I. CREATION OF THE AGENCY, 1940-1949

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-01773R000100010024-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 20, 2012
• Sequence Number: 24
• Content Type: MISC

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I . CRE~-TSON OF''THL~ AO~ELIJCY , HRH 19 4 0 -19 4 9
From the moment of she CIA's founding, Congress played
an important but not entirely clearcut (?) role in the affairs
of the Agency. T~~ CIA existed sol~y by virtue of congres-
sional action. At the same time, many of its most impo11rtant
~KJV~ ~ r
features prredajjted the legislation which officially gave
IrJ1 ~ Q.'~.I i T~' ?1. c.~
lair CIA its life, and its congressional sponsors in drawing
up the National Security Act leaned heavily (?) on actions
taken without congressional sanction by members of the
executive branch. Thus, from the very beginning a rela-
tionship of ambiguity was established between an intelli-
gence organization dependent upon Capitol Hill for its
charter, its personnel, its funding, indeed its continued
existence, and a Congress reluctant or unable to exercise
substantive ontrol over and dependent (rep)
upon for services of the most fundamental
nature.
Of one thing everyone was certain: the ineffectual
Central Intelligence Group (CIG) then attempting to meet
'the nation's iaica~t~ti~aaaa needs for central intelligence
required sshsicaalcis$ massive surgery if it were to fulfill
the responsibilities for which it was created. Established
by presidential directive on 22 January 1946, CIG osten-
correlation,
sibly directed the seexista=tiea~ evaluation, and dissemi-
nation of intelligence relating to ~e national security,
as well as coordinating the activities of the various
departmental intelligence organizations. But in fact,
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CIG was dependent upon the pepartm~t~r~ of State, War, and
Navy for its personnel, funds, and facilities, and this
lack of independent authority
s~i~aaa~i~~sa;ait~kit~i~esassai[f[u~[~tu~~
a undermined its legitimacy and hence ~~'~
~ ~i~sisstaia effectiveness za among bureaucrats
ski I1eL. ~w Truman's selection as
Admiral Sidney Sowers, tfts
~ first struggled with theses deficiencies
~s:it erector of Central Intelligence,~ig
throughout his ~ief tenure in ~txkSitfc office.. In his farewell report
cQ~~-ae~r~#~r~
of June7,1946, he strongly
~@~~ recommended that CIG and .its parent
(NIA)i
body, the National Intelligence Authority obtain a legis-
..
laftive charter and an independent budget as soon as
....
possible.
Sowers was not alone in recognizing these problems.
In the House of Representatives
the Military Affairs
Committee spent much of
1946 # investigating the state of the nation's ~~~
sy s"~.m . 4
$aiswers. In die report issued upon the completions of
t_,nv,,, ,"f.~p"a..._
its labors, ~. noted that intelligence was just as vital
in peactime as in wartime] indeed, it was the s
"first line of defense." The committee members found it
difficult to iml1agine America's leadership taking "a single
important step"jin international affairs without "knowledge
and understandil/ng of the aims, capabilities, intentions,
policies, and actions of other nations--in other words, .
without intelligence." Calling for the creation of an
effective intelligence service, the House report recom-
w~?1 ~l (r
mended legislative authorization for NIA
~ q N.~ ~~,a,.l. C. eW~t.,s ~
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receiving appropriations directly frown Congress
But to the
and having com_ plete control over its personnel ~_~-~ ;@.
great dismay of CIG, the former G-2 officer who authored this
report explicitly prohibited the DCI from engaging in collec-
aDsrBabsfbi~bi?baba~~babibab
tion ~alcas~x activities, a prohibition which would have
made CIG utterly dependent upon the military intelligence
*iu ..core.
agencies,
Soeurs left government service on 10 June 1946. ~
-:mere three days later, his successor, Lt. General Hoyt
fie- aide
Vandenberg, received the staggering news from Lawrence
Houston that he had taken command of
jeopardy
an organization in dire a~-~== '_=__=_; of losing its
Under. the terms of
authority to expend funds. the Independent
Offices Appropriation Act of 1945, Houston explained,
CIG would be without~unvouchered funds from the departments
22 1947. ]oreover,
after January^h~t it was questionable whether
legally
the departments could furnish personnel and supplies even
from their vouchered funds. An upset Vandenberg directld
draft
Houston to prepare. appropriate legislation for submission
A few weeks later, with
to Congress. At his first official meeting of the NIA,
A.,J1JOuuL t.~.. -c a 11a ~~yw...~...
he -s~per,~~s?.. E ~~_ that CIG would shortly have
icaxaeeitx~egiH~taic$Yexmade~eadsnaexn to approach Congress
for a legal charter. Admiral William Leahy, the President's
r ~l
personal representative,P informed Vandenberg that
Truman prefered that CIG ~aiic delay action until the
following year.
in response
Houston in the meantime, to the Director's
order to draw ~???m up appropriate legislation) had
turned to work he and John Warner had done earlier that
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year in anticipation of precisely this type of situation.
Within days a ~a~~ draft bill a~fs~C lay on Vandenberg's
desk. Though destined to be temporarily shunted aside
the initial
during consideration of what came to be known as the National
~~ ultimately Lt provide
Security Act of 1947, Houston's handiwork would^serve as
for legislation,
the nucleus of the egxs~~~cninlonxhgnicn>$erttixa~n~nte~t~Digenge
i~ti~~thereby earning its principal author the
title "legal architect" of the CIA.
envisioned an intelligence organization
Houston's draft .t,e~~e~ie~ee
far more potent ~4han the anemic CIG. It began by observing that the
~a~-cie~aee~ed---t-lze. inadequacy- o.f a di~persed_. ~ysteier_.ef
J.X~L.F' ~e sr, ~~~
Aat~ie~a~I~Yi~tae-~ ~ ige~aee. (ed i ~ o f the pas t
generation h~ proved conclusively that "intelligence ga-
thering and analysis must be centralized." Accordingly,
a Central Intelligence Agency should be established, with
a Director "who shall be the head thereof" (thereby reversing
the current arrangement, where the President's 22 January
directive had separated the duties of the Director from
those of CIG). The Director should be appointed~rom
civilian or military life by the President, with the
advice and consent of the Senate, for a term "of not more
than seven years." The Agency was to operate under the
supervision and direction of the NIA and would coordinate
the operations of the various departmental intelligence
organizations and to centralize the analysis, evaluation,
and dissemination of foreign intelligence.~In addition, /
Wald ~~ ~A{.R ,sat l1ec.,,~:i,
Houston assigned ~ the CIA, in phrases which s~baogi~
+~
.b~ the center of great controversy, the responsibility for
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for the benefit of the existing intelligence agencies,
performingsuch "services of common concern" as the NIA
might direct, and "such other functions and dutie~relating
to intelligence affecting the national security" as the
White House or the NIA might require. The Agency was to
have no "police, subpoena or law enforcement powers or
functions," while its Director was to be responsible
"for fully protecting intelligence sources and methods."
The individual departments were to retain their own intelli-
operations,
gence service., but were to make their intelligence and
facilities freely available to the S~itxx9iaea~zx CIA.
Other provisions gave the Agency necessary authority con-
cerning procurement, finances, and similar administrative
duties. Finally, in another important and subsequently
controversial passage, the Agency was taxbax=aid[~zt empowered
to expend monies "without regard to the provisions of law
and regulations relating to the expenditure of Government
funds." For "objects of a confi~ial nature," moreover,
such expenditures were to be accounted for "solely on the
certificate of the Director and every such certificate
shall be deemed a sufficient voucher for the amount therein
certified."
Such an ambitious proposal was destined to draw oppo-
sition, however. In a series of White House meetings
between July 1946 and the following January, Houston's
~,
program was gradually whittled down into a considerably
more innocuous document. The draft bill sent Congress by
m ~ R~,N A I
the President on February 26, 1947 bore only tie wt~~ee~
resemblance to Houston's bold concept. It called for the
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creation under a National Security Council of a Central
Intelligence Agency, headed by a Director to be appointed
by the President. In the only section e~?-t
taken from Houston's proposal, it provided that any commis-
sioned officer appointed Director should not have his
"status, office, rank,~ir grade" nor any "emolument, perqui-
site, right, privilege, or benefit" he might be due affected
n
by his appointment. The salary for the Director was set at
$1,4,000 per year. The NSC and CIA were to take over the
functions, personnel, property, and records of the NIA
Cr
and CIS respectively. No mention was made of the duties
or responsibilites of the new CIA or its Director, nor of
the existing departmental intelligence services. The
presidential draft was similarly silent concerning the
^methods by which the new agency was to be financed.
The White House's reticence on these matters is perhaps
FI v ~ ~ .~.
best explained by its desire to-~--~t:p-~-as---~i~~e contro-
R.i1~~N,.wua. R
versy ~eea possible. The provisions creating the CIA ~e represented
only a xe minor portion of a miuch more complex and contro-
versial bill calling for the unification of the three
armed services into a single Deparlt'~ment of Defense.
Vigorou ^ opposed by many high-ranking officers, especially
in the Navy, the proposal faced an uncertain future at the
The Senate Committee on Naval Affairs
hands of the legislators -~r-~e~+e
had already buried a aa~tia 'similar plan the year before,
...i.n..- the---9~nate-?-Eoanerittee- .?n_..Ajavi4~?a~re~
and since then the Republicans had req~t.ured control in
since 1932.
both House of Congress for the first time inxfiifiiceanx~saznYn
Public criticism of a vigorous central intelligence organi-
ra~eg i-s t s- t ~s ~-daei~-~b~.-
zation from G-2 and miliatyr officers with powerful allies
i
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on the Hill complicated matters further. Administration
~-~ke~--merest-_
str~~ ate~ists this decided that political wisdom d ctated
.~-~#y ~~
only the barest mention of the CIA. OoDOSitio~frr~i he
s?~ w3 t~-p~~-a~~~~eess ~r
"~~" militar als
...a~ exp~ains the White House refusal
to accept Vandenberg's recommendation that the DCI be
named a non-voting member of the NSC.
consideration of
As had been anticipated, congressional
the President's bill
^centered upon the proposed merger of the armed forces,
with the provisions establishing a Central Intelligence
Agency =cee~._ieg drawing much less attention. In large
measure this reflected the consensus than an agency like
the CIA was essential to protect the nation's security.
During
,~'-tt the ensuing hearings and debates, recollections of
Pearl Harbor predominated, it being the aeaYeatieaa~t
a ~ epted belief that a more effective process of collating
and disseminating intelligence '-- ----~;^- might have
Members of
prevented that disaster. .The-= y the Senate
Armed Services Committee concluded that Congress, in order to
"meet the future with confidence," must establish a CIA
collect and analyze "that mass of information without
which the Government cannot either maintain peace or wage
war successfully." Even critics of the CIA provisions of
r,. ~ ~ ~+
the bill did not e~pwee the concept. "I am not opposed
to a central intelligence agency," Representative Fl?Qa.. C
Busbey, one of the Agency's harshest critics, enphasized.
"You ren-ea-bex.. Pearl Harbor . They had intelligence, but
it was not correlated and evaluated correctly." Indiana's
~o-^Q `~'~ Harness spoke for virtually all his colleagues
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r~s
~P . ,,,
when he confessed to fears and doubts arkerr-bc first readl~-~
the CIA provisions of the bill. "Please bear in mind that
this. is a bold departure from Amexican tradition," he told
the House. "This country has never before officially re-
sorted to the collection of secret and strategic information
i)nJ/.. ti11me of peace as an announced and fixed policy. fir,
[P'i~le..TluN) ~~)~. Cn..IVlrl; .~.~ ~1~.., Ii.llq.~;..
., he added, '~-am~- , 7~1 such an Agency as
we are now considering is essential to our national secu-
rity."5
~,,,~^' skeptics ~~
With little need to convince ~a~le~~a-ee~*eee of the
necessity for creating CIA, congressional debate revolved
instead around two broad questions: the relationship
between the new Agency and the military establishment;
and the specific functions assigned to and limitations
placed on the CIA. Often the discussion was poorly focused
or based upon misinformation; occasionally it-was Simply
silly. But in the end, advocates of a strong centralized
intelligence organization achieved by far the greater part
of their desires, and the United States Congress begot
a legislative charter
-a--haw which remains, three and one-half decades later,
document
the bedrock cha~~er for the nations's intelligence community.
The matter of Agency-military relations raised two
corollary issues. One concerned the sex CIA's position
in the government structure. Was it created to serve the
should
armed services and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or Stan it
be on equal terms with them? Should the DCI report to' the
Secretary of Defense, and thus become part of the military
establishment? Or should.s#ic~ld the State Department's
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interest in intelligence be acknowledged by having the
CIA report to the NSC? On purely theoretical grounds,
it might be preferable for the CIA to report to one indivi-
would only create,
dual rather than to a group such as the NSC, which^REpre-
--warned ,
sentative Walter Judd contemptuously~~~abeled a "hydra-
headed agency."~ William Donovan, the legendary head of
the OSS, argued along these lines, for instance. Another
possibility was for the DCI to report directly to the
President, but the service intelligence officers, fearful
of granting the CIA ready access to the White House,
lobbied energetically against that proposal.
The second issue touching on Agency-military relations
produced the most heated moments~of the entire CIA debate.
AS
Vandenberg returned to active duty on May 1, 1947, and for
k
his replacement Truman tapped Admiral Roscoe Hillentoetter,
Say?u:?... ~~? ~?~_I
the third military man to in sixteen
months. Many congressmen saw in this a dangerous pattern.
Such frequent changes in the Agency's leadership could not
as ambitious officers used the position of DCI as stepping
help but undermine the oganization's effectiveness ~tl6X~~f
stones in their careers. More- ~^
over, a civilian DCI would lessen the danger of excessive
m ilitary influence over the ~~R Agency. The CIA, Senator
v
Edward Robertson warned, had "all the potentialities of an
American Gestapo; and such an organization, controlled by
a military man, would be in possession of untold power
which we could not properly place in the hands of titer
our military."7 There wer'continual references to J. Edgar
Hoover, who had made a career of heading the FBI, and
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calls that the DCI do the same. Accepting the position,
OSS veteran Allen Dulles i~m~dx~x~m~ counseled should
be akin to going into a monastery. /Many worried that the
President's bill, by devoting so large a portion of its
safeguards for
brief spiace to rt~g_.that a military >ana DCI, implied
that all future Directors were likely to be officers~from
the armed services. On the other hand, requiring that
the DCI come from civilian ranks might preclude the most
qualified individuals from the position, especially during
in
the early years of the Agency's history, when there might
not be a civilian sufficiently experienced in intelligence
matters. Simply requiring a military officer to retire
from active duty before accepting the post did not offer
.i0/fA,~ luw Q. f -1'1,.x. r? 1
a way out of this impasse. ~nless he were also to-~~be
assured a set term iaxeffisa as DCI, a prospect no one
found particularly appealing few career military oi~ficers
sacrifice their careers for a post from
would be willing to risk premature dismissal due to electoral
which they could be dismissed i at a moment's notice.
politics.
enumerate
The failure of the President's bill to assign specific
for
duties or responsibilities to the CIA also provoked-ees~~er-
-ahla congressional comment. The White House proposal
stipulated only that the CIA and DCI should inherit the
functions of their predecessors. These functions, however,
could be ascertained only by referring to Truman's January
22, 1946 directive establishing CIG, and many legislators
doubted the propriety of having to go to a presidential
order to interpret a congressional action. "It seems to
me there is a void in the bill that ought to be eliminated,"
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Senator Millard Tydings complained. The "real question,"
Representative ~=1q ~'._,~. .._. j, Brown added, came down to
whether. Congress should "define the functions and the acti-
vities in which [CIA] should engage, rather than depend
upon a rather nebulous thing called an Executive Order,
which is here today, but may be gone in three minutes, if
the President decides to sign some other paper."8
Given later disputes, it is instructive to note that
this debate revolved around whether Con
s should expli-
citly mention the duties CIA was to assume, not the nature
of its the functions it was to be assigned. On this latter
point, there was general consent. In spite of an unwilling-
ness to referR to such activities in open sources, and over
the protests of a vocal minority, most congressmen even
agreed that the new agency should engage in overseas
espionage as well as more open (rep) forms of collection.
Similarly, widespread consensus existed that the Agency
should be prohibited from any type of domestic operations,
sentiment w,+ti Uh,~t, ~' !~- ,.~c.ur.r~. ,~t,.
a daetre which exactly matched CIC~s desires. The Truman
bill, in the intersts of brevity, had deleted all such
prohibitions, fostering repeated charges that the CIA
threatened to become another "gestapo." Congress needed
to write "a lot of safeguards" into the bill, Representative
Brown insisted, explaining that he wished to insure that
the activities and functions of the CIA were "carefully
confined to international matters and to military matters
and national security." "We have enough people now running
around the country looking into other people's business,"
he gratuitously added. (rep)9
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The President's draft went first to the Senate, where
the Armed Services Commit~ee held hearings for ten weeks
and then reported out an amended version on 5 June 1947.
' The committee report accompanying the revised bill devoted
only three terse paragraphs to the CIA, an explicit acknow-
legdment that the-intelligence provisions were of relatively
minor concern to most congressmen in comparison with other
portions of the bill. Indeed, the Senate debate hardly
touched on the CIA, with the one exception of Senator
Robertson's demand that the DCI be a civilian.
r ~ ~ -:; :~ /xaarrY iursouisc>,s iioa$o
SEO. 103. (a) There is hereby established a National Security
Resources Board (hereinafter in this section referred to as the
"Board") to be composed of the Chairman of the Board and such
heads or representatives of the various executive departments and
independent agencies as may from time to time be designated by the
President to,be members of the Board. The Chairman of the Board
shall be appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive compensation at the
rate of $14,000 a dear.
(b~ -The Chairman of the Board, subject to the direction of the
President, is .authorized, subject to the civil-service laws and the
Classification Act of 1923; as amended, to appoint and fix the com-
pensation of such personnel as may be necessary to assist the Board
m carrying out its functions.
(c) It shall be the function of the Board to advise the President
concerning the coordination of military, industrial, and civilian
mobilization, including-
(1) policies concerning industrial and civilian mobilization
in order to assure the most effective mobilization and maximum
utilization of the Nation's manpower in the event of war;
(2) programs for the effective use in time of war of the
Nation s natural and industrial resources for military and civilian
needs, for the maintenance and stabilization of the civilian eeon-
omy mtime of war, and for the adjustment of such economy
to war needs and conditions;
(3) policies for unifying, m time of warn the activities of Fed-
eral agencies and departments engaged in or concerned with
production, procurement, distribution, or transportation of mili-
tar or civilian supplies, materials, and products;
~4} the relationship between potential supplies of, and poten-
tial requirements for, manpower, resources, and productive facili-
ties intime ofwar;
(5) policies for establishing adequate reserves of strategic
and critical material, and for the conservation of these reserves;
(6) the strategic relocation of industries, services, government,
and economic activities, the continuous operation of which is
essential to the Nation's security.
(d) In performing its functions, the Board shall utilize to the
maximum extent the facilities and resources of the departments and
agencies of the Government.
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TT~'II-THE IfATIOI(AL 11[ILITAI3Y ESTABLISHI[ENT
. ' >trrear~aaia~hr cr zsm xlzmx~. >rarresT irrer _
Sna 201. (a) There is bereby established the National Military.
Establishment,.. and the Secretary of Defense shall be the head
thereof.
(b) The Nsti~al Military Establishment shall consist of the
Department of the Army, tl-e Department of the Navy, and the
Department of the Air Force, t with all other agencies created
under title II of this Act...
eeaarent or n>srExe>t
SEC. 202. (a) There shall be a Secretary.of Defense, who shall
be appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate: Provided, That a person who hsa
within ten years been on active duty as a commissioned officer in a
regular component of the armed services shall not be eligible for
a pointment as Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of Defense
shall be the principal assistant to the President in all matters relat-
in to the national security. Under the direction of the President
an~ subject to the provisions of this Act he shall perform the
followin duties:
~1~ Establish general policies and programs for the National
M' itary Establishment and .for all of the departments and
agencies therein;
(2) Exercise neral direction, authority, and control over such
departments and agencies;
(3) Take appio~iriate steps to eliminate unnecessary duplica-
tion or over appmg in the fields ' of procurement, supply,
transportstion, storage, health, and research;
~4)' Supervise and coordinate the preparation of -the budget
estiinatea of the deppaartments and agencies comprising the National
Military- Eiitabliahment; formulate and determine the budget
estimates for submittal to the Bureau of the Budget; and super-
visethe budget programs of such departments and agencies under
the a pplicab a ap~iropnation Act:
ProvidedPThst nothing herein contained shall prevent the Secretary
of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of the Air
Force from presenting to the President or to the Director of the
Budget, after first so informing the Secretary of Defense, any report
or recommendation relating to his department which he may deem
necessary: dad provided rther, That the Department of the Army,
the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force
shall be administered as individual executive departments by their
respective -Secretaries and all poveers and duties relating to such
departments.not specifically conferred upon the Secretary of Defense
by this Act shall be retained by each of their respective Secretaries.
(b).The Secretary of~Defense shall submit annual written reports
to the President and the Congress covering eapenditnres, work, and
accomplishments of the National Military Establishment, together
with such recommendations as he shall deem appropriate.
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(c) The Secretaryry of I)a~ alnll caw a uo1 ~t a~a~ i~ la ~L:-:
for the National Military Establishment, of rnch daa~ r tl>s I'rri-
dentshall approve, and lndiaal notice shall be taioe~ bat teat,' .'
SEC. 203. Officers of the armed services may be detailed to duty
as assistants and personal aides to the Secretary'of Defeoee, but he
shall not establish a military staff.
SEO. 204. (a~ The Secretary of Defense is aathorized to appoint
from civilian life not to exceed three special assistants to advise and
assist him in the performance of his duties. Each such special a~ist-
ant shall receive compensation at the rate of $10,000 a year.
(b) The Secretary of Defense is authorized, subject to the civil-
servicelaws and the Classification Act of 1923, as amended, to appoint
and fie the compensation of such other civilian personnel as may be
necessary for the performance of the functions of the National Mili-
tary Establishment other than those of the Departments of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force.
SEC. 205. (a) The Department of War shall hereafter be designated
the Department of the Army, and the title of the Secretary of War
shall'be changed to Secretary of the Army. Changes shall be made
in the titles of other officers and activities of the Department of the
Arm as the Secretary of the Army may determine.
(b}y All laws, orders, regulations, and other actions relating to the
Department of War or to any officer or activity whose title is changed
under this section shall, insofar as they are not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act, be deemed to relate to the Department of the
Army within the National Military Establishment or to such officer or
activity designated by his or its new title.
(c) ~l'he term "De artment of the Army" as used in this Act shall be
construed to mean the Department of the Army at the seat of govern-
ment and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components installa-
tions, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the
Department of the Army.
(d) The Secretary of the Army shall cause a seal of office to be made
for the Department of the Army, of such design as the President may
approve, and judicial notice shall be taken thereof.
(e) In general the United States Army, within the Department of
the Arny, shall include land combat said service forces and such avia-
tion and water transport as may be organic therein. It shall be
organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained
combat incident to operations on land. It shall be i~wnsible for the
preparation of land forces necessary for the elective prosecution o!
war except as otherwise assigned and, in aocordanoe with integrated
joint mobilization plans, for the expansion of peacetime components
of the Army to meet the needs of war.
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araa~ncurr or xaa xwr
lea 906. (a) The tern "Department of the Nary" as used in this
Ad shall be construed to mean the Department of the Navy at the seat
of ~c-vernm~t; the headquarters, United States Marine Corps; the
entub operating forces of the United States Navy, including naval
aviation, and:::of the United States Marine Corps, including the
reserve oomponente of `such forces; all field activities, headquarter
forces, bases,. installations, activities, and functions under the control
or supervision of the Department of the Navy; and the United States
Coast Guard when operating as a part of the Navy pursuant to law.
(b) In general the United States Navy, within the Department of
the Navy, shall include naval combat and services forces and such
aviation as may be organic therein. It shall be organized, trained,
and equipped prmarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to
operations at sea. It shall be responsible for the preparation of naval
forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as other-
wise assigned, and, in accordance with integrated joint mobilization
plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Navy to
meet the needs of war.
All naval aviation shall be integrated with the naval service as
part thereof within the Department of the Navy. Naval aviation shall
consist of combat and service and training forces, and shall include
land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations
all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations ant
activities of the United States Navy, and the entire remainder of the
aeronautical organization of the Umted States Navy, together with the
personnel necessary therefor.
Tha Navl shall be generally responsible for naval recoanai?sance,
antisnbmsrine warfare, and protection of shipping.
The Navy shall develop aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organ-
ization and equipment of naval combat and service elements; matters
of joint concern as to these functions shall be coordinated between
the Aimy, the Air Force, and the Navy
(c) The United States Marine Corps, within the Department of
the Navy, shall include land combat and service forces and such
aviation as may be organic therein. The Marine Corps shall be
organized, trained, and equipped to pmvide fleet marine forces of
combined arms, together with supporting air components, for service
with the fleet in the seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and
for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the
prosecution of a naval cam~iai~n. It shall be the duty of the Marine
Corps to develop, in coordination with the Army and the Air Force,
thoee.phaaes of amphibious oppeerations which pertain to the tactics,
technique, and equipment employed by landing forces. In addition,
the Marine Co shall provide detachments and organizations for
eer~ioe on armed vessels of the Navy, shall provide security detach-~
meats for the protection of naval property at naval stations and bases,
and shall perform such- other duties as the President may direct:
Provided, That such additional duties shall not detract from or inter-
fere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily
organized. The Marine Corps shall be responsible, in accordance
with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the ezpansion of peace-
timecomponents of the Marine Corps to meet the needs of war.
nua~~r or ~s us ~
Su6.807. a() Within the National Itilitsry F~etablisi then b
hereby estab ' sn executive department to be ]mown as tM De
went of the Air Force, and s Secretary of the Air Force, who sb~ll be
the head thereof. The Secretary of the Air Force shall be a pointed.
from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate. ~ .
- (b) Section 158 of the Revised Statutes is amended to include the
~ Department of the Air Force and the provisions of so much of title IV
of the Revised Statutes as now or hereafter amended as is not incon-
sistent with this Act shall be applicable to the Department of the
Air Force.
(c) The term "Department of the Air Force" as used in this Act
shall bb construed to mean the Department of the Air Force st the
seat of government and all field' headquarters, forces, reserve com-
ponents, installations, activities, and functions under the control or
supervision of the Department of the Air Force.
(d) There shall be in the Department of the Air Force an Under
Secretary of the Air Force and two Assistant Secretaries of the Air
Force, who shall be appointed from civilian life by the President by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(e) The several officers of the Department of the Air Force shall
perform such functions as the Secretary of the Air Force may
prescribe.
(f) So mach of the functions of the Secretary of the Army and
of the Department of the Army, including those of any officer of
such Department, as are assigned to or under the control of the
Commanding General, Army Air Forces, or as are deemed by the
Secretary of Defense to be necessary or desirable for the operations
of the Department of the Air Force or-the United States Air Force,
shall be transferred to and vested in the Secretary of the Air Force
and the Department of the Air Force :Provided, That the National
Guard Bureau shall, in addition to the functions and duties ~ier-
formed by itforthe lepartment ofthe Army, be charged with similar
functions and duties for the Department of the Air Force, and shall
be the channel of communication between the Department of the Air
Force and the several States on all matters pertaining to the Air
National Guard: dzid~pcerovided further, That, in order to permit sn
orderly transfer, the retary of Defense may, during the transfer
period hereinafter prescribed, direct that the Department of the Army
shall continue for appropriate periods to exercise any of such func-
tions, insofar as thel relate to the Department of the Air Force, or
the United States Air Force or their property and pei~sontieL Such
of the property, personnel, and records of the Department of the Army
used in the ezercu;e of functions transferred under this subsection as
the Secretary of Defense shall determine shall be transferred or
assigned to the Department of the Air Force.
(g) The Secretary of the Air Force shall cause a seal of office to
be made for the Department of the Air Force, of such device as the
President shall approves and judicial notice shall betaken thereof.
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:~ -`oxrrd era~ranr roecs
ra~r~ (a) ~11a United Staten Air Forte it hei~ eetablisbad
of the Air Force. The Army AIr Fones, the'
Air? Wiled States Army, and the General Headquarters Air.
~? Force (~i~r .Force, Combat Command), shall be transferred to the
United Ststea Ais Force.
F (b) There shall be a Chief of Staff,.United States Air Force, who
shall be appointed by the President, by ~ and with the advice and
consent of tha Senate, for a term of four years from among the officers
of general rink who are assigned to or commissioned In the United
States .Air Force. Under the direction of the Secretary of the Air
f Force, the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, shall exercise
command over the United States Air Force and shall be charged with
the duty of carrying into execution all. lawful orders and diI'bctions
which ma be transmitted to him. The functions of the Commanding
General, General Headquarters Air Force (Air Force Combat Com-
mand), and of .the Chief of the Air Corps and of the Commanding
General, Army Air Forces, shall be transferred to the Chief of Staf~
United States Air Force. When such transfer becomes effective, the
offices of the Chief of the Air Corps, United States Army, and Assist-
ants to the Chief of the Air Corps, United States Army, provided for
by the Act of June 4,1920, as amended (41 Stat. 768), and Command-
ingGeneral, Gen Headquarters Air Force, provided for by section
5 of the~Act of June 16, 1936 (49 Stat. 1525), shall cease to exist.
While holding office as Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, the.
incumbent shall hold a ode and receive .allowances equivalent to
those rescribed by law for the Chief of Staff, United States Army.
The ~ief of Stiff United States Army, the Chief of Naval Opera-
. lions, and the Chie~ of Staff, United States Air Force, shall take rank
amonngg themselves according to their relative dates of appointment
as snch, and shall each lake rank above all other officers on the active
list of the Army, Navy, and Air Force: Phrnrided That nothing in
this Act shall have the effect of changing the relative rank of the
present Chief of t~tait' United States Army, and the present Chief of
Naval Operations.
(?),All commissioned officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men
_commissioned, hol ''n~ warrants or enl' m the Air Corps, Unite
'~ Stag Army or the Armyy Ail' ~orces, sha be transferred in branch
to the Uniterl States Air I~'orce. All other commissioned officers, war-
rant officers, and enlisted men, who are commissioned, hold warrants,
or are enlisted, in an component of the Army of the United States
and who are under the authority or command of the Commanding
General, ,Almy Air Forces, shall be continued under the authority or
oonimand of the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, and under
the jndadiction of the Department of the Air Force. Personnel whose
etas is affected by this subsection shall retain their existingcommis-
sioas,warrants or enlisted status in existing components of the armed
forces unless ot~erwi?e altered or terminated in accordance with exist-
,. ing law; and they shall not be deemed to have been appointed to a new
or different office or grade, or to have vacated their permanent or
temporary appointments in an existing component of the armed
forces, solely by virtue of any change in status under this subsection,
Irw. L.. f~tt .
No ands change iIi status, ah~ alter or ~ejodiee the stator of any.
individgat sa aeaigrled,. so as to deprive hIm of any right, bex6t; or
pri to which he may be entitled under ezi~ing law.
(d) acept as otherwise directed by the Secretary of the Air Force,
all property, records, installations, agencies, activ~tl~, projects, and
civilian personnel under the jurisdiction, control, authority, or com-
mand of the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, shall be con-
tinued to the same extent under the jurisdiction, control, authority, or
command, respectively, of the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force,
in the Department of the Air Force.
(e) For a period of two years from the date of enactment of this
Act, personnel (both military and civilian), property, records,
installations, agencies, activities, and projects may be transferred
between the Department of the Armp and the Department of the Air
Force byy direction of the Secretary of Defense.
(f) In eneral the United States Air Force shall include aviation
forces both combat and service not.otherwise assigned. It shall be
organized, trained and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained
offensive and defensive air operations. The. Air Force shall be
responsible for the preporation of the air forces nece~ary for the
effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in
accordance with integrated joint mobilization plans, for the expansion
of the peacetime components of the A!r Force to meet the needs of
war.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF TRAN$FER9
SEC. 209. Each transfer, assignment, or change in status under sec-
tion 207 or section 208 shall take effect upon such date or dates as may
be prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.
SEC. 210. There shall be within the National Military Establish-
ment aWar Council composed of the Secretary of Defense, as Chair-
man, who shall have power of decision; the Secretary of the Army; the
Secretary of the Navy; the Secretary of t}ie.Air Force; the Chief of
Staff, United States Army; the Chief of Naval Operations; and the
Chief of Staff, United States Air Force. The year Council shall advise
the Secretary of Defense on matters of broad policy relating to the
armed forces, and shall consider and report on such other matters
as the Secretary of Defense may direct.
JOINT CHIEFS OF aTAFF
SEC. 211. (a) There is hereby established within the National Mili?
iary Establishment the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which shall consist of the
Chlef of Staff, United States Army; the Chief of Naval Operations;
the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force; and the Chief of Stag to
the Commander in Chief, if there be one.
(b) Subject to the authority and direction of the President and the
Secretary of Defense, it shall be the duty of the Joint Chiefs of Sts-
. (1) to prepare strategic plans and to provide for the strategic
direction of the military forces;
(2) to prepare joint logistic plans and to assign to the military
services logistic responsibilities in accordance with such plans;
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~3} to eaptb~h onitied oonnmands in etratsgic areas when such ..: (4) to pre estimates of potential prodnction, procurement, ~ .
nnlfied eosasoanda an in the intmeet of national security; aI-d pereonnel~for use in evaluation of the logistic feasibility of
. (4) to tormnLta policies for joint training of the military strategic operations;
forces; (5) to determine relative priorities of the various segments
(5) to formulate policies for coordinating the education of ~ ofthemilitaryprocurementprograms;
members of the military forces; (6) to supervise such subordinate agencies as are or may be
(6) to review major matenal and personnel requirements of created to consider the subjects falling within the scope of the
the military forces, in accordance with strategic and logistic plans; Board's responsibilities;
and' ~ (7) to make recommendations to regroup, combine, or dissolve
(7) to provide IInited States representation on the Military existing interservice agencies operating in the fields of procure-
, Stag Committee of the IInited Nations in accordance with the j went, production, and distribution in such manner ss to promote
rovisions of the Charter of the IInited Nations. efficiency and economy?
(c~ The Joint Chiefs of Staff shall act as the principal military (S) to maintain liaison with other departments and agencies
advisers to the President and the Secretary of Defense and shall per- for the proper correlation of military requirements with the
form such other duties as the President and the Secretary of Defense civilian economy, particularly in regard to the procurement or
may direct or as may be prescribed by law. I disposition of strategic and critical material and the maintenance
i of adequate reserves of such material, and to make recommenda-
JOINT BTArP' ~ tions as t0 policies in connection therewith;
(9) to assemble and review material and personnel require-
Six. 212. There shall be, under the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a Joint ments presented by the Joint Chiefs of~Staff and those presented
Staff to consist of not to exceed one hundred officers and to be composed by the production, procurement, and distribution agencies
of approximately equal numbers of officers from each of the three armed I assigned to meet military needs, and to make recommendations
services. The Joint Staff, operating under a Director thereof thereon to the Secretary of Defense; and
appointed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall perform such duties as (10) to perform such other duties as the Secretary of Defense
may be directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Director shall be ma direct.
an officer junior in grade to all members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (d) ~en the Chairman of the Board first appointed has taken
office, the Joint Army and Navy Munitions_ Board shall cease to
_DInxlTTOxs Bolan exist and all its records and personnel shall be transferred to the
Munitions Board.
S>'c. 213. (a) There is hereby established in the National Military (e) The Secretary of Defense shall provide the Board with such
Establishment a Munitions Board (hereinafter in this section referred ppersonnel and facilities as the Secretary may determine to be required
to as the "Board") ? by the Board for the performance of its functions.
(b) The Board shall be coinposed of a Chairman, who shall be the
head thereof, and an IInder Secretary or Assistant Secretary from BE9EABCH nxn nEVEwri~IExT iiDAitD
each of the three military departments, to be designated in each case by SEC. 214. (a} There is hereby established. in the National Military
the Secretaries of their respective departments The Chairman shall Establishment a Research and Development Board (hereinafter in
be appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice this section referred to as the "Board"). The Board shall be com-
and consent of the Senate, and shall receive compensation at the rate, ~ posed of a Chairman, who shall be the head thereof, and two repro-
of $14,000 a year. , sentatives from each of the Departments of the Army, Navy, and
(c) It shall be the duty'of the Board under the direction of the Air Force, to be designated by the Secretaries of their respective
$ecreta~ry of~ Defense and in support of strategic and logistic plans Departments. The Chairman shall be appointed from civilian life
prepared by the Joint Chiefs of Stag- by the President, by ahd with the adults and consent of the Senate
. ((1) to coordinate the appropriate activities within the National and shall receive. compensation at the rate of $14,000 a year. The
Diilitary Establishment with regard to industrial matters, includ- purpose of the Board shall be to advise the Secrete of Defense
ing the procurement, Production, and distnbution plans of the as to the status of scientific research relative to the national security,
departments ind agencies comprising the Establishment; and to assist him in assuring adequate provision for research and
(2) to plan for the military aspects of indostrial mobilization; development on scientific problems relating to the national security.
8 to recommend assignment of procurement responsibilities (b) It shall be the duty of the Board, under the direction of the
among the~several military services and to plan for standardize- Secretaryof Defense---
tion of specifications and for the greatest practicable allocation (1) to prepare a com~ilete and integrated program of research
of purchase authority of technical equipment and common use and development for military purposes;
items on the basis of single procurement;
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to
(2) to adviai with regard trends in acientiflc~ reebtrch relat.
tna to national security and the meaairee neoeraary to a~ut~ con-
tinued and ' Progress;
($} to recommend measures of coordination of i'~earch and
devetolgnent among the military departments, and allocation
among them of responsibilities for specific programs oP joint
interest;
(4) to formulate policy for the National Military Establish-
ruent in connection with research and development matters in-
volving agencies outside the National Military Establishment;
(5) to consider the interaction of research and development
andd strategy, and to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff in connec-
tion therewith; and
(6) to perform such other duties as the Secretary of Defense
~v direct.
{c) '(Vhen the Chairman of the Board first appointed has taken
office, the Joint Research and Development Board shall cease to exist
and all its records and personnel shall be transferred to the Research
and Development Board.
(d) The Secretary of Defense shall provide the Board with such
ppeersonnel and facilities as the Secretary may determine to be required
by the Board for the performance of its functions.
TITLE III-MISCELLANEOUS
ooarrExaeTTOx os sECaereaiEs
Sm. 301. bed The Secretary of Defense shall receive the compensa-
tion prescribed by law for heads of executive departments.
(b) The Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and
the Secretary of the Air Force shall each receive the compensation
Pbed by law for heads of executive departments.
vxDr~ snae>"rewES exD esersrexT sECa>.?rea~s
SEa 302. The Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries of the
Army, the Na ,and the Air Force shall each receive compensation
at the rate of~10,000 a year and shall perform such duties as the
Secretaries of their respective departments may prescribe.
. ~~ CorrbirrrEEg AND PERFiONNEL
$Ea 303? (a) The Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the
National Security Resources Board, and the Director of Central
Intell~Ce are authorized to appoint such advisory committees and
to emPio,, consistent with other provisions of this Act, such part-
time advisory personnel as they may deem necessary in carrym out
their respective functions and the .functions of agencies under gtheir
control. Persons holding other'offices or positions under the United
States for which they receive compensation while serving as members
of such committees shall receive no additional compensation for such
service, Other members of such committees and other part-time
advisory personnel so employed may serve without compensation or
mayy receive compensation at a rate not to exceed $35 for each day of
serbice, as determined by the appointing authority.
tr?.. r+rs~.t
f~r-loi of ~an individual ae a member of and aat~ ?d
tgenc~ hereunder, shall not be considered as service bringing rich
individual within the provisions of section 109 or 113 of the Criminal
Code (U. S. C., 1940 edition, title 18, secs. 198 tnd 203), or section
19 (e~ of the Contract Settlement Act of 1944, unless the act of such
indindual, which by such section is made unlawful when performed
by an individual referred to in such section, is with respect to any
particular matter which directly involves a department or agency
which such person is advising or in which such department or agency
is directly interested.
srexas or TaexarESaED civiisAx rassoxxEr.
Sac. 304. All transfers of civilian personnel under this Act shall be
without change in classification or compensation, but the head of any
department or agency to which such a transfer is made is authorized
to make such changes in the titles and designations and prescribe such
changes in the duties of such personnel commensurate with their classi-
fication as he may deem necessary and appropriate.
sevrxa rROVrsioxs
SEC. 305. (a) All laws, orders, regulations? and other actions appli-
cable with respect to any function, activity, personnel, property,
records, or other thing transferred under this Act, or with respect to
any officer, department, or agency, from which such transfer is made,
shall, except to the extent rescinded, modified, superseded, terminated,
or made inapplicable by or under authority of law, have the same effect
as if such transfer had not been made; but, after any such transfer,
any such law, order regulation, or other action which vested functions
in or otherwise related to any officer, department, or agency from
which such transfer was made shall, insofar as applicable with respect
to the function, activity, personnel, property, records or other thing
transferred and to the extent not inconsistent with other provisions of
this Act, be deemed to have vested such function in or relate to the
officer, department, or agency to which the transfer was made.
{b) No snit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or
agains? the head of any department or agency or other officer of the
United States, in his official capacity or m relation to the discharge
of his official duties, shall abate by reason of the taking effect of any
transfer or change in title under the provisions of this Act; and, in
the case of any such transfer, such suit, action, or other proceeding
may be maintamed by or against the successor of such head or other
officer under the transfer, but only if the court shall allow the same
to be maintained on motion or supplemental petition filed within
twelve months after such transfer takes effect, showing a necessity for
the survival of such suit, action, or other proceeding to obtain settle-
ment of the questions involved.
(c} Notwithstanding the provisions of the second paragraph of
section 5 of title I of the First 1Far Powers Act, 1941, the existing
organization of the Par Department under the provisions of Executive
Order Numbered 9082 of February 28,1942, as modified by Executive
Urder Numbered 9722 of May 13,1916, and the existing organization
of the Department of the Navy under the provisions of Executive
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' of .f ot~ioua to p 29,1945 including the ~~nment
atgan~utional units within t~e War and Naq Depart-
mer-ta, may, to the eitent deterfnined by the Secretary of Defense,
' oontinne in tome for two years following the date of enactment of this
Act except to the extent modified by the provisions of this Act or under
the authority of law.
T$ANaFEn OP F[TNDa
SEC. 306? All unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations;
nonappropr7ated fends, or other funds available or hereafter made
available for use by or on behalf of the Army Air Forces or officers
thereof, shall be transferred to the Department of the Air Force for
use in connection with the eaercrse of its functions. Such other
unexpended balances of appropriations, alloca,tiona, nonappropriated
funds, or other funds available or hereafter made available for use
by the Department of tiVar or the Department of the Army in exercise
of functions transferred to the Department of the Air Force under
this Act, as the Secretary of Defense shall determine, shall be trans.
ferred to the Department of the Air Force for use in connection with.
the exercise of its functions. Unexpended balances transferred under
this section may be used for the purposes for which the appropriations,
allocations, or other funds were orrgrnally made available, or for new
expenditures occasioned by the enactment of this Act. The transfers
herein authorized may be made with or without warrant action as may
be appropriate from time to time from any appropriation covered by
this section to any other such appropriation or to such new accounts
established on the books of the Treasury as may be determined to be
necessary to eany into effect provisions of this Act.
eoxxoarzsxrox Fos erraorarnlzoxa
SEC. 807. There are hereb authorized to be appropriated such
sums as may be necxssary an~appropr7ate to carry out the provisions
sad purposes of this Act. _
SEC. 308. (a) As used in this Act, the tern "function" includes
functions, powers, and duties.
(b) As used. in this Act, the term "budget program" refers to recom-
menddations es tothe apportionment, to the allocation and to the review
of allotments of appropriated funds.
sErexnsnrrt
SEC. 309. If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to
any person or circumstances is held invalid, the validity of the
remainder of the Act and of the application of snch provision to other
persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
EFFECTr{E DATE
2, 307, 308= 3~9a)and 310 shall take effect nnmed~at ly upon the enact'
meet of this Act.
(b) Except sa provided in subsection (a), the provisions of this Act
shall, take effect'on whichever of the following days is the earlier;
The"day after the day n n which the Secretary of Defense first
appointed takes office, or the sixtieth day after the date of the enact-
ment of thiaAct.
svccESarox To xaE raEamExcr
SEC. all. Paragraph (1~ of subsection (d) of section 1 of the Act
entitled "An Act to provi a for the performance of the duties of the
office of President in case of the removal, resignation, death, or in-
ability both of the President and Vice President", approved July 18,
1947, is amended by striking out "Secretary of jVar" and inserting in
lieu thereof "Secretary of Defense", and by striking out "Secretary of
the Navy,".
Approved July 26, 1947.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ~ JULY 19
~a~. -- -
~yary Affairs.- . I went
_ ..w,ranif.*.PP
f,~Q r--.----
while we were fighting. I saw
waste
kin
,
g
of the heartbrea
__~ ...,?AVgasnce resulting
~ diuias ..... -._-- -
tru>sDori orgaNastions. in man? in-
stances paralleling each other, the Array
~r gyansport Command running aA over
the world, and the Naval Air Transport
8erviee, as I said. in ma T A~nstpOrt Com-
sllellng the Army ~
nnand. That is a senseless waste o1
equipment, manpower. and taxpayers'
~~ proposed unification will Put an
end to such things as happened in the
pacific, where the Army had control of
one side of an island and the Navy the
other side, and neither service could bor-
___ ,._ ?!P Pnninment and supplies of
? Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. I do not wo}11cL.1ead11Y_-a~.ede:.to .this]imi~~-
think we ought to take the Army. the T~et me repeat, however, that this Nation I
Navy, and the Air Forces bump their is without extended experience in this i
heads together and say "You are going field; and that we actually have com- !
aratively few men qualified by expert- -
to wear the same uniform whether you p
like it or not " If we accomplish the im- ence to head this agency. 11~ost of these
w qualified men have gained their ez-
f
e
portant basic goals, the formal refine-
ments you suggest may naturally follow. perience in the Army and Navy, and are
Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. If we did still in service. Before. we deny ourselves
that the bill would not be before us; the of the service such military men may be
Army and Navy would object too strenu- pacify, let us betvery sure that the a are
ous$r, -
I d
not c
~
y
b e~
a
n
i
v
o
Mr, HARNESS of Indiana.
w+
serve
to
ience availa
e per
id
a
t
think we would get anywhere.
Mr. MILI+ER of Nebraska. But does equally well, or better.
not Congress have control over these de- Again let me nay that I have no objec-
fease powers? IInless this bill provides tion to a restriction in this measure..,
so much militarism that. they are going ag n ywlI ~ !e ~iy want re~asonab eiasaur-
to take over the. country.
Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. Congress ance that such a restriction will not deny
still has that control; and I believe it ablef man if this pia becomes perat~ .
will preserve it.
Mr. SZ'EP'AN. Mr. Chairman, wiTi the should tallay any ofbtheipt suapi ons or
gentleman yield?
Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. I yield. fears as to what might happen if this
Mr, STEFAN. Where >s? the section prlehensions are twithout foundation s~.
regarding procurement? - ~_ _.,. u. AriRAEY_ Mr. Chairman, will the .
better relationship between tine n+u??
the Navy, and the Air Pbrces. It wiII gentleman from New York [Mr. Wens-
end the unthinkable procurement meth- woirrs] sittin6 beside .you, can point it
ods under which each service designs its out to you.
ordnance and. ammunition so that it can be$Ome~ies~sesd by somermembierssot the
rarel9. if ever, be used interchangeably Navy and the Marine Corps about this
by the other.
Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the na~vall aiviationh Theicommittee spent a
gentleman yield? ood deal of time in considering;the ob-
yu?, HARNESS of Indiana. I yield. g
Mr. SHORT. And we will not have ~e by tmemberseoftthe Navy i espeecigallytthe
p! ljeyshlpP ngnthem t Chi sl instead of naval sir force. It wrote into this bill
letting the Navy have them to fill their provisions which should allay any fears
that the sea-air force will suffer if this
needs. bill is enacted.
Mr. HARNje'SS of Indiana. That is
right. I understand there wen numer- :' (Now, s word about the Central Intel-
ous instances in which one or the other Hgence.Agency. When such an organ-
service transported supplies long dirt- ization was first Proposed I confess I had
ances from rear areas when tfie other .some fear and doubt about it. Along
service had ample reserves of the same .with other members of the committee, I
oT equivalent supplies in the immediate this agency be carefully defined andtlimi
area, or conveniently nearby. That sort ited please bear hat this is a
of dangerous waste and delay need not bold deua lire from American tra ton.
and will not happen with the coordina- ~ ~~- ..n?nr,?o hac never before vauc sl y
tion proposed here. '~ resorted to the collection of secret an
Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Chair- ~ s a e c n o ton in time of peace as
man, will the Bentleman yield? is yali~y. N,...,
Mr. HARNESS of Indians. I yield. however, I am convinc sso~h a_n
Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I wonder P cv as we PAP ~m ~n.+eider~n~s
- why we could not go further and put them e~
ssential to r national security.(
.
ell in the same uniform. have the same Then has been insistence t a the di-'.
ranks, grades, and standards? Why rector of this agency be a civilian. I be-~
could we not standardize that Ph~e o! lieve we should eventually place such a
Army life ~ weII.as their equipment? restriction upon _the authority we are
Mr? HARNESS of Indiana. There are. ~ in to create here, although I say
some who would like to do Wat but that fpran~kly that I am not convinced of the
would be s mistake at the moment. wisdom of such s ,restriction at the
Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Why? outset.
Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. Because prolo ed hearings and executive se~-
that is an unnecessary departure from pg
the traditions of our defense forces. As lions of the committee behind closed
we Bet into this thing perhaps eventually doors lead me to wonder 1f we have any
we will come to that but I think?the first single career civilian available for this >
step must be toward basic efilciency and from theeserviceswfor itighIInderstand,?
dination
o
.
r
economy through co
Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I agree please, that I want to protect this very ~ ~
that it is a step in the right direction, influential post against the undue mill- where has been much objection to tt~e
but they are all engaged in the same tart' influence which might maIf we cain iromhand independentr fo theaepagLrda~
purpose. If standardization is going to agency an ~allfled cOiyi ianocar"f~e nian land and sea forces. Such obje~tiona
help one phase of our defense why should flnd,? w4J1.4.
it not help all phases? a~i1e and willlag to handle this post, I _ .spring, in my opinion, from the outmoded
gentleman y,o,u
Mr, HARNESS of Indiana. I yield to
the gentleman from Illinois.
Mr. BUSBEY. The Dreamt Director
of the Central Intelligence Agency L Ad-
miral gillenkcetter; ther~ormer head
of the agency was C}enesal Vandenberg.
have a wo derful recd dint heir field.
But was there arty testimony anywhere
as to their experience_ and qualification
in intelligence work? ?
Mr. HARNESS of Indlana.lI doubt
if you could ptck out any individual,
d
~
e
-
civilian or military, who has ma
career of this work. There is no such
available American, because we have
never engaged. in this type of actlvit7
before. In 150 years the IInited 8tatea
has said, "We are Boing to keep out of
other people's business. We are not go-
ing to engage in secret intelligence:'
Therefore, we have no experience in it.
we have no single career man who knows
all of the problems. We are approach-
ing this thing. more or less a8 an ezperi-
went in the present insTtahe~time of the
The CHAIRi\2AN.
gentlemsri from Indians has expired.
Mr. HOP'FMAN. Mr. Chairman, I
yield the gentleman 2 additional minutes.
Mr. BDSBEY. ~I want to make the'
observation that we have had an inteili-
Bence service in our War Department
and also in .our Navy department for
s great many years,
Mr. HARNESS of ~diana. I Yes, both
military and naval intelligence have
served proficiently within their limited
scope. /
Mr. BUSBEY. ~ We have had secret in-
telligence in the War Department that
we have built up over the past 5 years
also. ~
but
ue
I T
a
,
r
.
Mr. HARNESS of Indian
what is contemplated hers different 'b1`
scope and character?/
~~
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94? CnN~R.FCCTn1\re r. nz+nn~? T,,,,.~,-.
than the Senate bill. I am sure it is xssi] some place in the hearings will dentate operations
Qo1ng to mean for us? a more effective find testimon
t
?
y
o the eIIect that it
is telllgence.
military establishment and. in the end, estimated something like =800,000,000 I am fearful that if we permit this Cen-
that it will mean economy, will be required 1a appropriati8ns for
Mr. HOFFMAN, Mr. Chairman
tral Inte111gence Agenc t
I this new
ti
.
na
o 0 out and
y g
onal security set-up. I am
- yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from . sorry I do not have the page reference collect intelligence as well as evaluating
Illinois [Mr. BvsatY]? before me. If I am in error I m~?l~ intelligence, ewe will run into such situa-
--?e on~cu ~~ ~aao une OI Cne
most important stepg that any Congress
has undertaken. This bill provides for
the most drastic departure in the history
of our country from any previous posi-
tion on national defense,
I do not .think we should be under a
wrong impression as to the purpose of
this bill. Although 1t !s called the unifi-
cation blll, it reminds me somewhat of
the time in the Seventy-eighth Congress
when we had before us the Smith-Con-
aally so-caAed antistrike bill. Every-
body thought that Just because !t was
called an antistrite bill it was going to
stop strikes. IL increased strikes over
!00 percent. I think our msJority
leader, the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. ~
Hnl.LSC$1 referred to it quite correctly
the other day when he asked unanimous
consent for this bill to come up today.
On page 9225 of_the Coxeai~sroxeL Rac-
oaa of July 16 the gentleman from
Indiana [Mr. 8nta=ca] in response to a
question from the gentleman from New
York [Mr. Coral, as to the title of the
bill replied:
Thle ie the so~aUed untDcation or merger
bill, ~,
/This is neither a merger nor a unifi-'
cation bill. We already have a War De-
partment and a Navy Department and
if the Congress passes this bill we will
still have the War Department and the
Navy Department. In addition, we will)
have a new department known as the
Department of the Air Force. How can
there be a merger or unification of some-
thing by adding one additional depart-
ment? True, under the Research and
Development Board and the Munitions
Board it is hoped we will accomplish a
little economy, but under this super-
structure of the National Security Coup-
cil and the newSecretary of Detense, as
he is called in this bill, we are going- to
add millions and millions of doIIa)rs of
expense. /
Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. Mr. Chair-
man, will the gentleman yield?
Mr, BUSBEY. Just briefly,
Mr. HARNESS of Indiana. The gen-
tleman made the statement that this is
going to add millions and millions of
dollars to the cost of the defense estab-
lishment. I take issue with the gentle=
.man on that and I would like to have
him explain why he has arrived at such
a COIICIuS10n.
Mr. BIISB>i:Y. I will be hapDY to reply
to the gentleman, igvea though I am a
member of the committee I have not had
a chance to read the hearings. I did not
receive s copy of the hearings until late
Yesterday afternoon. I think 1t is a
shame that any bill should come to the
floor of the House unless the Members
have had as opportunity to read the
hearings and the report. I am sure that
the gentleman from Indiana [Mr. Has-
ested is the Central Irate Agency slavlaiwith Oeneral Mihailovich's forces.
feature of this bill. That i~.SeQoing to be They sent out reports, and because. the
s verb, very important agency and I~ reports went into another branch known
trust when certain amendments are of- as the OSS,.and the men.at the head of
fared under the 5-minute rule the com- the OSS did not agree with the princi-
mittee will consider them deliberately, Ales of Mihallovich but were favoring the
Oa page 1T of the bill I.especially call principles of Tito, the Communis* dicta-
your attention to this language in line 16: for oP Yugoslavia today, the reports of
(e) To tee extent recommended by the Na= the War Department Intelligence were
Clonal Security Council and approved by the disregarded entirelq,
President, such fateIIigence operations of the The CHAIRMA?1. The time of the
departments and other agencies of the Qov- gentleman from Illinois has expired,
ernment as relate to the national security Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, 'I
shall be open to the laspectiasi of the Director
or Central inteulgen,x? yield the gentleman two additional min-
The Federal Bureau of Investigation, utMr. BUSBEY. That Ss what you run
the FBI. is certainly an agency of ou
i
r
nto, gentlemen, where you have an
Government which relates to our na- agency of intelligence-collecting intel-
tlonal security. Inasmuch ss the Central Hgence and then evaluating its own con-
Intelllgence Agency deals with intelli- elusions. Z might say I spent some time
Bence outside the IInited States, I hope $l inteuigence myself, and can cite
that particular section wiU be amended to numerous and specific instances. It is
eliminate the possibility of its going into the same situation we have had with the
the records and boots of the FBI be- national Labor Relations Board, where
cause the FBI does not, go outside the 'they were prosecutor, Jury, and fudge.
IInited States. It fs only concerned with I hope that we will consider very seri-
internal intelligence and investigations in ously- amending that particular section
the. IInited States. so that we will nog
Another feature I have been concerned 1 this superlntelligenee ragency eCI o a o
about is the authority given. the Central hope we will protect the status of the
Intelligence Agency in thLs bill. In adds- ( FBI so that there will definitely be no
lion to evaluating, correlating sad dis- authority far Central Intelligence to go
seminating 1nte111gence, it 1s given au- into their records and books,
thority to collect Intelligence. On May Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Mr. Chairman,
21, 194?, there appeared an article in the will the gentleman yield?
]Yew York Times entitled "Army's World Mr. BUSHEY. .I yield to the gentle-
IateIIigenca Rfag Reported halted By man from Iowa.
New Agency." Mr. MARTIIJ of Iowa. I had some
I have studied the directive of Fresi-' part in writing the report that the Ben=
dent Truman of February 5, 1946, under tleman Just quoted from, and I would
which the Central Intelligence Agency. like to ask the gentleman whether he
was set up and is now Sunctlonina. and r feels that the provisions far C!nnrrnl r.._
agency to go out and collect inteUJgence.
It. has not only dissolved the Secret In-
telligence Department of our War De-
partment which was built up over the
past 5 years, but !t has assumed the
authority to collect intelligence.
IInder section 3 (a) of the Presidential
Directive setting up the Central InteIIi-
Bence AIIenoy, there appears the fol-
lowing;
House needs amendment to bringeittla
line with that recommendation?
Mr. $USBEY. I certainly do. I am
not opposed to a central intelligence
,~ and evaluating intelligence from the
~~varaaiottu~s departments. You remember
h~i~~n~~~ Pea~"~ ~ ey
--- -..-.?.-..~...: cone=
evaluated correctly
.
accomplish the correlation and evalua- co era oa w e g e that pro-
ti
on of inteuigence relating to the national vision when we consider the bill under
eecurlty, and the appropriate dleeeminatloa the 5-minute rule.
tvitbt~tlte C;overnnent of the resulting sirs- Mr. MANASCO. Mr. C:.airman, I
te~ic sad natlonil poacy fateuigence. Ia so yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from
doing, tall ass shall be made of the sta>t and Virginia [Mr. Hn1wT1.
factlltfes of the lateulgence ageneia or your
departmaay, (Mr. HARDY asked and was given per-
t Year the Committee on Military mai won to revise and extend his re-
Affairs went into the subJe~t of whether Mr. LATHAM. Mr. Chairman, I make
the Central Intelligence Agency should the point of order that- a quorum is not
collect intelligence, I will read you their present.
concltuians from their report of Decem- The CHALttMAN. The' Chair will
bar 17. 1996: count. [After counting.] Seventy-nine
It L speclIIcally understood that the Di- Members are pllsent, not a quorum.
rector of Central Inteulgence shall not un- The Clerk will call the roll.
9569
for the collection of la- '
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VZ
MILITARY AND VETERANS
MAJOR ACTIONS, July-September 1947
assed House and Senate; approved,
Cash redemption of terminal leave bonds - P x oved,
Unification of the Armed Forces -passed Senate and House; app '
SH REDEMPTION OF TERMINAL LEAVE BONDS h
CA the House in 1946, xt provided for cas
When the Armed Forces Leave Act was passed by ear non-negotiable
1 leave for enlisted men as well as d lar rer sumtsei^ 5-y a the bill was a e rP e
payment for termxna .
to provide for payment of all sums under $50 in cash anreement, but various Senators and p
would introduce cash-p~lYment bills in the next session (Vol. III,
bonds. This provision was retained in the conference ag
sentatives served notice that they
was for tax reduction, HR
pp. 514ff .) .
,, ~a ment bills were
The first bill introduced in the House in the Eightieth Con~r.~?c"~, Rep-
o other cash-1 ` y
and 3 were for cash redemption of terminal leave bonds Abuul
in the House. The Armed Services CommittcE~ rewrote and reported Hs}4o~ ~'eq est;
h would allow l~~c~lders of the bonds to redeem them
introduced Niich.), w'h
Blackne (R
resentative William W 91 47. would permit payme~t ~~ nix itlr~1948~ms xn ca
for cash after September 1, in for terminal leap e to . t l
and extend the time for apply g how-
ere was no real debate in either House, since no cme of>hosed the billo There were,
It was estimated tl~ax_
Th
eskers in both House and Senate who dxilontendcd~in rltearlingmeasuro a bo h hou, es
ever, many sp as the Treasury 1 792,000,000.. Tribute was paid xn
that it would not be inflationary,
author of the 146 act and spearhead of the fight o
about 8.5 million veDtwei h~s~1e_ R bO~ d ~~ F1 e j at $ ,
to Representative _~_
get action by the House committee on the many 1947 bil s Zhe Senate voted for
7 on a roll call, 388 to U (see p? 474)'
The House passed the bill July
85 to 0 on July 19 (see p. 473).
the bill, ~ ,ossible, the i reasuxy announced that more
Ten days after cash redemption of bonds became
1 800,000,000 bonds outstanding had been cashed,
than one-third of the $ ,
THE ARMED FORCES
UNIFICATION OF
which has been under study since 1944, was authorized by
ress a plan for uni-
Unification of the armed forces, le Department of Com-
the Eightieth Congress in July 1947. In 1945 President Truman sent to ong
Navy, and Air Force as coordinate sections of a si the Senate Military Af-
fication of the Army,
and this planhe following y of a bill reported favorably Y and Navy. It
mon Defense, ear. The Navy reiterated its objections to concentration
fairs Committee in April t an Air Force coordinate with Army `
5 and naval aviation might be jeopardized, The Military
of power in a single department and to having
was also fearful that the Marine Corp:
mittee revised the bill to meet some of these objections, but the Naval Affairs om-
Affairs Com
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mittee, like some of the admirals, still opposed the plan and refused to report the bill (Vol. II,
pp, 715-18).
In February 1947 the President sent to the Speaker of the House and the President pro
tempore of the Senate the draft of a bill worked out during the winter by high-ranking Army and
Navy officers. This bill was introduced in the House by Chairman Clare E. Hoffman (R Mich.)
of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Dai~i?ni neof the Arm d s lr a esf Committeeh to
House, and in the Senate by Chan Gurney (R S.D.),
which the bill was referred after the claims of the Senate Expenditures Committee had been over-
ruled (Vol. III, p. 53)<
At hearings before the two committees during the spring, the draft bill was supported by
Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal and Secretary of War Robert F. Patterson, The Comman-
dant of the Marine Corps, General A. A. Vandegrift, asked that the functions and status of the
Corpsbe specified in the bill but said that he consid osia n tohspec>fic provisions of the bhll wasr
scan Legion also supported the unification plan. Opp
voiced by certain officers, Senator Gurney summed up the testimony by saying that all civilian
officials and officers in uniform who had broad res oo itionlihe said c meifrom persons who had
tary services were for unification, None of the opp
duties outside their own branch or specialtyo
PROVISIONS OF THE BILL
The unification bill as rewritten by the committee declared it to be the intent of Congress
to set up three military departments -- Army, Navy (including Marine Corps and Naval Aviation),
and Air Force -- and to provide?for their "authoritative coordination and unified direction under
civilian control but not to merge them." The three departments, each headed by a Secretary
without Cabinet status, would be joined in a National Security Organization, with a civilian Secre-
tary of National Security to establish general policy and programs, exercise general direction,
authority and control over the three departments, and formulate budget estimates Other parts
of the National Security Organization would be:
1. Joint Chiefs of Staff (chiefs of staff from the three departments) to prepare strategic
and logistic plans, formulate training policies,. establish unified commands when desirable, and
serve as chief military advisers to the Fresident and the Secretary of National Security Under
them would be a Joint Staff of 100 officers from the three departments.
2. Munitions Board under a civilian chairman, with an Under or Assistant Secretary from
each of the three departments, to coordinate military activities in industrial matters, such as
procurement, production, distribution, and mobilization of industry in wartime, The board was
charged with planning standardized specifications of common-use items and allocating purchase
authority on the basis of single procurement.
3. Research and Development Board, made up of a civilian head and two representatives
from each service, to prepare integrated plans for military research and development, allocate
specific projects among the three services, and advise on coordinating Government military re-
search with the work of outside agencies.
4. War Council, made up of the Secretaries of National Security, the Army, Navy, and Air
Force and the three chiefs of staff, to give advice on broad policy to the Secretary of National
Security, who would have the power of decision.
Outside the military organization but closely connected wilt) it would be:
1. National Security Council, headed by the President and consisting of the Secretaries of
State, National Security, Army, Navy, and Air Force, the chairman of the National Security Re-
sources Board, and others whom the President might appoint. Their function would be to plan the
coordination of the military, foreign, and domestic policies of the United States, Working under
the National Security Council would be a Central Intelligence Agency
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2~ National Security Resources Board, made up of a civilian chairman and such heads of
Government departments or agencies as the President might appoint. The Board would plan for
relating military and foreign policy to the general economy, and advise the President on the rela-
tionship between potential supplies of and requirements for manpower, resources, and productive
facilities, It would also prepare plans for establishing reserves of strategic and critical materials
and programs for wartime use of the Nation's resources for military and civilian needs,
ATTACK ON THE BILL
The unification bill, S 758, was reported by the Armed Services Committee on June 5, but
not until July 7 did Chairman Gurney succeed in getting it to the floor, Gurney described its pur-
pose as "to put into effect by legislation a security organization which is adequate, effective, and
modern -- and yet economical." The proposed plan was, he said, unification of the armed forces
but not a merger. At several points in the debate proponents urged the need for coordination of
the services to prevent another Pearl Harbor, and also thc: possibility of considerable savings
through unified budgetary and procurement practices.
Most of the speeches in the two-day debate were made by members of the Armed Services
Committee, where there had been sharp conflict over the billy Senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
(R Mass.), Leverett Saltonstall (R Mass,), Raymond E. Baldwin (R Conn.) Wane Morse (R. Ore.),
Millard E. Tydings (D Md.), Burnet R. Maybank (D S.C~), and Lister Hill (D Ala.) favored the bill.
The opposition was led by high-ranking Republican Edward V. Robertson (R Wyo.), who said that
the bill would concentrate too much power in the hands of one man, the Secretary of National
Security; that it would accomplish no more coordination than was already in effect; and that,
far from saving money, it would cost the country more.
r"" Robertson, who had earlier introduced a bill for coordination rather than unification, had
drawn up a series of amendments to the committee bill,. His major proposal, designed to place
the Secretary of National Security over both the military departments and the policy groups like
the National Security Council and the National Security Resources Board, was defeated by voice
vote, as were two amendments of narrower scope. Robertson then did not introduce his other
amendments.
The one roll call vote was on an amendment offered by Senator Jose al h R. McCarthy (R Wis.),
a former member of the Marine Corps. McCarthy proposed to stipulate in the bill that the exist-
ing status of the Marine corps and of Naval Aviation should not be diminished or altered, and
that their present functions and missions should not be transferred to other services. The amend-
ment was vigorously opposed by Senator Lodge, who maintained that the present provisions satis-
fied General Vandegrift and that it was poor policy to legislate tactics into statute law. Other
members of the committee said that Vandegrift had been present at executive sessions when this
section of the bill was written. McCarthy modified leis amendment to omit reference to missions,
but pressed for ayea-and-nay vote. The amendment was defeated on a roll call, 52 to 19 (see p.
473), with the majority of both parties voting against it.
The only amendment to be adopted was one by Senator Robert A. Taft (R. Ohio), which
limited the sphere of the National Security Council more strictly to matters affecting national
security. Otherwise the bill was passed as reported Passage came on July 9 by voice vote.
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
Amendments proposed in the Senate and their disposition July 9 were:
Offered by Proposal and disposition
Edward V. Robertson Place Secretary of National Security over the "National Military Estab-
(R. Wyo.) lishment," National Security Council, and National Security Resources
Board. Defeated by voice vote.
Robert A. Taft Limit National Security Council functions to matters relating to national
(R Ohio) security Passed by voice vote
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Offered by
Edward V. Robertson
(R Wyo.)
Edward V. Robertson
(R Wyo.)
Joseph R. McCarthy
(R Wis.)
Proposal and disposition
Director of Joint Staff to be chosen in rotation from the three services;
service as Director not to exceed four years; service as Director and
member not to exceed ?eight years. Defeated by voice vote.
National Security Resources Board to be advised of military material
and manpower requirements in order to integrate them in over-all
plans for industrial mobilization. Defeated by voice vote.
(As modified at suggestion of Chapman Itevercomb, R W.Va,) Existing
status of Marine Corps and Naval Aviation not to be altered or dimin-
ished; their existing functions not to be transferred to other services.
Defeated by roll call vote, 52 to 19 (see p. 473).
The House on July 19 considered HR 4214, the committee version of the President's draft
bill as introduced by Representative Hoffman. The report was the result of a battle in the Com-
mittee on Expenditures in the Executive Department. Hearings which had been held at intervals
since April were brought to an end by committee vote July 1, over Hoffman's protest that some
25 witnesses from the Navy and Marine Corps still wished to be heard. Hoffman, in a separate
'statement of views, said that he would not oppose the bill because it seemed inevitable. However,
he could not approve the committee version because it seemed tr, him to delegate powers over
military policy which the Constitution gives to the Congress, because it would not result in econ-
omy, and because it would make possible a military dictatorship. Furthermore, he said, it was
an Army bill and the Navy had been "prevented by Executive hate from freely expressing their
objections."
The House bill differed from that of the Senate chiefly in these particulars;
1. It called the three military departments and thc~ joint b~,ards the "National Military
Establishment," to be headed by a "Secretary of Defense." Thc~ Secretary was given an additional
function of eliminating unnecessary duplication and overlapping in the three military departments,
and he was to have less power over budget making. New procedures for submission of budget
estimates by the President were also specified.
2. The functions of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Central Intelligence
Agency were spelled out, where the Senate had felt best not to ``legislate tactics."
3. There were some differences in salaries specified for heads of various departments and
boards; the chief one being that the Secretaries of Army, Navy, and 'Air Force would receive
$14,500 rather than the $15,000 received by heads of deiartments with Cabinet status.
The bill drew strong bipartisan support, including that of three high-ranking members of the
Expenditures Committee -- Representatives James W. Wadsworth (R N.Y.), John W. McCormack
(D Mass.), and Carter Manasco (D Ala.) -- and Chairman Walter U. Andrews I2 N,Y.) of the Armed
Services Committee. Opposition was headed by Representative W. Sterling Cole (R. N.Y.) of the
Armed Services Committee, ranking Republican on the old Naval Affairs Committee, who felt that
the bill did not sufficiently protect the Navy. :1 similar point of view was expressed by Represen-
tative Harry R. Sheppard (D Calif.), former chairman of the Navy Appropriations subcommittee,
and Chairman Edith Nourse Rimers (R Mass,.) of the Veterans Affairs Committee. Chairman John
Taber (R N.Y.) of the Appropriations Committee opposed the budgetary provisions.
Cole introduced a number of amendments to protect the status of the Navy and to restrict
the power of the Secretary of Defense, several of which were passed in modified form (see p. 461).
Representatives Walter H. Judd (R Minn.) and Clarence ~ Brown (lt Uhio) were successful in their
efforts to require that the head of the Central Intelligence Agency he a civilian and to protect the
opera ions of the Federal Bureau of Intelligence and the Atomic Energy Commission from inspection
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by the CIA head, Among amendments rejected were: a proposal to study setting up permanent
civilian war agencies under the National Security Resources Board; and the requirement that the
National Security Council's reports to the President be matte available to the Speaker of the House
and the President of the Senate,
HR 4214 was passed July 19 by voice vote>
stituting the provisions of its own measure,
The House then passed the Senate bill after sub-
Amendments offered from the floor and their disposition July 19 were as follows,
Offered by
Walter H, Judd
(R Minn,)
Clarence J, Brown
(R Ohio)
Walter H, Judd
(R Minn,)
John Taber
lR N,Y,)
W. Sterling Cole
(R N,Y,)
W, Sterling Cole
(R N,Y,)
W. Sterling Cole
(R N,Y.)
W. Sterling Cole
(R N.Y,)
W, Sterling Cole
(R N,Y,)
W, Sterling Cole
(R N,Y,)
W. Sterling Cole
(R N,Y.)
W. Sterling Cole
(R N,Y,)
George MacKinnon
(R Minn,)
Proposal and disposition
Central. Intelligence Agency director, if a regular officer, must resign
his commission or retire before becoming director. F-assed by voice
vote as modified by Brown substitute.,
(Substitute for Judd amendment) CIA director to be appointed from
civilian life by President and confirmed by Senate. Passed by voice vote,
CIA director not to have power to inspect secret operations of the FBI
and Atomic Energy Commission Passed by voice voted
Strike out section on presentation of budget estimates, Passed by
voice vote,
Substitute "naval aviation" for "naval air force." Passed by voice vote>
Secretary of Defense to have "general authority for the integration, co-
ordination, and supervision" of Army, Navy, and Air Force, rather than
to "exercise general direction, authority, and control" over them, De-
feated on division, 19Q-3G.
Secretary of Defense to exercise "general direction and general authority
;t~oririation feI appropriatioloos.
BQc. 309. Definition. _
Sec. 310. Separability.
TITLE I-THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ESTABLISHMENT
' ~ ` 'ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NATIONAL 'DEFENSE ESTABLISHMENT
SECTION 101. (a) There is hereby established the National Defense
Establishment, and a Secretary of National Defense,. who shall be
the.head thereof.. _ '
(b) The National Defense Establishment shaII consist of the De-
partment of the Army, the.Departlrlentof the Navy, and the Depart-
' went of the Air Force, :together with all, other agencies created wlthin
the National De#ense E~tablishment.-
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SEC. ] 0`L. (a) The Secretary of 1VTational Defense shall be appointed
from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate. Under the direction of the President he shall establish
policies and programs for the National Defense Establishment, and
for the. departments and agencies therein; he shall exercise direction,
authority, and control over such departments and agencies; he shall
supervise and coordinate the preparation of budget estimates by the
departments and agencies of the National Defense Establishment,
which shall be submitted to him at such time and in such manner as
he may direct; he shall formulate and finally determine the budget
estimates of the National Defense Establishment for submittal to the
Bureau of the Budget; and he shall supervise and control the budget
program of the National Defense Establishment under tike applicable
appropriation Acts: Provided, That the Department of the Army, the
Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, under
the direction of the Secretary of National Defense, shall be adminis-
tered as individual units by their respective Secretaries: And Provided
further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent the Secretaly of
any such department from presenting to the President, after first so
informing the Secretary of National Defense, any report or recom-
mendation,relating to.his department which lIe may deem necessary.
(b) The Secretary of I~Te,tiona.l Defense shall submit annual written
reports to the President and the Congress covering expenditures,
work, and accomplishments of the National Defense Establishment,
together with such recommendations as he shall deem appropriate.
(c) The Secretary of National Defense shall cause a seal of office
to be made for the. National Defense Establishment, of such design
as the President shall approve, and judicial notice shall be taken
thereof.
MILITARY ASSISTANTS TO THE SECRETARY
SEC. 103. Officers of the Army, Navy, and Air Force maybe de-
tailed to duty as assistants and personal sites to the Secretary of
National Defense, but he shall not establish a military staff.
CIVILLAN PERSONNEL
SEC. 104. (a) The Secretary of National Defense is authorized to
appoint from civilian life not to exceed four special assistants to advise .
and assist him in the performance of his duties.. Each such special
assistant shall receive compensation at the rate of $12,000 a year.
(b) The Secretary of National Defense is authorized, subject to the
civil-service laws and the Classification Act of 1923, as amended to
appoint and fix the compensa.6ion of. such other civilian personnel as
may be necessary for the performance of the functions of the National
Defense Establishment. ., .
SEC. 105. (a) The Depa>Ftment of War shall hereafter be .known
ae the Depertn~ent of the Army,-and the title of the Secretrty of War
shall be changed to Secretary of'the Army. Chines shall be made~in
the titles of otheit officers ~ and activities of the; Department of ~ the` ,
Army s,8 the Secretary, of the Arnny -may deCeranime. ?,`
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` (b) "All laws, 'orders;-regulations,- and other actions relating to the_
=' _bepartment of Par or to any officer or activity whose title is changed
-` udder this sectioir shall, insofar as they are sot inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act, be deemed to relate to .the Department of the
Army .within the National Defense Establishment or to such officer
or activity designated by his or its new title.
(c) The term "Department of the Army" as used in this Act shall
be construed to .mean the Department of the Army at the seat of
Government and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components,
installations, activities; and functions under the control or super-
. vision of the Department of the Army. -
_(d) The Secretary of the Army shall cause a seal of office to be made
for the Department of the Army, of such design as the President may
approve, and judicial notice shall be taken thereof.
Sec. 106. (a) The term "Department of the Navy" as used in this
Act shaII be construed to mean the Department of the Navy at the
seat of Government; the Headquarters; United States ~Tarine Corps;
the entire operating forces of the United'States Navy (including naval
aviation) and of the United States Marine Corps, including the Reserve
components of such forces; all field activities of the Department of
the Navy; and the United States Coast Guard when operating as a
part of the Navy pursuant to law.
SEC: 107. (a) Within the National Defense Establishment there is
hereby established an executive department to be known as the Depart-
ment of the Air Force, 8nd a Secretary of the Air Force, who shall be
the head thereof. The Secretary of the Air Force shall be appointed
from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the~Senate.
' (b) Section 158 of the? Revised Statutes is amended to include the
Department of the Air Force and the provisions of so much of title
IV of the Revised Statutes as now or hereafter amended as is not in-
consistent with this Act, shall be applicable to the Department of the
Air Force.
(c) The term `_`Department of the Air Force" as used in this Act
shall be construed to mean the Department of the Air Force at the
seat of Government and all field headquarters, forces, Reserve com-
ponents, installations, activities; and functions under the control or
supervision of the Department of the Air Force.
(d) There shall be in the Department of the Air Force an Under
Secretary of the Air Force and two Assistant Secretaries of the Air
Force, who shall be appointed from civilian life by the President by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(e) The several officers of the Department of the Air Force shall
perform such functions as the Secretary of the Air Force may prescribe.
(f} So much of the fimctions of the Secretary of the Army and of the
Department of the Army, including those of any officer of suc}i De-
partment, as are assigned to or under the control of the Commanding
General, Army Air Forces, or as are deemed by the Secretary of
National Defense to'be necessary or desirable for the operations of
, the Department of the Air Force or the IIni~ed. Btate~,Air Force, shall
,,,
- - be transferred. to and vested in the Secretarryy of the??Aii? Force and the
Department of the Air Force:-P.ro?eded, That in order to ermit an
orderly transfer, the Secretary of National Defense may direct that
-the Depai tment of the Army shall continue for appropriate periods to
exercise any of such functions, insofar as they relate to the Depart-
. mentof the Air Force, or the United States Air Force or their property
and personnel. Such of the property, personnel, and records of the
Department of the Army used in the exercise of functions transferred
under this subsection as the Secretary of National Defense shall de-
termine, shall be transferred or assigned to the Department of the Air
Force.
(g) The Secretary of the Air Force shall tense a seal of office to be
made for the Department of the Air Force, of such device as the
President shall approve, and judicial notice shall be taken thereof. .
SEC. ~ 108. (a) The United States Air Force 1s hereby established
under the Department of the Air Force. The Army Air Forces, the
Air Corps, United States Armv, and the General Headquarters Air
Force (Air Force Combat Command), shall be transferred to the
United States Air Force. '
(b) There. shall be a Chief of Staff, United Staten Air Force, who
shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, for a term of four years from among the officers of
general rank who are.assigned to or commissioned in the United States
Air Force. Under the direction of the secretary of the -Air Force,
the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, shall exercise command
over the United States Air -Force and. shall be charged with the duty
of carryuig into execution all lawful orders and directions which may
be transmitted to him. TI}e functions of the .Commanding General,
General Headquarters Air Force (Air Force Combat Command),
and of the Chief of the Air Corps and of the Commanding. General,
Army Air Forces, shall be transferred to the Chief of Staff, United
States Air Force. When such transfer becomes effective,. the offices
of the Chief of the Air Corps, United States Army, .and Assistants to
the Chief of the Air Corps, United States Armp, provided for by the
Act of June 4, 1920, as amended (41 Stat. 768), and Commanding
General, General Headquarters Air Force, provided for by section 5 of
the Act of June 16, 1936 (49 Stat. 1525), shall cease to exist. `Vhile
holding office as Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, the incum-
bent shall hold a grade and receive allowances equivalent to .those
prescribed by law for the Chief of Staff, United Stags Army,. The
Chief of Staff, United States Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, and
the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, shall take rank between
themselves according to their relative dates of appointment as such,
and shall each take rank above all other officers on the active list of
the Army, 1Vavy, and Air Force: Provided, That nothing in this Act
shall have the effect of changing the relative rank of the present Chief
of Staff, United States Army, and the Chief of Naval Operation:,
(c) All commissioned officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men,
commissioned, holding warrants, or enlisted in the Air Corps, United
States Army, or the Army Aii? Forces, shall he transferred in branch
to the United States Air Force. All ocher commissioned officers,
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wairant officers, and enlisted men, who are commissioned, hold war-
rants, or are enlisted in any component of the Army of the United
States and who are under the authority or command of the Commalid-
ing General, Army Air Forces, shall be continued under the authority
or command of the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, and under
the jirisdiction of the Department of the Air Force. Personnel
whose status is affected by this subsection shall retain their existing
commissions, warrants, or enlisted status ui existing components of
the armed forces unless otherwise altered or terminated in accordance
with the existing law; and they shall not be deemed to have been
appointed to a new or different office or grade, or to have vacated
their peg manent or temporary appointments m an existing component
of the armed forces, solely by virtue of any change in status under
this subsection. No such change in status shall alter or prejudice
the status of any individual so assigned, so as to deprive him of any
right, benefit, or privilege to which he may be enti~led ender existing
law.
(d) Except as otherwise directed by the secretary of the Air Force,
all property, records, installations, agencies, activities, projects, and
civilian personnel under the jurisdiction, control, authority, or com-
mand of the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, shall be con-
tinued to the same extent under the jurisdiction, control, authority,
or command, respectively, of the Chief of Staff, United States fir
Force, in the Department of the Air Force. '
(e) For a period of two years from the date of enactment of this
Act, personnel- (both military and civilian), property, records, in-
stallations, agencies, activities, and projects. may be transferred be-
tween the Department of the Army and the Department of the Air
Force by direction of the Secretary of ~'ational Defense.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF TRANSFER.5
SEC._109. Each transfer, assignment, or change in status under sec-
tion 107 or section 108 shall take effect upon such date or dates as
may be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense.
SEC..110. There shall be within the National Defense Establish-
ment ewer Council composed of the Secretary of National Defense,
as Chairman, who shall have power of decision; the Secretary of the
Army; the Secretary of the Navy; the Secretary of the Air Force;
the Chief of Staff, United States Almy; the Chief of Naval Operations;
and the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force. The war Council
shall advise the Secretary of National Defense on matters of broad
policy. relating to the armed forces, and shall consider and report on .
such other matters as the Secretary of National Defense may direct.
JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF '
SEC. 111. (a) There is hereby established within the National De-
fense Establishment the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which shall consist of
the Chief of Staff, United States Army; the Chief of Naval Operations;
the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force; and the Chief of Staff to
the Commander in Chief, if there be one.
'~(b) .Subject to the authority and direction of the President and the j
Secretary of National Defense, it shall be the duty of the Joint Chiefs .
of Staff-
(1) To prepare strategic plans and to provide for the strategic
direction of the militate forces;
(2) To prepare joint logistic plans and to assign to the military
services logistic responsibilities maccordance with such plans;
(3) To establish unified commands in strategic areas when such
unified commands are in the interest of national security;
(4) To formulate policies for joint training of the mlhtary
forces;
(5) To review major material and personnel requirements of `
the ilitary forces, in accordance with strategic and logistic
plans; '
(6) To provide United States representation on the 1~Zilitary
Staff Committee of the United Nations, in accordance with the ~'
provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
(c) The Joint Chiefs of Staff shall act as the principal military ad-
visers to the President and the Secretary of National Defense, and shall
perform such other duties as they may direct or may be prescribed b3
law.
JOINT STAFF
SEC. 112. There shall be, under the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a Joint~~
Staff to consist of not to exceed one hundred officers and to be composed ,
of approximately equal numbers of officers of the United States Army;.
the United States Navy, and the United States Air Force. The
Joint Staff, operating under a Director thereof appointed by the Joint'
Chiefs of Staff, shall perform such duties as may be directed by the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. The.Director shall be an officer junior in grade
to all members of the Joint Chiefs of Stag.
adIINITION3 BOARD
SEC. 113. (a) There is hereby established in the National DefensE
Establishment a 14unitions Board, hereinafter in this section referred
to as the "Board."
(b) The Board shall be composed of a Chairman, who shall be thc~
head thereof, and an Under Secretary or Assistant Secretary from
each of the three military departments, to be designated in each easel
by the Secretaries of their respective departments. The Chairmar.
shall be appointed from civilian life by the Secretary of Nations:
Defense and shall receive compensation at the rate of $14,000 a yeaij
or at the rate of $50 a day but not to exceed $14,000 in any one year.a
(c) It shall be the duty of the Board under the direction of thcl
Secretary of National Defense and in support of strategic and logisticl
plans prepared by the Joint Chiefs of Staff- '
(1) to coordinate the appropriate activities within the Na,
tionu~ D~:;ense Establishment with reward to industrialmatter~~
including the procurement, production, and distribution plane
of the Establishment;
(2) to plan for the military aspects of industrial mobilization
(3) to recommend assignment of procurement responsibilitie {
among the several military services and to plan for standardize
tion of specifications and for the greatest practicable allocatio: i
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t~chnical equipment guti
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;fiwma on the basis of awale Drocurement t - _ . _ ~ - =~.~ , ? ~ ~ ing to national security
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=` (~) to prepare estimates of ~oteatist production, procurement: _ tlnuea aria rncreasuig p
(5) to determine relative priorities df -the venous segments among tnem or respo
of the military procurement programs; _ interest;
(6) to supervise such subordinate agencies as are or may be
created to consider the subjects falling within the scope of the
'Board's responsibilities; -
(7) to make recommendations to regroup, combing, or dissolve
existing interservice agencies operating m the fields of procure-
ment, production, and distribution in such manner as to promote
efficiency and economy;
` (8) to maintain liaison with other agencies for the proper
correlation of~ military requirements with the civilian economy,
particularly in regard to the procurement or disposition of
strategic and critical material and the maintenance of adequate
reserves of such material, -and to make recommendations as to
policies in connection therewith;
(9) to assemble and review materiEal and personnel require-
ments presented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and those presented
by the production, procurement, and distribution agencies
assigned to meet military needs, and to make recommendations
thereon to the Secretary of National Defense;
(10) to perform such other duties as the Secretary of National
Defense may direct.
(d) When the Chairman of the Board fiat appointed has taken
office,, the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board shall cease to
exist- and all its functions, records, and personnel shall be transterred
to the Munitions Board.
(e) The Secretary of National Defense shall provide the Board
with such personae and facilities as the Secretary may determine to
be required by the Board for the_ performance of its functions.
RE9EARCII AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD
SEC. 114. (a) There is hereby established in the National Defense
Establishment a Research and Development Board, hereinafter in
this section referred to as the "Board". The Board shall be composed
of a Chairman, who shall be the head thereof, and two representatives
each from the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, to he
designated by the Secretaries of their respective departments. The
Chairman shall. be. appointed from civilian life by the Secretary- of
National Defense and shall receive compensation at tho rate of $14,000
a year or at the rate of $50 a day but not to exceed $14,000 in any
one year. 'rhe purpose of the Board .shall be to advise the Secretary
of National Defense as to the status of scientific research relative to
t11e national security, and to assist him in assuring adequate provision
for research and development on scientific problems relating to fire
national security.
(b) It shall be the duty of the Board, under the direction of the
Secretary of National Defense- .
(1) To prepare a complete and integrated program of research
and development for military purposes;
of coordination of research and
ary departments, and allocation
es for specific programs of joint
(4) To formulate policy for the National Defense Establishment
in connection with research and development matters involving
agencies outside the National Defense Establishment;
(5) To consider the interaction of research and development
and strategy, and to adti-ise the Joint" Chiefs of Staff in connection
therewith;
"(6) To perform such other duties as the Secretary of National
Defense may direct.
(c) When the Chairman of the Board first appointed has taken
office, the Joint Research and Development Board shall cease to exist
and all its records and personnel shall be transferred to the Research
and Development Board.
(d) The Secretary of National Defense shall provide the Board
with such personnel and facilities as the Secretary may determine to be
required by the Board for the performance of its functions.
TITLE II-COORDINATIOIr' FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL _
SECTION 201. (a) There is hereby established a council to be known
as the Na,aional Security Council (hereinafter in this section referred
to as the-"Council"). ? unction of he Council shall be to '~e
the President with respect to t_e Hite rtary
olicies
ZT coo tivel - vrng
na one securt The Council shall be composed of the Secretary
o a e, t e cretary of National Defense, the Secretary of the
Army, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Arr Force,
the Chairman of the National Security Resources Board, and such
other members as the President may designate from time to time.
(b) dditio erfor h other functions as the Pr sident
irect or the purpose of more e ec ive y coor orating
policies o t e departments and agencies of the Government and their
functions relating to the national security, it shall, R?bie ?~ ?he
direction o th t of the Council-
(1 To assess and appraise the o~ectives, commitments, and
risks of the United States in relation to our actual and potential
military power, in the interests of national security, for the pur-
pose- of making recommendations to the President in connection
therewith; and - =:
(2) To consider policies on matters of common interest~ao
the Department of State, the National Defense Establishment,
and the National Security .Resources $oard, and to make rec-
ommendations to the President in connection therewith.
(c) The Council shall have a staff to be headed by an executive
secretary, who shall be appointed by the President and ?who shall
receive compensation at the rate of $12,000 a year. The executive
ds in se~entific~research relat-
.assures necessary .to assure, con-
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.?~eeeiretary, -subject' to the direction of the Council, is authorized to `
"sppoint Fund fix the compensation of such personnel as may be neces-
ssry to perform such duties as may be prescribed by the Council in
connection with the performance of its functions.
(d) The Council shall, from time to time, make such recommenda-
tions and such other reports to the President as it deems appropriate
or as the President may require.
SEC. 202. (a) There is hereby established under the National Se-
curity Council a Central Intelligence Agency, with a Director of
Central Intelligence, who shall be the head thereof, to be appointed
by the President. The Director shall receive compensation at the
rate of $14,OQ0 a year.
(b) Any commissioned officer of the United States Army, the United
States Navy, or the United States Air Force mazy be appomted to the
office of Director; and his appointment to, acceptance of, and service
in, such office shall in no way affect any status, office, rank, or grade
he may occupy or hold .in the United States Army, the United States
Navy, or the United States Air Force, or any emolument, perquisite,
ri ht, privilege, or benefit incident to or arising out of any such status,
of~ce, rank, or grade. Any such commissioned officer on the active
list shall, while serving.in the office of Director, receive the military
pay and allowances payable to a commissioned officer of his grade and
length of -service and shall be paid, from any funds available to defray
the.expenses of the Agency, annual compensation at a rate equal to the
amount by which $14,000 exceeds the amount of his annual military
pay and allowances.
(c) Effective when the Director first appointed under subsection
(a) has taken office -
(1) The functions of the National Intelligence Authority
_ (11 Fed Reg. 1337, 1339, February 5, 1946) are transferred to the
National Security Council, and such Authority shall cease to exist.
(2) The functions of the Director of Central intelligence and
the functions, personnel, property, and records of the Central
Intelligence Group are transferred to the Director of Central
Intelligence appointed under this Act and to the' Central In-
telligence Agency, respectively, and such Group shall cease to
exist. Any unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations,
or other funds available or authorized to be matte available for
such Group shall be available and shall be authorized to be made
available in like manner for expenditure. by the Agency.
. SEC. 203. (a) There is hereby established a National Security Re-
sources Board, hereinafter in this section referred to as the "Board",
to be composed of the C'hairn~an cf the Boa;?d an.l such heads or
representatives of the various executive departments and independent
agencies as may from time to time be designated by the President to
be members of the Board. The Chairman of the Board shall be
appointed from civilian life by the President and shall receive com-
pensation at the rate of $15,000 a year or at the rate of $50 a dzly but
not to exceed $15,000 in any one year.
(b) The Chairman of the Board, sub'ect to the direction of the
President, is suthorized~ to appoint and fix the compensation of such
personnel as may be necessary to assist the Board in carrying out its
functions.
(c} It shall be the function of the Board to advise the President
concerning the coordination of military, industrial, and civilian
mobilization, including-
(1) Policies concerning industrial and civilian mobilization in
order to assure the most effective mobilization and maximum
utilization of the Nation's manpower in the event of war;
(2) Programs for the effective use in time of war of the Nation's
natural and industrial resources for military and civilian needs,
for the maintenance and stabilization of the civilian economy in
time of war, and for the adjustment of such economy to war needs
and conditions;
(3} Policies for unifying, in time of war, the activities of
Federal agencies and departments engaged in or concerned with
production, procurement, distribution, or transportation of
military or civilian supplies, materials, and products;
(4) The relationship between potential supplies of and potential
requirements for manpower, resources, and productive facilities
in time of war;
(5) Policies for establishing adequate reserves of strategic .and
critical material, and for the conservation of these reserves;
(6) The strategic relocation of industries, services, government,
and economic activities, whose continuous operation is essential
to the Nation's security.
(d) The Board shall perform such other functions, not inconsistent
with law, concerning the coordination of military, industrial, and
civilian mobilization as the President may direct.
(e) In performing its functions, the Board shall utilize to the
maximum extent the facilities and resources of the departments and
agencies of the Government. .
SECTiox 301. The first section of the Act entitled "An Act to
provide for the performance of the duties of the Office of President in
case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability both of the
President and of the Vice-President", approved January 19, 1886
(24 Stat. 1), is amended (1) by striking out "Secretary of y~'ar" and
inserting in lieu thereof "Secretary of National Defense", and (2)
by striking ou't "or if there be none, or in case of his removal, death,
resignation, or inability, then the Secretary of the Navy."
SEC. 302. (a) The Secretary of National Defense shall receive the
compensation prescribed by law for heads of executive departments.
(b) The Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the
Secretary of the Air Force shall each receive the compensation
prescribed for the Secretary of National Defense.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/20 :CIA-RDP01-017738000100010024-7
 ------- --------- -- -- ~..- - .-. '~~':~---. .~. i' .. ... v:~.,a..,.t.:'~'asi..#urrv ~(`m nTi.`ln'aT.
i.viil.v asiw~nn~iaiti!a-~wii~ ?acin~n~wi?e. RT-(!RF.TARiF.C _. -? - reBD@(6t tO the fuIICt1O11, aCtlvlt4, personnel; prUpOrty, TeCOrdB, or other
Army, tha~Navy, and the Air Force shall each receive compensation ~;-, relate-to the officer, department, or agency to -which the transfer was
at the rate of $12,000 a year, and shall perform such dutie$ as the -- .made.
Secretaries'of their respective departments may prescribe. (b) No suit, action, or -other proceeding lawfuIly commenced by
__ ., ~ - ~- -~-----~ -- ----___ ~_ ,..~..._ ,.c~,...,. ,.r
aC' 303 The Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries of the `_ ~~