrational relations of pro-
duction which may now exist. Generally speaking, if improvements are made in this
area there should be no problem in increasing productive force by 1/3 to 1/2. The
alternative solution is to basically use our present technical and economic base as
the starting-point for a full-scale technical transformation of our national eco-
nomy, that is, of our current productive power. This will mean the renewal of
critical equipment, the upgrading of backward technology, the reorganization of ir-
-rational productive units and the use of modern managerial techniques and methods
to strengthen the administration and management of enterprises. It can be said
that aside from these two alternatives, there is no other shortcut.
3. The Regular and Sustained Introduction of Technical Improvements Into Industry
Is a Common'Way of Developing Productive Forces
An overall survey of Western .nations'industrial development shows that while the
construction of new factories is a continual process, most new factories are built
during the initial period of industrial development. In later periods, the intro-
duction of technical change in old factories is a more common way of achieving a
higher level of performance. In the last 10 or so years in particular, the rapid
development of science and technology, combined with the intensification of competi-
tion, has resulted in a constant striving for lower prices which, in turn, has
benefited both technological and economic development. There are several common
methods of achieving this: The use of the existing economic base combined with a
strengthening of scientific and technological research; the renewal and replacement
of outdated equipment; the adoption of advanced techniques; and the improvement of
administration and management. Such efforts to develop production and maintain.for-
ward momentum by carrying out continual and sustained transformation of existing
industry is what we mean by placing the emphasis on technical transformation and
internal improvement rather than on new construction and external growth. Why is
it that many foreign countries have proceeded in this manner? First, such improve-
ment is not only cheaper and faster than new construction; it can also allow for a
more effective use of the existing base; second, because improvement is contin-
uous and technology accumulates easily; third, because such improvement is meant to
meet relatively short-term needs, one can keepa clear view of the situation;
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trnrllh i l I ry ntudian ahuuld bo rulati.valy simply and it Should also be easier to
mai-agt+ the economy in a rational manner; fourth, even though there may be mistakes
in the plans for improvement, errors can be corrected easily and actual losses
should be small. In short, this scientific economic approach derives solely from
the realities of the situation.
There are many factual examples: for the past few years the number of machine tools
in the advanced industrial nations has not increased greatly, and in some cases
has even decreased; production, however, has still continually increased. For
example, in America before 1960 there existed a steady proportional relationship
between the growth in the number of machine tools and the increase in production.
After that date production increased at a rate of 20 percent every 5 years. In
1978, however, the number of machine tools had declined by 14 percent compared with
1973. At the same time, however, the number of numerically-controlled machine tools
and processing centers doubled; production lines increased by 20 percent and over-
all production during this period went up 20 percent. In Japan the situation was
very similar. Between 1967 and 1973 the number of machine tools increased by a
little over 20 percent, while the actual output value quadrupled. This shows that
the forces and level of production do not depend on a numerical increase in equip-
ment and enterprises but rather on qualitative improvement. Comrades who return
home after studying this problem abroad all say that in the industrially developed
nations it is not at all uncommon for old factories to be producing goods which can
still compete on the international market. On one occasion a general engineer
visited a steel-rolling mill in a Western country; the manager pointed to a steel-
rolling machine and said, this machine dates from the,1950's but it is still more
efficient than new machines because of continuous technical improvement. He also
expressed deep regret over the fact that our factories are only used and never im-
proved. In'Japanese industrial circles it is often said that, "the process by which
an enterprise continually develops and prospers is a process of continual techni-
cal improvement." Although Japan's social system is different from our own, this
statement holds true for our country as well, and deserves serious thought.
For the past 10 or more years capital construction has been the centre of efforts
to increase productive forces. For a number of reasons, the.problem of duplicate
construction is a very serious one, and the utilization. rate of equipment is very
low, which results in a wastage of manpower, materials, financial resources. and time.
In the heavy industrial sector, our country has more heavy machine plants than any
other country in the world; furthermore, many of these plants rank among the world's
largest. However, there are also many factories which even after many years in
operation have still not reached full capacity. Take the case of our country's
hydraulic presses for example: While we have more such presses than Japan, Western
nations' orders for forgings of several hundred tons or more are always placed with
Japanese factories. What is more, we are often unable to produce forging of over
10 tons for ourselves, and many of our hydraulic presses lie idle. If a general
survey were carried out of the whole country's economic results, people would be
shocked by the number of examples of such waste.
Once a capital construction project has been put into operation, why is not it pos-
sible to quickly bring the productive forces into full play? The most basic reason
for this is that while we have a system of capital construction we have no system
for the transformation of production techniques. There are numerous financial
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channels designed to asgistcapital construction projects; however, when it comes to
the funding of technical improvements, not a single channel exists. Thereforelta
newly-built factory is expected to be a sort of "money tree" which only has to be
shaken to produce and needs neither pruning, weeding, watering, or. fertilizing.
The result of this is that its effectiveness decreases daily and it gradually withers
away. The classic example of this was during the 1960's, when we imported a com-
plete factory to produce hydraulic equipment from Japan. The factory was in every
way the same as factories of the same class in-Japan at that time. After 10 years,
however, the factories in Japan had increased their output 6 times and were already
producing the 3d generation of their product. In our country, on the other hand,
things were still the same as they were 10 years before, and in some areas produc-
tion had even deteriorated.
The introduction of technical improvement into our existing economic base not only
increases productive forces at a faster rate; it is also cheaper and relatively
profitable. Under the present circumstances, it is very common for people to think
that because capital construction demands large amounts of money, it should be in-
cluded in our economic plan; technical improvement, on the other hand, is merely a
question of accounting and cannot be included in the general plan. Such an approach
is entirely mistaken.
The implementation of overall technical transformation of our national economy is,
of course, a very large project. An optimistic estimate would be that it will be
difficult to complete the task in less than 10 to 15 years. For this reason it
must be carried out in stages. We must first of all gain experience by transforming
those enterprises that produce products very important to the development of the
national economy. Such transformation must be based on a scientific foundation and
should also accord with economic and technical reality. The results of such a
transformation should be the development of our country's productive capacity, the
raising of the technological level, the increasing of the economy's efficiency and
the creation of greater accumulation for the state. Products of which there is a
domestic shortage should certainly be considered as targets for technical improve-
ment. We will need to reduce imports and increase exports and also to increase the
quality of domestically increased products. For example, the supply of products
such as bicycles and sewing machines is unable to meet demand. We should investi-
gate whether or not it is possible to use the whole country's machine-building
capacity to carry out technical improvement in these factories (for decades most of
our nation's industrial investment has been used to increase our productive capacity
for primary products, and very little investment has been used to increase our pro-
ductive capacity for secondary products. As a result there are many light industrial
factories where not only is the equipment antiquated and techniques backward, but
even the working environment is substandard. Technical transformation should cer-
tainly he carried out in such factories.) In addition to technical improvement we
should also implement the system of socialist cooperation and division of labor.
The organization of several large groups each producing from 5 to 10 million
bicycles would strengthen the development of each smaller unit. As for reducing
imports and increasing exports, the reform of several factories will not only in-
crease foreign exchange revenue but will simultaneously reduce foreign exchange
expenditure. According to statistics, during the last 3 years we have imported
more than 4 million tons of steel plate at a cost of $2.2 billion. Naturally,
such imports cannot be continued for a long period of time, and we should make a
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determined effort to use a portion of this expenditure to carry out improvements in
one of our steel-rolling mills. Such an approach would certainly-benefit the state.
The conservation of energy is another area where money can be saved. Our country
has many inefficient boilers; but if we were to spend money on reconditioning them
we,would be able to save 1 ton of coal for every 60 yuan invested. If, on the other
hand, we wanted to increase the production capacity of coal by 1 ton, it would
require an investment of around 200 yuan. A.comparison of these two cases clearly
demonstrates how worthwhile technical improvement is. There are many other such
examples. In sum, it can be said that no matter whether we look at technical improve-
ment from a macroeconomic point of view, from a long-term point of view or from the
point of view of the cause-and-effect relationship that exists between the economy
and financial revenue, we can feel equally confident. Some leading comrades now
insist that we should study the way in which money is made, accumulated and used.
In a society there exist numerous sources of funds; financial allocation is not
necessarily the only way of finding the funds necessary for technical improvements;
economic methods can also be used and may even yield better results.
4. The Role of. the Machine-Building Industry in the Technical Transformation of the
National Economy
A leading comrade once said that, "the machine-building industry is the national
economy's equipment section." It was said in the past that, "the machine-building
industry is the heart of industrialization" No matter which phrase we choose to
use, both emphasise the crucial role to be played by the machine-building industry in
the technical transformation of the.national economy.
There are, at present, two incorrect views of the machine.-building industry. One of
these views underestimates both its capacity and level, and seems to suggest that
since nothing is any good we should even start importing products which we have been
producing domestically for decades. In actual fact, in our existing technical and
economic base over 80 percent of the equipment was domestically produced. Why is
it that such things were good enough in the past but now simply won't do?! Certain-
ly, domestically-produced equipment has certain shortcomings compared with equip-
ment produced in the advanced industrial nations: it does not form complete sets,
its reliability and durability are sometimes deficient, and the service is often
poor. Some of these problems are scientific and technical, others are managerial,
while others are problems of materials. All of these problems must be carefully
solved. However, there exists another more important problem, which is that. the
state must have a policy that protects and supports its own industry. If this is
not the case it is impossible to talk of self-reliance; and the loss of self-reliance
would certainly influence the progress of the four modernizations.
The other view is that the machine-building industry is too big. Therefore, as
soon as any mention is made of readjusting this industry, the problem is always
seen in terms of drastic cuts, closures; suspensions, amalgamations and conversions.
Such a view pays too much attention to quantity and not enough to quality. There
are'also people who say, quite correctly, that our machine-building industry is too
bloated. With about 3.8 million machine tools, our country ranks second in the
world in terms of the number of machines. However, if this is analyzed a little
more closely it can be seen that of these machine tools over 100,000 date from
before the revolution; another 100,000 were imported during the 1950's; another
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800,000 are machines that were produced before "the great leap forward;" and during
the great leap forward itself about 1 million machine tools were produced. Of the
products dating from the "great leap forward" and the "cultural revolution," many
were manufactured in a shoddy and slipshod way and their quality is often below
standard; as a result many such machines, lying idle in factories, have become a
real burden. There are probably only about 900,000 relatively standard machine
tools divided among 170,000 different factories. Some 100,000 of these machines
are run by people's communes, and the remainder belong to more than 1,500 small
and medium enterprises. It is thought that key enterprises account for only about
600 of these enterprises. This means that there are probably no more than about
1,000 enterprises that will be able to play a positive role in the future.
About half of these 900,000 standard machine tools have already exceeded their
service life. In one machine-building complex, most of the equipment is already
more than 20 years old; in another one 70 percent of the equipment is more than
20 years old; there is even one enterprise in which 80 percent of the machinetools
are over 25 years old. Abroad, the depreciation period for equipment is usually
about 5 to 10 years; in our country it is 30 years. For these reasons our machine
tools need constant repair; some have been overhauled up to 10 times. It should be
pointed out that after a machine tool has been overhauled it is only possible to
restore 96 percent of its original precision; after a. second overhaul another 6 per-
cent is lost; after a third time another 15 percent is lost, and by the time a ma-
chine tool has been overhauled fora fourth time, only 60 percent of its original
precision rating remains. In actual fact, once a piece of equipment has been.over-
hauled three times, not only does its level of precision decline, but the amount
of money spent on repairs begins to exceed its original net value. The fact that
our country's equipment has such a long depreciation period means, in reality,
that there exists no system for the renewal of equipment, and much of our equipment
is already-old and inefficient. If, as well as being unable to produce precision
products, we continue to use this substandard equipment to produce generation
after generation of equipment;, the standard will certainly get lower and lower.
Low productivity, high cost and low utilization rate of materials also all flow from
this same problem. For this reason the machine-building industry itself also has
a serious problem with technical improvement.
Should we first transform the machine-building industry, and only when this is ac-
complished, set about reforming other sectors; or should we adopt a proportional
approach and try to improve.each industry a little? Neither of these methods seems
to be particularly appropriate, for the following reasons: First, the existing
productive capacity of the machine-building industry needs to be brought into full
play; secondly, there needs to be a demand for machine products; thirdly, most of
the capital needed to carry out technical improvement in the machine-building in-
dustry should come from that industry itself. Therefore, the introduction of tech-
nical improvement into this industry must depend on the-technical transformation of
other industries; that is to say, the machine-building industry should serve other
industries in a practical and realistic manner. Through the process of helping
other sectors to carry out changes, the machine-building industry itself will also
naturally achieve a degree of technical improvement. This is not a before-and-
after relationship, but a relationship of dialectical development. In Japan the
machine-building industry was at the centre of their development plan. First of
all, 10 or so products were chosen as targets for technical improvement; the object
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of this wan to incrrnar oxport and rrduco imports with A viow to Improving t-ho
foreign exchange balance. Our objectives are not entirely the same; and our economic
relations are also different. The machine-building industry will act as both the
equipment section and the technical reform section for the overall technical trans-
formation of the national economy. For this reason, only when we have taken the
transformation of the whole national economy as our starting-point can we then decide
the order and process of transformation.in the machine-building industry.
5. Several Questions That Should Be Answered Before Technical Transformation Is
Carried Out
(1) The technical transformation of the national economy is an extremely complicated
and painstaking task; it will require a unified plan, constant reappraisal and scien-
tific verification. The leadership and command system which carried out Japan's
machine-building industry restoration was more unitary block than our country's.
Each of our country's industrial sectors has its own sphere of control, and the
scope of our national economy's technical transformation is far wider than it was in
Japan; for these reasons the task is much more difficult than it was in Japan. With-
out strong and powerful organization and leadership and without a unified plan,
nothing can be accomplished. The formulation of a realistic and feasible plan for
technical transformation will require the participation of a great number of experts.
Problems such as what should be improved and what should be improved first should
be subjected to repeated scientific analysis.
(2) The overall technical transformation of the national economy is a major stra-
tegic decision. As with the construction of 156 major projects in the first 5-year
plan, no effort should be spared. Moreover, compared with the period of the first
5-year plan, we have many more methods today. If the state wants to meet some of
the problems involved in technical transformation by introducing various items of
legislation, such measures must first be passed by the permanent organs of the NPC,
which have absolute authority, and only then will legislation be legally binding.
In this way a unified understanding can be reached and affairs can be managed
according to law.
(3) The phrase "technical transformation" should be understood in a broad sense.
It refers to both the improvement of material conditions and also the readjustment
and reform of organization and management. Because of this, when we carry out tech-
nical transformation it will be necessary, on the one hand, to. reform any irrational
parts of the superstructure and, on the other hand, to break away from the limita-
tions of the different forms of ownership. The implementation of this plan and
the carrying out of reorganization should be relatively centralized. Otherwise,
we will end up expending a lot of effort for small results because none of the dif-
ferent channels link up; and this opportunity for reform could end by merely exacer-
bating the phenomenon of a divided system with numerous large and small independent
units.
(4) The state should have a policy of supporting those enterprises in which tech-
nical transformation is being carried out. Depending on the particular circum-
stances of each enterprise, the government should make special provision:- for loans
and taxation.
In short, this is a major undertaking that requires full cooperation in all areas,
as well as joint study and investigation.
.CSO: 4006/113
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first annual meeting in Dalian.
REPORT ON FIRST ECONOMIC SCIENCE MEETING
HK211242 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 15 Oct 81 p 5
[Academic trend report by Jiang Yingguang [5592 2503 0342]: "China Federation of Economic
Science Organizations Holds First Meeting"]
[Text] From 3 to 9 September, the China Federation of Economics Organizations held its
This federation is a mass academic organization made up of economics societies, research
institutes and associations at the national, provincial, municipal and autonomous regional
levels. It was established in March this year and it has 226 member organizations. The
main topic for discussion at the meeting was the development of the science of economics
in order to better serve the socialist modernization.
Participants at the meeting held: Much development has been made in the research on the
science of economics since the founding of the PRC. Particularly after the 3d Plenary
Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, the broad masses of theoretical economic
workers and economic workers inspired-by the party's spirit of emancipating the mind,
using the brain and seeking truth from facts, have carried out investigations and studies
on new situations and new problems in readjusting, restructuring, rectifying and improving
the national economy. They have put forth various ideas and suggestions for reforming the
economic system and readjusting the economic structure, participated in different ways in
the government's work of making economic decisions and have promoted and developed the
science of economics. They have played their part in pushing the socialist modernization
forward. During this period, branches of the science of.economics which had a relatively
better foundation have developed to varying degrees. Some new branches of the science of
economics have emcrged. Various organizations related to the science of economics,
including research institutes, associations and societies and various kinds of theoretical
economics periodicals have sprung up like mushrooms. Academic intercourse with foreign
countries has also continuously developed.
The participants held: At present, the socialist construction has posed many complicated
problems for the science of economics. Under these circumstances, comrades in the economics
circles should rouse themselves, strive to develop the science of economics and. better serve
the socialist modernization. The participants also held that the science of economics is
a science with a wide scope and many branches and it has many problems which need study.
At present, we should, in the light of the situation of our country's socialist moderniza-
tion, strengthen the study of those various branches of the science of economics which
relate to ownership structures and economic management systems at the present stage of
socialism, strengthen the study of various branches of the science of economics which
relate to our country's economic development strategy and strengthen the study of various
branches of the science of economics which relate to management. We should strengthen not
only the study of applied economics but also the study of the current economic situation
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at home and abroad. The participants stressed that comrades in the economic circles should
enthusiastically make their contributions to the economic construction during the readjust-
ment period. To achieve this, we should carry out further studies on problems such as
economic readjustment, structural reforms, enterprise rectification, enterprise operation,
planning and management, rationalization of the national economic structure, making economic
decisions in a scientific way and economic relations with foreign countries.
The participants also stressed that in studying the science of economics we should uphold
the correct orientation of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought and seriously implement the
Marxist principles and policies which are conducive to the development of science. We
should strengthen our study, increase the force engaged in theoretical economics, train
more qualified people in this field and develop various undertakings which serve the science
of economics. The meeting proposed a "plan for the work of the China Federation of Economics
Organizations," and decided to run classes for studying the science of economics, publish
a series of books on basic economic knowledge and a book entitled "General Information on
China's Socialist Construction," make preparations for publishing ECONOMIC SCIENCE WEEKLY
and ECONOMICS DIGEST and do a good job in academic exchange, propaganda, popularization
and improvement of the science of economics.
Thus, they quickly became well off. This convincingly shows that both plains and moun-
tainous areas have broad prospects for developing diversified economies. This is because:
first, agricultural production involves seasonal work and since the slack season is rather'
long in the north, it provides the peasants with enough time to engage in diversified pro-
duction. Second, since the implementation of various responsibility systems, the pro-
ductivity has been raised and more labor has been left idle, thus providing the development'
of a diversified economy with an important manpower resource. For example, there are more
than 30,000 such people in Xinxiang County. Third, though it is true that on the plains
there are too many people and limited land, there is great potential. There are rich
natural resources on our vast plains, which spread all over the tropical, subtropical,
temperate and frigid zones, waiting for our exploitation.
The development of Xinxiang's diversified economy shows that there is no end to the
exploitation of natural resources. By constantly tapping new potential's, Xinxiang, which
was'already advanced in production, has gained the initiative in exploiting and making use
of'natural resources.
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YU GUANGYUAN ARTICLE ON ECONOMIC SCIENCE
HK261453 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 15 Oct 81 p 5
[Article by Yu Guangyuan [0060 0342 66781: "Develop Economic Science To Better Serve
Socialist Modernization -- Report Delivered on 3 September at the First Annual Meeting of
the China Federation of Economic Science Organizations" -- capitalized passages published
in boldface]
[Text] We economists must bestir ourselves and strive to develop economic science to
better serve socialist modernization.
FIRST, WE MUST UPHOLD MARXISM-LENINISM-MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT.
Past experiences and lessons tell us that we must persistently take Marxism-Leninism-Mao
Zedong Thought as our guide if we want to make our research in economic theory yield results
in socialist modernization. The basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought are
our guide to research in economic science. We must not only systematically study writings
by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong, but must really understand and master them.
This is especially true with books like "Das Kapital." Otherwise our study and research
will go astray. Insisting on studying their writings does not mean we are not going to
further develop our economic science. Comrade Mao Zedong once said something like this:
Communists and proletarian thinkers of every nation must create new theories, write new
books and produce their own theorists. At no time will it be adequate just to rely on old
things altogether. Proceeding from reality in doing everything is the living soul of
Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. We must put dialectical and historical materialism
into application, end the state of ossification and semi-ossification of thinking, com-
pletely and thoroughly emancipate ourselves from the shackles of dogmatism and conscien-
tiously study the objective course of socialist economic movements and developments. In
particular, we must hammer out, from the tortuous course we traversed, specific forms in
which socialist economic laws operate in our country, and, on the basis of summing up prac-
tical experiences in China and in other countries, establish a system of socialist economic
science and better serve socialist modernization. Bourgeois economics is essentially in
the service of the capitalist system. We cannot accept its vulgar and unscientific notions.
Neither can we accept ideas which do not conform with our system. Of course, there is no
denying that it also deals with all kinds of socialized mass production and certain regular
patterns of the commodity economy., and these deserve proper attention. We must pay close
attention to past and present research in economic theories in other countries and criti-
cally assimilate what is useful in the light of our national condition.
SECOND, WE MUST CONSCIENTIOUSLY IMPLEMENT THE MARXIST GUIDING PRINCIPLE AND POLICIES ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE.
"Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend" is the funda-
mental policy for bringing about a flourishing socialist culture and for promoting the
development of economic science.
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After taking into account the objective fact that all kinds of contradictions still existed
in a socialist society and also our country's pressing demand for rapid economic and
cultural developments, Comrade Mao Zedong put forth the "double hundred" policy in 1956.
However, this policy was not properly implemented due to interference from the "left" and
from the right. Since the downfall of the "gang of four," especially since the 3d Plenary
Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, a nationwide ideological emancipation movement
has been going on and a lively situation of "a hundred flowers all blossoming and a hundred
schools of thought all contending at the same time" has emerged.-This provides a
favorable atmosphere for the flourishing and development of economic science. In order to
develop economic science, it is also necessary to intensify the movement to emancipate the
mind. Without emancipating the mind, we will not be able to properly analyze the new
circumstances, study the new questions, voice our opinions, including constructive
suggestions and criticisms, and work out good solutions. We should have the necessary
theories and courage to actively probe into new problems, particularly matters of overall
importance which have a direct bearing on the fundamental interests of the party and the
state. Without independent thinking and free discussions, it is impossible to push
scientific research forward. The correctness or incorrectness of people's views can only
be judged through discussion and practice. The purpose of unfolding criticism and self-
criticism in the academic field is to carry out truly free discussions so that everyone
can state their owri views and make criticism and countercriticism. Unfolding truly free
discussions is altogether different from bourgeois liberalism and it is impermissible
to speak of them in the same breath. We must guard against bourgeois liberalism and
sternly criticize such inclinations. Bourgeois liberalism and leftist trends of thought
are obstacles to the unfolding of truly free discussions and must be eliminated. Unfold-
ing criticism and self-criticism, maintaining close ties with the masses and integrating
theory with practice are fine work styles of our party. They are at one with each other.
Most erroneous ideas originate from our failure to immerse ourselves with the masses, go
deep into the realities of life and integrate theory with practice. Therefore, we
economic theorists must attach importance to theoretical work and conscientiously apply
ourselves to study. At the same time, we must pay attention to practice and strengthen
investigation and study. Only in this way can we represent the interests of the masses,
proceed from reality in doing everything, uphold the truth and rectify mistakes. Under
the erroneous influence of "leftist" ideas, we have always resorted to political movements
to resolve ideological problems. This gave some comrades the false impression that it
was necessary to launch a movement in order to unfold criticism. Criticism means dis-
cussion; it means analyzing different points of view and debating on them. We should see
that after years of tutelage and education by our party, we now have a large number of
economic theorists. They are valuable assets for socialist modernization and are a
force upon which our party relies. In scientific research, differing viewpoints are
mostly questions of understanding. The issue is whether or not something conforms with
objective reality, and this can only be resolved. through social practice. The Resolu-
tion on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the PRC
points out: "We must correctly understand that there are diverse social contradictions
in Chinese society which do not fall within the scope of class struggle and that methods
other than class struggle must be used for their appropriate resolution." Upholding the
four fundamental principles is in keeping with "letting a hundred schools of thought
contend." In order to "let a hundred schools of thought contend" and ensure the normal
practice of criticism and self-criticism, we must not handle differing and even
erroneous viewpoints in academic research in an oversimplified and crude way. In
particular, we must oppose the practice of resorting to administrative means to back up
one academic viewpoint and repudiate another. This is an important point we have learned
in implementing the "double hundred" policy over the past two decades and more. Of
course, words and deeds that would undermine socialist construction are something
different. Toward them, we must wage necessary struggles.
Integrating theory with practice is a fine tradition of our party; it is also a fundamental
principle for the development of economic. science. Since the downfall of the "gang of four,"
especially since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, this principle
has been upheld by our economists. This has played a remarkable role both in raising the
theoretical level and in giving impetus to practice. However, we should still pay attention
to rectifying theoretical research which is divorced from reality. Tasks of economic
research should originate from practice. An economic theorist must pay attention to
investigation, take socialist modernization as his classroon,'be bold in practice,
constantly study new circumstances and solve new problems, truly adhere to the realistic
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anapractical principle of "believe only in facts, not in what your superiors have told you
or in books" put forth by Comrade Chen Yun back in the Yanan days and cultivate the scienti-
fic approach of proceeding from reality in doing everything. Of course, while paying
attention to overcoming the tendency for theory to become divorced from reality, we must
also pay attention to overcoming the tendency to slight theoretical work. The Resolution
on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the PRC points out:
One of the social and historical causes underlying the "Great Cultural Revolution" which
dragged on for as long as a decade was that our party "was not fully prepared, either
ideologically or in terms of scientific study, for the swift advent of the newly born
socialist society and for socialist construction on a national scale." For this reason,
the resolution emphasizes that "it is imperative for the whole party to engage in a more
diligent study of Marxist theories, of the past and present in China and abroad, and of
the different branches' of the natural and social sciences." In this regard, it is of
particularly great significance to strengthen research in economic theory.
THIRD, WE MUST EXPAND AND RAISE THE STANDARDS OF THE PRESENT CONTINGENT OF ECONOMIC
SCIENTISTS AND TRAIN A LARGE NUMBER OF QUALIFIED ECONOMIC SCIENTISTS IF WE WANT TO
FURTHER DEVELOP ECONOMIC SCIENCE.
Our contingent of economic scientists has expanded considerably in recent years. However,
it still falls short of the arduous tasks of socialist modernization we have before us.
This contingent is not only too small in number, but is not up to the mark qualitatively
speaking. For example, in terms of the fields of study, most people are engaged in
theoretical research in general political economics and very few are engaged in other
disciplines. Many bourgeoning and frontier branches of learning are in a state of
blankness and there are gaps to be filled. Most economic scientists have a limited scope
of knowledge. They know very little about Chinese history, Chinese society, various aspects
of production, practical knowledge such as advanced mathematics, modern science and techno-
logy and modern economics, even the new progress being made in other countries in research
in their respective branches of learning. They also have a relatively low level of foreign
language training. Therefore, we must strengthen and raise the standards of the present
contingent of economic scientists in order to meet the demands of socialist modernization.
This is a very pressing task. Our federation of economic science organizations should play
its proper role in this regard. We must make every effort to train and bring up new forces.
We must tailor the teaching of economics in such a way as to suit the needs of socialist
modernization. To this end, it is necessary to reform the pedagogical structure and
curricular setup of economics and help the economics students broaden their scope of
knowledge. In this way, we will be able to provide economics research and teaching and
also the economic departments with more professional men of a high caliber.
In conducting research in economic science, it is not only necessary to divide the work
but also to strengthen the links between various branches of learning. If we all stay in
our own small world and do not communicate, we will not be able to reach an understanding
on many questions. In addition, we must also have an overall idea of and planning for the
development of economics in the whole country, including planning for each locality. Our
federation of economic science organizations can also do something useful in this regard.
FOURTH, WE MUST DEVELOP VARIOUS ECONOMIC SCIENCE SERVICES.
The development of the service trades is an outcome of contemporary social development.
Services in the field of science (economic science included) constitute an important aspect
of the service trades. In addition to our own research tasks, we economic scientists should
also strive to provide good scientific services and serve socialist modernization with
scientific conclusions, scientific knowledge, scientific information and scientific methods.
For example, we can help ascertain the effects of economic policies, provide economic
information, data and counseling, train economic management personnel, put forth plans
and proposals for rationalization, provide scientific arguments and evidence for various
technical measures and construction projects, and so on.
It is one of our important tasks under the new historical conditions to popularize the
knowledge of economic science in the course of socialist construction. Only by helping more
people master the knowledge of economic scienc.e can we do a better job of our economic work.
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XINHUA ON INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE, PRODUCTION
OW260255 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0706 GMT 24 Nov 81
(Commentary by unidentified XINHUA reporter: "The Integration of Scientific Research and
Production Is Imperative"]
[Excerpts) Beijing, 24 Nov (XINHUA) -- From the State Scientific and Technological
Commission and'the Chinese Academy of Sciences to the various research institutes, the
people have recently been enthusiastically discussing a question: How can science and
technology be transformed as quickly as possible into productive forces to enable the
national economy to develop at a greater speed?
The occurrence and development of science are linked with production right from the start.
When production develops to a certain stage, it inevitably places new demands on science
and technology. Once science and technology make a new breakthrough and apply their
achievement to production, a leap in production takes place. It was in this way that the
history of mankind's development of production was proved. However, not everyone is
paying attention to carrying out such an obvious and easy-to-understand truth in practice.
Therefore, it is necessary to demand that comrades who are leaders in production should
.attach importance to the application of new achivements in science and technology and ask
for output and quality from science and technology. Comrades who are leaders in scientific
and technological work should attach importance to the popularization of scientific and
technological achievements in production and ask for scientific research projects from the
production side.
Recently, the State Scientific and Technological Commission has collected many practical
examples eloquently explaining the power of new new scientific and technological achieve -
ments in promoting the development of production.
The comrades in economic departments might say that new technology is certainly good but
it cannot be applied to their production because the channel between scientific research
and production is now impassable. The comrades in scientific and technological departments
maintain that in order to bring a scientific and technological achievement from the labora-
tory to production, there is a series of technical and economic problems to be solved;
however, the scientific and technological departments are incapable of solving these
problems. A scientific and technological achievement must be taken over by the production
department for a continuous intermediary test before it can be transferred from the labora-
tory to the plant, the rural area or the mine, or even to the various production fronts.
However, for a long time, precisely because of the absence of an intermediary bridge, most
of the achievements have remained samples, exhibits or presents, and have been buried year
after year.
Regarding this problem, the party Central Committee's policy is that except for a small
amount of basic research, applied scientific research should systematically be more closely
integrated with production and should gradually break through departmental and regional
limits. It is necessary to study the reform of the systems from the angle of the integra-
tion of scientific research organizations with production.
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To build the bridge of integration between scientific research and production, we must
depend on the joint efforts of both the scientific research departments and the production
departments. If only leading departments at all levels work in accordance with the party
Central Committee's policy, do away with the ideology of sticking to old ways, positively
make the channels between scientific research and production passable, study the concrete
policies and measures of encouraging-the production departments to adopt new technology
and new achievements and do something in a down-to-earth way, we will be able to gradually
transfer advanced scientific and technological achievements from the laboratory to the
plant, the rural area and the various departments in the national economy. If we act in
this way, the national eco,...my will develop at a greater speed like a winged tiger,
enabling an earlier realization of socialist modernization.
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EXCERPTS FROM ZHAO ZIYANG GOVERNMENT WORK REPORT
OW140138 Beijing XINHUA in English 0103 GMT 14 Dec 81
[Excerpts] 9. Raise the scientific and cultural level of all working people,
and organize strong forces to tackle key scientific research projects. We must
train large numbers of specialists of all grades in all lines and.large numbers
of competent workers for our modernization programme. This is of paramount
importance. China is still. rather backward in education and science, whose
development thus lags behind that of the various sectors of the economy. Unless
we solve this problem, we shall fail in our drive for modernization.
Our basic policy for scientific and technological development is equally clear-cut. Science
and technology, with their numerous brancl':s, should serve all aspects of-human life.
There must be no weakening of basic research, but the stress in the development of science
and technology as a whole should be on serving economic construction and, in particular,
on the solution of key problems in the, economy involving major economic benefits. Our
present task is to employ science and technology more efficiently so that they will be
a powerful productive force, a great stimulus to economic development.
To place science and technology fully at the service of the economy, it is now most necessary
to apply and spread the results we have obtained in scientific and technological research.
In recent years, we have accomplished much in such research and also imported a good
deal of advanced technology. Drawing on these assets and making wider use of them can
yield enormous results if we do it in .time. We should strive to apply the results of
scientific and technological research in laboratories to production, apply those gained
in the national defence industry to production for both defence and civilian purposes,
and apply those gained in the coastal areas to production in the hinterland, as well as
assimilate foreign experience for use in China. In the past year or so, several research
and designing institutions have organized various forms of association with production units,
and owrked out new methods and systems, such-as the contracting system, compensated transfers
of technology, technical services, output-related responsibility in agro-technical service,
and advisory agro-technical contracts. All this has helped research and designing instiutions
to be directly oriented towards production; and to cater to the needs of increasing
production; at the same time, it has provided a motive for the popularization of science
and technology. It is thus highly beneficial to the development of the. economy and of
science and technology themselves.
Generally speaking, our science and technology are still rather backward, but they are by
no means backward in every respect. For in certain fields we have already attained a
fairly high level and a considerable scale in terms .of size of research staff, experi-
mental facilities, and.results of research. We should in no case underestimate ourselves.
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To meet the fairly long-term needs of our developing economy, it is now necessary to set
before all leading scientific and technological departments, all research institutions and
all scientific and technological personnel the task of tackling key problems in science
and technology by pooling their efforts and strengthening their cooperation. After repeated
studies and confirmation by the departments and specialists concerned, we will select
?a number of research projects of major national economic significance and organize the
efforts of all concerned to effect a breakthrou h.
These projects include techniques tor increasing tarm yields such as seed and soil
improvement, water and soil conservation, plant protection and manufacture of new
varieties of farm chemicals; techniques of foodstuff storage and processing, and of
keeping it fresh for a long time; finishing techniques for textiles; techniques for the
conservation and better utilization of energy; techniques for the multi-purpose use
of coal and petroleum; techniques for the comprehensive exploitation and utilization of
nonferrous metals; and research on new materials, new technologies, new equipment and
new products which are of key importance to China's economic growth. Work on the above
projects is important and necessary for the accelerated development of our national
economy. We hope that all concerned will give it adequate attention. Our achievements
in science and technology are already at the point where we can conquer a number of
difficult scientific problems. We are convinced that our scientific and technological
personnel have both the will and the ability to make a breakthrough in these major projects.
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ECONOMIST ON RENEWAL OF EXISTING INDUSTRIES
HK120250 Beijing CHINA DAILY in English 12 Dec 81 p 1
[By staff reporter Zhang Ciyun]
[Text] China's plans to shift more funds from capital investment to the renewal of
existing industrial enterprises in the next 10 years is the only way to make the economic
readjustment and modernization program a success, in the view of Sun Yefang, a noted
economist and member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
In an interview with CHINA DAILY, Sun said, "I greatly appreciate the 10 principles for
economic development outlined in Premier Zhao Ziyang's report to the current. people's
congress, and I'm particularly happy with the? one which calls for making full use of
existing enterprises through systematic technical transformation."
He said renewing old enterprises requires less money and brings prompter results than
building new ones.
"I have been advocating this policy for almost 20 years, but some economists disagreed
with me," he said.
Sun, 74, published an article in 1963 urging the government to stop emphasizing the con-
struction of new enterprises in developing agricultural and industrial production. He
suggested the government use half of its capital investment to renew existing enterprises.
"Being a poor and undeveloped country, China cannot afford large-scale capital investment.
It is ridiculous that mills purchased in the latter half of the 19th century and machinery
imported before national liberation in 1949 are still expected to compete in the world
market," Sun observed.
He pointed out that the depreciation rate in China's enterprises is only four per cent
15 to 20 percent lower than in industrialized countries.
If China renews its equipment only every 25 or 30 years, hopes of catching up with the
advanced countries are "only a fond dream," he said.
He suggests now that the government raise the depreciation rate to at least 10 per cent
"although I am well aware that this means a reduction of almost 20 billion yuan from the
annual state income and the Financial'Ministry won't be happy about it."
"This is the only right and practical way to complete the current economic readjustment
and turn China into a modern, prosperous country by the year 2000," he said.
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"If heavy industry can shift its focus to the renewal of the more than 400,000 existing
enterprises in this country, it could find a vast field for further development and its
production could be rapidly increased," he asserted.
Referring to figures cited in Premier Zhao's report, Sun noted that while China's agriculture
is enjoying more good harvests and light industrial production has increased by more than 10
percent this year, heavy industrial production has dropped.
As a result, the nation's total agricultural and industrial production rose only 4 per cent
this year, well below the average yearly increases of ]8 percent during the first5 year
plan (1953-58) and 17.9 per cent during the nation's first 3 year economic readjustment
just before the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-76).
Sun said that in the last 2 years, many heavy industrial enterprises have been idled;
the sector is now suffering a depression as the result of the nationwide economic
readjustment.
"This does not mean that China has overdeveloped its heavy industry, but reveals the fact
that heavy industry has been slanted to much to meeting the needs of building new projects
and enterprises," he said.
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II. Science Policy--Agriculture
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
Beijing ZHONGGUO BAIKE NIANJIAN in Chinese 1980, pp 361-363
[Excerpts] Revival and Development of Agricultural Research
In old China, agricultural science research work was extremely weak. Following
Liberation, six large regional agricultural science institutes were set up in the
northeast, north China, east China, south China, the northwest, and the southwest.
Provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and regions (leagues and
municipalities) also set up agricultural science institutes or experiment stations.
In 1.957, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences grew out of the North China
Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Subsequent to 1958, some provincial agricul-
tural sciences institutes were enlarged to become provincial academies of agricul-
tural sciences. During the Great Cultural Revolution, as a result of the inter-
ference and destruction caused by Lin Biao and the "gang of four's" ultra-leftist
.Line, some of the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and
numerous provincial (municipal, autonomous region), and prefectural (league and
municipal) agricultural science research organizations were abolished or downgraded,
and research work in agricultural sciences was seriously crippled.
Following the smashing of the "gang of four," a national science conference was
convened in 1978; the State Council approved the revival of the Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, and research in agricultural sciences was revived and
developed. In 1979, the "Decision of the CCP Central Committee on Some Questions
Concerning the Acceleration of Agricultural Development," which was passed by the
Fourth Plenary Session of the 11th Party Central Committee, placed specific require-
ments on the development of research work in agricultural work. The Ministry of
Agriculture placed strong emphasis on building up the Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, requiring that it gradually begin to operate national research centers for
agriculture and livestock raising. Also established were such national agricultural
research organizations as the Chinese Agricultural Engineering Research and Design
Academy, the Chengdu Methane Gas Institute and the Environmental Protection Scien-
tific Monitoring Institute. Each province (municipality and autonomous region)
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revived and established provincial academies of agricultural sciences and prefec-
tural academies of agricultural sciences. Some provinces (municipalities and
autonomous regions), as well as a small number of prefectures also established
special research units directly subordinate to agricultural' and livestock depart-
ments. Some institutions of higher learning also set up laboratories for
strengthening research work in agricultural sciences.
By adopting the method of combining specialized teams with the broad masses, research
work in agricultural sciences launched a wideranging campaign of scientific experi-
ments in agriculture from which numerous scientific and technical accomplishments
were derived. At the National Science Congress in 1978, 243 prizes were awarded for
major scientific and technical accomplishments in agriculture and livestock raising.
Thirty of these approached, attained, or exceeded advanced world levels. For
example, in the field of agriculture, in 1956 the world's first dwarf superior
variety of rice, "Aijiao Nante" was bred. In 1973, an improved xian type hybrid
rice was grown; and an allooctoploid triticale was propagated using polyploid breed-
ing methods. Research in control of saline-alkaline fields brought results that
laid a scientific foundation for the control of large areas. Insect pests and
diseases that cause serious damage to agricultural production such as migratory
locusts and wheat rust have been substantially brought under control. In the field
of animal husbandry, research was launched on improvements in domestic livestock
and domestic poultry breed, and in artificial insemination techniques using frozen
semen for domestic livestock. Research has been successful with numerous safe
vaccines. Pernicious epidemic diseases including rinderpest, hog cholera, and
chicken pest, which were virulent before Liberation have either been brought under
control or eradicated. .
(Wang Zhiqi [3769 0037 3823])
Building an Agricultural Science and Technology Popularization Network
Agricultural science and technology popularization network is the common way of
referring to the agricultural science and technology popularization organization.
It was formed out of the former agricultural technical popularization stations and
the four level agricultural science experimental network. It includes all agricul-
tural science and technology popularization organizations from the central authori-
ties to the grassroots levels. At the center, a science and technology populariza-
tion department has been established within the Science and Technology Bureau of
the Ministry of Agriculture. In provincial and prefectural agricultural bureaus,
agricultural science and technology popularization stations have been established
or else are administered by appropriate units within agriculturkl bureaus. In the
counties, either agricultural science and technology popularization offices or
agricultural science and technology popularization stations have been established.
People's communes have agricultural science and technology popularization stations;
production teams have set up either agricultural science and technology teams or
agricultural technicians. Agricultural science and technology popularization
organizations at all echelons at or above the county are subordinate to the national
institution. Some of the commune agricultural science and technology popularization
stations are subordinate to the national institution, and some are subordinate to
collective units. Production brigade and production team agricultural science and
technology teams are mass scientific and technical organizations.
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The agricultural science and technology popularization network is a link and a
bridge for the application to agricultural production of agricultural research
accomplishments and advanced techniques; it is the key link in giving play to the
productivity role of science and technology. Its principal tasks are: adaptation
of general methods to local situations for the popularization of advanced techniques
in agricultural production, all around implementation of the "Eight-Point-Charter
for Agriculture", and implementation of scientific farming. Below the county level,
it performs experiments and demonstrates, promotes and gives technical training. It
firmly follows the direction which serves present and local agricultural production
and holds to a policy at which popularization is the center. It upholds all.prin-
ciples and all model demonstration methods that have undergone testing. It
organically combines experimentation, demonstrations, training, and popularization
work, gains experience through experimentation, derives models through demonstra-
tions, develops backbone technical cadre through training, and achieves the goal of
increased output and increased insome through the popularization of applications to
production.
In the course of their work, agricultural scientific and technical popularization
organizations give attention to close coordination with research units, and agri-
cultural institutions of higher learning, actively promote their scientific and
technical accomplishments, and request their assistance in the solution of technical
problems they may encounter in the process of popularization.
(Yao Jiaqiu 11202 0857 4428))
Revival and bevelopment of Agricultural Institutions of Higher Learning
Following the smashing of the "gang of four," China's agricultural institutions of
higher learning made an initial recovery and moved forward. In 1979, of 15
institutions including Beijing, Hebei, Yunnan, and Yilin agricultural universities,
and Nanjing, Shenyang, Anhui, and Northeast agricultural colleges that had been
moved, 12 returned to their previous addresses. Simultaneous with the revival of
the old schools, the state also approved the founding of an additional 10 schools
of the Beijing and Laiyang Agricultural College, the Tibetan College of Agriculture
and Animal Husbandry, the Jinyang, Xichang, and western Henan professional schools
of agriculture, the Sichuan and Qinghai animal husbandry and veterinary medicine
colleges, the Zhelimu Academy of Animal Husbandry, and the Zhengzhou Professional
School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine. By the end of 1979, there was
a total. of 43 agricultural institutions of higher learning (not including state farm
and land reclamation, farm machinery, and forestry institutions) of which 35 offered
regular college courses, and 8 offered specialized courses. In terms of curriculum,
37 were in agriculture and 5 were in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine; one
was in sericulture. There were 360 institutions offering 52 different courses on
agriculture, pomology, vegetables, livestock, veterinary medicine, agricultural
mechanization, farmland water conservancy, and forestry. There were more than
45,000 students enrolled, 477 researchers, and a staff of more than 28,000 at the
schools. The state also revived and authorized as key national institutions of
higher learning seven institutions, namely, Beijing Agricultural University, and
Nanjing, Southwest, Northwest, Central China, South China, and Shenyang colleges
of agriculture, and instituted a dual leadership system comprised of the Ministry
of Agriculture and concerned provinces and municipalities with the Ministry of Agri-
culture leadership being paramount. At the same time, it approved the Shanxi
Agricultural University,'and Jiangxi Communist Labor University as a major national
institution of higher learning under the leadership of the province.
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Simultaneous with the revival and development of agricultural institutions of
higher learning, efforts were made to improve the teaching quality. By 1979, the
Ministry of Agriculture had already examined, approved and promulgated plans (trial
drafts) for the Four specialized schools of agronomy, pomology, animal husbandry
and veterinary science in agricultural institutes of higher learning, and a draft
plan for instrument and equipment standards for eight agricultural microbiology
laboratories. It had also organized teachers from agricultural institutions of
higher learning throughout the country to write teaching outlines for 71 courses
in agronomy, pomology, animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, and teaching
materials for 160 courses in 12 fields of agronomy and animal husbandry. The
Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Edu-
cation authorized establishment of [sister] school relationships between the Beijing
Agricultural University and Minnesota University in the United States, Guelph
University in Canada, and Hohenheim University in West Germany, between South China
Agricultural College and Pennsylvania State University in the United States, and
between Shenyang Agricultural College and Iowa littiversity in the United States.
They began reciprocal exchanges of specialists, teachers who lecture, exchange of
data, exchange of students engaged in advanced studies, and cooperative research.
The Ministry of Agriculture selected more than 50 teachers from agricultural insti-
tutions of higher learning throughout the country as visiting scholars who went to
the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Yugoslavia, and Romania for
study, refresher courses and improvement. They also commissioned experts and
teachers from pertinent agricultural schools to conduct 27 refresher courses includ-
ing basic English, basic Japanese, agricultural chemistry, botany, domestic animal
environmental sanitation, entomological survey, veterinary clinical diagnosis,
domestic animal dissection, and histoembryology, farming, and animal biochemistry
so as to train teachers and increase their level of specialized knowledge.
(Jiao Ji [3542 1323])
Training Classes for Agriculture Leadership Cadres
in 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture entrusted seven agricultural institutions of
higher learning including Beijing, and Zhejiang agricultural universities, and
Shenyang, Northwest, Southwest, Central China, and South China agricultural colleges
to conduct training classes for agricultural cadres. They trained separately the
directors and deputy directors of agricultural and livestock bureaus in various
provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions who had not previously studied
agricultural specialities, the chairman and deputy chairman of agricultural
academies, and the chairmen and deputy chairmen of agricultural institutions of
higher learning; prefectural secretaries responsible for agriculture, assistant
directors, officers in charge of agricultural offices, directors,of agricultural
and livestock bureaus, county (or banner) CCP Committee secretaries, county heads,
deputy secretaries in charge of agriculture, and cadres above the department level
in the Ministry of Agriculture. Training would be twice each year, each period
lasting from four to four and one-half months. Every 4 or 5 years, these cadres
would be rotated once to training. Content of instruction was agricultural eco-
nomics, agricultural programs and policies, agronomy (including plant physiology,
genetic and breeding, crop cultivation, soil fertility, and plant protection),
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animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, and agricultural mechanization. Depending
on the different needs'of students, each class might set up elective courses.
Through training and subsequent work experiences, these leading cadres in agricul-
tural management would gradually change from greenhorns to insiders versed in their
Own profession.
During the last half of 1979, seven training classes were each in session for one
period. Participating in the training were department level cadres from offices in
the Ministry of Agriculture and affiliated units, and leading cadre responsible for
agricultural work from 29 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, 77
prefectures (or zhous), and 387 counties (or banners), numbering 514 students in
all. Forty-two of the students were cadres from 16 national minorities. Aside
from six of the students who were unable to complete the course, all others were
tested and found to meet requirements and were issued certificates of completion
for the course work.
(Yu Pei [6735 1014])
Activities of the Chinese Agriculture Society
'tile Chinese Agriculture Society is an academic'mass organization organized by
Chi.na's agricultural scientists and technicians. It was founded in 1917, and known
before Liberation as the "China Agriculture Society."'
The present session's council has 145 council members, 43 standing committee coun-
cil members, 14 deputy directors, and 1 director, all of them elected by a congress
of the membership. This session's director is Yang Xiandong [2799 7359 26391.
The Chinese Agriculture Society is a combined organization that includes the
Chinese Crop Society, the Chinese Horticulture Society, the Chinese Plant Protec-
tion Society, the Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Society, the
Chinese Tea Society, the Chinese Serology Society, the Chinese Tropical Crops
Society, the Chinese Cotton Society, the Chinese Apiary Society, the Chinese Atomic
Energy Agricultural Society, the Chinese Agro-Economics Society, the Chinese Grass-
lands Society, the Chinese Agricultural Engineering Society, and the Chinese Agri-
cultural Modernization Research Society. Most provinces, municipalities, and
autonomous regions have also established agricultural societies.
Centering on the central problem of how to accelerate the modernization of agricul-
ture, in 1979 the Chinese Agricultural Society organized the broad masses of
agricultural scientists and technicians for academic discussions and exchanges.
Examples were the Northeast Region Agricultural Modernization Academic Discussion
Meeting, and the Tropical Crops Modernization Academic Discussion Meeting,. and the
Tropical Crops Modernization Academic Discussion Meeting. The Chinese Agricultural
Society has also regularly held academic discussion meetings and report-back meet-
ings of various kinds or on various-subjects. It has sent delegations abroad on
inspection trips, to participate in international academic conferences, to exchange
academic accomplishments, to increase their academic level, and to examine and
approve as well as recommend effective technical measures.
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This year the Chinese Agricultural Society turned to the 800 million peasants by
actively launching agricultural. science popularization work. It began with the
Publication of a collection of books titled "A Course of Lectures on Modernized
Agricultural Science." In conjunction with the Central People's Broadcasting
Station, it presented "Special Lectures on Agricultural Modernization Science Knowl-
edge." It used newspapers and magazines to publish articles pertaining to agricul-
tural technology. It showed science education., films; it set up various slide shows
in special fields. It operated training classes in various specialties.
In 1979, the Chinese Agricultural Society edited and published 17 academic publica-
tions. They may be generally divided into two major categories, learned journals and
magazines. Learned journals include ZUOWU XUEBAO [Acta Agronomica Sinica], YUANYI
XUEBAO [Acta Horiculturae Sinica], ZHIWU BAOHU XUEBAO [Acts Phytophylactica Sinica],
ZHI.WU BINGLI XUEBAO [Plant Pathology Journal], XUMU SHOUYI XUEBAO [Arta Veterinaria
et Zootechnica Sinica]. Magazines include ZHONGGUO SHOUYI ZAZHI [Chinese Journal of
Veterinary Medicine], ZHONGGUO XUMU ZAZHI [Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry],
Z111WU BAOHU [Plant Protection.], ZHONGGUO YANGFENG [Chinese Apiculture], CHAYE KEXUE
I'l'ea Science], CANYE KEXUE [Silkworm Industry Science], REZUO KEJI TONGXUN [Tropical
Crops Science and Technology Bulletin], NONGYE JINGJI WENTI [Problems of Agricultural
Economics], YUANZINENG NONGYE YINGYONG [Agricultural Applications of Atomic Energy],
YUANZINENG NONGYE YICONG [Translations on Agricultural Applications of Atomic
Energy], ZHONGGUO CAOYUAN [Chinese Grasslands], and NONGYE GONGCHENG [Agricultural
Engineering].
(Li Jurikai [2621 0689 0418])
Widening of Foreign Agricultural Technology Exchange
In 1979, China's technological cooperation and exchange with foreign countries saw
further development. According to incomplete statistics from the Ministry of
Agriculture, a total of more than 420 people in 65 delegations and inspection
groups were sent abroad during the year, and more than 580 people in 120 visiting
delegations or groups arrived in China.
'['his year, China and the United States, Yugoslavia, France, Thailand, Argentina,
and Japan arranged through government or civilian organizations for the exchange of
special inspection delegations and groups in livestock, pomology, variety resources,
and biological control. These exchanges were based on equality, mutual benefit and
cooperation. Swiss, Japanese, French, and West German industrial plants and traders
hnve sent seed and agricultural chemical experts for technical exchanges, and they
have welcomed specialists whom China has sent abroad to study advanced techniques.
Yugoslavian, French, and American special research organizations or agricultural
institutions as well as international rice, wheat, corn, and potato research insti-
tutes have exchanged scholars with China, and welcomed specialists whom China has
sent abroad for advanced study or for cooperative research. The United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization ran a technical training class in China on the
use of remote sensing in soil surveys, and also sent some livestock specialists to
China for short periods of teaching to help in the training of specialists. They
also received isotope and paddy rice experts sent abroad from China for advanced
studies. The Beijing Municipal Sino-Japanese Friendship People's Commune sent 25
young farmers and technicians to Fukushima and Hokkaido in Japan at the invitation
of the Japanese to study paddy rice, vegetables, fruit trees, and milk cow feeding
techniques.
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kt-c-etv-- A-w.e "tau ~%t;- ee:.ttkit al spte:iaiists of Chinese descent, and one Canadian
:,gr[c:ultural specialist of'Chinese descent visited China at China's invitation to give
numerous lectures and engage in academic exchange. They hold nationwide red soil
improvement and domestic fowl epidemic disease training classes, and conducted 157
report-back meetings and academic discussion meetings.
(Zhu Pirong [2612 0012 2837])
Development of International Cooperative Relationships in Agricultural Technology
and Economic Cooperation
In 1.979, China developed long term cooperative relationships in agricultural' tech-
nology and economics with numerous countries. In addition to signing agreements
for technical cooperation with more than 10 countries, it made technical and eco-
nomic cooperative arrangements with American, Yugoslavian, West German, French,
Australian, and New Zealand business firms, and it entered into cooperative experi-
ment.; and technical exchanges on agricultural chemicals, farm machinery, and seeds
witli.Iapanese, British, French and Swiss industrial plants and firms.
Till!; year China introduced eight sets of agricultural machinery from Japan for
Iii lot projects at Congzhuling in Jilin, Wuxi in Jiangsu,.Chongming in Shanghai,
.linhua and Wuxing in Zhejiang, Jinxian in Jiangxi, and Dandu in Anhui. Plastic
greenhouses introduced from Japan are being used experimentally at the Sijiqing
People's Commune in the suburbs of Beijing. A modernized greenhouse introduced
.from Holland is being tested in the suburbs of Harbin. Modern livestock farm
equipment and techniques were introduced from Australia and New Zealand. Through
the auspices of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, a complete
range of seed processing equipment was introduced as well as grain drying equipment
and remote sensing technical instruments and equipment for soil surveys. Addi-
tionally, a demonstration farm with modern facilities is planned for construction
at the Wengniute Banner in the Nei Monggol Autonomous Region. More than 4700
varieties of agricultural crop seeds and nursery stock have been introduced from
38 countries and international organizations. From New Zealand and Australia have
been introduced Romney sheep, and from Korea has been introduced eight different
quail strains. From the United States has been imported Nigula [phonetic] white-
feathered turkeys, and from Japan earthworms to further increase China's breed
resources.
Additionally, China has presented 858 seed and nursery stock items for various farm
crops to 18 countries. Rice hybrids are being tested in the United States, and
some of them have yields of from 30 to 40 percent higher than local varieties.
(Zhu Pirong [2612 0012 2837])
9432
CSO: 8111/0826-D
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RELY ON POLICY, SCIENCE TO INCREASE GRAIN PRODUCTION
Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 6 Mar 81 p 2
[Article by Hou Xueyu [0186 1331 3558], Botany Institute, Chinese Academy of
Sciences. "How Should the Problem of Increased Food Output Be Looked At?"]
[Text] Solution to the problem of increased grain output
requires, first of all, establishment of an outlook of
"grain in a larger sense." The road to increased output
lies not in emphasis on increase in the rice, corn, and
wheat area and the multiple cropping index, but rather in
increases in pdr unit yields, and close attention to
intensive farming. The basic issue is reliance on policies
and on science.
Ours is a country with a population of one billion in which solution to the
problem of getting enough food for everyone to eat requires self-reliant
increases in grain output. How can grain output be increased? This is a problem
that very much merits discussion.
Many proposals have been made for increasing grain production. Some people have
suggested a need to stabilize the area planted to rice, wheat, and corn, permitting
no further reductions. Others have advocated stabilization of the dual crop
system in South China. Are these proposals valid?
I believe that it is necessary, first of all, to learn the reasons why speed of
growth of grain output in China is slow. On the basis of my investigations during
the past several years in north and south China, I would say that one major
reason has been that peasants everywhere have been eating "out of a large common
pot." Beginning from 1956, and more particularly since 1958, the speed of changes
in production relationships in rural villages has outstripped productivity. When
we were out examining the countryside, we frequently observed several oxen
plowing the fields and 10 or 20 people working together on a plot of land, and a
very great amount of enforced idleness. In October 1980 during an inspection trip
in Anhui Province, I saw heartening changes. The Yingtou sugar production team in
Liyuan Commune, Fengyang County had for more than 20 years depended on grain
resold to them by the state, and.every year, following the. harvest, both adults
and children would flee famine to beg for food. In 1977 following the overthrow
of the "gang of four," though the weather had been normal, grain yields had still
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only been 66 jin per mu, and 8000 jin of grain returned by the state was consumed.
In 1979, with large scale contracting with teams for production,. grain yields were
200 jin per mu. In 1980, after institution of a system of contracting for
production with households, grain yields were more than 400 jin per mu. During
that year, in addition to grain for consumption and for use as seeds,. more than
110,000 fin of grain was sold to the state, and more than 10,000 jin of peanuts
was sold as well. This situation shows that with the same cultivated land, the
same workforce, and the same production conditions, eating "out of a large common
pot" and not eating "out of a large common pot" makes a vast difference. Once
the peasants had true autonomy, only then did initiative arise, and only then was
the most made of the advantages provided by the soil and the workforce.
Inappropriate production relationships-destroy peasant initiative; and must
inevitably block growth in grain output.
Secondly, scant harvests from widely planted areas is also a major reason. In
1980, I made an investigation of the Tsaidam Basin in Qinghai Province, which had
had a record high output of spring wheat. At many farms there, yields of winter
wheat from small cultivated areas (15 mu) amounted to 2,000 jin per mu. One
production team with 1,500 mu of cultivated land also had average yields of
1,000 fin per mu. But on most farms, average yields were only 200 to 300 jin per
mu. This was because at that time higher authority required only that each farm
guarantee a certain area for wheat, making no clear requirements for output. As
a result, every farm planted a wide area, but harvested little, and they did not
pool water, fertilizer, and manpower to do intensive farming. Another actual
experience took place at the Muzhuang Production Brigade in Nanpi County, Hebei
Province, where there are large tracts of salinized soil. In 1974, 2,650 mu
of grain was planted, but yields were only 46.8 jin per mu. In 1978, the grain-
field area was curtailed to 1,769 mu and water and fertilizer were concentrated
for intensive farming; yields rose to 211.8 mu per jin. In 1979, the grainfield
area was further reduced to 1,229 mu, and yields rose to 336.6 fin per mu.
During these 2 years, this production brigade afforested sandy areas, grew reeds
in low-lying areas, and grew hay or rotated hay and grain in saline areas in
an all-around development of agriculture, forestry, and livestock raising. This
shows that the size of grain output depends not only on the size of the area sown
to grain. In many places in China, low grain yields are inseparable from the
guiding mentality of planting large areas and reaping scant harvests.
Destruction of forests, the clearing of mountain lands for agriculture, and
reclamation of lakes to make fields is another major reason for droughts, and
adverse effects on grain production. Destruction of mountain forests and the
clearing of land there not only hurts forestry, livestock raising and diversifica-
tion, but also has bad consequences for grain production itself. In Shenxi
Province, the masses say, "When the mountains are cleared to the peaks, people
become poor and die out," and "when clearing is done on the mountains above,
disaster ensues for the people below." In western Hunan Province, the forests
on Xuefengshan were felled, and all the cleared mountain slopes, including those
with a slope of more than 30 degrees, were cleared for the planting of corn,
which was intercropped with young China fir seedlings. During a particularly
heavy downpour of rain in 1979, more than 10,000 mu of ricefields at the foot of
the mountain in Dongkou County were washed away, and more than 20,000 mu were
stricken with drought. In 1958, trees were cut from the Dabieshan in Anhui
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Province to make charcoal for the smelting of iron. As a result of erosion, flood
and drought disasters subsequently increased in frequency. The reclamation of
lakes to make farmland seemingly increases the amount of cultivated land, but
because of the decrease in water reserves, floods occur during rainy seasons, and
water is lacking for irrigation during dry spells. One example was the Chengxi
Lake in Huoqiu County, Anhui Province, which stored 700 million cubic meters of
water before reclamation. Following reclamation, it held only 0.75 cubic meters.
When the rainy season came, more than 600 million cubic meters of water
innundated every place. Not only were the lake fields that had been reclaimed
innundated, but all the surrounding fields were drowned as well. The local people
said, "Reclaiming the lake was like reclaiming the bottom of a kettle, and the
water flooded over the sides of the kettle." Because of waterlogging, more than
100 million jin of grain was lost in 1980. Furthermore, as a?result of the
reclamation of the lake and the building of locks, fish were unable to migrate
into the lake to spawn, and a great decrease occurred in the production of fish,
crabs, and shrimps. This source of animal protein was lost, and there was no
place for lotus, Gorgon fruit, wild rice, and such food plants to grow. Baitang
Lake in Congyang County in Anhui formerly had 180,000 mu of water surface, but
more than two-thirds of this water surface has now been reclaimed. Before
reclamation, the lake produced more than 2 million jin of fish annually. In'1979,
this dropped to somewhat more than 200,000 jin. Formerly. catches of wild ducks
amounted to more than 1 million, but now they are extinct. In 1980, one-third
of the dikes surrounding the lowlying fields were breached. Someone rightly said,
"When man wanted to go'against the will of heaven and enclose the lake to make
fields, heaven got rid of the reclamation and made it back into a lake."
The reckless changes made in the system of farming nationwide from south to north
is another major reason. Ever since 1958, in particular, when the double cropping
of rice was promoted in the south as a "panacea," total grain output in some
places has declined contrary to expectations. In the fertile soil areas in the
mid-reaches of the Yangtze River, for instance, total output from both crops of
rice is about 1000 jin per mu. But should lots of rain fall and temperatures drop
in the fall.reducing output from the late rice crop, only the 700 jin from the.
early rice crop can be assured. However, a two crop system of rice and wheat (or
rape) can bring consistent yields of 1,100 jin per mu. In 1980, Jiangsu Province
organized high yield experiments on 100 mu continuous tracts at 26 different
sites, which proved that a two crop system of rice and wheat can outstrip the
yields of a triple crop system. In the case of Tianzhuang Production Brigade in
Wantou Commune, Hanjiang County, double cropping of wheat and rice produced
yields of 2,014 jin per mu, while three crops of rice produced only 1,515 jin
per. mu. In the area that runs from Taoyuan in Hunan to Taihe in Jiangxi, two
crops of rice generally yield no more than 600 to 700 jin per mu. In the
aforestated places, sunlight and atmospheric temperatures during July and August
are good, (with sunlight amounting to 30 percent of the year's total). During
this time of year, the early season rice is already in its final stage of growth
when photosynthesis has greatly declined. Meanwhile, the late season rice is
only in its seedling stage when leaf surfaces are extremely small and unable to
make fullest use of the sunlight and warmth conditions prevailing during July and
August. Winters are fairly cold in this area and the spring season warm, exactly
the right temperature conditions for the vernalization stage of wheat and rape
and able to play a "height of the season" role. However, since two crops of
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rice mean long term innundation of the soil with water, if green manure is
intercropped with late season rice, opportunity is lacking for plowing it under
and sunning the soil in winter, making the soil prone to some secondary gleying.
Since soil porosity is poor, the plant roots have difficulty breathing, so even
if greatly fertilized, the rice roots still are unable to fully absorb nut.rieht8l
The period of irrigation of the fields is long, and some natural enemies of'
insect pests such as ricefield spiders are drowned, or are unable to survive and
reproduce, which aggravates the damage done to the late rice crop by diseases
and insect pests. When two crops of the same kind are grown in a single year, the
quantity of fertilizer required and the amount of seeds needed are particularly
great. It may be seen that the area of double cropping of rice in South China
should be curtailed rather than stabilized at its present unreasonable acreage.
On the northeastern plain, after the "great leap forward," the gaoliang, millet,
and soybean acreage was reduced and the corn acreage expanded. More than 90
percent of the former soybean fields are intercropped with corn, and millet
fields are also intercropped with corn. Corn is a warmth loving crop, and this
is particularly true of medium-late ripening varieties, which if exposed to frost
during the late growth stage, will have seriously reduced output. In addition,
corn is a crop-with large stems, which when intercropped with soybeans, shade
the soybeans from the sunlight and reduce temperature to some extent. In the
northeast, where the growing season is short, this results in reduced soybean
output.
On the North China Plain, historically during years in which the autumn crop was
the major one, the land lay fallow in a system of three crops every two years
whereby gaoliang or corn was grown one year as an autumn crop, soybeans or millet
was grown one year as a late autumn crop, and wheat was grown one year. Nowadays
the farming system on the North China Plain has become a single one with winter
wheat or corn accounting for about 80 percent of the, acreage. Since 1958,
curtailment has taken place in the area planted to millet and gaoliang,. which
resist drought and tolerate alkaline-saline conditions; and peanuts, which are
suited to growing in sandy soil; soybeans, which tolerate wetness; and cotton,
which tolerates slight salinity, have been squeezed out by wheat and corn. This
has resulted not only in reduced output of cotton and oil bearing crops, but
also the continuous planting of wheat and corn year after year has both plundered
the soil of its fertility and made it lack organic matter. There is no nitrogen
fixing bacterial activity from root nodules of pulses; nor is there any bean cake
or peanut cake for use as fertilier,. so soil fertility declines and grain output
can never be increased.
Following analysis of the aforestated reasons, solution to the problem of
increased grain output requires a certain direction of effort.
In addition to acting in accordance with economic laws and correcting production
relationships not in consonance with productivity, it is necessary to establish,
first of all, an outlook of "grain in a larger sense", and to smash the narrow
view that grain is limited to paddy rice, wheat, corn, and such grass family'
foods, which are predominantly starch. It is necessary to start with human
health requirements, and in addition to developing starch to calories, it is
necessary also to develop meats, eggs, milk, and fish, which contain animal
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protein, and to develop goods that contain vegetable protein, and vegetable fat,
as well as vegetables, fruits, and sugars. Therefore, when soybeans and suger-
beets are grown in the northeast, when soybeans and peanuts are grown in North
China, when rape and peanuts are grown in southern regions, and when sugercane
i5 grown in South China, they may not be dismissed as not being grain, nor may
the raising of fish, crabs, shrimp, and wild ducks in lakes, or the growing of
lotus, water chestnuts, Gorgon fruit, and wild rice on the edges of lakes be
deemed something other than grain. Furthermore, further serious attention should
be devoted to woody oil foods such as tea oil, Chinese chestnuts, walnuts, and
persimmons. If one has this outlook of "grain in a larger sense," there will be
no further stupidities such as the reclamation of lakes to create fields, the
destruction of forests to clear land for agriculture, or destruction of the
ecological balance, nor will there by any violation of the laws of planting crops
in the soils where they grow best.
Increase in the per unit yields of all kinds of low output fields in the country
is a major way to solve the problem of increased grain output. In South China,
red and yellow soils and dryland slopes account for 180 million mu form which
yields of grain are less than 200 or 300 jin per mu, and even as low as several
score jin per mu. Low yield fields such as this have a strongly acidic reaction,
so in addition to applications of nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers
as well as green manure, they need powdered limestone to neutralize their acidity.
This is a key measure,for increasing per unit yields from dryland crops such as
corn, peanuts, pulses, and sweet potatoes. Were some small water conservancy
projects to be built so that drylands could be converted to the growing of wheat
and rice, and additional fertilizer applied, yields of 800 jin per mu would be
easily attainable, Furthermore, in the cold waterlokged fields, the poorly
drained fields, and the clayey fields in hilly and mountain gulch regions, most of
which are highly acidic and where the daily period of sunlight is short, yields
of rice are less than 300 or 400 jin per mu. In addition to using lime, especially
needed is the construction around the mountains of flood prevention ditches and
drainage ditches in a good system of drainage and irrigation so as'-to be able
to dry out and sun the fields in order to avoid marshy conditions and secondary
gleying, and a change to the growing of winter wheat, rape, and broad beans,
and the growing in summer of mid-season rice with yields of 800 jin per mu not
being difficult. In the numerous low yield fields with accumulations of water in
the south where yields are now only 200 to 300 jin per mu, the principle
contradiction is also with internal waterlogging and drainage problems, but
yields of 800 jin per mu are also possible there.
Most of the low yield fields in North China contain salinized soil. For those
that receive large amounts of summer rain in-the Huang, Huai, and Hai plains, the
key lies in solution to the spring seedling problem including the washing away
of salt, avoidance of salt, tolerance of salt, and resistance to salinity whereby
yields can be easily increased from 200 jin per mu to 500 jin per mu. For inland
dryland areas with salinized low yield fields, field plots should not be
excessively large; the ground should be leveled, and the irrigation and drainage
systems should be separate from each other. Through the use of the advantages'
there in sunlight, water, and warmth, it is possible to increase yields of spring
wheat from 200 to 300 jin per mu to 1000 jin per mu. There are about 500 million
mu of low yield fields throughout the country. If intensively farmed, and given
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just the right amount of material and energy investment to increase yields by an
average 200 to 300 jin per mu, the annual grain increase would be more than 100
billion jin.
Still another major means to increase yields is to encourage farming methods for
use and nurture of the soil, meaning the reverse cropping or rotational cropping
of pulse crops and grass grain crops, and dryland crops with paddy rice. The south
should curtail its present double rice crop acreage in order to reduce the rotting
of early rice crop seedlings in the Yangtze River basin and the crop losses or
only half-filled glumes occassioned by autumn rains and low temperatures. Even
in southern Guangxi and southern-Guangdong where atmospheric temperatures are
sufficiently high, some of the double crops-of rice should be changed to a
rotational cropping system of dryland-wetland-dryland so as to keep the paddy
fields from being immersed in water for too long a period of time, thereby
preventing secondary sleying. North China should adapt general methods to the
local situation in an advocacy of a rotational cropping system of wheat, corn
and soybeans, and peanuts. The northeast should exploit its advantages for
growing soybeans and rape. In the northwest, spring wheat should be rotated with
peas, broad beans, and rape. All these are major ways to increase yields.
In addition, where ecological and environmental conditions permit'in the eastern
part of the country, woody oil.crops such as walnuts, Chinese chestnuts, persimmons,
and large dates (as well as semi-tropical tea oil) should be grown, and in the
south fruits such as citrus, lichees, longans, pineapple, and bananas should be
developed. In the north, pears, peaches, apples, and grapes should be developed,
and all should be regarded as increases in output of foodstuffs.
In the field of increased output of animal foods, major ways in which the country
can increase output is to grow beef cattle in the south, yaks on the high plateaus,
cattle and sheep in the grasslands of the northwest and along the seacoast in
North China, while rural villages raise poultry and hogs, and rivers, lakes', and
ponds grow fish. If the 300 to 400 million mu of water surfaces were used to
raise fish, with suitable amounts of feed being provided them, figuring catches
of only 30 jin per mu, 10 billion jin of protein could be provided.
In summary, solution to the problem of feeding China's 1 billion population
requires, first of all, an outlook of "grain in a larger sense," and the way to
increased output lies not in emphasis on expansion of the rice, corn, and wheat
acreage or on the multiple cropping index but rather in raising per unit yields
and giving serious attention to intensive farming. A.fundamental problem is
implementation of correct policies for the development of agriculture, reliance
on policies, reliance on science, and steady heightening of the initiative of the
masses to preserve and develop the productivity of agriculture.
9432
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GUANGMING RIBAO ON SCIENCE'S ROLE IN PRODUCTION
OW241226 Beijing XINHUA in English 1215 GMT 24 Apr 81
[Text] Beijing, 2 Apr (XINHUA) --Cotton growers in Shandong Province last year earned an
additional 320 million yuan by using a new variety of cotton seed developed through
radiation-induced mutation to increase the output of the crop by 50,000 tons, reports
the GU ANGMING DAILY today. In contrast, the provincial authorities spent only 3.6
million yuan on the Research Institute of Cotton under the Shandong Academy of Agricultural.:
Sciences which developed the new variety, from the founding of the institute in 1959
to 1980. The new variety, named "Lumian No 1" is hailed by the GUANGMING DAILY as a _
convincing example to show the role science can play in promoting production.
In a front-page editorial accompanying the news report about the variety, the newspaper
calls upon the "entire party to pay still greater attention to scientific work." More
than 566,000 hectares last year in. Shandong Province and approximately 100,000 hectares
in Hebei, Henan and other provinces were sown to Lumian No 1. Resistant to adverse farmija
conditions, it yielded on the average 25 percent more than traditional varieties in
Shandong Province.
Shandong is a major cotton grower in China. Work began in 1961 to develop a new variety
to replace the degenerating Daizi 15, which was sown in 80 percent of the area for cotton:
Thanks to the cooperation of the Institute of the Application of Atomic Energy to'
Agriculture, another branch of the provincial academy of agricultural sciences, researcher
of the Cotton Institute succeeded in developing Lumian No 1 in 1976.
Today's GUANGMING DAILY editorial is the second in a series demanding more attention to
scientific research. It calls for more investment for this purpose.
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zHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO CITED ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
01;241041 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1245 GMT 23 May 81
(Report on ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO 23 May editorial: "Be Pioneers in Studying and Popu-
larizing Agricultural Science and Technology"]
(Text) Beijing, 23 May (XINHUA)--Under the headline "Peasants Thirst for Science, Young
People Take the Lead in Studying Hard," today's ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO front-pages a num-
ber of reports on the study and application of science by young people in the countryside.
The reports vividly reflect the encouraging changes in the countryside brought about by
implementing the policies of the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee.
The paper also publishes an editorial entitled "Be Pioneers in Studying and Popularizing
Agricultural Science and Technology."
The editorial says: We must rely on policy and science in developing agricultural produc-
tion. Now that the question of the system of responsibility in production has been ba-
sically solved, development and popularization of agricultural science and technology are
the key to further agricultural development. This is also the immediate demand of the
broad masses of peasants. Therefore, to be pioneers in studying and popularizing agri-
cultural. science and technology is a glorious task facing the hundreds of millions of
young people in the countryside.
The editorial says: Science and technology are of great importance to promoting the
development of agricultural production. The average per-mu output of the superior
variety of hybrid rice first successfully bred in our country is generally 100 jin more
than that of other varieties of rice. Since the large-scale popularization of this
variety, grain output has increased more than 20 billion jin in the past 5 years. The
fine variety of "Shandong No 1 cotton" has been praised by the masses as "a ready source
of money." Since popularizing this variety of cotton in Shandong, the province's ginned
cotton output increased 2.5 million dan, valued at 320 million yuan, in 1 year alone.
These are all major developments. As far as minor developments are concerned, it is pos-
sible to achieve remarkable results by improving soil, breeding a fine variety of a crop
and properly applying chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Particularly in areas where
output quotas are fixed on a work group basis and individual laborers undertake to ful-
fill certain quotas in farm work, whether or not scientific measures are taken and how
much production increases have a direct bearing on the interests of individual commune
members. The commune members' personal experiences show that "the more scientific farming
is carried out, the better."
The editorial calls on the large numbers of educated young people in the countryside to
swing into action, conscientiously study agricultural science and technology, vigorously
conduct agricultural scientific experiments, vigorously popularize agricultural scientific
and technological achievements and to bring about a mass upsurge in marching toward agri-
cultural science and technology.
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The editorial points out: Our common objective is to build a prosperous countryside. It
is impossible to build communism in a country full of illiterates. Likewise, it is im-
possible rto achieve agricultural modernization in villages that are scientifically and
technologically backward. The countryside will become prosperous if all young people there
conscientously grasp and apply science and technology. As far as most people are con-
cerned, "It is better to master skills than to have money in the pocket." If we grasp
science and technology, we will have the skills to contribute to the four modernizations
and to make more contributions to the party and the people. Then, our personal livelihood
will improve step by step.
The editorial continues: Some young people think that it takes time and causes delays
in their work to study science and technology, thus affecting their income. At the same'
time, the crying of children and shouting of adults in their households make it impo8sjb
for them to study.
The editorial adds: To study it is necessary to put in time and energy. Young people
in the countryside have favorable conditions for studying agricultural science and tech=
nology because they have an intimate knowledge of agricultural production. So long as
they study hard, they can grasp agricultural science and technology even in difficult
circumstances. Now all comrades from the central level down to the local levels are con-
cerned about the question of study by young people in the countryside. Broadcast agricuul-,
tural schools, correspondence schools, evening te-hnical schools, short-term training
classes, mobile technical reporting groups and spare-time agrotechnical schools for
young people have opened broad avenues for the study and popularization of agricultural
science and technology. We must study hard and seriously and persist in doing so for
several years in order to master agricultural science and technology.
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EXPANDING CONTRACT SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC FARMING EMPHASIZED
Beijing BANYUETAN in Chinese No 14, 25 Jul 81 pp 26-27
[Article by Zhou Changnian [0719 7022 1628]: '."Contract System for Scientific
Farming' That Is Worth Popularizing"]
[Text] The Chunwan Commune of Yangchun County in Guangdong Province has an advanced
model in scientific farming--the Sanjie production team. For 18 years, the paddy
rice planted by this team has-always produced high and stable yields and the cost
has been low. For example, in 1979 the yield of paddy rice per mu (early and late
seasons) reached over 1,920 jin, over 1,000 jin more than that of other production
teams. The economic income of commune members, was also onefold higher than that
of other teams. The local leadership organization summarized their experience of
planting paddy rice and called it the "sanjie experience" and tried to popularize
it in all other localities, but they were not able to popularize it. In 1980,
however, the scientific association and the county scientific committee of Yangchun
County signed a "contract for scientific planting" with three production teams to
popularize the "Sanjie experience" through the commune's science popularization
association; reduced yields were to be fully compensated for and increased yields
were to be distributed proportionally. The three production teams happily accepted.
After implementation, the paddy rice produced large-scale increases in yield and
the costs dropped. At one of the production teams, called "yu ding san," the average
per mu yield of early rice increased dramatically from the previous year's 627 jin
to 928 jin, and the late rice increased in yield by 51 percent. The costs for chem-
ical fertilizers and farm chemicals dropped, the cost of each dan of rice grains
dropped 1 yuan. The per capita average income distributed to commune members in-
creased from. 92 yuan the previous year to 154 yuan. Commune members smiled happily.
In recent years, many localities in our nation have implemented the "contract system
for scientific farming." Some achievements and experience in agricultural science
and technology that could not be popularized for a long time in the past have rapidly a
been popularized. Science and technology have been directly converted into pro-
ductivity, and the farmers have applauded the increased yields and increased harvests.
Why is it that the achievements and experience of agricultural techniques that "no-
body wanted" are now welcomed? The problem is that in the past it was a habit to
popularize them by administrative methods, regardless of whether people could use
them or not and without giving concrete technical guidance, and a more important
reason was that nobody was responsible for reduced yields. The farmers rely on
farming for a living; of course they were not willing to use new techniques about
which they were uncertain.
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The "contract system for scientific farming" joins the popularization of new tech-
niques with economic benefits and economic responsibility as stipulated by the con-
tracts, so the situation is different. The general methods are: the scientific and
technical departments of the county sign contracts with production teams according
to the agricultural production needs of the production teams and in accordance with
subjective and objective conditions, and issue the contracts through the commune
science popularization association (this mass scientific and technical organization
is organized by the agricultural technical personnel of the commune, experienced
old farmers and various skilled professionals). Agricultural technicians are dis-
patched and stationed with the production teams, technical measures to increase
yields and increase harvests are established in accordance with the actual situation
of the production teams, and the technicians teach the production teams to grasp
and utilize these measures. If the production team causes a reduction in agricul-
tural yield by the implementation of these measures, the scientific and technical
departments pay the compensation. Reduced yields due to natural disasters which
could not be resisted are not laid to the account of either side. If there are in-
creased yields, the scientific and technical department and the production team share
the surplus proportionally according to the stipulations of the contract. The methods
of dividing the increased yields proportionally vary. Some methods provide 30 per-
cent to the scientific. and technical departments and agricultural technicians station-
ed with the production team, and the production team receives 70 percent. Some
methods provide that an increased yield of 5 percent belongs entirely to the.pro-
duction team, and that any surplus beyond the 5 percent is equally divided between
the two parties. In this way, the farmers will be able to boldly accept new tech-
niques.
Viewing the situation of recent years, most of the scientific farming contracts,
have been successfully executed. The farmers have increased yields and increased
income, the collective economy has been consolidated. When the scientific and
technical departments popularized new techniques, some even realized a surplus from
the portion that could be retrieved or from total investment, and their enthusiasm
in work was even higher. In the farm villages, there is always a group of active
persons who enthusiastically study agricultural science and technology. After the
contract system of scientific farming was implemented, they joined the commune's
science popularization association and they have been able to utilize their talent
and develop their skills so their efforts have grown more quickly.
It'is hoped that the contract system of scientific farming will be popularized at
even more localities!
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RENMIN RIBAO EMPHASIZES AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
HK280222 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 21 Jul 81 p 1
[Editorial: "Strive To Meet the Peasants' New Demands in Studying and Applying
Science"]
(Text) Following the popularization of various systems of responsibility, which pay
according to output, the masses of peasants have been very enthusiastic about mastering
and studying science and technology. This indicates that a great campaign of the
popularization of science and technology is rising in the rural areas and foretells
great changes of historical significance in the Chinese countryside.
Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought maintains: Only when people directly feel that a
new ideology, new theory and new science are inseparable from their livelihood and
destiny, will they become interested in them, pursue them and regard them as parts of
their life. Millions upon millions of Chinese peasants are celebrated for their
diligence and wisdom. They use their own hands to create enormous material wealth and
accumulate precious experience in farming. However, in old China they were fettered by
the backward production relations and vicious exploitation system. They toiled without
enough to eat and wear. It was absolutely impossible for them to be educated and to
study and apply science. After the founding of new China, the broad masses of peasants
became the masters of their land, which provided them with rights and conditions for
receiving education and studying and applying science. In the 1950's and early 1960's,
an upsurge of popularizing advanced agrotechnology rose in the Chinese countryside and
we achieved great success in this respect. However, due to lack of experience, defects
of formalism, and the issuing'of confused orders, "doing things in a rigid way regard-
less of specific conditions" occurred. Under the influence of leftist deviationist
errors, agriculture could only develop according to a typical model in China, a very
big country, during the "Great Cultural Revolution." This seriously undermined
agricultural research and education and the popularization of agrotechniq'ues. Some
agrotechnicians did achieve limited results in very difficult conditions. However,
little in the popularization of agrotechniques was achieved in many areas, despite the
concerted efforts of the agrotechnicians. This was because the peasants had no power
to make their own decisions and egalitarianism in the communes, which were larger in.
size and had a higher degree of public ownership, dampened the peasants' enthusiasm for
applying science. It is different now. Linking remuneration with production output is
like linking the peasants' hearts, and anyone who works under the system of linking .
remuneration with production output has to be concerned. This is because the system of
responsibility in agricultural production links up.the peasants' decisionmaking rights,
responsibilities and interests. Now the peasants take the initiative in finding ways
to increase production. In the course of practice, they have experienced the truth that
production can be increased by the application of science. Therefore, they are eager
to study and apply science. Some areas have practiced a contract system for
popularizing agrotechniques. They do this by directly linking the results of
popularizing agrotechniques with the-bilateral interests of the agrotechnicians and
peasant households. This has promoted the popularization of agrotechniques. The task
now facing party committees and people's governments at all levels is that, while they
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must stabilize the series of rural economic policies that have been welcomed by the
peasants since the 3d plenary session of the 11th party Central Committee, they should
sum up and perfect them. They must also strive to meet the peasants' new demands in
studying and applying science. Only by doing this and by giving full play to the role
of policies and science can we further consolidate and develop the fine situation in the
countryside.
'Comrades in Ningxia were right when they said that when cadres go to rural areas now, they
must bring along both policies and science. This shows that the peasants have set higher
demands on our cadres. Rural cadres at all levels must clearly recognize this new situation
and conscientiously acquire agrotechnical knowledge. Earlier, comrades in some areas were
worried that the peasants would not obey directives after the introduction of the system
of responsibility in production. It is now very obvious that the peasants welcome the
method of leading production according to scientific laws and that they will certainly
refuse to obey directives that ignore science. If the directives are issued to them
arbitrarily, they will on no account welcome some pervasive methods of leadership. Cadres
who are welcomed by peasants must have some knowledge of science. By the end of 1980, some
agricultural colleges and schools had trained over 16,000 leading cadres above county level.
Apart from responsible comrades of various departments and provinces, secretaries of pre-
fectural party committees also attend study classes organized by the State Agricultural
Commission and the Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee. Various
departments and bureaus in charge of agricultural affairs and a number of provinces are also
organizing training classes. It is an unprecedented good thing that such a great number
of leading cadres are studying theories, policies and knowledge regarding science and
technology. We sincerely wish them greater success in making themselves more educated
and also hope that more and more cadres at their posts will manage to find time to study
some scientific knowledge. By gradually taking off the label of "illiterates in science,"
leading cadres will not only win the right to speak in leading production, but will be
in a better position to rely on and organize agrotechnicians to popularize agrotechniques
among the peasants.
It is the duty of agrotechnicians to popularize agrotechnical knowledge among peasants
and promote practical agrotechniques in light of local conditions. According to initial
statistics, county agricultural research institutes, agrotechnical popularization centers,
seed companies (centers), plant protection centers and. farmyard manure centers throughout
the country have employed 173,000 cadres who are responsible for the popularization of
agrotechniques. In addition we have about 200,000 part-time agrotechnicians. Although
their number is not large enough, they are the backbone force for' popularizing and spreading
agrotechniques at present and in the near future. They are welcomed in the rural areas
because they have acquired certain scientific and technological knowledge. In the meantime,
the peasants have realized through their practice over the past few years that these agro-
technicians are serving the peasants truly and wholeheartedly and that they are dependable
persons who will make contributions to agricultural modernization. The fact that these
comrades are warmly welcomed by the peasants has made them further realize the correctness
of the party's line, guiding principles and policies, and that they are shouldering a
heavier task. They have to do lots of work, such as popularization of scientific knowledge
and results, the training of personnel, model operation and on-the-spot guidance, and so
forth. Following the development of production and the further implementation of policies,
the peasants will set new technical demands in the field of scientific farming and diversi-
fied undertakings. By continuing to carry forward the style of arduous struggle and by
diligently doing their work well, constantly studying new techniques and raising their
professional standards, the masses of agrotechnique promoters will certainly make greater
contributions. The party Central Committee recently called.on scientists to do their work
by linking it with reality and by acting as their own masters. Agricultural scientists and
agricultural education workers should plunge into the reality of production in the
countryside to seek topics, and make technical and other key problems in agricultural
production the important points in their research. It is absolutely necessary to carry out
research on the basic theories of agriculture. It was foolish to drive all agricultural
scientists to the countryside. This practice should no longer be carried out.
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However, agricultural scientists should also realize that all research topics, in the
final analysis, come from practice in production and serve production. Agricultural
research and education should not be separated from the practical conditions of our country
and the actual demands of the peasants. Why did we succeed in breeding hybrid rice and
the cotton "Lumian No 1"? Why are they welcomed by the peasants? It is becuase we have
stuck to a correct orientation of scientific research. This will be proved by more and
more facts.
In order to meet the peasants' demands in science and technology, the system of agricultural
research must be readjusted and reformed and the forces of agricultural research must be
strengthened. There are quite a number of agricultural research organizations throughout
the country, but the number of people engaged in this research is insufficient. The quality
of research is poor. Besides they are somewhat scattered, and engaged in duplicate research.
The network for popularizing agrotechniques is incomplete. This situation must be changed
step by step. We should proceed from the demands of agricultural production in our country
to organize people who are engaged in research work and arrange research tasks for the
departments of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products industry. Both
division of labor and coordination are needed. We should gradually change the ownership system
of the departments and localities. The state and provinces should strengthen the forces
of research institutes (departments) so that they will become research units specialized in
certain fields. The main task of the county agricultural research centers is to conduct
experiments, demonstrate and popularize new techniques and carry out training for technical
cadres and the popularization of science. Apart from doing a good job in the investigation
of natural resources and differentiating agricultural regions, agricultural departments in
various localities should effectively carry out the popularization of the results of key
projects in particular.
The peasants' desire for science and technology has also set new demands on.propaganda and
publishing departments. This newspaper has recently received a large number of letters
from readers, complaining that the supplies of books on agrotechnology are insufficient
and that these books are not applicable even if available. Therefore, publishing departments
should investigate and organize forces to expediently compile and publish various books
which meet the peasants'?actual needs. Newspapers, magazines, broadcasting and television
services in various areas should take advantage of favorable conditions and introduce more
agrotechnical knowledge.
Party organizations at all levels must regard meeting the peasants' new demands in studying
and applying science as an important part of strengthening the party's leadership over work
in the countryside. It is necessary to run rural elementary,, middle and agrotechnical
schools well, show concern for the livelihood of agrotechnical cadres, support their work and
truly rely on them in leading agricultural production. The present agricultural situation in
our country is excellent. If we rely on science, the situation in the countryside will
further improve. If the situation in the countryside improves, our country's economic
readjustment will certainly succeed.
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BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH TO MODERNIZE AGRICULTURE EMPHASIZED
Beijing ZIRAN BIANZHENGFA TONGXUN in Chinese No 4, 10 Aug 81 pp 32-35
[Article by Guo Xingxian [6665 5281 0341] of the Department of Biology of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences: "Biological Research Must Better Serve Agricultural
Modernization"]
[Text] During the course of implementing the academy's guidelines of "emphasizing
the foundations, emphasizing improvement to serve the national economy and national
defense buildup" by the biological research units of the Chihese Academy of Sciences,
there are many problems that require discussion and study. One of the problems is
how to better serve agricultural modernization. Our academy's biological sciences
department has 26 subordinate research institutes, and in the 1980 research plan
one-third of the topics was directly or indirectly related to agriculture. But in
recent years the topic of serving agriculture has been mentioned less and less.
At the same time, applications research into topics serving agriculture has tended
to weaken. Therefore, in implementing the guideline of "two emphases, two services,"
serving agricultural modernization better is a question worth noticing..
A Simple Analysis of the Various Research Achievements
Through coordination and cooperation with brotherly units outside the academy, a
series of achievements related to agricultural modernization have been realized in
recent years and they can be analyzed according to the various categories.
Basic Research. Basic research in biology directly and indirectly serving agriculture
can be divided into two groups. One is survey and research into biological types,
distribution, evolution, kinship and natural conditions, i.e., the accumulation and
compilation of basic data. Of course, this also includes theoretical research.
The other is basic theoretical research. The work of basic data is important'.
It should be gathered during ordinary times so that it can be brought out when it
is needed for use, and this work should lead production and construction. The task
of basic data research in biology is extensive: it includes the compilation of
China's fauna, flora, spore flora, economic entomological record, special books on
mapping of vegetation on soils, etc. The basic data can serve agriculture in many
ways, such as the protection of nature and resources, land utilization, and
agricultural zoning; primary material for biological breeding, prevention and control
of diseases of humans and of domesticated animals; prevention and control of plant
plant diseases and insect pests--they all need related basic data to serve as their
scientific basis. For this basic data work, our academy has organized national
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cooperation to carry out surveys, arranged and compiled data, and published items of
important systematic data one after the other. For example, compilation of the
national flora has progressed rather quickly in recent years: 37 volumes have now
been published or completed and we are striving to complete 80 volumes by 1985.
This will provide preliminary clarification of the origin of about 30,000 types of
higher plants. In recent ,years, our academy has strengthened the study different
types of forests and grassland ecology in Jilin, Nei Monggol, Guangdong, Yunnan,
Qunghai, and Cinjiang; to carry out long-term observations and research; and to
strengthen the link between theory-and the actual situation,. combine the far and the
near, and accumulate a systematic scientific record. In recent years, some major
national economic construction projects have been the subject of debate in scientific
and technological circles, such as the question of whether to build a fish passageway
through the Gezhou Dam spanning the Changjiang in order to protect the aquatic
resources. The Marine Biology Institute studied mainly the regional systems of fish
and individual ecology on the basis of 20 to 30 years of survey and research data.
The institute suggested that it is not necessary to spend a lot of money to invest
in the building of a fish passageway, and it proposed measures that can be taken to
protect fish resources. This suggestion prompted the government to conduct. further
.surveys and research so as to avoid a premature decision on the construction of a
fish passageway.
Basic theoretical research can make major and profoundly significant contributions to
agriculture. For example, the study of photosynthesis, the chemical simulation of
biological fixing of nitrogen, the utilization of'cell engineering and genetic
engineering to create agricultural crops with especially large economic value
(including tree varieties and grass varieties), new types and new varieties of
domesticated animals and microorganisms are all long-term and highly exploratory
subjects of basic theoretical research. If a breakthrough is made in such research,
we can turn to-applications research, and this will bring about revolutionary changes
in agricultural production. Take chemical simulation of biological fixing of
nitrogen as an example: starting out from the study of the material basis of the
function of nitrogen-fixing bacteria--the structure and the function of nitrogen-
fixing enzymes--we can use the method of chemical simulation to create new types
of catalysts, i.e., jumping from 'the commonly used synthetic ammonia catalyst that
requires high temperature and high pressure at present to a catalyst effective under
temperate conditions and to one effective directly under near normal temperatures
and normal pressure. If research in this is successful in the future, its tremendous
influence can be imagined. During the past 10 years, our academy has organized
cooperative efforts together with some universities and research units of the chemical
industry system and has realized some internationally advanced-level achievements
in nitrogen-fixing enzymes and simulated chemical compounds. Again, for example,
in the study of.the nitrogen-fixing genes of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the Shanghai
Plant Physiology Institute discovered two new nitrogen-fixing genes and contributed
to the molecular genetics of nitrogen-fixing. For this type of basic theoretical
research which has possibilities for future production, we must be farsighted, we
must have courage, and we must have the stamina to persist and to continue the
effort.
Applied Research. Applications research can also be divided into two groups.
Some basic research efforts, when they have progressed to a definite stage,.can be
linked to actual production, and new applied research can be opened up. This means
that basic applied research can open up new ways for new materials, new methods and
new techniques. When talking about new techniques of breeding, we have utilized
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the new methods and new techniques of theories and methods of genetics and cytology
to develop pollen culture, isolated female propagation, cultivation and detoxification
using the tips of the potato stems to produce nontoxic stock seeds, transplanting
the fertilized ovum of domesticated animals using the techniques used in transplanting
the cell nucleus to cultivate hybrid fish of different genera or subfamilies of
fish. Some of these already have established methods and some have already produced
new varieties. In hormone research, we have mainly utilized new advances in
biochemistry and physiology to develop oxytocin, sex hormones for many kinds of
domesticated animals, insect moulting hormone and juvenile hormone, and information
hormones for many kinds of insects or sex hormones, all of which have been used
in production. For example, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and similar
substances are widely used in stimulating sexual activity and ovulation of
domesticated fish; they have more effectively solved the problem of artificial
cultivation of fish fry of domesticated fish in our nation, and such efforts have
attracted great international interest. The sexual exogenic hormones of the
dendrolimus punctatus and the meadow caterpillar have been separated, isolated,
purified and artificially synthesized. Similar work has not been reported by foreign
nations yet. In virological research, we have established serum diagnostic
techniques such as coagulation by the principle of conversion and tagging of
enzymic union, and we have helped many provinces and cities to determine and discover
many new pathogens. We have also developed methods of prevention and control in
diagnosis, prevention and control of the weak plant line of the mosaic viral disease
of tobacco, preparation of the heliothis nucleopolyhedrosis virus, viral insecticide
of the mulberry caterpillar, and the polyhedrosis virus of the domesticated
silkworm. In addition, a multiple antimycin antibotic has been successfully
developed. It possesses a broad spectrum and is effective against many types of
diseases. On the basis of physiological and ecological studies and the regional
systems classification of algae and in combination with the needs of production,
seven types of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae that propagate quickly, that fix
a large amount of nitrogen, and that have a.strong adaptability have been selected
and successfully popularized over large areas in Hubei for many years, and they
have opened up new sources of fertilizers for the rice fields. The achievements in
these field-: of research have mostly been developed and realized first by our
academy within our nation, and like basic research, they have manifested the unique
character of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. But we should also realize that
although a fairly large part of these achievements has joined the ranks of
internationally advance achievements, these fields of research have mostly been
created abroad, showing that the level of our nation's biology is still not high,
basic theoretical study still has to be strengthened. At the same time, it may
also be possible that some basic theoretical researchers do not take the initiative
to connect their own research with actual production, thus burying the research
fields or topics which could be connected to actual production. Attention should be
given to this.
There is another type of research that specifically aims at problems now existing
in agricultural production and that it studies and solves concrete production tasks.
For example, soil fertilizers, agricultural zoning, surveying of wasteland,
improvement of high-yielding'paddy rice soil, manufacturing pelletizers for ammonium
bicarbonate, studying trace elements, improving saline and alkaline soil, forestation,
planting grass, and stabilizing sand have all served a function in production.
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in breeding there are multiple spike corn and soybean disease-resistant varieties.
In plant protection, an organic phosphorous insecticide phoxin that is highly
efficient, has low toxicity, and has a broad spectrum been developed, and it has
produced outstanding results in the prevention and control of lepidoptera and.
,coieoptera insect pests. Through the study of the ecology of harmful rodents in
grassland, a new and effective method of exterminating the rodents has been proposed.
The study of high and stable yields of cultured fish in Donghu in Wuchang has
resulted in the proposal of key measures to increase the yield. The study of
fermentation of methane in farm villages has led to the proposal of a series of
measures to utilize the raw materials and to increase the percentage of production
of methane gas. The study of plant resources has led to the successful introduction
from abroad over the past 10 years of more than 40 varieties of plants, including
the cyamopsis tetragonoloba which has important economic value, and the survey and
discovery of many types of domestically produced wild plants that have important
economic significance. The simulation experiment of many kinds of tropical plant
colonies of the rubber-tea multiple strata has been successful and has been
popularized. Such applied research has tended to become weaker in recent years and
we must give it attention. For example, comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging,
salinity and alkalinity in the Huanghe, the Huai River and the Hai River; water and
soil retention in the middle reaches of the Huanghe; the ecology of harmful insect
pests and comprehensive prevention and control; the physiology of agricultural crops
and measures to increase yields--all these major achievements were realized before
the."cultural revolution," but now this type of research is not grasped as tightly
as before.
Developmental Work. Some of the research achievements mentioned have been handed
over to the agricultural and forestry departments, some can be directly popularized
and utilized, and some must be coordinated with the local agricultural science
research units and the people.'s communes so that they can participate in the
development. In recent years a lot of developmental work has been done. For example,
the propagation of virus-free pedigree potato seeds has won the support of the
agricultural departments, and a pedigree seed farm has been established with the
cooperation of such units as the Agricultural Science Institute of the Ulanqab
League of Nei Monggol and in particular with the localities. Again for example,
ammonium bicarbonate easily evaporates and easily cakes, the loss of fertility is
great, and the application is inconvenient. The Nanjing Pedology Institute handed
its research achievement and ideas to the Jintan Farm Tools Plant early and developed
a pelletizer, making it convenient for deep application and for increasing the
effectiveness of fertilization. With the support of the State Planning Commission,
the institute and the plant joined with the Ministry of Chemical Industry to hold a
nationwide field conference and ogranized batch production and popularization.
The development of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae, development of the diagnostic
method of soil nutrition and the diagnosis box, and the fermentation of methane gas
were carried out early and well, on the one hand because of the attention paid to
them by concerned scientific and technical personnel who actively went to the
frontline of production to work, and on the other hand because of the massive support
by the concerned departments which undertook the organization and leadership.
Achievements in scientific research are not easily obtained, it would be a pity if
they could be applied in production but still were not popularized. Now, many
achievements still have not been popularized or are still not fully popularized and
applied; this is a widespread problew.
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Related Problems That Require Attention and Solution
In order that biological research can better serve agricultural modernization, the
following prcbleMs must he handled well.
Increase the Understanding of Serving Agriculture. We must fully understand that
our nation has 1 billion people, including 800 million farmers, and the national
foundation is weak. Biology is a basic science among the agricultural sciences.
In "the two services," biological research should in particular conscientiously
implement the guideline of taking agriculture as the foundation.in developing our
national economy. The situation in the farm villages at present is good, the
probler; of the agricultural production responsibility system has basically been
solved, the productive enthusiasm of the farmers is very high, and the farmers
urgently need science. At the same time, our nation's strength in agricultural
science Is weak and agricultural science is relatively backward. Therefore,
biological workers must face this fact and the need, increase the enthusiasm to serve
agriculture and to contribute appropriately toward the modernization of agriculture.
This is a glorious task that must not be shunned.
Correctly Recognize the Proportion and the Relationship Among the Three Types of
Research. The guideline of "two emphases, two services" must be treated dialectically.
Basic research and applied research are mutually connected, mutually promoting, and
mutually convertible. For example, the synthesis of oxytocin of domesticated fish,
the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and similar substances were the results
of possessing the basic level theoretical research achievements of artificial synthesis
techniques, and the development toward the new field of applied research of polypeptide
synthesis and obtaining a series of polypeptide hormones for agricultural and medical
use. They have been welcomed by the production departments, and some have even
attracted great interest internationally. During the course of broad application of
the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, some new theoretical problems which
require solution have also been discovered; for example, the question of the structure
of LRH in fish and the point of action of LRH in the central nervous system.
The Academy of Sciences, as the highest academic natural sciences organization in the
nation, undoubtedly should carry out additional basic research. Biological workers
engaged in basic research can dedicate their whole lives to research; at the same time,
when some basic research efforts develop to the stage where they can be converted
to applied research, then this conversion should be advocated and encouraged,
especially those basic research projects which can open up new fields of application.
Applied research carried out by biological research units constitutes about half of
all research effort;, and most of it is related to agriculture. Applied research
should mainly be based on the needs of agricultural modernization to study and solve
major scientific and technical problems of a key nature. In recent years, applied
research serving agriculture has tended to lessen. At the same time, among the
subjects serving agriculture, there are more requiring long periods of exploration
and loss which can he applied in the short term. In addition, there are few major
comprehensive scientific and technical problems being studied. This is an important
problem of the task of readjusting the direction of research. Whether in basic
research or in applied research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences must insist on "the
two emphases" before "two services" can be realized better. "Two emphases" must take
the international level as the standard, but we must also start out from the actual
situation; in our nation; we cannot deviate from the actual situation and condition
in our nation.
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{:; }~as.ize Uevrl~-{~men~ril Work. In lot of scientific research achievements,' when they
are moved from the 1,dioratory and expcrimental fields to the large fields or the
factories, because of different situations and conditions there is frequently a
progression of research, a process from imperfection to gradual perfection. This type
of developmental work frequently requires direct participation by the scientific and
technical personnel before the research results can be converted to productivity.
Developmental work is frequently complex and difficult because it involves our
nation's level of production, economic conditions, coordination between departments
and regions, the working level of popularization system, the farmer's cultural level
and various similar factors. The difficulty of agricultural popularization even
affects some scientific and technical personnel who are not willing to engage in
applied research related to agriculture, and of course this also affects their
enthusiasm in participating in developmental work. To better serve agriculture, we
cannot unilaterally emphasize that developmental work pertains only to the agricultural
departments, we must not retreat in the face of difficulties, we must enthusiastically
apply research results in production according to need. We must conscientiously help
research personnel engaged in developmental work to solve their actual difficulties.
There are more difficulties in field and farm village work: scientific and technical
personnel must increase their conscientiousness and enthusiasm in going into the
billages and the fields to work. At the same time, scientific management personnel
must help solve the actual difficulties, such as working conditions, living conditions,
family care, operations and foreign-language learning periods.
Research Results Serving Agriculture Must Be Properly Evaluated. The research
achievements. that have possibilities for application cannot be simply evaluated by
the standard of the papers submitted: their results in production or. their future
for application and economic significance must be sufficiently observed. We must
also see the hardships of applied research work in agriculture; to truly obtain'
achievements that have important applicable value is not easy. In evaluating the
research grades for promotion of scientific and technical personnel who work in the
fields or in farm villages for long periods, we must not give too much consideration
to their foreign-language level.
In summary, from the standpoint that biology is the basic science of agricultural
sciences, from the standpoint of implementing the guideline of realizing national
economic development on the basis of agriculture, from the standpoint that the 800
million farmers now urgently need science, from the standpoint that our nation's
agricultural sciences are relatively backward, and from the tendency of recent years
toward a weakening of biology to serve agriculture at our academy, our academy's
biological research should strengthen its service to agriculture; this is very
necessary. Each scientific discipline must fully develop its special ability,
develop potential and make more and greater contributions. 'Biological workers must
divide the work between themselves and agricultural science workers, coordinate with
them closely, and walk ahead of research in agricultural science. This is
predetermined by the nature of the scientific discipline, this is the need for
division of scientific discipline and coordination; in this way, the advantages can
be developed- and the shortcomings can be avoided, the superiority can be developed,
the unique characteristics can be domonstrated, and this can better serve
agricultural modernization.
Several general opinions in accordance with the actual situation of the various
'research efforts are presented below for reference.
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I I ?I ,;~-I {~,,I I. I,,II I Ii III,II III}; I n rl'nattrch Into line ic data in the course of
Ii V'." I II;r0 lni ,, ;II,II !ttudyIii , t.hi? processes of nature, observation and understanding of
,,,,tLlre are tIu fundamental work and purpose, there is no doubt about this; here, the
workers must also pay attention to connecting theory with the actual situation,
{nc:rrasc th. level of basic data, and they must also take the initiative to care
about and study the present problems in agricultural production and the future of
the development of agricultural production so that they'can present opinions or
suggestions.
2. Ovcr the past several decades, basic theoretical research in biology has
progressed rapidly internationally at a rate of development that has not been seen
before. At the same time, a number of rich and'varied new ways, new methods and
new techniques with important applicable values in medical sciences and agriculture
have been opened up by progress in basic theoretical research. The Biology Institute
of our academy must continue to strengthen basic theoretical research, and at the
same time, we must convert the domestic and foreign achievements in basic theoretical
research, including achievements in the various phases of research, to applied
research in time in order to open up new fields, fully develop the characteristic of
biology as the scientific foundation of agriculture and to walk one step ahead to
contribute what biology should.
3. As biology serves agriculture and while implementing the "two emphases," the
combination of the long term and the short term must also be handled well.
Specifically, in the actual situation of the various aspects of the nation at present,
the situation requires that we.correctly handle this problem. Biological workers must
care about the problems that exist in agricultural production at present, especially
the major problems of science and technology of a key nature. We must develop the
superiority of our academy of being multidisciplinary, of having many technical arms
and, being comprehensive. We must strengthen the topics of applied research that can
produce short-term results in order to better serve agriculture in time.
4. We must strengthen the necessary developmental work and utilize the research
results in production as early as possible. We must organize the existing and related
research results, conduct surveys and research, and propose measures to hasten
popularization. Some results must be further researched, some achievements still
have not been popularized, and some results have been popularized but progress is not
rapid; this involves many actual problems, and scientific management personnel must
take the responsibility for opening up the situation together in order to help
solve the problems and difficulties in popularization work.
9296
CSO: 4007/590
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'SHIJIE JINGJI DAOBAO' DISCUSSES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
HK150958 Shanghai SHIJIE JINGJI DAOBAO in Chinese No 57, 2 Nov 81 p 2
[Report from Beijing: "The Most Important Measures in China's Strategy for
Agricultural Development"]
[Text] "In the past, the erroneous leftist policies of promoting a unitary
economic element-and an unitary management form were important causes of our
failure to achieve rapid development of agriculture in China.." In his
comprehensive analysis of China's strategy for agricultural development
made at a recently held large symposium, Zhan Wu, director of the agricultural
economics institute under the Academy of Social Sciences of China, noted
that such policies had done great harm. He also called for establishing
a structure in which collective ownership holds, the dominant position and
coexists with various economic elements, management forms and production
responsibility systems. This is the most important measires in China's
strategy for agricultural development.
At present, our country's academic circles are having lively discussions on
issues concerning agricultural development strategy. Zhan Wu has put forward
his tentative plan to ensure the. realization of the goals in China's strategy
for agricultural development.
Respect Proprietary Rights and Self-Management Rights in the Collective Economy.
Allow Peasants to Voluntarily Choose a Management Form.
To define the adoption of the collective economy as the principal part of our
long-term and stable strategy while actively developing state-operated agriculture
and household sideline production and allowing the existence and development of
individual. farming in given conditions, is of great importance to the strategy
for agricultural development. It is also imperative to respect proprietary
rights and self-management rights in the collective economy, allow peasants
to voluntarily choose a management form, allow the crosswise integration of
different types of economies and allow the coexistence of diverse forms.
The coexistence of the public economy and household sideline production for a
long period is inevitable. Their coexistence means that they can work in
coordination on a reciprocal basis. Household sideline production can play
an important role that cannot be replaced by the public economy. We should
increase the proportion of household sideline production in agriculture.
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Referring to foreign economies, than Wu noted: there are three economic forms
among the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries; the economic form with
the state-owned economy as its main part (the Soviet Union); the economic
form with the collective economy as its main part (Hungary); and the economic
pattern with the individual economy as its main part (Poland). Practice has
proved that the Hungarian economic form with the collective economy as its
main part has achieved better results.
Abandon the Predatory Form of Management and Establish a Good Agricultural
Ecosystem
We must conscientiously adopt the viewpoint of an ecological balance in
directing all agriculture (including farming, forestry, animal husbandry and
fishery) and gradually transform vicious circles into beneficial ones. From
a long-term point of view, this approach will be one that is characterized by
small investments and greater returns.
We should comprehensively implement the policy on simultaneously developing
farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery. Farmers
must completely abandon the predatory form of management, implement the principle
of paying equal attention to both using the soil and nourishing the soil, and
properly apply crop rotation and reverse cropping. Farmers must also attach
importance to integrating modern science and technology with traditional farming
and. to the integration of organic farming and inorganic farming. By doing so,
our country's agricultural development will be characterized by low consumption,
low costs and great beneficial results.
Our country's current percentage of forest cover is 50 percent lower than the
average world level. It will take great effort to raise China's current
12.7 percent of forest cover to 20 or 30 percent by the year 2000. At present,
the crux of the matter is that we must put the stress on planting forests to
be utilized as fuel and fast-growing timber forests so as to meet the peasant
households' demands for firewood and timber. This is where we can open a speech
to terminate vicious ecological cycles. An effective way to quicken the pace at
which trees are planted everywhere is to arrange specialized afforestation
contracts including contracts made with specialized households for afforestation
and forest protection. Those barren hills which the state-run or collective
units are unable to open up should be given to commune members as hills for
their personal use so as to mobilize every household to engage in afforestation.
Nearly half of our country's pastures have deteriorated due to exceeding the
stock capacity and our neglecting the building of pastures. From now on, we
must strictly set stock capacity limits, establish a pasture responsibility
system or assign pastures for the personal use of commune members.
In our reservoirs, we should develop fish farming and plant water caltrops so
that aquatic products can feed on one another.
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Our offshore and freshwater fishing resources have suffered astonishing sabotage.
The way out for our fishery at present and for quite a long time to come lies
in artificial breeding. We must implement the principle of integrating breeding
with fishing, with the emphasis on breeding. We must stipulate restricted
fishing times and restricted fishing zones so as to protect our offshore
fishery.
Readjust the Unitary Ecological Structure of Agriculture. Restore Our Rural
Economy's Organic Relationships
On the basis of maintaining a stable increase in the total grain output, we must
gradually increase the proportions of industrial crops, forestry, animal
husbandry, sideline production, fishery, industry, commerce and transportation
in the value of output, the area of land utilized and the disposition of labor.
Thus, we will be able to establish a rural agricultural economic structure in
which there is a close integration of grain and industrial crops, farming is
closely integrated with forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and
fishery, and there is combined development of farming, industry, commerce and
transportation.
During the 1979-1980 period, although over 60 million mu of farmland had been
switched from growing grain to growing industrial crops or planting trees, the
total grain output during this period reached the highest level in the history
of the PRC. This has proved that the above-mentioned guiding principles are
completely feasible.
We should make use of farming's reciprocal relationships with forestry, animal
husbandry, sideline production and fishery in order to quicken the pace of
developing agriculture and particularly the pace of developing forestry, animal
husbandry, sideline production, fishery.and other diversified undertakings.
The unified management of the production, the processing, the sale and the
transportation of agricultural products is essentially aimed at changing
disjointed rules and regulations of the irrational management systems and
restoring the dialectical relationships inherent in these sectors of the rural
economy. This is a strategic measure to rationalize our rural economic structure
and our rural management system.
Restore Our Socialist Agricultural Commodity Economy and Establish Agricultural
Products Bases
At present, our country's net agricultural commodity rate is only 30 percent
while the average net agricultural commodity rate in developed countries is
over 90 percent. Compared with developed countries, we still have a long way
to' go.
In order to develop commodity production, first of all, in making overall produc-
tion arrangements, we must gradually realize regional, specialized and intensive
management and establish agricultural products bases; secondly, we must devote
major efforts to developing a diversified economy and agricultural product
processing industries and support the development of specialized households and
their integrated units.
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The so-called "chopper-whip policy" for purchasing agricultural products-when
there are not enough agricultural products, "the whip is used for gathering
together enough agricultural products"; if there are too many agricultural
products, "the chopper is used for chopping off surplus agricultural products"--
has been a great obstacle to the development of a commodity economy. This shows
that reforming the circulation system and structure is a-task which brooks no
delay.
Attach Importance to Investment in Education and Change the Rural Situation
in Which Educational and Scientific Levels Are Low and Technological Management
Is Bad
To realize the modernization of agriculture, we cannot just pay attention to
intensifying labor. What is more important is to pay attention to intensifying
technology and scientific knowledge.
Our past neglect of investment in education has had serious consequences. The
current educational and scientific levels and the current management standard
of the broad masses of commune members and cadres at the basic level are very
low. Moreover, 30 percent of our rural youngsters and people who are in the
prime of life [aged between 30 and 50], are illiterate. These are great
difficulties in developing our rural technological forces.
At present, we must do well in eliminating illiteracy, reform our agricultural
educational structure and system and strengthen secondp.ry technical education
and the spare-time technical education for peasants.
CSO: 4007/130
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COMMENTATOR ON SCIENCE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
HK100839 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 8 Dec 81 p 3
[Commentator's article: "With Agriculture Relying on Science, the Emphasis Is on
Popularization"]
[Text] The development of agriculture relies on policies and science. This is an important
policy decision made by the CCP Central Committee and the State Council. While gradually
perfecting the various forms of responsibility systems, we must at the same time conscientiously
settle the question of the reliance of agriculture on science.
The reliance of agriculture on science involves many fields and there is a lot of work to
be done. Departments concerned with agricultural science and farming techniques and
leadership at various levels in the countryside must at present put the emphasis on
popularizing the existing achievements of agricultural science and farming techniques.
As a result of the efforts made by the broad masses of researchers in agricultural science
over the years, our country has already accumulated some achievements in agricultural
science and technology. Many of them have already been popularized and applied, but
looking at the country as a whole, the work of popularization and application is still
not very ideal. According to the statistics of departments concerned, even in those
areas in which popularization has been properly carried out, only about half of the
existing achievements have been popularized and applied. In other areas, generally,
70 to 80 percent of the achievements have still not been applied in production. At the
same time, the masses of peasants have an urgent need for science and technology, and
they long for the agricultural scientists and technicians to help them in scientific
farming and in scientific development of a diversified economy.
The success of the work of popularization will not only satisfy. as quickly as possible,
the need for the peasants to study science and technology and enable the existing
scientific and technological achievements to quickly produce economic results, but it
will also give an impetus to agricultural research.
Whether or not an achievement can be popularized depends on whether or not it can produce
good economic results and whether or not it is welcomed by the peasants. This requires
the personnel engaged in agricultural research to go deep into production practice, select
a proper research subject and produce a really mature and f irst-rate achievement. The
reasons why the improved strains of "long-grained hybrid rice" and "Shandong cotton
No 1" can be popularized over an extensive area within a short time are their out-
standing economic results and. their keen reception by the peasants. An important reason
why many of the scientific and technological achievements cannot be popularized at present
is that they are divorced from the actual needs of the peasants or because they are not
first class and cannot be fitted into the system. Therefore, placing the emphasis on
popularization will not only be a test for agricultural research, but will also provide
an impetus to agricultural research. -
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al 010.tentlats and t.pohntglana at i goon _. And Aho%At 11011f
China hat 0 0 ( 1 4
of them are mainly engaged in t e wor o pope ar iing agr:cu tura techniques. There
are also several hundred thousand personnel partly released from productive labor
engaged in popularizing agricultural techniques and nearly a million peasant technicians.
In the past, because we had for a long time practiced the policy of "everyone eating
from the same big pot," the peasants had no enthusiasm for studying and applying science
and thus the role of these agricultural scientists, technicians and popularizers also
could not be brought into play. Now, with the implementation of the production respon-
sibility system, these people have become much sought after. However, they still exper-
ience a great many difficulties in actual work and they still lack scientific organization.
To make a success of the work of popularizing the achievements of agricultural science
and technology, we must urge leadership at various levels in the countryside to con-
scientiously study and solve these problems so that the enthusiasm of the personnel
engaged in popularizing agricultural techniques can be brought into play and so that
a scientific system of popularizing agricultural techniques can be gradually set up.
The work of popularizing is a key link between research and application. If this work
is not properly carried out, regardless of how many or how good the achievements may be,
they cannot be translated into actual production. We must get rid of the viewpoint
of despising the work of popularizing and strengthen the ties between the research
units and the departments in charge of popularizing. Generally speaking, agricultural
research units have greater technological capabilities and are more conversant with
various key measures for increasing production and knotty problems in production.
Personnel who have been engaged in the work of popularizing agricultural techniques for
a long time have accumulated a great deal of experience and they understand the local
conditions of agricultural production and the needs of the people. They must learn from
and help each other and work together. Departments in charge of popularizing should
consult research departments on their own initiative regarding the new achievements
and techniques already affirmed and popularized. Research departments should also
actively participate in the popularization and dissemination of technology, provide
technical training and make a success of the work of popularizing techniques together.
In short, we must resolutely overcome the phenomenon of research and popularization
splitting up, not communicating with each other and working separately.
Agriculture relies on science, and the emphasis is on popularization. Once this objective
has been defined, departments concerned with agricultural science and farming techniques,
agricultural colleges and schools and the broad masses of agricultural scientists and
technicians at various levels will be able to work with one heart and fully bring their
abilities into play, and a new situation will appear in China's agricultural production.
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WAN LI STRESSES AGROTECHNOLOGY POPULARIZATION
OW050229 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1257 GMT 4 Jan 82
[Text] Beijing, 4 Jan (XINHUA) -- Comrade Wan Li said today: A very lovely and
gratifying situation is now emerging in our rural areas. Many peasants have realized,
from production experience, that science and technology is a productive force, and they
want to study and use science. Party committees at all levels and scientific and technical
circles should fully recognize this situation, stay ahead of it, lead the peasants in
acquiring scientific and technical knowledge and promote an excellent situation.
Comrade Wan Li made these remarks when he met participants in an experience-exchanging
meeting on agricultural (including diversified undertakings) and technical contracts
now being held. Responsible persons of concerned ministries and commissions of the
State Council and some agricultural specialists were present.
Comrade Wan Li said: I am all for summing up experience in the responsibility system
of agricultural-technical contracts and I hope that this activity can be continually
improved and popularized on the basis of experience. He said among the 10 principles
for our country's economic construction,, the first is to develop agriculture.. Unless
agriculture is given first priority and made the foundation, the four modernizations are
out of the question. The development of agriculture will rely on correct policies and on
science. Policies are also science, that is, social science. In a word, we must rely on
science to develop agriculture, solve the problems of feeding and clothing 1 billion
people and of China's economic development.
Comrade Wan Li said the Chinese peasants have accumulated a wealth of production experiences.
.Scientists should integrate with peasants, combine our country's traditional agricultural
technique and experience with modern science and technology and blaze a new trail for
agricultural modernization suited to China's conditions.
He said: Do not look down on technical experts and skilled craftsmen among the peasants.
They, and specialized scientific and technical personnel graduated from institutions of
higher learning, plus a considerable number of middle school students, constitute an
important agrotechnical force. We should get them organized, in various ways, to
jointly tackle key scientific and technical problems and put their knowledge to use
where most needed for agricultural development. The government should give material
support.
Comrade Wan Li especially stressed the importance of popularizing agricultural science
and technology. He said now that the peasants' enthusiasm for production has been
aroused, they also need a scientific approach. We should adopt different methods to
energetically popularize agricultural science and technology so that those who exercise
leadership over agriculture and those actually engaged in agricultural production will
both have a certain amount of scientific and technical knowledge in agriculture.
At the meeting,- Comrade.Wan 1.i was briefed by the participants on the development of
agricultural-technical contract activities.
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III. Scientific Organizations
Guangzhou NANFANG RIBAO in Chinese 21 Sep 80 p 1
[Article: "Guangdong Province Institutes Material Rewards Throughout the Province
for the First Time for Scientific and Technical Achievements. Provincial Science
Commission Yesterday Convened an Awards Issuance Meeting of the General Membership
to Issue Awards for "Guichao" Superior Rice Variety and for 147 Outstanding
Scientific and Technical Achievements, and to Commend Three Units Including the
Provincial Testing and Analysis Institute as Advanced Research Units"]
[Text] The Provincial Science and Technology Commission yesterday convened a
province-wide meeting of the general membership in the Guangdong Hall of Science
for the issuance of awards for scientific and-technical achievements. Awards
were made for 147 outstanding scientific and technical achievements during 1978
and 1979, and to three advanced research units. The 325 units that participated
in this research received certificates of honor, and 867 scientists and technicians
received certificates of accomplishment and reward money. This marks the first
time that province-wide material rewards have been made for scientific and tech-
nical accomplishments.
Since the All-China Science Congress, the broad masses of scientists and techni-
cians in Guangdong Province have liberated their thoughts and applied their wisdom
and creativeness to contribute to four modernizations construction so that large
numbers of accomplishments in science and technology have emerged, and the quality
-f Scientific research has improved markedly. The categories for which rewards
were made on this occasion were all of advanced levels for the province for which
results in application were quite good. Following recommendations from various
departments in each prefecture, municipality and the province, plus appraisal by
others in the same lines of work, the Provincial Science Commission approved
issuance of the rewards. Of the total number, 25 were in the field of agriculture,
102 in industry, and 20 in medicine and health. Ninety-five percent resulted,
from applied research, and some have shown remarkable economic benefits. China
was first to pioneer some of these achievements, or hold a leading position in
them. First prize went to Huang Yaoxiang [7806 5069 4382] and colleagues at the
Provincial Agricultural Academy's Paddy Rice Institute for the breeding of a new
rice variety, "Guichao." This is a new variety that produces abundant yields and
is best for use as either an early or late crop variety, which has been bred in'
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Guangdong Province since the 1960's. Currently the area to which its cultivation
has spread amounts to one-third the total cultivated rice area in the entire pro-
vince. Eleven second class awards went to the following: the Silk Industry
Institute of the Provincial Agricultural Academy for its erhuaxing"[0059 0553
1840] variety of silkworm, "Guangnong No 5"; the Provincial Insect Institute's
taxonomical research on lijingui [7787 6855 7898]; the Provincial Marine Transporta-
tion Institute, the Shanghai Boat Institute of the Communication's Department,
the Wenchong Boatyard, and the Huanan Engineering Academy's shipbuilding depart-
ment for their hinged blade [7070 0430] ship propeller; the Guangzhou Alloy Steel
Plant for its tungsten 12 aluminum high-speed aluminum casting cutting tool;' the
Guangzhou No 3 Rolling Mill and the Guangzhou Municipal Alloy Institute for their
inductor fixed type industrial frequency heat-hardened machine tools; the Guangzhou
Ferrous Metals Research Institute of the Metallurgy Department, the Shaoguan
Smelting Plant, the Provincial Metallurgy Design Institute, and the Maba Smelting
Plant for their flue gas dianluo hefa chugong [4290 4820 0678 3127'7110 3074];
the Huanan Engineering Academy for its ferrite inductive loading (method); the
Shaoguan Prefectural Industrial Institute, the Shaoguan Instrument plant, and the
Shaoguan Gear Plant for their large aperture raster numerical display device, and
their raster numerical controlled precision forging machine; the Provincial Cardio-
vascular Diseases Institute, and the Cardiovascular Care Department of the Pro-
vincial People's Hospital, the Guangzhou Ferrous Metals Research. Institute, the
Zhongshan University's Biology Department, the Guangzhou Municipal No l Knitting
Mill, the No 22 Plastics Plant, the Meat Processing Plant, the I-type Biological
Heart Valve from the No 7 Knitting Plant, the Liwan District People's Hospital
in Guangzhou, the Shantou .Sensitometer Plant, the Guangzhou Photographic Chemicals
Plant's Rapid X-Ray Kinescopes in Fully Lighted Room; and the new method of:torsio-
calculations of the Guangzhou Marine Navigation' Bureau's Science Institute.
Forty-five items were awarded third class awards, and 90 received fourth class
awards. Cash awards of 2000 yuan, 1500 yuan, 1000 yuan,'and 500 yuan respectively
were given for accomplishments in each of the four classes of awards. The Guangdong
'Provincial Testing and Analysis Institute, the Guangzhou Municipal Pharmaceutical
Industry Institute, and the Shaoguan Prefecture Industrial Institute, who had
many accomplishments, were designated advanced units, and each received 5000
yuan worth of research materials as -awards.
Attending yesterday's awards meeting were famous scientists Pu Zhelong [5543 5832
7893], Pang Xiongfei [1663 7160 7378], and Lin Ping [2651 1627], as well as more
than 800 people from everywhere, including the Municipal Science Commission and
officers in charge in provincial departments concerned. Deputy Province Chief
and Provincial Science Commission Director Ye Xuanping [5509 6693 1627] spoke at
the meeting, giving high praise to the arduous work of scientists and technicians
throughout the province, and stressing the need for good management of the sci-
entific and technical accomplishments so that these accomplishments will be spread
widely and rapidly and be put to use. The. Provincial Science Commission also
announced at the meeting that henceforth scientific and technical accomplishments
for the entire province will be evaluated once annually and awards made. Accomp-
lishments for 1980 should be reported to the Provincial Science Committee before
the end of February next year.
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SYSTEM REFORMED IN SICHUAN
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 23 Sep 80 p 1
[Article: "Sichuan Province Decides To Reform Further the Present System of
Scientific Research"]
[Text] Reporter Li Jiajie [2621 1367 26381 reports that scientific research
units of industrial departments and scientific research units concerned mainly
with applied research are gradually putting into effect a changeover to an
enterprise-oriented system of management. Specialized research institutes
where techniques are applied and enterprises are forming combined companies,
enabling the institute to become the company's technical development department.
This represents a decision made most recently by the Sichuan Provincial CCP
Committee to change the presently operating system of scientific research--a
system that is not advantageous for bringing into full play the enthusiasm of
scientific research units.
The, reform carried out by the Sichuan Provincial CCP Committee on the system
of management of scientific research was proposed on the basis of experience
gained from giving the province's scientific research units as a whole more
autonomy. Based on the Central Committee principle that scientific research
is a necessary precursor to building the economy, and in accordance with the
specific suggestions of the provincial science committee, the Sichuan Provin-
cial CCP Committee decided to select scientific research units that have com-
paratively good conditions and, at the same time as carrying out pilot projects
in changing over to an enterprise-oriented management, adopted the following
measures, advanced and promoted the scientific research units' attempt to
broaden its autonomy, and attained the objective of realizing a reform of the
system of scientific research as quickly as possible:
First, research institutes (including research units of the national defense
industry and institutes of higher learning) themselves have the right to select
specialized factories suited to the work intended and, following consultations,
to put into effect combined management under the conditions that have been
laid down. The factory is responsible for the tasks of carrying out the inter-
mediary testing and formally going into production, based on the research results
obtained by research institutes; the institutes are responsiblP for providing
the factory with results of the research and with suggestions for new products,
and for directing the factory in proceeding with the remaking of its technology.
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Second, specialized scientific research institutes can, according to the
reforms of our economic system, enter into a combined company organized by
an enterprise in their own field, becoming the company's technical service
department.
Third, in matters of scientific research, technical servicing, scientific and
technological intelligence, and the production of new, or scarce items (the
reform] will break down the barriers between the people as a whole and the
collectives, the Central Committee versus the various areas, between military
and civilian units, between institutes of higher learning and scientific re-
search units, among scientific research units, and between scientific research
units and production units or schools. This will allow the natural advantages
of each unit to be brought into full play, making use of the best that each has
to offer and developing coordination among them.
Fourth, the banks will grant loans to the scientific research units. The speci-
fic method is for the banks to give support by providing funds to scientific
research projects of a developmental nature that are definitely able to go into
production within a short period of time, that will derive an economic income
from the production unit, and that can guarantee repayment of the loan on time.
Fifth, after experience is gained from the pilot projects, scientific and tech-
nical personnel can be allowed to operate within a specified sphere. This repre-
sents a thorough change from the management of scientific and technical personnel
in the past, in which their duties were very specific, and particularly is a
change as regards scientific and technical personnel being the common property
of all. Thus, if an individual unit does not have need of someone's expertise,
the unit will be prevented from not making his services available to others.
During the pilot phase, scientific and technical personnel from the scientific
research units, engineering and technical personnel from the production units,
and teaching personnel from the schools will be allowed to work at each other's
facilities or be employed by each other as advisers. One might also, without
changing one's address registration, receive an appointment to take on scien-
tific research, technical work, or teaching work in an outlying area.
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Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 26 Sep 80 p 1
[Article by Correspondent.Xie Junbao [6200 6511 1032]: "Reform Management Systems
for Promotion of the Development of Research. Ten Shanghai Research Institutes
Achieve Outstanding Results Through Broadened Autonomy"]
[Text] Since last year, a total of 10 institutes in Shanghai, including five
regional institutes and five institutes under academies of central government
departments have had broader autonomy over methods of economic management such as
planning, finances, employee awards, and solicitation of employment applications,
as well as the institution of a joint system of research. Within a single year's
time, outstanding results have been received.
Fulfillment of scientific research tasks has been promoted. According to statistics
from the five regional institutes given increased autonomy, last year's accomplish-
ments on 103 research items exceeded original plans by 15.7 percent, for an in-
crease of 90.7 percent over 1979. During the first half of this year, there was
a further increase of 54.8 percent over last year.
Management of scientific research and economic accounting have been enhanced.
Following the broadening of autonomy, these test units all strengthened their
management over scientific research, established and perfected research discipline,
and instituted systems of budgeting for research problems, final accountings, and
research problem cost accounting. In the case of the Shanghai Materials Institute,
an accounting card was used for each issuance of research funds for problems.
Scientists and technicians used these cards to keep their books, and no matter
whether expenditures were for materials, for processing, or in connection with
experiments, all were written down as part of cost accounting. This effectively
changed the situation in which currency had been spent casually and materials
requested at will without regard for economic effectiveness.
Income has vastly increased from research and production. According to statistics
from the five test site institutes, increased income from research and production
last year amounted to 6.52 million yuan, a 72.8 percent increase over 1978. During
the first half of this year, there was another increase of 31 percent over last
year. The Shanghai Machine Manufacturing Technology Institute and the Shanghai
Organic Florine Materials Institute had an income last year that was greater than
expenditures. Not only did they require no public funds, but they paid profits
to higher authorities.
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Further arousal of the enthusiasm of researchers. As a result of the expansion
in autonomy and the institution of apportionment of increases in income, the
institutes have funds for the development of their own research, for their collec-
tive welfare, and for awards to employees. All of these units have instituted
a system of awards for employees.' Some institutes have allocated some of their
collective welfare funds for the construction of dwellings for their employees,
and these have enhanced the morale of the scientists and technicians.
On 25 September, the Shanghai Municipal Science Commission convened a citywide
conference of leading scientific and technical cadres to summarize the experi-
ences of these units and to call upon other research units to undertake reforms
in a planned and measured way, continuing the widening of autonomy and the system
of reforms in the management of research.
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SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM PUTS PROPOSALS TO GOVERNMENT
OW091314 Beijing XINHUA in English 1240 GMT 9 Dec 80
(Text) Hefei, December 9 (XINHUA)-More than 500 delegates to a recent
national science symposium here have proposed more active participation
by scientists in the country's planning.
Among the proposals they put to the government are:
--That the state and provincial authorities establish advisory centers to
help with policy and decision making.
--That a committee of specialists be set up to plan and submit to the
government projects for China's scientific, technological and social
development.
--That scientists and technicians have greater mobility and free choice
of jobs.
--That the government give more money for science and education and
encourage the development of talented people.
--That the State Scientific and Technological Commission should seek
advice from specialists on improvements in the administration of the
country's scientific programs.
--That academies and other higher learning establishments should train
people for top administrative posts.
The eight-day symposium dealt with three scientific disciplines which
have attracted much attention in China in recent years.
The subjects are the science of sciences (the study of the laws governing
science and technology and their relationship to social phenomena--also
known in the United States as the "sociology of science"), futureology
and rencaiology (the study of making the best use of people with special
training).
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The scientists debated how these disciplines are related to social studies,
economics, management, military affairs, education, medicine and planning
of China's current drive for modernization. More than 300 papers were pre-
sented at the symposium.
The scientists also discussed the scientific methodology of policy-making,
future problems likely to confront the Chinese Communist Party, and the
education of gifted children, and the future composition of the country's
leadership.
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PRESENT, FUTURE APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC DECISIONMAKING
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 16 Dec 80 p 3
[Article by Wang Shouyun [3769 1108 0061]: "Using Science and Technology To Realize
the 'Scientification' of Policymaking"]
[Text] "Scientification of decisionmaking" is a phrase devised to explain the ar-
gument of the "artistic" method versus the experience method of decisionmaking. Of
course, condemnation for issuing willful and confused orders is also implied.
In 1806, the Prussian military reformist Gerhard Johann David Von Scharnhorst created
the general staff system, with which he expected to raise military decisionmaking
from a kind of "art" to a field of science. The French scientist Andre Marie
Ampare proposed the need of a science to study the state management in a book he
published in 1845. In the past two centuries, many have tried to improve the method
of making decisions, in an attempt to cause decisionmaking to be less and less a
matter of "art" and more and more a matter of science.
Scientific decisionmaking was adopted the earliest in the realm of military command.
Scientification of military command decisions means a scientific system of informa-
tion decisionmaking and a system of advisory staff.policy determination, as well as
the quantification of the method of decisionmaking itself. The process of scienti-
fication of military command decisionmaking has had a profound effect on the pro-
cess of scientification of decisionmaking in the realms of society, economy, and
political affairs.
Shortcomings exist in China's current system of making political and economic
decisions, but if the knowledge means, and organizational methods of national
defense science and technology, which China has developed and mastered, are fully
utilized, it will be possible to overcome these shortcomings and an important step
toward scientification of decisionmaking will have been realized.
Military information technology should be adopted to serve the scientification of
civilian decisionmaking as quickly as possible.
For the purpose of making decisions, it is necessary to use a certain method to
gather, process, transmit, and utilize information--i.e., to establish a certain
information system. The military information system is the earliest to be estab-
lished and the most efficient. The oldest system of transmitting intelligence data
and orders is the fenghuotai [beacon fire] and the message dispatcher. The command
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headquarters, using telegraph lines, is a system established in the middle of the
19th century. Early in the 20th century, the general headquarters system using
radio telecommunications technology was established. Toward the end of the 1950's,
.the modern command control system using electronic computers and a data transmis-
sion network was developed. The above is a simple picture of the development of
the military information system.
In May 1980, China organized the information system of commanding the launching of
a carrier rocket in the Pacific Ocean. This is a type of nationwide information
system managed through the use of electronic computers. It uses electronic com-
puters and multiple data transmission channels, and it proceeds in a timely manner
with the gathering, coding, transmission, editing, storage, searching, dispatch,
and display of related information di:-,tributed in information sources all over the
country to supply the needs of decisionmaking or to store in a central data bank to
be randomly accessible to the decisionmaking organization. The efficiency of the
process between information and decisionmaking is thus greatly improved.
In developed capitalist countries, this type of information system, managed by com-
puters, was first developed by the military command department and extended to the
departments of industry, finance, commerce, trade, and administration at the begin-
ning of the 1960's. Similar "command control centers" were established to form the
information management system for the purpose of supplying information to manage-
ment. At present, China remains backward with respect to gathering, transmitting,
processing, and utilizing management information. Statistical data are incomplete,
inaccurate, not very reliable, and slow in transmission and feedback; these short-
comings often cause erros in management decisionmaking. The technology of the
command information system of defense technology experiments which has been mastered
in China can be extended for civilian use to help establish-an information manage-
ment system for large enterprises, or even an information system of the entire
national economic construction, so that a firm material foundation may be laid for
scientification of decisionmaking.
Organize and establish a general staff decisionmaking.mechanism with the participa-
tion of scientists and engineers.
At the beginning of the 19th century, a relatively perfect general staff system was
created for Prussian troops, indicating that there was a need at that time for the
military commanders' decisionmaking process to be supported by the collective wis-
dom of the staff. This is the first important development of the staff decision-
making mechanism. During World War II,, there was a massive struggle on both sides
to develop, deploy, and apply advanced military technology. Scientists and engineers
were in urgent demand to participate in the decisionmaking process. At that time,
there were no fewer than 700 scientists and engineers engaged in the work of stra-
tegy and policy research in the United States, England, and Canada. Their work
had a profound effect on the participation of scientists and engineer in the de-
cisionmaking service after the war in every country. Scientists and engineers as
a'body became part of the decisionmaking process. This was the second important
development in the staff decisionmaking mechanism. In 1948, the U.S. Air Force
created the Rand Corporation. In the 1950's, China's departmen. of defense tech-
nology established a system engineering general design organization. These re-
present two types of effective forms of development. These two forms, as well as
the ordinary form of general staff, are indispensable for a complete staff de-
cisionmaking mechanism.
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The Rand Corporation is a research organization set up to provide technical service
for strategic decisionmaking. It studies new concepts, new ideas, new theories,
and new methods for the realization of optimal decisionmaking. It uses the re-
sults of its'own research to enrich the wisdom of decisionmaking agencies. The
results of its research have had profound effects on the formation and develop-
ment of U.S. strategic theories and national defense policies. The Rand Corporation
has become an indispensable "think tank" in the decisionmaking chain of U.S. mili-
tary, political, foreign, and social affairs.
In the 1950's, when China moved forward her plan of developing sophisticated de-
fense technology, a new type of staff mechanism--a general design organization of
system engineering--was established. It has made important contribution to China's
success in artificial satellite and guidance missile plans. This general design
organization is to provide technical service for strategic decisionmaking. It
takes a series of moves required for the realization of a specific planned goal,
considers them to be systems with strict organizational structures, and proceeds
with the programming, design, execution, and coordination so as to guarantee that
in the decisionmaking system, every tactic is technically and economically feasible
and all tactics are mutually coordinated to the extent that certain standards may
be used to determine the optimal form to realize the goal being planned. It de-
signs the technical route to realize the specific plan, the technical program, and
the structure of the target system. Based upon this type of movement strategy,
the decisionmaking agency makes choices and implements the final decision. When
Zhou Enlai was alive, he had hopes of applying the experience of the general design
organization to important engineering constructions of the national economy. Most
recently, Chinese scientists and technicians proposed the establishment of a general
design organization for the national economy, so as to extend the object of appli-
cation of the general design organization from individual military engineering pro-
jects or economic construction engineering planning to the overall planning of the
national economy. Natural scientists, social scientists, specialists of engineering
technologies, and management specialists are to be organically organized into this
national economy general design organization to jointly design national economic
construction programs, which are to include industries, agriculture, transportation,
communication, energy sources, education, science and technology, population,
national defense, and people's livelihood, for the reference of the leadership
agencies of the state in their policy decisionmaking process. This type of program
has been tested as to feasibility and has been measured and compared. It is quanti-
tative. The experience of China's general design organization for the development
of its defense science and technology can be applied to establish a general design
organization for large-scale economic construction engineering and the national
economy.
Application of modern science and technology to the quantification of decisionmaking.
Historically, many scientists, such as Archimedes, Da Vinci, Galileo, [Tadeusz]
Reichstein, Edison, etc., all attempted to use the method of natural sciences to
analyze war operations. The early stage work of war analysis begot the seed's of
new ideas. Model methods and simulation experiment methods of natural science and
engineering technologies are applied for the quantification of decisionmaking.
During World War TI, large groups of scientists and engineers worked conscientiously
and in an organized manner to cause these seeds to bloom and bear fruits. Decision-
making, a field traditionally dependent upon artistic skill to handle problems, has
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given birth to a science--operational research--to supply quantitative data to be
used as bases to adopt strategies by leadership agencies regarding affairs and
activities under their control. As early as 1956, a group of far-sighted Chinese
scientists established an operational research organization. Today, it is being
used for quantification of decisionmaking in operational research, topology, de-
cisionmaking theory, mathematical programming, network analysis, optimal control
theory, graphic analysis, production analysis, and forecast theory. All of these
have had considerable development. In 1979, Qian Xuesen [6929 1331 2773] and Wu
Jiapei [3527 1367 1014] proposed to apply systems engineering, which has operation-
al research as its foundation, to the macroeconomic movement of the entire country,
to establish social engineering in order to realize quantification of decisionmak-
ing in national economic construction. Concretely speaking, statistical data are
timely'supplied to the national economy information system, mathematical models of
macroeconomy are correctly built, simulation experiments of economic construction
programs are carried out on electronic computers, choices among plans and programs
are made on the basis of the result of quantified experiments, and plans and pro-
grams are adjusted in a timely way according to the changing condition of execu-
tion of the national economic plan and new developments in politics, economics, and
science and technology. This is the general process of realization of the quanti-
fication of decisions regarding the national economy.
6248
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ANHUI SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION CONGRESS ENDS
Congress Activities
Hefei Anhui Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 26 Dec 80 OW
[Excerpt] The Third Congress of the Anhui Scientific and Technological Associa-
tion closed on 26 December after a 5-day meeting. The meeting adopted a deci-
sion of the Third Congress of the Anhui Provincial Scientific and Technological
Association as well as regulations on setting up scientific and technological
associations in factories and mines and on organizing associations in the rural
areas for the popularization of science there. The meeting put forward valuable
proposals on environmental protection, energy, human resources and other issues.
During the meeting, Vice Governor of Anhui Yang Jike made a speech on how to
readjust the work of the association. Attending the closing ceremony were Su Yu
and Lan Canting, secretary and deputy secretary of the provincial party committee;
Ma Changyan, vice chairman of the provincial people's congress; Meng Jiagin, vice
governor of Anhui; Nie Chunrong, secretary of the secretariat of the National
Scientific and Technological Association, and leading members of the provincial
military district and departments concerned.
Resolution Adopted
Hefei Anhui Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 26 Dec 80 OW
[Excerpt] The Third Congress of the Anhui Scientific and Technological Associa-
tion adopted a resolution on 26 December 1980. It says that the association will
from now on promote academic exchanges at home and abroad; energetically popu-
larize scientific and technological knowledge; discover, train and recommend
technical personnel; and be an adviser to the party in the scientific and tech-
nological field. The resolution adds that the Scientific and Technological
Association must truly represent the interests of all scientists and technicians,
be concerned with their livelihood, work and study, and promptly reflect their
demands. It appeals to all scientists and technicians throughout Anhui Province
to rally more closely around the CCP and do their utmost for Anhui's moderniza-
tion.
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AWARDS GIVEN FOR MAJOR SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS
0w140752 Beijing XINHUA in English 0732 GMT 14 Feb 81
[Text] Beijing, 14 Feb (XINHUA)--Technology for blast furnace smelting of
vanadium-titanium magnetite with high titanium content devised by the experimental
group of the Panzhihua Iron and Steel Company in Sichuan Province received the
only first class award given by the State Scientific and Technological Commission
in the period from April 1979 to 30 Ja-uary 1981.
The commission announced that 165 major scientific inventions were recognized
and given awards by the recommendation and examination committee.
The breakthrough in smelting and polymetallic ore has been sought by scientists
abroad for over a hundred years. Panzhihua has vast reserves of the vanadium,
titanium and iron ore and'the invention will accelerate its development and use.
Inventions recognized and given awards by the commission's recommendation and
examination committee must be major, original achievements, up to advanced world
levels. The committee classifies such inventions according to their applicability.
Twenty-three inventions received second class awards, 111, third class awards
and 30, fourth class awards.
The majority of the inventions are new industrial technologies. Second in number
are scientific achievements in agriculture and medical science.
The large-size synthetic fluoro-phlogopite (a kind of mica) manufactured by
scientists at the Shanghai Institute of Silicate Research under the Chinese
Academy of Sciences received a second class award. This is an essential material
in the electronics industry.
Medical scientists in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in coordination
with scientists from other units were given a third class award for making a
new medicine to treat the disease, leptospirosis.
A mulching agent, which increases the temperature of the soil, received a fourth
class award. It was produced by scientists at the Institute of Geography under
the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Dalian general oils and fats plant.
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The recommendation and examination committee for inventions was set up in April
1979 by the State Scientific and Technological Commission in accordance with a
regulation of the State Council. Its aim is to encourage initiative and creative-
ness on the part of scientists and technologists for the country's socialist
modernization drive. The committee is composed of 32 leading scientists and
technologists including physicist Qian Xuesen, medical scientist Huang Jiasi,
agronomist Jin Shanbao and optics specialist Wang Daheng.
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SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION'S TASKS FOR 1981
[Text] Beijing, 7 Mar (XINHUA)--The third session of the Standing Committee of the Chinese
Scientific and Technological Association was held on 6 and 7 March in Beijing. The meet-
ing reviewed the association's work in 1980 and discussed and defined the tasks for 1981
in the new situation of furthering national economic readjustment.
Zhou Peiyuan, chairman of the Chinese Scientific and Technological Association, spoke at
the meeting, which was presided over by Pei Lisheng, vice chairman of the Chinese Scientific
and Technological Association. Zhou Peiyuan said: The important principle put forth by
the central work conference on furthering economic readjustment and political stability
is a very correct one. The Chinese Scientific and Technological Association and workers
in the scientific and technological field support the central work conference principle
and are willing to do their part. He said: Further readjustment of the national economy
has placed new demands on the scientific and technological circles; all our scientific
and technological workers should take positive action and carry out the readjustment of
the scientific and technplogical association itself by coordinating with the economic
readjustment. The association's work must link with production, adapt to actual needs
and attacfi importance,to research and exchanges of technical experience in agriculture,
light industry and energy. We must stress the main points of work and actual results
and use our limited manpower and resources in the most needed areas; we must advance the
spirit of building enterprises through arduous efforts.
Standing Committee members attending the meeting spoke their minds and discussed the
association's work in the light of actual conditions. They held that 1980 was a year'of
transition in the history of development of the association and also a year of action.'
In 1981 we must carry forward our good points and overcome our shortcomings to make our
work even better.
1. Continue academic and technological exchanges and activities to put forth scientific
and technological proposals and to provide scientific and technological advice on the
readjustment of the national economy and the four modernizations;
2. Energetically improve education in science and technology, give on-the-job training,
and help large numbers of scientific and technological workers, party and government
cadres in enterprises, and workers and peasants to raise their scientific and technological;
level and efficiency in management and operations;
3. Extensively launch activities to disseminate scientific knowledge among the people,,
and promote innovations and education in this field so as to contribute toward building
the socialist spiritual civilization;
4. Build the association itself well, paying attention to building up scientific and
technological associations in counties as well as in factories and mining enterprises
and organs to popularize science in the rural people's communes;
5. Strengthen ideological-political work among cadres of scientific and technological
associations at all levels and among scientific and technological workers.
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ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RESPONSIBLE PERSON INTERVIEWED
OW301015 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Mandarin 0125 GMT 29 Mar 81
[Excerpts) Beijing, 29 Mar (XINHUA)--A responsible person of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences recently granted an interview to XINHUA reporters in connection with the appoint-
ment of new members to the Scientific Council of the academy.
The responsible person said: The Scientific Council was founded in June 1955. At that
time the council consisted of four departments: the Department of Mathematics, Physics
and Chemistry; the Department of Biology, Geology and Geography; the Department of
Technical Sciences; and the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences (predecessor
of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). In 1957 the Department of Biology, Geology
and Geography was divided into the Department of Biology and the Department of Geology
and Geography. In 1961 the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences became
subordinated to the Propaganda Department of the CCP Central Committee.
At present, the Chinese Academy of Sciences consists of five departments-mathematics and
physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geography, and technical sciences--plus a
management science group.
He said that the establishment of the Scientific Council'was an important measure adopted
by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to place reliance on scientists to take the lead in
scientific undertakings. After its establishment, the Scientific Council has implemented
the principle of "letting a hundred schools of thought contend" in academic circles and
played an effective role in bringing into full play the strength of the scientists'
collective leadership in promoting scientific undertakings.
The responsible person said: The Scientific Council was forced to suspend its activities
during the "Great Cultural Revolution." In the spring of 1979, the academy decided to
resume its work. To do this it was necessary, first of all, to strengthen all the organi-
zations under the council. With this goal in mind, the academy started moves to appoint
new members of the Scientific Council.
The responsible person said:- The Scientific Council members may be reelected consecu-
tively. The council's tasks are: first, to exercise academic leadership over all research
institutes under the academy; second, to unite Chinese scientists, enhance cooperation among
scientific circles and jointly promote scientific and technical undertakings in China; and
third, to submit reports and suggestions concerning pertinent principles and policies and
major scientific and technical problems to be solved in the building of socialist moderni-
zation in China. Through discussion at general meetings, Scientific Council members will
decide the direction of the development of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, examine and
approve scientific research plans, solve major questions and elect the presidium of the
academy. The presidium members will elect the president and vice presidents of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
The responsible person said: The Scientific Council members represent a broad spectrum.
They came from various institutes inside and outside the academy. He said: The Scientific
Council is still inexperienced in its work and''needs to continually sum up experience and
improve and raise the quality of the work in the future.
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INTENSIFICATION OF PARTY SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE URGED
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 18 Apr 81 p 1
[Article: "The Entire Party Should Accord the Proper Importance to Science and
Tehnology"]
[Text] The development of modern science and technology is currently an urgent and
important task of the entire party. The central link in accomplishing this task is
improvement of the entire party's awareness of science and technology and bringing
science and technology's critical role in our country's socialistis modernization
construction and social development fully into play.
Are science and technology really important? What role do they play in national
economic development? Consider several facts: In agricultural production, in 1980
hybrid rice already was planted on more than 80 million mu nationwide and was giving
an average increase in yield of 100 jin per mu, or a total increase in output of
7 billion jin nationwide. Comprehensive research into techniques for increasing output
and their extensive application have enabled Henan Province to increase it wheat output
by an average of more than 3.5 billion jin a year for the past several years. Pri-
marily owing to effective popularization of the superior variety Lumian No 1, in
addition to implementation of policy and relatively favorable climatic conditions,
last year Shandong Province's total cotton output was more than two times larger than
in 1979. In industrial production, because the Panzhihua Iron and Steel Company
adopted the blast furnace technology, which was developed exclusively by this country,
for refining vanadium-titanium magnetite ore, and utilized its comprehensively, it
soon turned losses into profits; while in 1977 this enterprise lost more than 11 million
yuan, by 1980 it was already paying more than 107 million yuan in profits to the higher
levels. Light industry and the textile industry are making use of more than 460 scien-
tific research results and have energetically promoted the production of daily-use
consumer goods. Overall, in the last 3 years, and particularly since the 3d Plenum
of the 11th Central Committee, here have been great changes in our country's science
and technology scene, and the achievements of scientific research are becoming more
numerous year after year. For example, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the center of
the country's scientific research, had a total of more than 1,300 research results in
1978, more than 1,400 in 1979, and 1,576 in 1980 (evaluations have indicated that 14
percent of them are close to or at the world state of the art). While the national
defense scientific and technological system has been carrying out its sophisticated
scientific and technical tasks with flying colors, it has also ii:*Pnsified its scien-
tific research work for the populace. In 1980 the 7th Ministry of Machine Building
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A.i011p 111Ade avf%1,14411.10 Ii(' 1nA.Jr.1 11PiP1 R.eE+1~~~~~1.+ ~~Pa~ p~ N11i ~- +9 A'p ~4'a4p fN4' thAh -F~"4%k ?y
and 25 are at or close to the international state of the art. Innumerable vivid cir-
cumstances have given people an increasingly clear understanding of the immense role
of science and technology in developing the national economy and promoting social
progress, and have further stimulated our vast population's enthusiasm for studying
and utilizing science and technology. Historical experience proves that whenever our
party has laid increased emphasis on science and technology and scientific and technical
personnel, our socialist cause has progressed more smoothly; and..when it has not done
so, the result has been setbacks of various degrees of seriousness. When the party
Central Committee recently stressed again that the "entire party must lay emphasis on
science" and pointed out that during the readjustment of the national economy we must
also readjust the relationship between science and technology and economic development,
gradually increasing the share of scientific research funds in the budget, and assuring
that science makes steady progress, it summed up positive and negative historical
experience and inferred that there is still a greater and lesser degree of failure
within the party to accord due importance to science and technology. At present there
are still many comrades within the party, including some who are in charge of economic
and party and government leadership, who are insufficiently aware of the importance
of science and technology and who do not sufficiently support scientific and technical
work. Many party committees and administrative leadership organs have still failed to
put scientific and technical work on their agendas, or pay lip service to its impor-
tance but actually relegate it to a secondary place, so that it loses out when the
pressure of work increases. Some comrades even consider that science and technology
stand in the same relationship to production and the economy as the cock-crow at the
dawn, i.e that "dawn comes whether the cock crows or. not," and that it makes no
difference whether science and technology are pursued or not.
't'here are many reasons for this failure to accord due importance to science and
technology. The small producer's narrow ideology and ingrained habit are an important
social cause. Some comrades look at science and technology and at education with the
small producer's eyes, and will not admit that they are extremely important for the
cause of socialist construction and that socialist construction is impossible without
them. To root out these influences, it is necessary to take a worldwide view. In the
capitalist countries, science and technology are not only a new means by which the
capitalists squeeze out excess value, but also a basic factor in the development of
modern large-scale production in capitalist society. At present in some developed
capitalist countries rates of growth of the national economies exceeding 60 percent
are based on scientific and technical progress, and many new production sectors have
been entirely brought into being by science and technology. Science and technology
are now advancing at a startling pace. In 10-odd years in the 1960's and 1970's, the
number of new discoveries and new inventions in science and technology exceeded the
total for the previous 2,000 years; every year basic engineering and technical know-
ledge and specialized knowledge increase by 5 and 20 percent respectively; in the past
10 years 30 percent of industrial knowledge has become outdated, and 50 percent of
electronics technology has become outdated. Only if socialism creates a higher labor
productivity than capitalism can it ultimately defeat capitalism. In this light,
science and technology are a life-and-death matter for the two differing social
systems of socialism and capitalism.
An important ideological source of the failure to accord due importance to science and
technology is the many years' influence of "left" ideology. In theoretical terms,
this influence is expressed as some comrades continued failure to recognize that
science and technology are a productive force and that scientific research must precede
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production, and their failure to recognize that modern tools of production are embodied
science and technology and that the person who constitutes the greatest productive
force is the one armed with scientific and technical knowledge. In their thinking
regarding the guidance of economic construction, some comrades cannot correctly handle
the'relationship between economic development and science and technology, and will not
admit that science and technology have a critical role in economic constrution. They
do not accord importance to science and technology and do not rely upon them in econo-
mic construction; when they grasp production they fail to grasp science and technology;
and when they embark on capital construction they do not make an effort at techno-
logical reform of existing enterprises; the result is that many of our country's
scientific and technical achievements cannot be put into use and disseminated in
timely fashion, many old enterprises' technologies, processes and equipment cannot
be renovated and modernized., and they remain for a long time in a backward condition
of high waste, low quality, and production of the same products year after year.
Many years of this state of affairs in economic work have not only hindered the develop-
ment of science and technology in our country but have harmed the country's socialist
construction. In their policy on intellectuals, some comrades still discriminate
against or even repress scientific and technical personnel and refuse to admit that
the vast majority of the intellectuals, including 5 million scientific and technical
personnel, belong to the working class, and are a force upon which the party relies.
They have long suffered from a phobia about.rightism and a belief that "better 'left'
than right," and in the process of cadre reorganization they have rejected scientific
and technical personnel with their specialized capabilities and organizational ability
and have prevented them from participating in leadership groups at all levels, or
have given them posts but failed to make use of them, so that they are little more
than furniture.
To summarize, the habits of the small producer and the effect of "left" ideology have,
to a.greater or lesser degree, and in both visible and invisible ways, hindered the
development of science and technology. As a result, if the entire party, starting
with leadership comrades in party committees at all levels, is to truly make an effort
to give due importance to science and technology, then it must take care to guard
against and overcome the effects of the small-producer habit of mind and must conscien-
tiously root out the "left" ideology. The aim of rooting out this ideology is to sum
up experience and to raise consciousness in the implementation of the party's scienti-
fic and technical policy and its policy on intellectuals. The methods for rooting
it out must be suitable, must be based on the actual situation in each department,
locality and unit, must seek the truth from the actual situation, and must conscientiously
solve the problems that exist.
In developing science and technology we must not stop with general slogans. We must
also'adopt correct policies, and organize all parties concerned for a joint effort
to carry out a successful reorganization relative to science and technology. Recently
the party Central Committee and the Council of Ministers approved the policy guidelines
proposed by the party organization of the State Committee on Science and Technology
regarding nationwide scientific and technological development in the immediate future.
The main content of these guidelines is as follows: 1. Science and technology and
the economy and society should develop in coordination with each other, and promotion
of economic development should be made the primary task. 2. Stress should be laid
on strengthening the study of production technologies, and technologies should-be
correctly selected and formed into a .rational technological. structure. 3. Technical
140
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development and dissemination of technology in factory and mining enterprises must
he intensified. 4. Basic research must be maintained on a stable basis and gradually
expanded. 5. Learning from and assimilating foreign science and technology should
be treated as an important means of developing this country's science and technology.
This is a relatively comprehensive set of guidelines which seek the truth in the
actual situation, which were drawn up following preliminary rooting out of pernicious
"left" influences, and which are beneficial to the entire readjustment of the national
economy.
on the basis of these guidelines, the readjustment of scientific and technical work,
and particularly the readjustment of its relationship to economic development, should
take account of both the overall situation and of scientific research work itself.
In terms of the overall situation, the readjustment should have the effect of making
economic work able to rely better on science and technology and to bring their role
thoroughly into play. To this end, first, it is necessary to base major policy
decisions in economic and social development on scientific research and thorough
technical substantiation. Policy research and consultat{ve organizations should be
setup at the national level as quickly as possible. Second, an energetic effort
should be made to implement uniform planning for scientific-technical, economic and
social development. Third, a comprehensive review of our country's investment policy
should be undertaken, and the share of funds for scientific research in the state
budget gradually increased on this basis. Fourth, in order to improve economic'effec-
tiveness, rationalization and reorganization of the broad economic structure should
be coordinated with technical renovation of older enterprises. If a reorganization
of the economic structure is not undertaken, scientific and technical reform will
result in a good deal of blind action; and if ...he reorganization of the economic
structure is not combined with technical renovation, its results will have many
limitations and will not be lasting. Fifth, we should actively and prudently reform
the economic and scientific and technical management system, reasonably readjust the
structure of science and technology and of the ranks of scientific and technical
personnel, promote and organize from the top down the unification and coordination
of the five front armies on the scientific and technical front, promote and organize
unification and cooperation among, scientific research, production and applications
organizations and their attack on key technical problems, and conscientiously solve
the problem of large amounts of unnecessary duplication in construction and research.
Scientific and technical work itself should make a greater and more effective
contribution to promoting economic development. First, in a number of urgent near-
term areas such as agriculture, light industry and textiles, energy, communications,
machine building, materials, and electronics technology, it should select a few.
topics and solve certain scientific and technical problems which are of major impor-
tance for national economic and social development. The key is to select the right
problems, in accordance with local conditions and the nature of the organizations,
and to grasp correctly the principles of selecting research topics. At the same time,
we should establish and fill out our country's own scientific and technical reserve
for'the long-term needs of economic and social development. Those who do not plan
for the long term have difficulties in the short term. We cannot focus solely on
immediate benefits. We must make allowances for long-term needs and energetically
"take account of both the near term and the long term" and "coordinate near-term
and long-term measures." The key in this endeavor is effective basic development of
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research. For an individual' production department or a research system with a
certain degree of integration, the basic development of research should include:
a clear and stable direction of research and a properly regulated sequence of work;
a politically firm party leadership group, an ideologically unprejudiced research
collective, and effective administrative and management bodies; a reationally organ-
ized, high-quality, intellectually upright scientific and technical contingent; a
.precise and flexible information system (including information gathering, library
materials and file work); and a good working and living-environment which gradually
creates the conditions for socialization of research support and technical services.
It should also include:. development of a practicable subject development policy and
relevant technical-economic policy; and systematic, energetic education and training
in rotation of scientific and technical management personnel, intensified develop-
ment of legal institutions, regulations and systems for management of science and
technology, and promotion of the specialization of research management and its
development into a science.
Strengthening the party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee that our country's
science and technology will advance unceasingly. The party Central Committee has
great concern for and accords full importance to scientific and technical work. The
Central Committee Secretariat regularly requests scientists to make reports, and
recently it has heard many reports by the party organizations of the State Committee
on'Science and Technology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as reports
on scientific and technical cadre work from the CCP Central Organization Department,
and the State Council's Office of Scientific and Technical Cadres and Office of
Personnel Matters, and has issued many important directives and set a model for
party and government leadership comrades at all levels. Strengthening the leadership
of science and technology is the glorious task which the age has assigned to our.
party. If the entire party accords due importance to science and technology and
painstakingly acquires scientific and technical knowledge and masters the management
of science, the party's leadership of science will be strengthened.
8480
CSO: 8111/1032
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NOTED
OW080633 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0029 GMT 8 May 81
[Excerpts] Beijing, 8 May (XINHUA)--The Chinese Academy of Sciences, which has more than
30,000 scientists and technicians, has made achievements in more than 3,000 scientific
research projects in recent years. It has made important contributions to the develop-
ment of China's national economy and national defense building.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences is our country's research center for natural sciences. It
was founded on 1 November 1949. At present, the academy has 117 research organizations
with more than 76,000 staff members and workers, including more than 30,000 scientists
and technicians. It has branches in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions.-
modern mechanics.
The various research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have done a large
amount of pioneering work for China's successful development and launching of atomic
bombs, guided missiles and man-made earth satellites. They have made important achieve-,
ments in the study and manufacturing of transistors, accelerators, electronic
computers,
lasers, sonar, sound emitting devices [sheng fa she zhuang zhi 5116 4099 1410
5944 4999):;
second-generation jet engine high temperature air-cooled turbine blades which
require
The present number of scientific and technological personnel is about 100 times the number
when the academy was founded. The number of senior and advanced scientists and technolo8$
personnel has increased more than 20 times. The academy has furnished national defense
and industrial departments with a large number of scientific and technological personnel.
and, in addition, has trained a number of specialists for various fronts who have mastered'
new technology in the fields of atomic energy, computers, semiconductors, automation and
precision casting [jing mi zhu.zao gao wen gi leng wo lun ye pian 4737 1378 6999 6644
7559 3306 3049 0397 3260 65444 0673 3651] and photoconductor fibers [guang dao xian
wei 0342 1418 4960 4850).
At present, the broad masses of scientific and technological personnel of the
academy are'stressing building a good.foundation and raising the quality of their
work. Under the guidance of the policy of running the academy well in order to
serve the national economy and national defense building, they are trying harder
so as to make greater contributions to the country.
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LEADERS ATTEND ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SESSION
0;111630 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1240 GMT 11 May 81
[Excerpts) Beijing, 11 May (XINHUA)--The fourth session of the Scientific Council of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences opened ceremoniously in Beijing today. Attending the
.pening ceremony were party and state leaders Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Deng Yingchao,
Tao Ziyang, Wang Zhen, Wei Guoqing, Ulanhu, Fang Yi, Wang Renzhong and Bo Yibq, and
rice chairman of the CPPCC National Committee Lu Dingyi. Present at the meeting were
Tesponsible persons of departments concerned, including Zhou Yang, Jiang Nanxiang, Li
Qfang, Pei Lisheng, Tong Dalin, Jiao Shanmin and Huang Wei [5524). Also present at the
jeeting were Duang Junyi,first secretary of the Beijing Municipal CCP Committee, and
others.
Meeting With Academy Personnel
,?121216 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1206 GMT 11 May 81
(Text) Beijing, 11 May (XINHUA)--Party and state leaders Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen,
Deng Yingchao, Zhao Ziyang, Wang Zhen, Wei Guoqing, Ulanhu, Fang Yi, Wang Renzhong
"and Bo Yibo and vice chairman of the CPPCC National Committee Lu Dingyi-inet with all
representatives attending the fourth session of the Scientific Council of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences on 11 May.
3efore the meeting, Deng Xiaoping and other leading comrades of the central authorities
;had cordial talks with the members of the Presidium of the academy and wished the
liession a complete success. The names of the members of the Presidium who took part in
,the meeting are as follows:
"(In the order of the number of strokes in their names) Ding Guoyu, Ma Dayou (3731),
:kYang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Bei Shizwang (3864), Yin Zanxun, Lu Jiaxi (6932), Xu
Re, Chi (3069) Jishang, Hua Luogeng, Wu Xianwen, Li Chang, Li Xun (5651), Shen Hong
,(7703), Wu Xuezhou, Yang Dongsheng, Yan Jici, Wang You (3731), Wang Dezhao, Zhang
Yenyou, Zhang Wenyu (5940), Zhang Guangdou, Zhang Cunhao, Zhang Yu (6877) Zhe, Zhang
4ia (4471) Fu, Tang Peisong, Yang Dong, Yang Tingbao, Wu Heng (5899), Chen Shixiang
(7534), Chen Zongji, Xhou Peiyuan, Mao Yisheng, Jin Shanbao, Zheng Wanjun, Yu (6735)
,Yen, Liu Dagang, Cha (2686) Quanxing, Hu Keshi, Hou Xianglin (7792), Qin Lisheng,
Qian Sanqiang, Qian Zhidao, Qian Xuesen, Tu Guangchi, Tang Aoqing, Liang Dongcai,
?in Hongzhang, Gao Qingshi (3740), Huan Xiang, Huang Ziqing (0615), Huang Xinbai,
Huang Jiqing, Huang Bingwei, Huang Jiasi, Cao Tianqin and Xie Xide.
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OW111218 Beijing XINHUA in English 1209 GMT 11 May 81
(Excerpts] Beijing, 11 May (XINHUA)--The fourth session of the Scientific Council of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences opened here this morning. The Scientific Council, composed
of 400 scientists, is the leading academic body of the academy. The current session
is the first ever in 21 years since the third session held in Shanghai in April of
1960.
In his opening speech, Yan Jici, vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and
one of the academy's founders, described the session as having "great importance" in the
annals of theldevelopment of China's sciences.
81-year-old Yan Jici said, in his youthhood, many scientists had the ambition to devote
to science for the sake of China's independence and prosperity. However, this proved
8dream in the semi-feudal and.semi-colonial China. The birth of new China and the
regeneration of the country, especially the third session of the 11th Central Committee
of the Chinese Communist Party and China's grand modernization program,,have opened
UP even broader vistas for development of China's science and technology and Chinese
scientists.
He called on scientists to work more closely with the administrators, technologists
and the staff members of the academy in the interests of the motherland.
The program of the session includes: to hear and examine a report on the work of the
academy, discuss the draft constitution of the academy, hear and discuss reports by the
various departments of the council, elect a presidium of the academy which in turn
elects president and vice-presidents of the academy. Each department will elect a
Standing Committee which elects director and deputy directors of the department. During
the session, each department will hold meetings to discuss its own work and carry out
academic exchange.
Academy sources told XINHUA that 283 new members were added to the council last month to
bring the number to 400. The council members come from 24 provinces, municipalities
and autonomous regions. They work in 27 ministries and departments, 43 universities and
colleges and 114 research institutes. The current council is larger than any time in
the past and is more broadly represented. There are 79 physicists and mathematicians,
67 chemists, 89 biologists, 75 geoscientists and 90 technical scientists on the council.`.
Fang Yi Report 4
0W111559 Beijing XINHUA in English 1541 GMT 11 May 81
[Text] Beijing, 11 May (XINHUA)--Fang Yi, president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,,.;,
today proposed that a scientist be elected to the presidency of the academy. He proposed
that future presidents be elected by the academy instead of being appointed as he had
been in 1979 at the second session of the Fifth National People's Congress.
In his work report to the fourth session of the academy's Scientific Council here this
afternoon, Fang Yi said he had offered to resign on a number of occasions with the
council taking up the role of policy-making organ of the academy. The present session
will elect a presidium to choose the new president and vice-presidents.
Fang Yi, who is also minister in charge of the State Scientific and Technological
Commission, said he took charge of the academy under particular circumstances after the
downfall of the "gang of four." He was of the opinion that a scientist should take over
the job, and the present system of giving leaders life-long tenure should be changed.
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After submitting his resignation,. Fang Yi said he would continue to support the work of.,
the academy. He will remain to be China's highest leader on scientific affairs, both
within the Communist Party and the government. The vice-premier told the scientists;
"In my cooperation with scientists in these years I have come into intimate acquaintance
With many and learned a great deal from you. We will carry on our friendship, I think
I'll continue to be an enthusiast for science,"
Further on Fang Yi Report
OW111617 Beijing XINHUA in English 1603 GMT 11 May 81
(Text) Beijing, 11 May (XINHUA)--The fourth session of the Scientific Council of the
Chinese Academy of?Sciences which opened today marked an important progress in China's
effort to reform the system by which scientific development is managed. Fang Yi,
president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, stressed this point in his report on the
opening day of the session.
,be Scientific Council, composed of 400 noted- scientists, will become the highest policy-
wking body of the academy from a body of advisory nature. The current session will elect
a Presidium of the academy, which in turn will elect the academy's president and vice-
;residents. A total of 283 members have been recently added to the council through serious
examination and voting by the original members. This has brought the total number to 400.
The Scientific Council has thus become more representative and authoritative, said Pang Yi.
The appraisal of a scientific result should be left to the scientists, he said. He advised
the administrators not to give improper conclusions about academic matters. Nor should a
comment from any leader be substituted for an academic appraisal which, he added, should be
made only by the scientists themselves.
Fang Yi said that the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the country's highest academic organi-
zation in the field of natural sciences and a comprehensive. research center. He hoped that
the Scientific Council will play an active part in promoting the integration of science and
technology with the socioeconomic development. He stated that the Central Committee of the
Communist Party and the State Council expect the academy to serve as an advisory body to the
party and state in scientific and technological matters.
,In the more than four years following the downfall of the gang of four, Fang Yi said, the
;Chinese Academy of Sciences devoted its attention to restoring its work to the former days.
The academy has made new advances and improved its standards. Summing up shortcomings in
work, Fang Yi said that owing to the influence of the leftist ideology, the academy had for
.a time placed too high targets for development, hence the need for readjustment in the plan.
At present, the Chinese academy embraces 117 research institutions with a total staff of 75,000.
36,000 of them are engaged in research projects. 2,000 are senior members. Fang Yi said
that the academy has kept up a steady progress in its research work and achieved certain
results of high academic standard and practical value. Fang Yi expected the country's
scientists to develop the fine tradition of patriotism, hard study and hard work, and persist
in an honest academic spirit. -
Fang Yi paid high respect to the old generation of Chinese scientists and wished the younger
generation to take upon themselves the responsibility of bringing into reality China's
modernisation, be diligent in research and courageous in creation.
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FURTHER ON CAS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL SESSION
Leader-Member Conversations
o,d141025 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1641 GMT 13 May 81
[Newsletter by XINHUA reporters Zhang Jimin, Gu Mainan and Zhou Changnian: "Place Great
Hope in Young and Middle-Aged Scientists"--sidelights on the fourth session of the
Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]
[Excerpts] Beijing, 13 May (XINHUA) -Young and middle-aged scientists account for one-
tenth of the 400 newly elected members of the Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy
of Sciences [CAS], and the average age of the council members has thus been reduced by
11 years. They are the new blood of the council. Though small in number they symbolize
the bright future of the council. What a delightful event it is for the revolutionaries
and scientists of the older generation!
Party and state leaders gladly met all council members attending the fourth session of
the CAS Scientific Council cn the morning of 11 May and they had cordial talks with the
members of the presidium of the session. At approximately 0930, party and state leaders
one after another joined the council members. Vice President Li Chang introduced Yang
Le, a middle-aged mathematician, to Comrade Peng Zhen. Smiling and tightly holding
Comrade Yang Le's hands, Comrade Peng Zhen asked Yang Le to sit beside him. Then, he
had a cordial talk with him on how to bring into full play the role of middle-aged.
council members. He also asked with great concern about the living conditions of middle-
aged scientific and technological personnel.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping arrived a little later. On his arrival, he asked: "How many of
the council members are under 50?" Vice President Hu Keshi answered: "There are 40
council members who are under 55." Comrade Deng Xiaoping then asked: "Is there not any-
one under 40?" Comrade Hu Keshi said: "Yang Le is the youngest. He is 41."
As the meeting began, a middle-aged council member was seen pondering over something
with fixed attention. He was none other than Guan Weiyan, a 53-year-old expert in
cryophysics and currently deputy director of the CAS Physics Institute. After the down-
fall of the "gang of four," the leadership of the academy and the masses of the institute
chose him to take up a leading post and let him share the heavy responsibility of leading
the scientific research work at the institute. During the past few years, he has made
achievements in leading the academic work at the institute and in carrying out scientific
research work.
Among the female council members attending the current session was 54-year-old Ye Shuhua,
deputy director of the Shanghai astronomical observatory under the CAS.
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rang Yi said in his report to the fourth sesxiac?. o.d tlhe $eiant.itie Council of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences: "The young and middle-aged scientific and technological personnel
play an important role of inheriting the past and ushering in the future in the develop-
tent of China's science and technology. We place great hope in young and middle-aged
scientists." Yang Le, Guan Weiyan and Ye Shuhua as well as the broad masses of young and
middle-aged-scientific and technological workers in the ranks of our country's scientific
and technological contingent are right now playing such a role. They are the hope of
our country's scientific and technological development.
OW141253 Beijing XINHUA in English 1207 GMT 14 May 81
[Text] Beijing, 14 May (XINHUA) -Installation of equipment to produce multi-channel laser
beams of ten.to the eleventh power watts to study the physics of plasma is one of 500
major scientific achievements made by the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1977 to 1980.
This was announced by Fang Yi, president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, at the
current session of the Scientific Council, the highest policy-making body of the academy.
Fang Yi, in his work report to the session on Monday,? said that the Chinese Academy of
Sciences has deployed scientists to work in the most advanced branches of science and some
major scientific and technological tasks concerning national construction. In an effort to
serve the national economy and construction, Fang Yi said, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences has allocated great'amount of manpower and material resources to carry on research
in the fields of agriculture, energy, materials science, environmental protection, and
alleviation of natural disasters. Some progress has been made.
He cited as examples the wilderness survey in Heilongjiang Province, research on the trans-
formation of marshes by well irrigation and drainage on the SanjiangPlain in northeast
China, a comprehensive survey of national agricultural resources and research on the geology
and rock mechanics of some gigantic engineering projects.
Fang Yi in his report also mentioned the scientific work and achievements of the academy in
the area of national defence.
On technology, he said that progress has been made on computers, semi-conductors, lasers,
remote sensing and superconductivity. Fang Yi said academy researchers had put into trial
operation a computer capable of ten million calculations per second. Several types of
large-scale integrated circuits, including an MOS having 4096 bits of storage capacity,
and a 16 K large-scale integrated circuit have been successfully manufactured. These are
the highest quality level so far produced in China.
The basic sciences have begun to develop after years of sabotage, President Fang said.
He mentioned in particular the synthesis of the 3'-half molecule of the yeast alanine TRNA,
the structural models of the active center of nitrogenase, the fault block tectonics, the
theory of bio-environmental control and the provinciality of floras and faunas in geological
time.
Report on Technical Development
0W142027 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1214 GMT 14 May 81 -
[Text]' Beijing, 14 May (XINHUA)--In a work report delivered at the fourth session of the
Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, [CAS], Li Xun, permanent member of
the technical science department, emphasized that energetically developing technical
science is an urgent task in order to accomplish China's socialist modernization program
at the earliest possible date.
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With regard to natural science, Li Xun said, basic science is aimed at probing the secret
of natural phenomena and discovering the laws of nature, while the purpose of technical
science is to study the processes for man to transform nature and the rules that govern
these processes. He said: From the 17th to the 19th century, most developments made in
natural science were in the field of basic science, whereas little was accomplished in
studying the fundamental rules of engineering and technology. During that period the work
of engineering and technology still depended on experience to a great extent. In the late
19th and the early 20th century, people began to realize more and more that they could not
resolve the question of strength encountered in the use of materials by merely depending on
Newtonian mechanics,,nor was it possible to work out the most efficient electric power
system by relying solely on the theory of electromagnetism. Similarly, they came to know
that Lavoisier's oxidation-reduction theory alone could not give guidance for improving the
steel-making process. They felt that betweentasic scientific theory and practical production
technology there should be an intermediary link, and that is technical science. Under such
circumstances, material mechanics, metallurgical physical chemistry, mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering and other technical science disciplines came into being one after
another.
During the past decades, with the progress in basic science and because of the needs of
economic development, further advancement has been noted in technical science. A host
of new technical science disciplines have been established and are being daily improved.
Examples are atomic energy, semiconductors, automation, computers, laser beams, space
technology and remote sensing.
Li Xun continued: Technical science is very closely concerned with the national economy
and defense construction, and its importance is increasingly prominent. It is generally
understood that energy, materials and information, all closely related to technical
science, are three pillars of modern civilization. He also mentioned the major achievements
China has made in technical science during the last two decades or so.. Only by developing
our own technical science, he said, can we really absorb and assimilate foreign scientific
and technological achievements and develop our economy, as well as our science and
technology,,in a genuinely independent and self-reliant way.
Li Xun's report stated several points-that merit particular attention in energetically
developing technical science:
1. Continued efforts should be made to strengthen those disciplines closely concerned
with traditional industries, such as mining, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, engineering thermophysics, civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, architecture,
applied mechanics, applied optics and radio electronics.
2. To.accelerate the development of such new technology as semiconductors, computers,
laser beams, superconductivity, space technology and remote sensing, it is necessary to
formulate and implement development plans with emphasis on specific points. Certain pertinent
research units should be strengthened on the principle of supporting the outstanding ones.
Units in related fields should be organized to work cooperatively and to solve key problems
through their joint efforts. They should not be satisfied merely with their success in the
trial-production of some products, but rather they should establish a sound technological
foundation, study and understand the laws and make scientific discoveries. Take semiconductors,
for example. Not only is it necessary to make large-scale integrated circuits of reliable
quality and to achieve a high rate of qualified products in the manufacture of such circuits,
but, what is more, work should be done to develop the science of semiconductors.
3. Efforts should be made to study and solve the key questions of science and technology
in connection with the national economy and defense construction. At present the emphasis
should be on agriculture, light industry, energy supply, communications and transport,
machine building, materials industry and national defense.
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LI Xun called for attention to problems of acomprehensive nature involving more than one
department and one trade, as well as to problems of universal importance. Examples are
control of environmental pollution, 'standard weights and measures, survey and testing
techniques, instruments and meters, metal corrosion and its control, systems engineering
and technological economics.
Referring to future work, Li Xun suggested that the state set aside special funds to
establish a science foundation to support those research projects that are relatively
advanced and that are really deeded. He expressed the hope that all members of the
Scientific Council would unite as one and work strenuously to make still greater contribu-
tions to the development of China's technical science.
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FURTHER ON CAS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL SESSION
Scientific Gains Noted
OW170554 Beijing XINHj1A Domestic Service in Chinese 1317 GMT 15 May 81
[Excerpts] Beijing, 15 May (XINHUA)--The policy of neglecting basic research work is a
shortsighted one. Basic research is the treasure house for developing one's thinking and
creating new technology in the field of science.
This is Hua Luogeng's point of view emphasized in his report on the work of the department
of physics and the department of mathematics to the fourth Scientific Council under the
Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS].
Hua Luogeng, vice chairman of the council, points out in this report which lasts more than :x
1 hour, that as far as scientific research work in the whole country is concerned, major
efforts should be made in the study of applied science. However, he believes that basic
research remains indispensable according to the law for the development of science and
technology, because theoretical breakthroughs often pioneer the technical revolution. He
hopes that in the course of readjustment, the state will maintain stability and continuity
of scientific research. He says: The development of some major scientific research pro-
jects and facilities can be slowed down and carried out on a smaller scale. However, we
should not rashly discard them. He believes: Mathematics, physics (including acoustics),
dynamics and astronomy form the important foundation for the incessant development of
science and technology. Many aspects of the work are applicable. For example, solid state
physics is able to serve material science. Dynamics and applied mathematics are able to
serve the national economy and national defense. There are also numerous applications of
nuclear physics and nuclear technology. In the field of astronomy, polar shifts in time
measurement and the forecast of solar activities, the tracking of satellites and geodesy
are indispensable in the development of the national economy and national defense.
Hua Luogeng says: In view of the fact that the state is in a stage of readjustment, it is
unrealistic to carry out basic research work in all fields on a large-scale. Therefore, we''
can only support the major fields. He believes: Major support should be given to the study
of the state of aggregation physics and the application of nuclear technology, the work of
practical measurement in astronomy, the study of pneumatics and explosion in dynamics and
the study of properties in the field of the strength of materials so as to attain even
better results.
He says: During the past 4 years, we have already scored 150 significant achievements in
scientific research. Thirty-five of them are of high standard and great value in actual
application. In the realm of the national economy, the application and promotion of over-
all quality control, the mathematical models and methods of computation in modern communica-
tions, the study of microwave absorption material, technology in seeking, the best plan in
oil conservation, the method of making overall plans in facilitating transport of the rail-
way system and the basic research on and control of jet noises have made remarkable contri-
butions to the economic results of factories and transport departments and to environmental
protection. Remarkable achievements have been made in the field of national defense such
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as longwave and shortwave time transmission and its application in launching the long-range
carrier rocket, the highly spontaneous digital sounder, the experiments in installing four
high-voltage pulse X-ray machines in synchronous photography and the study of heat--preven-
tion problems for ICBM warheads.
Hua Luogeng believes: Some of the scores of achievements made by this Scientific Council
in the past years have already reached or approached the international level.
[Text] Beijing, 18 May (XINHUA)-The fourth session of the Scientific Council of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences approved of a constitution (for experimental implementation)
of the Chinese. Academy of Sciences here today. The academy is the country's highest aca-
demic institution and comprehensive research center of natural sciences, the constitution
stipulates.
According to the new trial constitution, instead of being an advisory body as in the past,
the Scientific Council is now the highest decision-making organ of the academy. It stipu-
Elates that the council elects the presidium of the academy which is a decision-making organ.a
while the council is not in session. The presidium elects the president and vice-presidents
of the academy.
Tio-thirds of the members of the presidium are from the Scientific Council and the other
-e-third is composed of leading members of departments concerned under the State Council
and leading members of the Chinese Communist Party. organization in the academy.
It stipulates that the director of an institute is in overall charge of the work of the
institute. "It thus clarifies that the party work and leadership over scientific research
are separated," Zhou Beiyuan, physicist and vice-president of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, said in an interview. Zhou Beiyuan said that there was a draft of the
crganizational rules of the academy as early as in 1950 and another one in 1955. However,
he added, neither were officially adopted.
"We are now in a situation favorable for the formulation of such a constitution," he said
We have now practical experiences for 30 years and cleared the ultra-leftist influence.
we have got better acquainted with the way foreign scientific institutions are organized."
Zhou Beiyuan said, the new constitution will stimulate the development of the academy and
science at large in China.
0W191101 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1412 GMT 18 May 81
(Text] Beijing, 18 May (XINHUA)--The fourth session of the Scientific Council of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the "Constitution of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences for Experimental Implementation." this morning. The "Constitution of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences for Experimental Implementation" is divided into six chapters:
general principles, leading organs, scientific council and its members, research institutes
and related organizations, funds and appendices. Stipulating the nature, tasks and
principles of the CAS, the chapter on general principles points out: The CAS is the
country's highest institution and comprehensive research center dealing with the natural
sciences. Its tasks are: To run its affiliated research institutes well and, through
its research activities in the fields of basic science, technological science and new and
developing branches of learning, make scientif~lc and technological achievements of academic
value and realistic significance and train qua ified scientific and technological personnel
who love the socialist motherland and have creative ability and a firm and indomitable
spirit; to study the direction of development of the various branches of learning, promote
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C(fl i ts, c.xcuango mw roororar ton 4mok%s it# afi:ll.tatod 1`a iaAt'k?~i ;h4t4t"cea 00 Woklt"tes
of higher learning, various departments and scientific research institutions in other
localities and play a positive role in popularizing science; to put forth suggestions and
proposals with regard to relevant principles and policies for socialist modernization and
in dealing with important scientific and technological problems requiring solution, and
play an advisory and consultative role in decisionmaking by the party and the government;
to participate in important international academic activities as the country's academic
organization and carry out academic exchange and cooperation with scientific circles in
other countries.
In its operations the CAS lays part.cular emphasis on basic principles and improvement
in the service of the national economy and national defense. The CAS undertakes
Primarily the tasks of basic and practical research, including the application of basic
principles and new technology and so forth, of developing research in an appropirate manner;
promoting the principle of letting a hundred schools of thought contend; carrying forward
academic democracy; and fostering the style of tudy of emancipating the mind, seeking
truth froth facts, courageous exploration and of working diligently and in united
coordination.
of the members of the presidium are from the Scientific Council and the other one-third
is composed of leading members of departments concerned under the State Council and of
leading members of the CCP Organization in the CAS who are nominated for election after
consultation. The CAS president and vice presidents are to be nominated for election
from among members of the presidium.
Scientific Council for a 4-year term, which may be extended once if reelected. Two-thirds
the general membership meeting of the Scientific Council is not in session. The 'general
membership meeting of the Scientific Council shall generally be held once every 2 years.
Members of the presidium shall be elected by the general membership meeting of the
In the chapter, "Leading Organs," the constitution for experimental implementation sti-
pulates that the general membership meeting of the Scientific Council is the supreme
decisionmaking organ of the CAS.. The CAS presidium is the decisionmaking organ when
In the chapter, "The Scientific Council and Its Members," the constitution for experimental::
implementation stipulates that the Scientific Council is an academic leading organ. Members
of the Scientific' Council are to be selected from among the fine scientists throughout
the country for election by membership conferences of the various academic committees under.,.
The "Constitution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for Experimental Implementation"
also contains provisions for research institutes and other related organizations of the
CAS.
[Text] Beijing, 19 May (XINHUA)--The presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences elected
Lu Jiaxi, an outstanding physical chemist, president of the academy at its first session
here today. Qian Sanqiang, Hu Keshi, Feng Depei, Li Xun, Yan Dongsheng and Ye Duzheng
were elected vice-presidents of the academy. The tenure of office for the president and
vice-presidents is two years, which may be extended for another term of two years if they
are re-elected.
The fourth session of the Scientific Council of the academy elected a 29-member presidium
of the academy here earlier this morning. The term for its members is four years, which
may be extended for another term if they are elected again. The presidium also elected
Yan Jici, Li Chang and Wu Zhonghua executive chairmen of the presidium.
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Two-thirds of the members of the presidium are from the Scientific Council of the academy
and the remaining one-third is composed of leading members of the State Planning Commission,.
the State Scientific and Technological Commission, the Science and Technology Commission
for National Defence of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Ministry of Education
and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences as well as leading members of the party
organization of the academy. The presidium is the decisionmaking body of the academy when
the Scientific Council is not in session. The presidium ratifies research and development
programs of the academy, confers honorary academic titles and major academic awards,
decides upon matters of major importance related to international scientific and techno-
logicalcooperation and exchange, appoints and removes senior personnel, decides upon
the establishment and readjustment of research institutions and important regulations
of the academy.
The executive chairmen do not hold simultaneously the posts of president or vice-
president. The presidium meets three or four times a year with one of the executive
chairmen in the chair.
Commenting on the new elections, Hou Xueyi, researcher of the Institute of Botany of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, told XINHUA, "In the past, leading posts of the academy
nosily went to physicists and mathematicians. This time, geologists, chemists and technical
scientists are better represented. This will help implement the guide lines for the future
development the academy."
[Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese at 1400 GMT on 19 May carries a similar report
on the PRC academy of sciences elections. The Chinese item adds the following sentence
not found in the English: "The presidium also appointed Yu Wen- [6735 2429] secretary
general of the Chinese Academy of Sciences."]
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'BEIJING RADIO' ON SCIENTIFIC LEADERSHIP
OW201107 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin 1200 GMT 19 May 81
[Station commentary: "Rely on Scientists To Improve the Party's Leadership Over
Scientific Undertakings"]
[Text] The fourth meeting of the Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences (CAS) is in session in Beijing. Outstanding representatives of scientists
from the whole country are discussing CAS work. The meeting passed the provisional
CAS charter on 18 May and elected members of its presidium on 19 May. The presi-
dium has elected the CAS president and vice presidents. This signals the grand
unity of Chinese scientists and the prospering of scientific undertakings in our
country.
All scientists are united in promoting our scientific development and revitalizing
China--this is the call of the times, the aspiration of the people and the tremen-
dous historical mission of scientific circles. We wish full success to the fourth
meeting of the CAS Scientific Council.
Economic and social development is closely linked with scientific and technologi-
cal development. To build a strong socialist country, it is necessary to rely on
science and technology, on scientists who possess a variety of special knowledge and
on all scientific workers. Our scientists and large number of scientific workers
have the tradition of patriotism, diligence in pursuing study and hard work. For
many years, they have achieved much through painstaking study and selfless work under
difficult conditions and made contributions to our modernization campaign.
However, as many people failed to fully understand the role of science and tech-
nology and as left ideas and practices interfered with practical scientific work,
the role of scientists and scientific workers did not receive the attention it*de-
served. We have suffered enough in the past in ignoring science and technology.
Without changing this situation, it will be impossible for us to succeed in social-
'ist modernization.
To bring into full play the role of scientists and fully rely on them to success-
fully run scientific undertakings, the fourth CAS Scientific Council meeting intro-
duced a reform to the CAS' leadership system, changing the system of appointing
members of the Scientific Council to the system of election. The 283 additional
members of the Scientific Council attending this meeting were all democratically
elected by the CAS. The status of the Scientific Council meeting also has been
:hanged from a consultative body to the supreme decision-making body of the CAS.
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The Scientific Council meeting is to determine CAS development orientation, ratify
research programs, decide on major issues and elect the presidium, which in turn
elects the CAS president and vice. presidents.
Now a scientist has become the CAS president. This is a major reform of the CAS
leadership system. It is a concrete manifestation of, and an organizational
guarantee for, reliance on scientists to improve the party's leadership over China's
scientific undertakings. Replacing the past system of largely administrative
leadership, the new system is conducive to doing things according to scientific laws.
It is our belief that with China's outstanding scientific representatives taking
part in CAS leadership and policy making, the CAS will be run still better, effec-
tively promoting China's scientific development and making still greater contributions
to the state.
The significant CAS reform aimed at relying on scientists to lead China's academic
development is a first in our country. We should foster a social atmosphere of
respecting science and scientists and attaching importance to, and making use of,
scientists' ability. All departments and industries should give full scope to the
consultative and advisory role of scientific and technical workers. Moral and
talented people with scientific and technological knowledge should be placed in the
leading body or councils of specialists and advisors should be established to
capitalize on science and technology promoting social and economic development.
CSO: 4008/353
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'RADIO BEIJING' INTERVIEWS ACADEMY PRESIDENT LU JIAXI
OW201808 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin 1200 GMT 19 May 81
[Text] On the morning of 19 May, all the members attending the fourth session of
the Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in accordance with the
stipulations on leading organs in the constitution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(for trial implementation) adopted on 18 May, elected by secret ballot the presidium
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The presidium elected its executive chairmen
and president and vice presidents of the academy. Our well-known chemist, Lu Jiaxi,
was elected president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The presidium of the academy is the policymaking organ, if the Scientific Council
is not in session. The session elected 29 members to form the presidium. They
are (in the order of the number of strokes in their surnames): Yu Guangyuan, Wang
Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Ye Duzheng, Feng Depei, Lu Jiaxi, Hua Luogeng, Song Ping,
Yan Dongshen, Yan Jici, Li Chang, Li Xun, Wu Zhonghua, Wu Nengyi, Wu Heng, Yu Wen,
'thou Peiyuan, Zhang Wenyou, Zhang Guangdou, Hu Keshi, Hou Xianglin, Qin Lisheng,
Qian Sanqiang, Qian Xuesen, Tu Guangchi, Gao Yi, Tang Auqing, Huang Jiasi and Xie
Xide (female).
On the morning of 19 May, the presidium of the academy held its first meeting and
elected Yan Jici, Li Chang and Wu Zhonghua as executive chairmen of the presidium,
Lu Jiaxi as president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Qian Sanqiang, Hu
Keshi, Feng Depei, Li Xun, Yan Dongsheng and Ye Duzheng as vice presidents of the
academy.
Lu Jiaxi is a well-known chemist in our country and director of the Institute of
Substantial Structures of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is 66 years old. His
ancestral home was in Taiwan Province. In 1939, he went to study at the California
Institute of Technology in California, the United states. He returned to China
in 3.945. He served successively as director of the Chemistry Department, assistant
academic dean, director of the graduate school and assistant to the president,
ui. Xiamen University. In 1960, he was appointed vice president of Fujian Univer-
sity.
lie was interviewed by this station's reporter and invited to say something on his
election as president of the academy.
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He said: [begin recording] The party Central Committee decided to have a sci-
entist to serve as president of the academy. The party and the people have placed
me in this important leading position. I:: fear that I am not competent enough to
undertake this important leading job. Of course, every Chinese scientist' cannot
but feel that he has a share of responsibility to develop science and revitalize
China. From now on, I am determined to rely on the party's leadership and the
support of the scientific circles in Taiwan Province and Chinese scientists living
abroad, strive to implement the academy's principle of putting the emphasis on
basic science and on raising standards and serving the national economy and national
defense construction, act according to the laws of science, do solid work persistent-
ly, academically encourage a hundred schools of thought to contend, [words indis-
tinct] promote academic democracy, further strengthen academic interchanges with
scientific circles in foreign countries, strive to develop science and revitalize
China and dedicate my humble efforts to accelerating our country's four moderni-
zations and enabling our country to rank among the world's advanced nations at an
early date. [end recording]
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'WEN WEI PO': HU YAOBANG MEETS SCIENTISTS
HK210905 Hong Kong WEN WEI PO in Chinese 21 May 81 p 2
[ZIIONGGUO XINWAN SHE reporter's feature: "Hu Yaobang Meets Scientists"]
[Text] With a red invitation card issued by the General Office of the CCP Central
Committee in hand, scientists attending the fourth session of the Scientific Coun-
cil of the Chinese Academy of Sciences camer`.this morning to a symposium at the Huairen
Hall in Zhongnanhai, which was personally presided over by Hu Yaobang, general
secretary of the CCP Central Committee.
In front of the curtain in Huairen Hall were displayed fresh flowers and evergreen
pinetrees. This solemn rectangular hall is a place where the CCP Central Committee
and the State Council hold important meetings. Today, mount taishans and big dip-
pers of the Chinese scientific circles came here as guests of the CCP Central Com-
mittee's secretariat to meet cordially with leading members of the secretariat.
At 1000 hours leading members;of the secretariat and chief responsible members of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences began to take their seats while chatting with each
other. On the rostrum were seated from left to right Yao Yilin, Song Renqiong, Wu
Zhonghua, Fang Yi, Yan Jici, Hu Yaobang, Lu Jiaxi, Wan Li, Li Chang, Gu Mu and
Peng Chong. Of the 12 members of the Central Committee's Secretariat, only 5 were
not present at the symposium because they had something else to attend to.
Hu Yaobang, general secretary of the CCP Central Committee, delivered a warm, sin-
cere and rather important speech at the symposium. He warmly congratulated the
participants on the complete success of the session and hoped that the scientists
would go deep into the realities of life, solve important problems in the national
economy and assume the attitude of masters in their work. He called on them to break
through brambles-and thorns and scale the summit of science with full confidence.
His speech won repeated applause which lasted for some time.
Wan Li, Song Rengiong andLYao Yilin also addressed the symposium. They encouraged
the scientists to contribute their intelligence and wisdom to the four modernizations.
Yan Jici, acting chairman of the presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, spoke
at the symposium. He said that the speeches of leaders of the CCP Central Commit-
tee's Secretariat were unforgettable and a great encouragement to scientific work-
ers. He asked everybody to grasp seriously the essence of the speeches and imple-
ment them in practical work.
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Wu Zhonghua, acting chairman of the presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
gave a lecture on "Solution to the Energy Problem Viewed from Modern Science and
Technology" to leaders of' the Central Committee's Secretariat and the State Coun-
cil in Zhonghanhai last year. He was deeply moved by how leaders of the Central
Committee showed concern for scientists and how they attached importance to the
cause of science. Wu Zhonghua said to reporters of ZHONGGUO XINWEN SHE: The
speech made by General Secretary Hu Yaobang has struck chords in our hearts. On
the march to realize the four modernizations, we scientific workers should strive
to become heroes shouldering the historic mission.
Chen Zongji, anlexpert in rock and soil dynamics and a returned overseas Chinese,
worked assiduously in solving crucial technical problems of the large-scale proj-
ects of the Ge Zhou Dam and the Snman Gorge. At the end of last year, when leaders
of the Central Committee discussed problems of the Ge Zhou Dam project, they lis-
tened to his opinions and those of Professor Zhang Guangdou.. Today, after listen-
ing to the inspiring speech made by General Secretary Hu Yaobang, he excitedly
told the reporters: "I would like to repeat that I have said: there is ample
room for our abilities in our motherlandl"
Today, in the forbidden city, the sun is shining bright and the breeze is blowing
softly, and in Zhongnanhai, the lake reflects the beautiful blue sky.. Before the
symposium, the scientists paid a visit to the.former residence of the late chair-
man Mao Zedong and went to see scenic spots such as Yingtai, Yingxun Pavilion, and
so on, with great interest and enthusiasm.
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FANG YI SPEAKS AT CAS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL MEETING
OW300658 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin 0900 GMT 29 May 81
[Excerpts of the work report delivered by Fang Yi at the fourth session of the
Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on 11 May 1981]
[Text] The report says: In the past 4 years and more since the smashing of the
gang of four, the Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], working under the leader-
ship of the party Central Committee and-the State Council, has strived to imple-
ment the correct political, ideological and organizational lines of the party
Central Committee. It has radically changed the situation of disorder and solved
many questions left over from an earlier period. It has restored order in sci-
entific work and made progress in all fields.
1. It has brought order out of chaos, implemented-the party's policies and
shifted the focus of the academy's work onto the path of scientific research.
After the-national science conference, especially since the 3d session of the
11th CCP Central Committee, great efforts have been made to shift the focus of
the academy's work to scientific research and to put progress in scientific
research ahead of production and construction. Meanwhile, acting on Comrade
Deng Xiaoping's pithy analysis of Chinese intellectuals as part of the working
class, we have firmly relied on our own scientists and technicians. We have
restored the functions and powers to various institute and office directors,
restored the academic committees of various institutes and restored technical
job titles. We have promoted a large number of outstanding middle-aged and young
scientific and technical cadres. We have reiterated the necessity to devote at
least 5/6 of our working hours to research. We have restored enrollment of grad-
uate students, reformed political work organizations and increased the proportion
of scientists. and technicians in the composition of the party committees of
scientific research organizations. In the last 2 years, we have emphatically
studied the guiding policy of the academy and questions concerning the strength-
ening of leadership over academic work.
2. We have restored and consolidated scientific research organizations and made
initial reforms. In 1965, before the great cultural revolution, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences for the first time became a comprehensive research center
of natural sciences with all necessary branches of learning. It suffered severe
damage during the 10 years of disorder. In the past 4 years, the. academy re-
covered, restored and built a number of research institutes and branch institutes.
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The academy now boasts 117 research institutions with a total work force of more
than 75,000, of which more than 36,000 are research technicians and 2,000 are
higher research technicians. We have initially substantiated the technological
system, which is indispensable to scientific research. We have drawn in more per-
sonnel who are specialized in designing, production, maintenance and repair of
scientific instruments and equipment. We have built and improved spublic labora-
tories and technical service organizations. We have equipped laboratories with a
number of new instruments we have made. We have-completed a number of laboratory
buildings and put a number of large equipment to laboratory use.
3. We have made steady progress in scientific research and achieved a number of
results whicfimeetcertain academic standards and are of practical value. We have
also stepped up the training of cadres. We formulated an 8-.year plan in 1977. The
academy scored about 500 important achievements 1977-80. In order to expand acade-
mic exchanges, we have actively organized and participated in various academic
activities at home and stepped up the publication of books and journals. We pres-
ently publish 400 kinds of scientific and technological books and some 70 scientific
and technological periodicals annually. For the purpose of training cadres, we are
determined to run well the Chinese University of Sciences and Technology and its
graduate schools. In recent years, the academy has taken in more than 1,800 grad-
uate students. Having received on-the-job training and participated in various
study classes, present scientists and technicians, as well as college graduates in
recent years, have improved their understanding of basic theories, experimental
techniques and foreign language skills. We have made it possible for more than
1,000 people to attend schools, pursue advanced studies or participate in research
work in foreign countries. We have set up colleges for cadres to pursue advanced
studies and organized the cadres to gain scientific and management knowledge in
order to improve the management ability of present party and government cadres.
4. We have strengthened international academic exchanges and developed scientific
cooperation with foreign countries. The CAS has signed agreements and memoranda on
scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges and established cooperative
relationships with the scientific organizations of many countries. There has been a
fairly big increase in the number of personnel sent abroad and invited to China.
Several international academic symposiums have been held in China in addition to
the participation of many Chinese scientists and technicians in international aca-
demic conferences abroad.
The report says: As an academic institution, the CAS should take into account the
unique features of academic institutions when it adopts the system and methods of
leadership. The CAS departments set up in 1955 were specifically meant to strength-
en academic leadership by relying on scientists. Since their establishment, the CAS
departments have done much work'and played their roles well. After 1957, academic
leadership was weakened somewhat under the influence of "leftist" mistakes. Dur-
ing the decade of turmoil, CAS department activities were banned. All this ham-
pered the CAS from functioning normally. In the spring of 1979, with the consent
of the party Central Committee and the State Council, we began to restore and re-
build the CAS departments and appoint new members to them. Thanks to the . support
of all departments and localities and the earnest examination and democratic elec-
tions by the original CAS department members, 283 new CAS department members have
been appointed. Together with the original members, the total CAS department
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membership now stands at 400. Formerly CAS departments were primarily consulta-
tive bodies. Now the scientific council is the highest policymaking organ of the
CAS. This is an important change.
Recently, the central authorities clearly reaffirmed that the CAS is the nation!e
highest academic institution in natural science and a comprehensive research cen-
ter. The CAS should do a good job in building the research institutes under'its
jurisdiction and, through the higher-level research work of these institutes, serve
the nation's four modernizations program. At the same time, the CAS has an import-
ant responsibility to develop science and technology in the whole country.
The report offers some opinions regarding the future work of the CAS departments.
The report says: Science and technology are productive forces. Scientific re-
search should advance ahead of production and construction. Economically backward
countries like China are especially in need of scientific. and technical forces to
improve the nation's outlook.
The CAS departments and their members should play positive roles in integrating
science and technology with social and economic development in the following
aspects:
First, it is necessary to make our scientific research'1 yield more fruitful results
and make greater contributions to the nation's economic and national defense con-
struction. Second, the party Central Committee and the State Council want the CAS
to play the role of staff to the party and the state in scientific and technological
matters and to offer valuable opinions or suggestions on important matters related
to the four modernizations program. Third, it 'is hoped that in integrating science
and technology'with society and the economy, CAS department members will publicize
the important role of science and technology among the large numbers of cadres and
masses, publicize the significance of :propagating scientific research findings
and disseminate scientific and technical knowledge so that everyone will study,
make use of and support science and technology. Science and technology should
serve the nation's economic construction.
The central authorities have clearly laid out the principle for operating the CAS--
"placing particular emphasis on the basics and on raising the standards and serving
the national economy and national defense construction"--and have pointed out that
the CAS should strive to achieve higher academic standards and better meet the
needs of the nation's economic and national defense construction. It is necessary
to make scientific research match China's present situation and modern scientific
developments. At the same-time, it is necessary to fully consider the needs of
future development. According to this principle, the CAS is mainly responsible for
doing research in pure science and some branches of technical science. It is neces-
sary to quickly train outstanding researchers in pure science and gradually increase
the ratio of basic research by gradually readjusting research projects, actively
training postgraduates and sending personnel abroad for further studies. It is
necessary to raise the standards of research in practical application and devote
greater efforts to applying the findings from basic research and exploring new
domains. It is necessary to take our own -apabilities into account when engaging
in the work of expansion, which constitutes a large proportion of our present work.
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In reporting on his tL-month tour at the tMited Vtat:oa, Comrade ttua Luogetig oa ht
that appl.tcntioa cannot he successful without a broad and strong theoretical
foundation. Summing up the practical scientific experience of the biochemistry
institute in 30 years, Comrade Cao Tianqin also vividly explained the relation-
ship between fundamentals and application. He maintained that research in pure
science can facilitate production and that research in practical application can
also generate new theories. Some research in pure science may yield practical re-
sults if we pay attention to relating it to reality. Research in practical appli-
cation is linked to production and to raising scientific standards. It may also
turn up subjects for basic research.
The CAS should also pay great attention to contributing its share to the nation's
economic construction. We have also done a great deal of work in this aspect.
However, we have dampened the enthusiasm of some scientists and technicians be-
cause of drawbacks in our system and work and because the paths were not cleared
for publicizing scientific achievements. In the wake of national economic read-
justment and economic structual reform, economic. departments are feeling an in-
creasing need for science and technology. This opens broader prospects for science
and technology to play their part in production. Scientific research, including
the work of pure science research units and many basic research projects, can also
promote economic construction. We should pay attention to the ideological aspects
of this matter, select the major fields of application and coordinate our efforts.
Since they hail from various departments and localities, CAS department members are
more qualified to promote contacts and cooperation among the various departments.
In future, CAS departments will examine the direction, tasks and plans of research
'institutes under the CAS which fall within the scopes of their respective discip-
lines. They will examine important projects and review the work of research insti-
tutes. They should try to prevent needless duplication of research projects among
the various departments and institutes of higher learning. This will facilitate
mutual understanding.
The report says: Our society as a whole works to achieve a civilization with
socialist spirit. Scientists and technicians are builders of material as well as
spiritual civilization. As an academic institution, the CAS is charged with the
basic task of fostering a fine study style. It is necessary to foster among sci-
entists and technicians a fine study style--of emancipating the mind, seeking truth
from facts, daring to make explorations and setting rigorous and tough demands.
Our party and government cadres should avoid making conclusive statements on right
and wrong in specific academic issues. They should also not regard any leaders'
instructions as a yardstick for making academic appraisals. Academic issues can
be appraised only by academic circles.
Scientific research is a highly creative and extremely arduous mental labor. A
major scientific breakthrough or an embryonic scientific assumption can be made
only after scientists have devoted successive years or decades or even their
entire lives to research. Sometiies the efforts of several generations are needed
to accomplish it. Leading comrades of research institutes of the CAS should fully
vinderstand and pay attention to the unique features of scientific research, act
according to objective laws and prevent scientific research from being interfered
with or disrupted. We hope that the old and middle-aged scientists will help young
scientists and technicians foster an indomitable spirit so that they will not rest
content with having a smattering knowledge of a subject, retreat at the first sign
of hardship or look up against long years of experiments, surveys, observations
and investigations.
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A. extremely important matter note is to fully bring out the potential and functions
of middle-aged and young scientists and technicians. Scientists who are relatively
advanced in age have many strong points, but they lack the stamina and have limited
time to continue their work, a fact dictated by the laws of nature. We should
enable them to devote this limited time to discovering, selecting, promoting and
training talented people and to use their experience to make up for their inade-
quacies. We should let them shoulder more important tasks and give them more
chance to demonstrate their talents in academic leadership, academic activities,
international exchanges and organizational and administrative work. The leadership
should show warm concern for their difficulties and problems and solve them step by
step. We hope that the older scientists will display tireless zeal in teaching
people and continue to guide the middle-aged and young scientists and technicians
in academic thinking and methods of academic pursuit.
An important characteristic of science and technology is the constant and endless
breakthroughs in the attained levels. Changes occur daily in modern scientific
and technological development. Therefore, old, middle-aged and young scientists
should constantly study and improve themselves. They should familiarize themselves
with the latest developments in science and technology throughout the world, study
new problems, accept new ideas, explore new domains, furnish new results and make
fresh contributions.
The historical lesson obtained from the revolution and construction in China shows
that a correct CCP leadership is indispensable. Scientific and technological de-
velopment since the founding of new China also shows that a correct CCP leadership
is indispensable. Our party has put forth the principles in doing cadres'. work--
to have revolutionary, more educated, professional and younger cadres. Cadres
doing political, administrative or logistic work in scientific research institutions
should set higher demands in order to be more revolutionary. They should constantly
raise their ideological and theoretical levels and improve their understanding of
the policies by studying political theories and party policies and constantly sum-
ming up their work experience. They should uphold the four basic principles and
foster the lofty ideas of serving scientific research and scientists and technicians,
They should pay attention to studying new situations and problems, improving their
methods of work, gaining new experience and constantly raising the level of ideo-
logical and political work and other administrative work. They should unite all
scientists and technicians and help them make constant progress in poltiical aware-
ness and allay livelihood worries that distract them from their work. Party member-
cadres should all the more observe the guiding principles for inner-party life and
play an exemplary and vanguard role in all work.
CSO: 4008/352.
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FANG YI, OTHER LEADERS ATTEND SCIENCE CONFERENCE
OW061330 Beijing XINHUA in English 1301 GMT 6 Jun 81
(Text] Beijing, 6 Jun (XINHUA)--A hybridrice strain which produces extremely high yields
and holds great promise for agriculture worldwide was given a special class award by the
State Council here today.
In the view of the awarding and examining committee under the State Scientific and Techno-
logical commission, the development of this strain--called Xian type hybrid rice of the
male sterile line--has great value academically, technically and economically.
The successful cultivation of this hybrid has enriched the theory and practice of heredity
in hybrid rice seeds, and opened a new way for the big increase of rice production in
China and in the rest of the world.
The special class award, the first of its kind, consists of certificate of merit, a medal
and (RMB) 100,000 yuan. The certificate and medal were handed over to agronomist Yuan
Longping, representing the inventors, by Fang Yi, vice-premier and minister in charge of
the State Scientific and Technological Commission, at an awards ceremony today.
From 1976 to 1980, China sowed Xian-type hybrid rice on a total of 16.7 million hectares
of paddy fields, and yields totalled 13 million tons more than with conventional strains.
Average per hectare yield was 750 kilogrammes higher than that of other fine rice strains.
The new hybrid rice has proved to have extensive fibrous roots, a high tillering rate, thick
stems and big ears containing more than the usual numbers of grains. It is also adaptable
to different farming conditions and resistant to adverse conditions, and yields grain of
good quality.
Yuan Longping, an agronomist at the Agricultural Insititute of Hunan Province, and research
workers in other parts of the country, began in 1964 to. experiment with hybrid rice of the
male sterile line. They succeeded in cultivating the world's first hybrid rice seed of
this line in 1973. Subsequently, they developed seed-breeding and cultivation methods, thus
created conditions for popularization of the strain.
Leaders of the state and the Communist Party Wang Zhen and Wan Li attended the ceremony and
congratulated the inventors on their scientific achievement. A message of greetings from
the State Council was read at the ceremony by Wu Heng, vice-minister of the State Scientific
and Technological Commission.
Yuan Longping in his address attributed the success of the cultivation of the hybrid rice
to the coordination of the country's agronomists in this research work.
Also awarded today were the inventors of a new high-yield cotton seed, called Lumian No
One. They received a first class award from the State Scientific and Technological Com-
mission.
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'Text' of Fang Yi's Speech
OW070922 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1620 GMT 6 Jun 81
("Text" of speech by Fang Yi, vice premier of the State Council and minister of the State
Scientific and Technological Commission, at the 6 June meeting to present a special class
award to those who invented Xian-type hybrid rice)
(Text] Beijing, 6 Jun (XINHUA)--Comrades: First of all, I am happy to warmly congratulate
those who have won the special class award for inventing the Xian-type hybrid paddy rice
and those who have won the first class award for inventing the new cotton seed called Lumian
No 1.
With your hard work and creative achievements, you have made remarkable contributions
to increasing grain and cotton yields in China. Today the state and the people bestow
upon you high honor and due awards. This is a memorable day. I hope that you comrades
will maintain your honor, work ceaselessly and unremittingly, and create even more and
better achievements for the development of agriculture and the country.
Success in breeding the Xian-type hybrid rice has enriched the theory and practice of
heredity in hybrid rice seeds, marks a good lead in this field internationally, and has
won great honor for the nation. Scientists in the United States, Japan, India, Italy,
the Soviet Union and other countries have, for more than a decade, been studying hybrid
rice. However, they are still in an experimental stage. We are way ahead.
How is it possible for China to take the lead in this field? I believe that such a lead
is'by no means accidental. There are good reasons. The Xian-type hybrid rice is an
achievement scored by combining modern science and technology with China's traditional
experience in agricultural production. China is an ancient farming country. The Chinese
nation is one of the earliest in the world to engage in agriculture. It has made
indelible contributions to the progress of mankind and to the development of productive
forces. In the practice of production over a long period, the broad masses of peasants
in China have accumulated extremely rich experience. They have their own originality in
breeding and invigorating seeds of fine strains, carrying out meticulous farming, maintain-
ing soil fertility and combating and preventing insect pests and plant diseases. Once
such valuable traditional experience in production is integrated with modern science and
technology, it will bear rich fruit.
Our party has always advocated that agricultura. scientists and technicians must maintain
close touch with reality in production and identify with the peasant masses. They have
already accumulated a wealth of good experience. and scored outstanding achievements in
research. The success in rapidly breeding and propagating hybrid rice is a striking
example.
The integration of rice strains of three different lines, the development of the seed
strain and the techniques in seed cultivation have been achieved by assimilating and
summing up the experience of the masses. For example, hybrid rice is evolved from cross-
breeding rice of the sterile line with fine strain rice with short stems. Its resultant
strain not only has the fine features of a hybrid strain, but also maintains the fine
features of being short-stemmed and lodging-resistant. In growing rice seedlings the
experience in cultivating and invigorating conventional rice seedlings has been assimi-
lated, and hybrid rice seedlings have been propagated by the use of tillering, thus
greatly reducing the amount of seeds needed. In seed-breeding the experience of the
masses in "controlling growth with dryness and promoting it by the use of water" has been
summed up and applied in solving the problem of infertility in the stage of anthesis.
Practice proves that to link agricultural scientists and technicians with the peasant
masses and combine modern science and technology with China's traditional experience in
.agricultural production is the correct path in scoring more achievements and attaining
quicker results.
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The present situation in China's agricultural production is fine. The party's correct
policy in agriculture has already demonstrated its tremendous power and is continuously
playing its gigantic role. The enthusiasm of the broad masses of peasants for production
has been brought into full play. They have never felt the pressing need of science and
technology and such a strong demand in relying upon science and technology to develop
production as they do today. All this has put forward before agriculture scientists and
technicians a glorious task and even higher requirements. It is hoped that all agricul-
tural scientists and technicians will bring into full play their wisdom and talents and
unflinchingly and triumphantly march along this road.
Success in developing Xian-type hybrid rice is a victory for mass socialist coordination.
Comrade Yuan Longping began his study on hybrid rice in 1964. After he and other comrades
worked hard and discovered the wild-growing paddy rice of the male sterile line in the
winter of 1970, they started to coordinate with more than a dozen units in'fraternal
provinces and municipalities.
Giving no thought to personal. gain or fame, they offered their hard-earned achievements
to the cause of science of the motherland. They propagated technology and provided the
above-mentioned units with reference material. Within a short period of 3 years and
thanks to the joint efforts of the units concerned, some strains of the maintenance line
(bao chi xi 0202 2170 47621 and the restoration line [hui fu xi 1863 1788 4762] were
successfully evolved in various localities in 1973, and the task of developing a fine
strain by combining rice strains of the three different lines was fulfilled, creating
conditions for the use of hybrid rice in production. Experimental sowing began in 1974,
and the acreage of land sown to this improved strain was expanded each year after. The
area of land sown to this improved strain totaled more than 80 million mu in 1980.
Organized by the China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Hunan Provincial Academy
of Agricultural Sciences, more than 100 units in more than a dozen provinces, municipali-
ties and autonomous regions, along with thousands of scientists and technicians, coordinated
with one another in carrying out the research project.
It is exactly because of this mass socialist, coordination that we are able to attain rapid
development in scientific research work, in propagating the achievements and in making
agricultural science and technology serve agricultural production. This major invention
and its success manifest the superiority of the socialist system; reflect the fine style
of study of the agricultural scientists and technicians, as well as their lofty moral
character; and demonstrate their tremendous strength in unity and coordination. This is
the kind of socialist morals and ethics and spiritual civilization that we like to promote.
We must vigorously give full play to the fine style of work to coordinate with one another
for developing science, raising production and enhancing national strength.
China is a major agricultural country with 800 million peasapts. To develop agricultural
production is of great significance in creating the political situation of stability and
unity and in improving the people's living standards. In developing agricultural produc-
tion, we must first rely on policy and second depend upon science. The-two major
inventions to win awards at today's meeting--the hybrid rice seed and Lumian No 1 cotton
seed--have yielded tremendous economic results since being popularized and put into use.
During the 5-year period 1976-1980, Xian-type hybrid rice was sown on a total of 250
million mu of paddy fields, and yields totaled 26 billion jin more than with conventional
strains. Average per mu yield was over 100 jin higher than that of other fine rice strains.
In 1980 China sowed Lumian No 1 cotton seeds on more than 10 million mu of cotton fields,
and yields of ginned cotton were increased by nearly a million dan. This has fully shown
the significant role of science and technology in the development of production. Success
in quickly developing the hybrid rice and the Lumian No 1 cotton seed and putting them to
use on a large scale is inseparable from the full attention and support given by the
leading comrades concerned. These comrades promptly discovered that the work was promis-
ing, firmly carried out their work in leading and organizing the units and people
concerned,and gave those units and people moral encouragement and the necessary material
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support. Here I would like to express my appreciation to those comrades. I also hope
that the party organizations and governments at'a11 levels will strengthen their leader-
ship over science and technology work and regard it as a major topic on their daily agenda.
It is necessary to further develop research work in agricultural science and effectively
popularize and apply the achievements in agro-science and technolgoy. At the same time,
efforts must be made to strengthen education on agriculture, vigorously train scientists
and technicians in agronomy and disseminate general knowledge in agricultural science so
as to develop China's agriculture persistently and rapidly.
Comrades: Today's meeting is the first of its kind since the founding of the nation to
present a special class award for an invention. The first special award in China has
been given to an invention in agriculture. This shows that China has a solid foundation
in agricultural science and technology, and that it has made outstanding contributions in
this field. This also shows that there is plenty of room for development in promoting
agricultural science and technology.
The Chinese people are diligent and wise. In the past the Chinese people contributed
significantly to the development of science and technology. Now we are lagging behind.
As compared with the advanced world level, we are still far behind. Nevertheless, we
are full of confidence. After the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee,
science and technology will definitely flourish with marked progress in the course of
national resurgence. I hope that after this award meeting, the broad masses-of scientists
and technicians will further give full play to their enthusiasm, creativeness and spirit
for coordination; identify themselves with the masses and cadres; and make even greater
contributions to the four socialist modernizations of the motherland. I hope that you
comrades will continue your efforts and score even greater victories.
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RENMIN RIBAO EDITORIAL ON SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL
HK120144 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 19 May 81 pp 1, 4
(Editorial: "A Major Reform in the Leadership System in Science"]
[Text] The fourth session of the Scientific Council of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
is another landmark meeting of our scientific circle following the downfall of the "gang
of four." Due to the concern of the party Central Committee and the State Council,
representatives of outstanding scientists across the country came together to discuss and
decide upon major issues of the academy and elected its leading group. The victorious
opening of this session represents an important development in the reform of the scien-
tific leadership system.
The Scientific Council had held three sessions since its establishment in 1955 which
positively influenced the development of our scientific efforts. The fourth session was
even more successful than the previous three sessions. Its achievements included:
First, an additional 283 scientists joined the Scientific Council, bringing its total
membership to 400. These scientists are working in 27 departments, 44 institutions of
higher learning and 114 research institutes in the 24 provinces, municipalities and
autonomous regions across the country and in most of the branches of natural sciences.
What is more important is that these new members were elected by the current members
after conscientious investigations and in a democratic way. In this way, the Scientific
Council now has a wider and authoritative representation.
Second, the Scientific Council has become the supreme decisionmaking body of the academy
instead of a consultative body. The session elected. the presidium of the academy as well
as the president and vice presidents from among the members of the presidium. The members
of the presidium and the president and vice presidents have a set term of office.
These changes represent an important reform of the leadership body of the academy.
Whether viewed from past experiences and lessons or from the needs of the developing
situation, such changes are necessary. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has, since its
establishment 31 years ago, made many achievements and trained many talented people. The
academy has thus made important contributions to devleoping our science and technology and
promoting the development of the national economy and national defense construction and
accumulated valuable experiences in leading and managing our scientific endeavors. One
of the successful experiences is the setting up of the Scientific Council to step up
academic leadership by relying on scientists. Yet it was regretful that during a certain
period in the past that the Scientific Council was not in a'position to fully display its
role and during the 10 turbulent years it was compelled to suspend activities. In the
recent past, the academy was regarded as an administrative body and it had an administra-
tive management system. The leading position of scientists was far from complete and this
situation hindered the development of science. This time, the reform of the leadership
system confirms the nature of the academy as the supreme national academic body and
research center of natural sciences and changes its management system, thus allowing it
to play its leadership role.
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.Now, scientists will be able to strengthen their leadership over academic matters and
fully display their leadership role in scientific affairs; this new situation is in the
interest.of working according to scientific laws and promoting the development of science.
It is also in the interest of pooling together the wisdom and opinions of scientists in
various branches so that they will be able to display their role as advisers to the
party and the government in deciding important matters and to shoulder various heavy
tasks assigned them by the party and the government.
The reforming of the academy heralds the carrying out of similar measures throughout the
country. It merits the general attention of various sectors to guarantee making use of
the strength of scientists systematically and organizationally. Today, science and
technology have been developing on an unprecedented scale and pace and they have pene-
trated into various sectors of the economy and social life to become an important and
indispensable factor for economic and social development. In carrying out the current
national economic readjustment and restructuring, we face many difficulties in our
economic and social work and all these problems have to be examined scientifically. In
fact many problems can be tackled by resorting to science and technology. In principle,
various party, government, economic, cultural and educational departments must let
specialists take part in leadership and policymaking. But all the departments concerned
must proceed from their own specific conditions and may adopt organizational methods
that differ from those taken by the academy. For example, they may invite experts to
join leading groups with some of them being responsible for practical work and others for
advisory work; they may also establish advisory groups composed of experts or authorize
some academic bodies to act as their advisers. It is true that it is impossible for
the various departments, localities and units to have as many outstanding scientists as
the academy, but once they are able to solve various problems ideologically, they will
be in a position to take various measures systematically and organizationally and
organize the experts from various branches in their departments, regions and units so
that these experts will be able to fully display their role in leadership and policymaking.
There is a very big potential in this respect.
To let experts take part in leadership and policymaking is an important measure in
strengthening and improving the party's leadership over scientific and economic work. Our
economy is not strong and our science and technology are comparatively backward.. Our
scientific and technical personnel account for only 0.5 percent of our population while
the number of senior specialists is even fewer. Our scientific and technical personnel
constitute invaluable intellectual wealth for our country and nation. They are the Red
and expert rank of the proletariat. With considerably higher scientific and technical
level, they have the ability to solve independently scientific and technical problems that
have cropped up during the modernization construction. In addition, they have a glorious
revolutionary and patriotic tradition. The majority of them have been tested in pro-
tracted struggles and even in the most difficult times during the 10 turbulent years they
all continued to rally round the party. Their confidence in the party, the people and
scientific cause never wavered. Quite a number of outstanding elements among them have
joined the party. Of the 400 members of the Scientific Council of the academy, 219 are
party members. They comprise more than a half of the total. Letting experts take part
in leadership and policymaking at various levels no doubt will strengthen the party's
leadership over modernization construction. The leadership by laymen over experts was
stressed in the past because of the influence of "leftist" mistakes. Measures were
taken to criticize the so-called "the line of relying solely on experts" and "letting
experts run institutions" and relying on experts was regarded as contradictory to the
party's leadership. As a result, our scientific cause and economic work were damaged
and the party's leadership was weakened. Now more and more party and government leading
comrades have come to realize that the party's leadership will be strengthened only
through integration with experts. The party and government leading comrades at various
levels must respect science and scientists. They must learn from experts, study and apply
scientific and technical know-how and rely on experts to do a good job in leadership
and policymaking.
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The experts who take part in leadership and policymaking must not be just given titles
simply out of courtesy; on the contrary, they must be regarded as the members of the
same family. That is to say, we must trust them, unite with and work together with them
and create opportunities and conditions for them so that they will be able to fully dis-
play their talents and realize their aspirations.
Following the reform of its leadership system, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has set a
new and higher demand on all the members of the Scientific Council. The party and people
are grateful for the arduous work and outstanding contributions scientists have made over
the years and urgently hope that they will make new scientific and research achievements
in their endeavors to serve the four modernizations and the motherland. We hope that with
high sense of responsibility and the enthusiasm of being the masters of the state, they
will carry out their work boldly, display the spirit of scientists who seek truth from
facts and express their views without reserve. It is also necessary to persist in a good
work style, launch the drive of letting a hundred schools of thought contend, unite the
scientific and technical personnel across the country and widely absorb the wisdom of the
masses. Veteran scientists have an unshirkable duty in educating young people and bringing
up new and outstanding scientists. Of the scientists that have been recently admitted into
the Scientific Council, the average age of 40 of them is below 55. This is inspiring news
but this number is still too small. We hope that more and more middle-aged scientists will
join the Scientific Council and more experienced and outstanding experts will take part in
leadership and policymaking at various levels. We hope that all patriotic scientists and
the masses of scientific and technical personnel will unite in their efforts to develop
science so that they will become the vanguard in inspiring the nation.
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RENMIN RIBAO COMMENTATOR ON SCIENTISTS, CONSTRUCTION
HK250727 Beijing RENMIN RIBAO in Chinese 20 Jun 81 p 5
(Commentator's article: "Organize Scientists and Technicians To Serve Economic Construction"]
[Text] In recent years, thanks to the efforts of many scientific research organs and
personnel, there has been a great increase in the recycling rate of rare metals of the
Jinchuan mineral intergrowth such as nickel and cobalt; and success has been achieved
in the separation of elements in rare earths of the Baotou mineral intergrowth, while
the grade of concentrates has soared. This has created a lot of wealth for the state.
These facts have again demonstrated the power of science and technology in stimulating
economic and social development, and also show that so long as we organize the enthusiasm
of scientists and technicians to serve the economy, the effectiveness of economic
construction will be greatly enhanced.
There are very many difficult problems that need solving in our country's industrial
and agricultural production. Many products cannot be replaced by new ones, their production
costs and input consumption are high, output and quality ate low, they lack competitive
ability and are also unable to meet the needs of the people's life, while many rich
resources cannot be fully used. This is saddening and depressing. He cannot do without
relying on the forces of science and technology to change this situation. There are
many aspects of science and. technology, and many difficult problems in economic construction
have to be solved by coordinating various branches of science. This gives rise to a
question of strengthening and improving organizational leadership. The State Scientific
and Technological Commission organized the forces of many branches of science in order
to score success in research on the Jinchuan and Baotou mineral intergrowths, thus
accumulating experience for solving difficult technical problems in economic construction
and promoting the development of industrial and agricultural production, and also
providing ample scope for scientists and technicians to display their talents.
We already have a completely trustworthy and reliable force of scientists and technicians.
They earnestly desire to make more contributions to the party and people and have long
been unhappy over the systems of "ownership by departments" and "ownership by units" which
have bound them hand and foot. Many scientists and technicians say that now on the one
hand the workers need scientific and technical knowledge, while the peasants want science
to advance into the countryside, and on the other there are many people working quietly
and unknown in certain units which are stuffed with talent. On the one hand the science
and technology workers, especially the middle-aged and young ones, urgently demand to do
something while they are full of energy, and on the other hand there are all sorts of
barriers, they are always being impeded, and are unable to make full use of their-talents.
In the face of this situation, the party and state are gradually carrying out readjustment
and reform so as to bring the enthusiasm of the scientists and technicians into fuller
play. However the leading comrades of certain scientific and technological departments
are just waiting for the reform of our country's economic and scientific research systems
and think very little if at all about what work they could be doing right now.
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Centering on the coordinated effort to succeed in the Jinchuan mineral intergrowth and
the separation of elements in the Baotou mineral intergrowth, we should make these
comrades think about this: We cannot wait until after the reforms are carried out before
bringing into play the enthusiasm of the scientists and technicians; we must actively
think of ways to promote reform, in order to mobilize their enthusiasm. One way is to
advocate that scientists and technicians display the spirit of being masters of the house
and plunge into the reality of production to find things to do and take the initiative in
grabbing work; and another practical way is to have the leaders of science and technology
departments grasp the difficult technical problems in the national economy and organize
the scientists and technicians concerned to attack them one by one in a coordinated way.
The State Scientific and Technological Commission and the Chinese Science and Technology
Association have done a lot in this respect in the past 2 years and scored good results.
All areas and departments can also proceed from their own acutal conditigns and do a good
job in this organizational work. As far'as the leaders are concerned, by carrying out this
organizational work they can probe and gradually accumulate experience in reforming the
systems; and as far as the scientists and technicians are concerned, they can broaden
their vision and increase their talent and ability. This would really be a good way of
accomplishing many things at one stroke.
In order to organize work well in this respect, the leading departments at all levels
need to do some investigation and study, to get to know the talent resources in their
areas and departments and the specialities of the scientists and technicians there, and
also to find out the material resources in their areas and departments and to ascertain
'what technical problems need solving. It is not difficult to do this. The key lies in
whether one has a good mental outlook and can fully trust and rely on the scientists and
technicians.
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XINHUA INTERVIEWS LEADING PHYSICIST ZHANG WENYU
(Text] Beijing, 25 Jun (XINHUA)--"One-third of my life was spent abroad, one-third in old
China and one-third in the new society. I think I have a right to say that the Chinese
Communist Party has made China strong," said high energy physicist Zhang Wenyu, 71, in
an interview with XINHUA on the eve of the party's 60th anniversary. He is one of the nine
senior scientists who joined the party after the overthrow of the gang of four in 1976.
Humiliated and attacked in the Cultural Revolution, he is today director of the Institute
of High Energy Physics and among those in charge of organizing the nation's research in
this field of science. "The communists' devotion to building the country struck me when
I returned from the U.S. in 1956. I applied for party membership in 1965, and applied
again after the fall of the gang when I felt I was reunited with the party I have faith
in," he said.
In the late 1940's, Zhang Wenyu studied the correlation between the subatomic particles,
the muon and the nucleon and discovered the existence of the mu-mesonic atom. Between
1943 and 1956, he worked in the U.S.
Commenting on new China's advances in physics, he paid tribute to Chinese physicists'
1965 proposal of a "straton model" on the structure of basic particles and the 1972
discovery of a heavy particle, whose mass is over ten times that of a proton, at the
Yunnan cosmic ray observation station. "Old China, like loose sand, disunited, could
never do it," he said.
The veteran physicist was very glad that Beijing University this year will have 128
graduates majoring in physics. In 1931, the year he graduated, there were only five.
His High Energy Institute now has a research staff of 438. "The future is promising,"
he remarked.
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ANHUI HOLDS MEETING ON SCIENTIFIC FARMING
OW080810 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0130 GMT 8 Jul 81
[Summary) Hefei, 8 Jul (XINHUA)--The Anhui Provincial CCP Committee recently held a Standing
Committee meeting and especially invited some agricultural experts to jointly disucss how
to strengthen research work and popularize agricultural science and technology to meet the
rural areas' requirements under the new situation and the peasants' new demands.
Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CCP Central Committee, Anhui Province has widely
implemented various forms of production responsibility systems in the rural areas. During
the implementation of the production responsibility system, peasants have widely felt that
although it is possible to increase production in 1-3 years by relying on hard work alone,
sustained increases in production must still depend on science.
The agricultural experts attending the meeting said excitedly: The production responsibility
system has aroused the peasants' "enthusiasm for science" and has ushered in a golden age
for the agricultural experts. They made many constructive proposals on how to promote and
popularize scientific and technological agricultural research, how to readjust teaching
programs in scientific agricultural research.and how to'raise the scientific and technological
level of leading cadres at all levels.
After hearing the experts' views, Gu Zhouxin, second secretary of the Anhui Provincial CCP
Committee, said: The current "enthusiasm for science" in the rural areas is a great change.
Leaders at all levels must take the initiative in supporting this enthusiasm.
Gu Zhouxin proposed: The major task of scientific and technological agricultural departments
at'and below the county level should be the popularization and teaching of agricultural
science and technology. Furthermore, a few counties may engage in some research projects,
management of the county agricultural science institute and the county agricultural technology
station should be unified; and the provincial agricultural institute and the provincial
agricultural college must also take part in the research of applied technology.
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ZHOU PEIYUAN ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
OW231300 Beijing XINHUA in English 1222 GMT 23 Dec 81
[Text] Beijing, December 23 (XINHUA) -- Zhou Peiyuan, chairman of the China Association
for Science and Technology, spoke on the state and progress of the nation's scientific
establishment this week.
"China's science and technology, in the past 32 years, has made considerable progress,"
he said. "We have a complement of experts and technicians and better material conditions
than ever before."
Although the level of the nation's science and technology is still lower than that of
industrialized countries, he said, we have trained many experts in science, engineering,
agriculture, medicine and social sciences conducive to China's important achievements
in industrial and agricultural production, medicine and national defence, he said.
The chairman accredited the progress to the leadership of the Communist Party and the
unified and clear plans for scientific research.
To develop science and technology in accordance with the guidelines delineated by
Premier Zhao Ziyang, the chairman raised the following points:.
Tap the potential of scientific and technical personnel, organize this force, strengthen
co-operation among scientists and form key task teams in scientific research and development.
Create or provide more favorable material conditions for technical personnel in their.
research work. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has decided to start a scientific research
fund in 1982. T.'e fund will be allocated to applicants with a research plan after approval
by the fund committee.
Reform the management system in scientific research and try to solve the problems of over-
lapping institutions, and low efficiency now existing in some scientific research
departments.
Promote education by using available talent and training more professional personnel.
More vocational, spare-time and secondary technical schools, day universities and other
kinds of educational institutions should be established to increase the number of college
students and technical personnel.
Strengthen and raise the level of local scientific research 'to upgrade, as a whole, the
scientific level of laborers.
In conclusion Zhou Peiyuan said that the association should do more in organizing socialist
emulations which will help China catch up to the world level of scientific research and
development.
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PRC SCIENTISTS' ROLE BROUGHT INTO FULLER PLAY
Beijing XINHUA in English 0738 GMT 29 Dec 81
[Text] Beijing, 29 Dec (XINHUA)--The Chinese Academy of Sciences has brought
into full play the role of the scientists who are giving greater academic leader-
ship since the general assembly of the division members of the.Chinese Academy
of Sciences last May.
A growing number of professionals have assumed leadership at academy and institute
levels. Lu Jiaxi, professor of chemical physics, has taken up the office of
Presidency of the Academy. Scientists of nuclear energy, materials, metallurgy,
bioneurology and atmospheric physics are elected vice-presidents. The academy's
institutes are almost all headed by scientists who have achieved outstanding
results. Among them are Peng Huanwu, Wu Xuezhou, Wang Yinglai, Yin Zanxun and
Wang Daheng, working respectively in theoretical physics, chemistry, biology,
geology and technical sciences.
Scientists are giving their guidance by going to various institutes to appraise
research programs.
A group of 28 technical scientists led by Li Xun, a specialist in metals and
vice-president of the academy, went to the Institute of Metals in Shenyang in
August this year. They studied the feasibility of the institute's research
projects and commented on its research results in high-temperature metallurgy,
the metallurgy of alloys, vacuum metallurgy and studies in metal crystallic
structures. After a series of panel discussions, the visiting scientists sug-
gested that the institute affirmed the outstanding contributions the institute
made in basic research in metal physics, and suggested that it step up its work
in this field.
Work of the Institutes of Botany, Applied Chemistry, Optics and Precision Machinery,
Physics and Geology also have been appraised in the same way.
At a standing committee meeting of the Division of Biology in September, a 5-year
plan was made to conduct research in molecular biology, cytobiology, neurobio-
logy, molecular genetics and biological nitrogen fixation.
The Division of Earth Sciences held a meeting of scientists in Qingdao in June and
decided to make marine geology the center of its research. The scientists also
decided to strengthen basic studies in the development of oil formations and
sedimentary basins of oil and natural gas reserves. The focus of their work will
be China's Continental Shelf.
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY FILING REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTED
OW241450 Beijing Xinhua Domestic Service in Chinese 1139 GMT 24 Jan 81
[Text] Beijing, 24 Jan (XINHUA)--The "Regulations Governing Scientific and
Technological Filing Work," approved by the State Council, were recently issued
by the State Economic Commission, the State Capital Construction Commission, the
State Scientific and Technological Commission and the State Archives Bureau to
various State Council departments and concerned departments of various provinces,
municipalities and autonomous regions for implementation.
The regulations are formulated to meet the requirements of the socialist moderniza-
tion program. The regulations contain stipulations with regard to the formation
and filing of scientific and technological documents and materials, scientific and
(technological file management, the administrative system for scientific and
technological filing work, the building up of the ranks of scientific and technolo-
gical file cadres and so forth.
The regulations say: Scientific and technological files refer to drawings, charts,
ritten materials, calculating materials, photos, films, videotape recordings,
k ound recordings and other scientific and technological documents and materials
ormed in natural science studies, productive technological activities, capital
onstruction activities and so forth that should be placed on file.for safekeeping.
tfhe regulations call on economic and construction departments and scientific
fesearch, educational, public health units and so forth to include scientific and
technological filing work in the administration of production, technology and
scientific research, to strengthen leadership, and to establish and perfect
scientific and technological filing in accordance with the basic principle of
Centralized and unified management so that scientific and technological files will
Ac complete, accurate, systematized, safe and effectively utilized.
The regulations stipulate: The various specialized responsible organizations under
the State Council and those under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the central government should all build a
contingent of scientific and technological filing cadres who adhere to the socialist
road, are equipped with professional knowledge in scientific and technological filing,
understand the related science and technology and have specific working abilities.
All the units should assign a sufficient number of competent cadres as well as a
certain number of scientific and technological cadres to the scientific and tech-
nological filing departments to insure meeting work requirements.
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IZHEJIANG SCIENCE SOCIETY--The preparatory committee fo'''the Zhejiang Provin-
cial Society for studying science and scientific management was formed in
Hanzhou on 8 October. Liu Yifu, vice governor of Zhejiang and chairman of
the Zhejiang Provincial Scientific and Technological Committee, addressed
the inaugural meeting. The preparatory committee is headed by (Liu
Caisheng), vice chairman of the Provincial Scientific and Technological
Committee. [Hangzhou Zhejiang Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100,GMT 8
Oct 80]
SHANGHAI SCIENCE ASSOCIATION--To better lead work in various fields, the
Shanghai Municipal Scientific and Technological Association has set up
several committees--an academic committee, a science popularization commit-
tee, an international academic exchange committee and an organizational work
committee. These committees have a total of 117 members,. including scien-
tists, professors and engineers as well as cadres in charge of administra-
tive work in the scientific and technological field. Recently the committees
held their first meetings to plan their work. [0W131431 Shanghai City Ser-
vice in Mandarin 1130 GMT .9 Oct 80]
CSO: 4008
HEBEI SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FORUM--Hebei Province recently held a forum on scien-
tific research work in the universities., colleges and research units. The forum
pointed out: At present, all universities, colleges and research units through-
out the province should work together to promote scientific research. Li Feng,
Hebei provincial vice governor, attended the forum and spoke. The forum also
discussed orientations and key subjects of scientific research work in the
province. [Shijiazhuang Hebei Provincial Service in $andarin 0430 GMT 3 Dec 80 HK]
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SHANGHAI SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH--The scientific and technological associations in
!various wards and suburban counties in Shanghai and 23 academic societies and
'research institutes under the Shanghai Municipal Scientific and Technological
Association have worked on many technical problems in connection with the four
modernizations in Shanghai. They have organized more than 300 academic activ-
ities in 1980 and discussed such subjects as development of high-temperature
water supply and use of residue heat in electric per generation. They made
suggestions on acceleration of the development of urban gas supply, construction
of an electric per station using tidal energy north of the estuary of the
Yangtze River and construction of nuclear power plants in Shanghai and east
China region. [0W301317 Shanghai City Service in Mandarin 2300 GMT 27 Dec 80 OW]
COUNTY SCIENTIFIC BODIES--Beijing, 28 Dec (XINHUA)--Nearly two-thirds of
China's counties have established their county-level scientific
associations, according to the conference on the work of county-level
scientific associations held by the Chinese Scientific and Technical
Association in Beijing from 17 to 24 December 1980. These county-level
scientific associations are playing a role in local economic development.
[Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0333 GMT 28 Dec 80 OW]
,d`IANGXI SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FORUM--The Jiangxi Provincial CCP Committee
held a forum on scientific research on the afternoon of 29 November.
Attending the forum were Ma Jikong, Di Sheng, Xu Qin and other comrades
in charge of scientific research work. The Jiangxi vice provincial
governor presided over the forum. Everybody freely aired their views
and exchanged ideas on planned parenthood work, nurses training, education
and agricultural.production. [Nanchang Jiangxi Provincial Service
in Mandarin 1100 GMT 30 Nov 80 HK]
NATIONAL ACADEMIC SYMPOSIUM--The national symposium on optics, laser and
frontier brandhes of learning was held in Wuxi from 22 to 24 November. It
was attended by over 50 scientists and technicians engaged in the study of
laser, physics, chemistry, biology, medicines, agriculture and environ-
mental protection in 13 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions
throughout the country. A total of 32 academic papers were read at the
seminar, including 2 papers on anticarcinoma substances derived from
combined reactions of ultrasonic laser and anticarcinoma medicinal herbs
and the therapeutic effects of a brand new anticarcinoma drug. [Shanghai
City Service in Mandarin 1130 GMT 25 Nov 80 OW]
COMPUTING MECHANICS SYMPOSIUM--Hangzhou, 24 Nov (XINHUA)--The 1980 national
symposium on computing mechanics sponsored by the China Mechanics Society
was held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, in mid-November. Some 299 representatives
from all ministries and commissions under the State Council, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, colleges, universities and scientific research.institutes
delivered 385 theses at the symposium. Qian Lingxi, vice president of the
China Mechanics Society, spoke, noting that study on the theory and applica-
tion of computing mechanics in China has been broadened in recent years and
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that China is catching up witn the international level in this field.
Chinese mechanics expert Qian Weichang, deputy director He Guangqian of the
building research institute and pneumatic mechanics expert Zhuang Fenggan,
as well as American professor Ka-de-si-dun-sai, gave lectures at the
symposium. [Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 0133 GMT 24 Nov 80]
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SOCIETY--The Chinese Society of System Engineering was
recently founded in Beijing at a meeting. Systems engineering is a new
h r1.tch of learning. In recent years China has achieved gratifying success in
lying systems engineering in coordinating and balancing engineering projects,
nstituting comprehensive quality control processes in industrial enterprises,
mar-ling out plans for population control and in military equipment programming.
The establishment of such a modern scientific and technological department as
systems engineering will have great effects in understanding and transforming
the objective world. The meeting elected Qian Xuesen and Xue Muqiao as the
society's honorary presidents, and elected Guan Zhaozh~ as its president.
[Text] [0W271205 Beijing Domestic Service in Mandarin lOuO GMT 25 Nov 80 OW]
GUANGDONG AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH--Recently, the provincial people's government
allocated a special fund of 800,000 yuan for agricultural science research departments,
increasing the funds expended for research work, after Ren Zhongyi of the provincial
party committee attended a forum of agricultural consultants and experts at the beginning
of this month. At the forum, Comrade Ren Zhongyi repeatedly stressed the importance of
carrying forward the spirit of self-reliance in agricultural science research and asked
scientific research departments to adhere to the principle of achieving more with less
expenses, give play to Guangdong's exceedingly favorable natural conditions and to the
favorable conditions and superiority of having relatively more scientific research
institutes and research workers in Guangdong, unite as one and make joint efforts in
scoring greater achievements in agricultural science research. [Guangzhou Guangdong
-Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 20 Jun 81 HK]
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL MEETING--Beijing, 25 Dec (XINHUA)--The China Association
for Science and Technology held a meeting in Beijing 18-24 December to exchange
experience in providing scientific and technological advice. Over 120 represen-
tatives from various localities across the nation carried out discussions on the
purpose and organization of and the tasks and funds in scientific and technological
information. [Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1422 GMT 25 Dec 81 OW]
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IV. Applied Sciences
COMPUTER APPLICATION, POPULARIZATION MAKING RAPID PROGRESS
Wider Application
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 3 Jan 81 p 1
[Article: "China Now Has Three Thousand Computers in Use"]
[Text] As reported by reporter Wang Xingzhong [3769 5281 0022], in recent years,
China has achieved fairly rapid progress in the application and popularization of
electronic computers. According to related statistics, there are now three thousand
large, medium and small general-use digital computers throughout the entire country,
as well as large numbers of analog computers, special computers, microcomputers,
.and desk computers. The entire country now has some 500 computer centers (stations);
major scientific research academies, institutes, schools of higher education and
large-scale enterprise organizations in various provinces, urban districts and
autonomous regions as well as large and medium cities are basically equipped with
electronic computers.
In the application and popularization of computers, many districts and organizations
throughout the country are by-passing administrative bounds and pooling their efforts
in various ways, such as dividing software research and development projects among
themselves, thus turning computers into a productive force for advancing the four
modernizations. For example, in architectural designing, some research academies
and institutes have jointly developed specialized computer languages and application
software systems which are powerful, flexible, readable, easy to learn and under-
stand, and quite well received. The Shanghai Research Institute of Shipbuilding
Technology and Hudong Shipyard use Chinese-made 709 and 320 type computers in
extensive efforts to develop application software; as a result, computers have
replaced some of the old traditional technological methods in the Shanghai Hudong
Shipyard, Jiangnan Shipyard and other major enterprise organizations, and become
their productive force and indispensable component link. Based on local conditions,
quite a few provincial and municipal computer centers (stations) are applying
computer technology in agriculture and have achieved excellent results in helping
to develop agricultural production.
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Due to the wide application and popularization of electronic computers in various
sectors of the national economy, many districts, [government] departments and
organizations across the country attach great importance to training computer
specialists. The Ministry of Education also emphasizes the training of computer
specialists. Based on the statistics of 37 higher educational schools directly
under the Ministry of Education, 16 of them have already set up computer disciplines.
Computer departments have also been established in quite a few other affiliated
organizations and local colleges and schools. In recent years, secondary-level
computer vocational training schools and technical schools have sprung up all over
the country, turning out multitudes of computer specialists and technical workers
each year.
Penn State, Jiaotong Universities Work Together
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 3 Jan 81 p 1
[Article by Wu Hongue [0702 7703 2814] and Xing Pingan [9388 1627 1344]
[Text] The Shanghai Jiaotong University and Pennsylvania State University are colla-
borating on a joint project to train Chinese computer management enterprise
specialists, and the first graduate student class (preparatory course) in Jiaotong
University was formally opened on December 8, 1980.
The graduate student class was established through the positive contributions of
Mr Zhu Chuanju [2612 0278 2829], an American scholar of Chinese descent who had
travelled'far and wide, and many times across the ocean to establish the ties, and
Mr Rong Hongyuan [2837 7703 0337], a well-known personage who had donated one
million yuan.
Mr Rong Hongyuan was formerly one of the board directors of the Shanghai Shenxin
Textile Mill, and a large shareholder as well. When the mill was converted into a
joint state-private enterprise, his assets were kept in a domestic bank with fixed
interest. As an aluminus of the Shanghai Jiaotong University, Mr Rong wanted to
contribute part of his dividends to his alma mater.
Last November, when his son-in-law Mr Zhu Chuanju and daughter Rong Zhizhen [2837
2535 3791] were invited to Jiaotong University, they learned about the lack of
material resources and qualified teachers in Jiaotong University's Industrial
Management Department which also lagged behind the most advanced level in other
countries. With the permission of their father-in-law Mr Rong Hongyuan, they
decided to donate some money to the department. But Mr and Mrs Zhu Chuanju also
felt that the donation alone was not sufficient to solve the problem thoroughly.
So, on their return to the United States, they got in touch with the deans of the
Computer Sciences School of the Pennsylvania State University, and consulted with
them about establishing sister school ties between Penn State University and Jiaotorg
University. Both sides were to set up funds for the convenience of personnel and
academic exchanges between both parties.
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In March 1980, Mr Zhu Chuanju, who was over 60 years old, crossed the ocean again
to discuss specific matters with Shanghai Jiaotong University. It was decided that
Shanghai Jiaotong University's funds would be raised from the one million yuan
which Mr Rong Hongyuan offered to donate out of his personal bank interest, +while
Pennsylvania State University's funds would be raised through other sources.
In the respective months of June and October 1980, Penn State University sent Mr
(Previs), Chairman of the Computer Committee, and Vice President (Rubin) to hold
consultations with Jiaotong University, and work out specific arrangements for the
graduate students class.
9119
CSO: 4008
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PRC PROFESSOR DISCUSSES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
OW181231 Beijing XINHUA in English 1220 GMT 18 May 81
[Text] Beijing, May 18 (XINHUA)--Scientists in China have successfully separated
and purified the active center of nitrogenase, the nitrogen fixation enzyme. This
is a big step forward in biological research, according to Professor Bei Shizhang,
acting director of the department of biology of the Scientific Council of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Interviewed at the fourth session of the council, now in session, 78-year-old
Professor Bei said China has made achievements of international importance in
molecular genetics and genetic engineering, though work in these fields began
quite late here.
Scientists of the People's Republic have done much in the study of the structure,
functions and synthesis of biological macro molecules, Professor Bei said. For
instance, the crystalline structure of porcine insulin was determined here between
1971 and 1973.
Professor Bei also mentioned that biologists have developed 20 varieties of haploid
plants from pollen grain cultures, and a male anti-fertility drug from cotton-seed
oil.
China has made many practical applications in biological science as well, Professor
Bei said. Forty varieties of important economic plants have been introduced in
the last decade, and a number of wild plants which are of great economic value
have been identified. Botanists have successfully imitated multi-layer tropical
plant communities in Guangdong, Guangxi. and Yunnan. Now this work is on a large
scale basis, which will contribute to the development of the study of ecology.
Another achievement of scientists in China is synthesis of a hormone to facilitate
breeding of fish and domestic animals, Professor Bei Shizhang said.
CSO: 4020/200
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PRC COMPUTER INDUSTRY OUTLINED
Beijing Computer Exhibition
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 2 Sep 81 p 1
[Article by Zou Anshou (6760 1344 1108]: "Our Nation's Computer Industry Realizes
New Progress"]
(Text] This reporter learned from the domestically manufactured computer products
exhibition which opened yesterday in Beijing that.our nation's new computer industry
has made new progress. In recent years, the quality of products, the systematization
and software and technical services have all visibly improved, the ratio between
performance and price has improved, and computer applications have also produced
preliminary results.
Our nation developed her first computer in 1958. Over the past 23 years, the efforts
have developed into a fledgeling industry which includes scientific research and
design, production and manufacturing and applications services. The whole nation has
over 100 development and manufacturing units'. In recent years, various models of
series of machines have continued to develop. Greater improvements have been made
in the stability of the products, systematization and producing sets of equipment,
the ratio of performance to price and technical services. For example, the average
operating time without downtime of the DJS130 small mainframe computer, which is the
one widely used nationwide, has been. increased from 50 hours in the past to over
1,000 hours. The systems capacity has increased from the past "three old components"
(photoelectric input, punch card output, teletypewriter) as peripheral equipment to
over 20 types at present. The systems software..is.- gradually being perfected, the
costs and prices have also dropped by a large scale. To strengthen technical ser-
vice, last year, the nation established the China Computer Technical Service Company
and the Series Computers Software Center. This year,'branch companies have been
established in related provinces and cities. Each production factory has also
widely established applications service agencies, provided training for users, pro-
vided technical counseling, and equipment maintenance.
According to incomplete statistics, up to the end of 1980, the number of large, medium
and small computers installed by every profession and trade throughout the nation
had reached 3,000. These computers. have served importantly in the development of
our nation's science and technology, national defense construction and national
economy. Since the beginning of this year, the computer industry has implemented
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the guideline of readjustment of the national economy, the emphasis of work turned
from production and manufacturing to popularization and application. Some typical
applications test.point projects which are significant for popularization have been
launched in the fields of energy, light textiles industry and transportation in-
dustry. Application of the computer in our nation has expanded from mainly for
scientific and engineering computations and applications in the past towards data
processing, business management and real time control in each of the departments
of the national economy.
This computer exhibition and sales meeting sponsored by the National Computer In-
dustry Bureau opened at the Beijing Exhibition Hall. Comrade Wang Zhen [3769 7201]
officiated at the ribbon cutting ceremony. Over 200 products by more than 90 re-
search and development units and production units throughout the nation participated 'J
in this exhibition. The exhibits were mainly applications oriented. At the same
time, some new products were exhibited. According to user demands, technical lectures
and technical exchange activities will also be held.: The exhibit and sales activities
will last for a month and a half and the exhibit will close on October 15.
Applications Stressed
Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 2 Sep 81 p 1
[Article by Staff Commentator: "Take Application As the Key to Exert Efforts-.in
Developing Our Nation's Computer Industry"]
[Text] Popularization of the application of. computer technology is a question that
concerns the entire situation of developing our nation's computer industry. To solve
this problem well will exert an important influence upon the development of the entire
national economy, national defense construction and science and culture. At present,
under readjustment of the national. economy, the important question of developing our
nation's computer industry should be to turn from the past practice of centering
around the research, design and manufacture of computer hardware rapidly towards
popularization and application as the key, and to use this to lead research and
development, production and manufacturing, systematization of peripheral equipment,
development of applications, technical service and sales of products.
Computer technology is a leading technology. The computer industry is a new in-
dustry that serves a leading function. It is an indispensable means of modernization
for the technical improvement of the national economy and national. defense construc-
tion and for the realization of scientific management. At present, the level of
computer technology, the scale of production and the.degree of application have be-
come important signs of the development of modern productivity. It is a profession
that has developed the fastest. It has also rapidly and widely penetrated each field
and has brought about great changes in production, technology, management-and even ?
social life. Data shows that in modern industrially developed nations, there are over
4,000 processions that commonly utilize computer technology. Our nation is advancing
towards the building of the four modernizations. If we do not realize computerization,
'modernization cannot be imagined. In national defense, whether for combat weapons,
strategic equipment, or technical combat command and control, the computer is in-
dispensable. In economic?buildup, replacement of a massive amount of products must
realize digitization, integration, intellectualization, and these all require the
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computer. The design, production, quality control, management reform of products
all require the computer. The entire. economic activity such as planning, statistics,
comprehensive balancing, financial management, capital turnover are all inseparable
from the computer. Therefore, in the period of readjustment of the national economy,
each profession must emphasize the use of computer technology, select and use domes-
tically produced computer systems and equipment as much as possible so that our
nation's computer industry can develop. quickly.
Research and development, manufacturing of products, applications services, training
of personnel are the four important parts of the computer industry which cannot be
separated from each other. Of these- popularization of application and technical
service are a link that we have not paid much attention to in the past. We must
fully recognize this point, and in readjusting the guiding ideology and industrial
structure, there must be a strategic change.
According to our nation's actual situation, we should first pay attention to the
popularization of small computer and microcomputer systems. Small computer and micro-
computer systems are low priced, changes in the system are more versatile, they can
better adapt to the changes in user demands by the users and maintenance personnel
and technological developments. Therefore, they are an inexpensive technological
means in the important path to realize automation in management and control. There-
fore, while developing large and medium sized new.series of computers, it seems very
important to develop small computer and microcomputer systems that have a great de-
mand and that have broad applications.
Emphasizing application as the key does not mean that systematization and systems
functions can be neglected nor does it mean that product quality and reliability
of the operating system can be neglected, nor does.it mean that the ratio of per-
formance to price can be neglected. It is exactly the opposite. To popularize
application, we must tightly grasp. the two weak links of software and peripheral
equipment. We must develop applications software, develop a processing system for
Chinese characters, continuously perfect and expand the function of the computer
system, continuously improve the reliability and stability of the system. This is
to establish 'the material foundation for application well. To improve the competi-.
tiveness of domestically produced computers and suit the level of the domestic users,
it is very important to establish a policy to lower the price.
The goal of developing the computer industry is entirely for application. Only ap-
plication can open up the way, and especially by strengthening technical services
for the users can the sales of products.be opened up. Sales is an important economic
and technical activity of enterprises, it is the key upon which the life of the
enterprise depends. Sales of computers and technical service are closely related.
Foreign computer factories and businesses take "user service" as the most important
guiding ideology of the entire business activity of the.company. The best technical
personnel are assigned to sales and technical services positions. Technical service
personnel and product sales personnel constitute about one third of the entire
personnel of the profession. Now, application of our nation's computers has gradually
turned towards the various departments of the national economy. It has expanded from
scientific computation to data processing and real time control. While the strength
of computer technology of the various sectors of the national economy is still weak
at present, the technical problems encountered in'data processing and real time con-
trol are more complicated, strengthening technical service for the users is a forceful
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measure to open up new fields of application. We must allow about thrity percent of
the technical force to carry out applications service. Research institutes, mainframe
plants, peripheral equipment plants must all place applications service in an impor-
tant position. We must also readjust some units that presently duplicate production
to change them to units specializing in applications service according.;to plan.
We should mobilize special technical personnel from more enterprises and research
institutes towards applications service, establish regional and even national sales
service networks. Each region should strive towards a three-in-one combination of
research and development, production, technical service and market sales while es-
tablishing computer industry companies. We must open up a road for broad applications
through technical service to lead research and development and production. Only in
this way can there by vitality. -The present stage of technical service cannot be too
ambitious. We should start out from the easy and advance towards the difficult and
from the typical to the universal. At present, we must grasp tightly the computer
applications systems which. are technically more mature, which require less investment,
which can produce quick results, which are worth popularization in the fields of-
energy, light and textile industries, transportation and management so that visible
economic gain can be obtained within a short period.
Popularization of the application of computers is a strong driving force in the
development of computer technology and industrial development. As long as the
leadership pays attention, grasps the situation tightly,...-the computer industry will
surely enter a new stage of development under readjustment and will serve its function
in'the development of the national economy.
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COMPUTER INDUSTRY STRIVING TO CATCH UP WITH WEST
Beijing DIANZI SHIJIE [ELECTRONICS WORLD] in Chinese No 4 1981 p 5
[Article: "A Brief History of Chinese Computers"]
[Text] According to the American J. Bernstein, "By at least 450 BC, the abacus
was already being used as the first digital calculator." COMPUTER MONTHLY
reports, "The earliest predecessor of the computer can be traced back to the
abacus, which appeared in 600 BC in China and 400 BC in Egypt." China's
abacus appeared 200 years earlier than that of Egypt, and so obviously, the
predecessor of the computer must be traced back to China. This means that our
forefathers made a historical contribution to the origin of computers.
In 1946, the first-generation computer was born. In 1958, the second-generation
computer appeared abroad. Our nation's scientist Wu Jikang [0702 0415 1660]
designed our nation's first electron tube computer, based on the URAL-2 computer.
In the same'year, our nation successfully developed the 103 model (DJS-1 model)
computer. In 1959, we produced the 104 model (DJS-2 model) computer. Our nation's
computers are designated by the heading DJS followed by an Arabic numeral. DJS
represents the initial letters of the Chinese spelling of Dian (electronic),
Ji (calculation), and Shu (numbers)--i.e., the electronic digital computer.
Through the untiring efforts of the broad scientific and technical workers on
the computer battlefront, by overcoming various difficulties they finally developed
and produced a second-generation computer (transistorized computer) in 1964 and
1965. Representative products were the 108-B model (DJS-6), and 121 model
(DJS-21), the X-2 model, and the 441-B model.
The transision from a first-generation product to a second-generation product
took 12 years for foreigners, but China borrowing the knowhow from foreign
products, needed only 7 years. The relative rate of development was fast, and as
it continues at this rate, China's development in computers has a bright future.
However, a movement "unprecedented in history" hindered the development of
computers.
In the 1970's, computers were being used on a widespread basis in foreign nations
when a fourth-generation computer emerged. However, our nation's third-generation
computer had only begun to come out in 1971. Representative products were the
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709 (TQ-16) model, with a computing speed of 200,000 times per second, In 1972,
the large 160 computer (DJS-11), with integrated circuits capable of 1 million
computations per second, was successfully developed. In 1976, the Computational
Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully developed the.013
computer, capable of 2 million computations per second. In 1978, the Huadong
Computational Institute successfully developed a large computer capable of 5
million computations per second. In small computers, the Fourth Ministry of
Machine Building organized and led the joint design work for the DJS-100 series.
In August 1974, the DJS-130 model computer was successfully developed. That
computer imitated the NOVA 1200 computer in design. There are also DJS-180
series computers and DJS-154 series computers.
The Changzhou Radio Plant developed the DJS-110 model in 1977; DJS-200 series
computers came out in 1978; then, various types of products emerged, such as
the DJS-210 model of Changzhou and Nanjing, the DJS-240 model and DJS-160 model
of Beijing, the DJS-220 model of Beijing and Shanghai, and the DJS-140 model
computer successfully developed in May 1979.
At present, our nation's DJS-100 series computers are widely used. In this regard,
more manpower and materials have been invested and greater results achieved.
Qinghua University and other units already have ALGOL 60, BASIC, and FORTRAN IV
program languages on DJS-130 computers. Qinghua University and Wuhan University
have successfully developed. multiple-user expanded BASIC software without magnetic
disks. Thus, 16 users can use the same machine at the same time. In addition,
the Shanghai Computer Plant uses BASIC and FORTRAN languages on its DJS-131
computer. At the same time, the TQDL 2 model multiplex communications control
device has been developed as an accessory. The Shanghai Computer Plant and the
Nanjing Engineering Academy have developed the MRTOS real-time operating system
for use on the DJS-131 computer. Thus the scope of application of the DJS-100
series has been expanded and. its functions are fuller.
Our nation now can design and manufacture fourth-generation computers ourselves.
In 1977, the first microcomputer, the DJS-50, was successfully developed in Beijing
and Hefei. In November 1978, the Shangwu No 14 Plant announced the DJS-051
computer. In May 1979, the Shanghai Computational Institute, the Shanghai
Metallurgy Institute, the Shanghai Semiconductor Institute, the Wuxi Jiangnan
Radio Equipment Plant, and the Changzhou Semiconductor Plant jointly developed
the N-groove silicon grid MOS large-scale integrated-circuit single-chip
microprocessor for the DJS-052 model.
In 1980, the 1932 Institute of the Fourth Ministry of Machine Building developed
the 905-computer system; this computer is the fastest and has the largest
capacity in our nation at present.
In addition, our nation's Taiwan Province also has developed a computer industry.
According'to reports on the--subject, 307 computers were installed and put into
use in 1980, including-120 microcomputers, 55 small computers, 75 medium computers,
and 57 large computers.
Our nation has also imported large computers, small computers, and microcomputers
from IBM, DEC, and INTEL.
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The scope of application of computers in our nation has already included
scientific computation, real-time control, information retrieval, communications,
postal and telegraph services, medical science, electric power, chemical
engineering, and textiles. The DJS-131 computer has been used by the Nanxiang
Marshaling yards of the Shanghai Railroad Administration, the Wangting Powerplant,
the Nanjing General Military Hospital, and the Xinanjiang Powerplant.
In our nation, intelligent machines have been applied in pattern recognition,
machine proof, and robots. Some are in a leading position in the world.
For example, the Acoustics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has a
computer that can understand human speech. A small, general-purpose computer, it
can use verbal commands that directly control it to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and power computations. This is an application in sound
recognition and pattern recognition. It is a leader in the world. It is said
that, except for a desktop computer that can listen to verbal commands to solve
mathematical problems, shown at an exhibition in Tokyo, Japan, there has never
been a machine like ours.
An intelligent computer system for Chinese medical, science developed by Li Taihang
[2621 1132 5300] of the Shanghai Computing Technology Institute can diagnose
diseases and write prescriptions. Evaluations by experts indicate that the
diagnoses and prescriptions are consistent with those of experienced Chinese medical
doctors.
Renowned mathematician Professor Wu Wenjun [0702 2429 0193] has used a computer
to solve the problem of mechanical proofs of certain theorems in plane geometry
and differential geometry, and he has also discovered new theorems.
In general, China's computers, whether in the varieties produced, the quantities,
or their practical applications, have reached a definite level. Foreigners
predict: "Software systems are the decisive factor in determining whether China
can catch up with the world's advanced levels by the year 2000.1'
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