NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 24; GREECE; ARMED FORCES

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• Collection: NIS
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SECRET
24/G S /AF
1 1
Greece
March 1974
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
SECRET
r
:J 1
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WARNING
The NIS is National Intelligence and may not be re-
leased or shown to representatives of any foreign govern-
ment or international body except by specific authorization
of the Director of Central Intelligence in accordance with
the provisions of National Security Council Intelligence Di-
rective No. 1.
For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the
portions so marked may be made available for official pur-
poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel
provided no attribution is made to National Intelligence or
the National Intelligence Survey.
Subsecrions and graphics are individually classified
according to content. Classification /control o' signa-
tions are:
(U /OU) Unclassified /For Official Use Only
(C) Confidential
(S) Secret
l
ry
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2.
CONTENTS
This chapter ,upffwdcs the armed forces cow
erage in the Genera! Servey dated May MW
A. Defense establishment 1
1. Military history 1
2. Command structure 3
B. joint activities 4
1: Military manpower
4
2. Strength trends
3. Training
5
Military budget
5
S. Economic support and logistics
6
0. Uniforms and insignia
6
C. An ny
i1
X. Organization 11
2 Strength, composition,. and disposition 12
3. Training 13
SECPM
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Page
4. Logistics 14
5. Army aviation 14
D. Navy 15
1. Organization 15
2. Strength, composition, and disposition 17
3. Training 17
4. Logistics 19
Page
E. Airforce 19
1. Organization 20
2. Strength, composition, and disposition 21
3. Training 2Z
4. Logistics 23
F. Paramilitary 23
1. Greek Gendarmerie 24
2. National Guard Battalions 25
FIGURES
Ifl
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Tanks guarding defense head-
Fig.
9
French -built large guided missile
quarters during 21 April coup
boat (photo)
16
1- hoto)
3
Fig.
10
Organization of the Hellenic
Fig. 2
Deiense organization chart)
4
Navy Command chart)
1 6
Fig. 3
Armed forces personnel strength
Fig.
11
Cadets at the Naval Academy
table)
6
(photo)
is
Fig. 4
Military budget table)
6
Fig. 5
Officers uniforms and insignia
Fig.
12
Five NATO naval units visiting
illustration)
7
Kalamai photo)
18
Fig. 6
Warrant officers' and enlisted
Fig.
13
The destroyer LorkJhi and the
men's uniforms and insignia
submarine Triana (photos)
19
(Illustration)
9
Fig.
14
Noratlas transport aircraft (photo)
21
Fig. 7
Hellenic A.-my Command chart)
12
Fig.
15
Hellenic Air Force Command (chart)
21
Fig. 8
West German -built antisubma-
rine submarine (photo)
15
Fig.
16
Agusta AB -205 helicopter (photo)
22
Ifl
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A. Defense establishment
1'he Greek airllcel forces, having a total perst)rinel
strength of 156.900. consist of the liclletkic Arnly, I of
118,100 then, the Ilellenic Nave, 16,900 risen and 7:3
ships, and [lie 20,T10 -rivin Hellenic Air Force, vill
,5?9 aircraft, including 390 jets. I atraatilitary forces
have a iota) persc)ruiel strer)gth of 109,000- -Creek
Gendarmerie, 2.1,000 and National Guard Battalions,
8.3,000. (5)
Greek military strategy is defense oriented in
keeping Nvill national policy and the Greek
Mtnnlitinent to the North Atlantic Treaty Organim
tion (NATTO I'lanning emphasizes developolent of a
capability to meet .aggression frorn the Balkan
Peninsula, particularly from Bulgaria{. Ground forces
are deployed u-'eil forward in northern Greece, and
naval avid air foil es are situated to stipport ground
action. The armed' forces probably could contain all
utlstipportcd Bidgarian attack cast of tl)e Strutna
River, white an attack is strength by Warsa PUCA
nations would require the ci)rt(lttcl of delaying actions.
The Greeks could stop an Albanian attack at or near
the Greece- Albania !corder with rniniou n forces. An
attack by Yiigoslavia N considered unlikely in light of
continually improving relations with Greece.
Although the p( /ssibillty of hostilities with 'Turkey are
considered Ao he remote, Grercc (could not protect
Cyprus from a 'Turkish attack. In the event the Turks
were to r,love against Greece along; the Turkvy.Grecce
!)order, the corrlbined ground and air superiorityof the
nukish forces would Fora: the Greeks to withdraw to
successive defensive. positions in western ThracC' and
eastern Macedonia. The Greek paramilitary forces,
with the wsistarice of the armed forces when regiiircd,
are capable of inaintai?(ing internal security. M
since 1952 Greece has l)cen a member of NATO
arid a vital iinkin NATO'ssoutheastern flank; most of
the arnied forces are conunitted to NATO. Pro
Westem since World War 11, the armed forces are
fervently anti- Ce)mniunist. Greece can be expected to
offer strong resistance to any CPMMUnist :199res`�ion Or
encroachment and it is highly unlikely that
Communists in Greece will be a threal to the regime in
the imined"ate future. 'I'll(! danger to the regimc, if
an) probably will come fr(nn the right rather that, the
center or the left, for it is only the dissatisfied right in
the military- political spectr)rn of Greece which could
possibly command the loyallty Of a significant portion
of t1w arkkred forces. (5)
As a result (if the 21 April 1967 coup, the UUnited
Status suspended Military Assistance Program (IMAN
shipments Of major military itcnks to Greece., but in
October 1963 partial deliveries were respmed. As of 13
May 1973, only 128-inch howitzers remained ou order
to complete the delivery of all previously stispended
MAP equipment. Oil 1.5 January 1973 the Creek
Go announced that it had decicled to
tertuinatc further military grant aid, while still
availing; itself of foreign military s;kles credits. (C)
I. Military.history (U /OU)
The Creeks are proud of their 2,N)0.*ycar Itistom
During the period 1821 -29 they fought the War of
ludepeudence to gain freedan) front the Ottoman
Empire. That struggle is.comnketnorated annually on
25 March. Greek armed forces actively participated in
World Wars I and IL During World War 1, when the
country was divided over the issue of remaining
rlcutrtl or intervening, the Allies exerted pr�rure oil
the le.iucr of the neettrality faction. King Constantine,
find forced hint to abdicate,. On 2 Jnly 11417 Greece
officially entered the war on the side of the Allies. The
following mininler, 230,000 Greek troops', the largest
Allied centinget)t, took part in the Niacc(lonimi
offensive which culminated in the capitulation of
Bulga-ta nil 30 September 1918.
The interwar period one of great instability
during which the military establishment w;ks involve(i
in six attempted and four r:umcssful Cotips,.tbe latter
being staged in 1922, 1923, 1926, and 1936.
In 1940, when Italy invades) Greece from Albania.
the Creek forces mobilized rapidly au;d drove the
better equipped Italian troops back into Albania. The
gallant action of the dictator Metaxas on 28 October
19'9, when he rejected an Italian snrrender
::itimatum, is still celebrated in Greece its Okhi or
"No" Day. Germany invaded Creece on 6 April 19.11
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arid defeated the Greek fences within :3 weeks_ T tic 4
scan of occOpalion by Axis fofees that F611mve d vas a
Ik�riod OF 1wrwetitiort and extreiinc hardship for the
Greeks. Military IMS01111el Who tnamtgcd to get Gut of
Greece were .formed into rnililary u0its anti Fought
ivell ender British command ill North Africa and Italy.
British forms liberated Grecce from Axisoecupalion
in 1$il�lr Within 2 years the`Cre�eks were crigaged in the
bloody gliMilla war (19I[i -11 agaeitnsl C CnnrmtrinSt-
supported. leftwhig clemenns (if their own population,
Major forces of the Communist guerrillas finally were
defeated in the Cranirnos' and Vitsi monnlains, while
survivirn smight whige in the bordering Communist
crronlrics.
From 1951 to 19 55 Orbits Of the Greek forces
lxirticipaled effectively ire Korea mider tile Uuiied
Nations G pill rrtaucl,
The modern llcllc0ic Arm is said to have
originated (111611; the B illkut }fines of 11)12 13.
Successes in these wars against Turkey and Btligaria
gave the Greeks touch rrccdeal couiidrnec %vllich.
lira-ever, eas itsAL 'arlN' in World War 1 because KiOg
Constantine was r6irctant to cYbtnmit the ,irrtfy to
camhat. In 191:3, t'ee Allies persuaded the Creeks to
dcinobili-xe their army, .tied by 1917 the Creek military
establishment lead vanished except for a small force in
the I'cloponrxwns. After the abdication of King
Constantine on I I ]tine 1917. the Greeks mixed an
army which look part ire the 1918 \laccdoniatt
offensive. bi the 1xucc sclllemcnl after World %%'ar I,.
Greece� wax pivot an area aronaid Izmir Turkey, which
the Creeks some lost in a disastrous campaign ag;alnst
the rejo'c.aated 'Turkish Army. 'Phis was tiie I lellenic
Army"% last action until the'italians invaded Greece in
19.10. The Gmck victory Over the Italians in this
emumniler is retnembered wills pride, whereas the
incrnory of the Axis occupation w hich followed left a
deep bitterness, particularly toward lite Bulgarians.
'I'lic gfierrilla war provided the occasion for
reconstituting the Ilellenic' Army as a major force.
Miring [lie course of the war, the s iner eased its
combat capabilities nl:dc+r the close gilidalim and
;issislance of U.S. officers. Organisation, composition.
;lied perunnel strength since Iba varied somewhat to
invel changing threats to the sceurity of the nation.
T'hc history of the }-lellenic Navy as an .organized
naval for'le has its roots in the revolntiun of 1821. In
this straggle for independence (lie Creek naval fore
proved itself indispetlsahle for victory over the Turks.
lit the Balkan War% (1912 -13), the navy again was
instrumental in the defeat of Turkev. The nave saw
rkor diacrifics uu bluer rurntey wV dir 61 of place n:unes sit the
rntl of [ill% cleapirr.
liltic action in %Pored War l, herb during Wo rld War 11.
�hilt operating as au :rein of the British Roy;al'Mivy, it
e0mpiiled art e�wellcul fighling recohl despite major
losses. The navy showed nit offet spirit attd a
Willing
uess tit take risks in its desire to enkagc the
eriennv. This was particularly eseniplifit'd tlltring Iliv
early monllis of tiro struggle, when the Greek de m ruyer
forc�r carried oitt sewerul daririg raids into the loner
Adriatic Sea and on a member of occasions, bombarded
CrI Show Ixisitions. T navy derives Thous o its
traditions from the British Royal Mwy wh ich
imparted to the Creeks some of the spirit of a fi:,t
daSe aggressive, confident iiaval power..
The liellenic Air Force had its bcginrtiii! at Larisa
in September 1912, v}ten the first aWraft squadron
Was establis Aircraft from this mIzeadlon acre irsed
ore a limited %vale for rec and ohscn
duriiig the Balkan Wan. 1 ?arly in 1914, with the
assist of a British naval naissiorn, a Greek u:r d
avi: lion service vas established. Political itrstabililY
made the rewrition of the airarm difficult, beet ill Nlay
19m tilt: Ih -Henie Air Sen�iee vas dividexl into tvu
seIMMIe sec6011s. One section, :rltue�hed to the armv
live :Otte (lie Boyal I lellenic Arm} Air Force (RI IAA F)
aide] the other section, attached to the navy, becauu
thc. 'Royal IlRllenic Naval Air Service 01IINAS).
During the Crcce)- Turkish %%'ar(1919 -22), the 1111AAF
operated three mixed squadrons which gave the army
close support anti also atlaeked Turkish Ims'eN. By
Septembei 19 ?2 the Greek air services We:e nO longer,
e ffective fighting forcer because of the denial of
logklic support by the Allies_ A peace treaty
everilually ww signeu between Grecce ;and Rickey oil
2.1 July 1923, and on ..2$ March 192.1 Greece
proclaimed itself a republic. The word "Royal" was
dropped and the air see ices Immunle the Ilclleoic
Artily Air Force (IIAAF) and the ffelieiiie Laval Air
Stn -im (II14AS), Ire Ma 1931 the I1AAF and IINAS
vcre: antalgamated into [lie Hellenic Air Force which
became au� independent arm ender t1w rlir Ministry.
On 3 November 193.5, tilt morturchy w,is restored, anti
.tire air urmf becanic tic loyal llellcrtic Air morn_
(111101. D eering the Italian invasion iel 19.40 the �r
force defti"I air sulx riority to the ru mericall salletior
Italian Air Forge. Following the Gernbarl exrtap:alion
of Greece, 501"me stir force p m o n nri escaped to North
Africa, where they were trained :,nd r1.- etiiripped by tilt
British for subsequent air operations in the
Mediterranean area. lluring the_ guerrilla war the
effective support of 9-oural qw- atiuns by the air force:
contributed greutly to restitation of order.
The British equipped and trained We armed forces
tutil 1947, when the 'United States asstnnet) these
responsibilities. British clementx then withdrew
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gradually and terminated t hei r assista nce ill 19-52. 'Hie
Unites! States has mairltainecl thesole military ntissiou
ill Crecce. siuce that lime.
Oil 21 Aliril 1967, a junta, led by ]hose army
officers, took crmtnel of the goverrmlerit of Greece
(FIgure 1). The junta Ica derswere Brig. Gen. Sit v till rtos
Pattakos, Col. George i'apadoponlos, and col.
Nikolaus Makarezos; all assumed important
ministerial lwsitions in the Greek Govemintent. Col.
Papadoll+oulos liecarne ,litmster to the 1'rirnc Minister,
Col. htakarezos VlinisteE of Coordination, :rid Gen,
Pattakos ,linister of Interior. Tfic air force and itavv
historically pro- ]lo errnceded to ie;elta eeteltrol.
Where followed a series of retirements, transfers,
diSMitisals, and' ltronlotinus of officers of. the awned
forces and parumilit:iry forces. These changes had a
very unsettling effect oil tile discipline and morale of
the (officer strlretme of these forces.
On 13 December 1967 Kiug Constantine 11 called
for the overthrow of the military jemla. 'I'lie King
counted on strong support from the army Mud the
people, but within 24 hoofs the attempled revolt was
crushed, the King and his family had fled into exile in
Rome, and the junta's grit} oil Greeds was tightened,
In Athens, tilt- military leaders stripped the King of his
powers and replaced him with a liegent to act as Chief
of State; Col. Papadolxmlos assumed Ilse additional
duties of Prime Minister and ,Minister of National
Defense, 'fiat- air force art(! navy sided. with tht- King
while the army remained the staunch supporter of (lie
Junta, As a result, the arm) strengthened its already
dominant lxesition among; the armed forces and
emerges] as the most potent political force in Greece,
There followed ;mother series of retircntertts.
dismissals, transfers, and prornotious. 1 'hc term
Royal" was dropped from the names of the uavyand
air force in December 1968.
A sweeping, reorganization of the Crcck Govern-
Anent took place on 26 August 1971; the reshuffle
FIGURE 1. Tanks guarding defense headquarters during
21 April coup (C)
increased the loenonal power of Prime Minister
Papaclopordos, Oil 21 March 1972 the liegerit, Cell.
George 7,oitakis, who hued [)cell serving ilk that role
since the King's exile, was dismissed and his duties
were assumed by fir. Papadopoulos, thereby fur`lier
cOresolidating his one -tnau rrlle. Following the
abortive navy mutiuv uf.latc IMay 1973, (lie arrl,y-
backed regim Pa
e of hlr. pudOpoulos declared the
dethrmicinenl of King Constantine and the
establishulenl of a presidential republic with Mr.
1 1, 1padoponlos :1:: provisional president. Revisions Wert-
preparrd to the 1968 Constitution and were approved
by plebiscite on 29 July. The plebiscite included a
provisimi appointing ,%Ir. 1 as President
of the new Republic until 1981: I'he revised
constitution grants hoth executive and legislative
powers tee the President in matters of national defense.
On 2:3 November clumenls of the am ed forces
backed by the 1114litary police deposed Mr.
Papadopoulos in a bloodless coup. Causes contribut-
ing to the coup were the taruished, intage of the arney,
Corruption in the goverrnnent, ec1101nic instability,
student demonstrations causing the imposition of
martial law, and general feeling ill the officer ranks
that Mr. Paliadopoulos bud betrayed the original
ideals of the 1967 Revolution. one of the first actions
undertaken by the new govermisent, headed by Geri.
Phaidoa Gizikis -who was installed as't'lesidcrit of [lie
Creek Republic, w.;s the indefinite postponement of
national elections scheduled by Mr. Papildopoulas fog
Nitay 1971:
2. Command structure (C)
Control of the arnied forces is exercises] by the
President as Chairman of the Saprer ^c National
Defense Council through tilt- Contrnander of the
Supreme. Hellenic. Armed Forces Command (Figure
2). The Supreme National Defense Council
determines military policy on the national level and
selects the. Conmander, Hellenic Armed Forces-
Command and the cemmariders of the three services.
This Council is composed of the President (chairman);
the Deputy Prime Minister; the Ministers of National
Defense. roreign Affairs, and Interior; and the
Commander, Supreme Hellenic Armed Forces.
.Command. The eieuncil selects the C:Onunander,
Serptrine Hellenic Armed Forces Command on the
recommendation of the Minister of National Defense;
the selection of army, navV, and air force coonrnanders
on recommendation of the Commander, Supreme
Hellenic Armed Forges Commarlcf; and the selection
of commanders of internal security forces, fire service,
and the port officer corps, on wcoin mend ation of [lie
appropriate minister.
3
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The Minister of National Defense is selected by and
responsible to the President for control and
administrution of the armed forcros and implementa-
tion of naiional d efen se po licy as. established b y the
government. The Suprein Armed forces Couneil
consists of the Commander, Supreme Hellenic Armed
Forces Command, who presides, and the Commanders
of the Hellc tic Army, Hellenic Navy. and Hellenic Air
Force. Appropriate Councils' Secretariats are
established for the army and navy and are presided
over by their commanders. These councils deal
primarily with assignments, prointotiuns, and'
organization.
The Supreme Hellenic Armed Forces Command is
the highest echelon of the armed forces and the organ
assisting the Minister of National Defense in .ire
execution of his duties. The Commander, 5voreme
Hellenic Armed Forces Command adsism time
Minister of National Defense and the govemonent in
general on defense matters. He it responsible to the
Minister of. National Defense for orgunization,
training, and gencml preparation of the arm-M forces
for war. The commander is assisted by a joint staff,
consisting of officers of the three armed services and
the commanders of the three armed services.
B. Joint activitie.:
1. Military rtlanpewer (C)
It is estimated that on 1 Januury 1974 then: will be
approximately 2,215,000 males in Greece between the
ages of 15 and 49; of this number, approximately 80%
4'
will be physically fit for military Service., Voluoteer
Iilitary uge is 17 %�cars; c: onscdption aye is 18 years;
altltougim ox� mscripts are being irldlictcw! ;it age 21. The
numb,r cif Creek males liv 3 -vr.ar age groups is shown
in the following tahulation:
Torr AL MAXIMUM
tii)Atueft UStuLA For ton
Acs OF MALES MILrrAllY SERVICE
15.10 .7 3,1YJ0 340,000
20 -24 343,000 300
313,000 270,000
30 -34 28$,000 240,000
3a40 312,000 240,000
40 -44 308,000 215,000
AN 49 27 8.000 175
Total, 15.49 2,215,000 1,780,000
It is estimated that an average of about 74.000
trial(!s will reach military age (I8) annually during time
loeriod 19 ?4 through ty78. Appnoxima 52,000 are
inducted annually in quarterly increments.
Moraic in the awned forces is good. The average
conscript is in good physical ct)ndition and conside
his military service i patriotic duty. The potential for
Subvc-rsion is kept at a ni by. careful
preindnction screening for possible C,oininiilrlist
sympathizers. Men considered unreliable are assigned
to nomensitive positions, ;told attempts a re made to
reorient them politically. All members of the armed
forces receive anti -C n imunist indo ctrinatio n
regularly. Although the technical experience and
nlechanical aptitude of G L0nl5CriptS W e l oa and
constitute major problems, technicians and nmecharlic
are competent when trained and take great pride in
their work. The policy of the present regime to install
projunta junior ufficem as "watchdogs". oil military
staffs and in units with direct reporting channels tot the
Junta leaders has created an atrl`10splrcre of distrust
and suspicion. The air force was demoralized as a
result of its support of the King's unsucovssful
countercoup in December 1967. Air force units at all
levels'carried out the orders issoud by higher echelons
without questioning their political origin. Wing and
squadron commanders unfortunate enough to have
been on duty during this confusing per'imd were
relieved of their commands for carrying out "illegal
u.rders". Despite these problems, the nationalist
minded Creels would quickly form a united front and
shelve personal ditfercne" in the event of external
aggression.
Despite the major personnel shifts and retirements
since the successful coup of April 1961, the
effectiveness of the army and air force has not been
unduly redisced. The new commanders and staff
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officers are predant ilia till y nationur'stic and arcs
competent. professiamal, and well trained. From April
1967 to September 1968 some 400 officers (lieutenant
colonelJcomnr,ttider and above) were involuntarily
relined or dismissed from service. Many of these
officers were well trained and had attended the NATO
Defense College in Rome, had served on a
multinational NATO staff, or had received formal
military schmiling or training ill the United States. In
the same rank category, %veil over 60 officers now on
:active duty have attended the NATO Defense College
and /or served on a multinational NATO stuff; noire
than 4W [lave receivcd.fornal military schooling or
training; in the United States. 'rite armed forces
Temporarily lost some of their effectiveness.wvitile new
annmanders adjusted to new personnel, ntisssioris,
status cif eCtmipment. and cirnmand policies. During
the naval mutiny of late May 1973, many ship
Commanders were arrested Causing a serious reduction
in the Navy's capabilities that will take sometime to
correct.
Most of [lie men entering the arin,.j lerees each
year are conscripts, Percentages of pe.sonnel obtained
through conscription by service are: army 92%, navy.
60 and stir furce.62%. Conscription teams composed
of military officers visit local communities, evaluate
Potential conscripts, and assign them to service
branches. Conscripts are inducted in quarterly drafts;
maximum numerical strength is achieved during; the
first month of each quarter. Thereafter, there is a
progressiye monthly decline because of releases for
compassionate, medical, and budgetary reasons.
Educational and occupational deferments are
recognized. The normal active duty tour is 24 months,
but it can be extended to 30 months for technically
,skilled men. Upon discharge from active duty all
service members join a first echelon inactive reserve.
until age 40 and thereafter a second- eclieion reserve
until uge 30. Records of all persons to I 3 recalled are
inaintained with their mobilization areas, The
nationwide ,system for reserve. mobilization apcnates
very- effectively... Tile inactive reserve is currently
estimated at 300,001 men.
2. Strength trends (S)
The overall personnel s!tengths of [lie armed forces
have gradually increased singe 1964. Strength of tile
army varies from month to month because of the
influx and attrition of conscripts but total strength
cxintinues in an upward trend. Personnel strength of
the navy and air force is leveling off: Cendarmere
personnel strength inereused significantly in 1967 from
18,700 to 24,000; as shown in Figure 3.
S
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3. Training (C)
The Greek arned forces have received training
assistance from the United States since 1817. The joint
United Stitt-, Military Aid Gmup, C -m-m; ()US41r1C;G),
is C- ompose of artily, navy, and air force sections.
(:reek military training reflects strong U.S. influence,
and the Greek service schools employ methods and
curriculum patterned after those of their U.S.
connterparts. Each year a substantial number of navy
and air forcx! officers attend service schools in the
United States or henefit from orientation or
observation tours iit the United State-., West Germany,
and Fr
atiC k!.
Triservice combined exercises have been limited to
NATO- direch nianctivers, joint army �navy sinall-
scale amphibiow; exercises are conducted periodically.
Tr7iservicY, seliemis include the National Defense
College. Athens; joint Staff Officers Course,
Thessaloniki; joint Cooperation School, I.arisa
:Airfield and tht! joint Atomic, Biological, and
Chemical Warfare Seltool. Flevsis Airfield. The
National Defense College is tasked with providing
common doctrine on national and international
sitategy, and it is the final school in an offie is
education, its strident body is drawn from all three
services, as swell as [lie police. government officials,
and the Gcn6armeric.
Greece provides military assistant-, in the form of
training to personnel from Cameroon, E :thiopia.
Jordan, Ubya, Sudan, Tunisia, and Uganda; all such
training; is conducted in Greece.
4. Military budget (C)
The Greek military budget is prepared in the
Ministry of National. Defense based on estimates of
expenditures submitted by the service commanders
and in coordination with the Ministers of Finance and
National Economy. This budget and the Gendarmerie
budget (prepared 11a the Ministry of Public Order) are
Consolidated into the defense budget and submitted to
the Prime Minister.and Council of Ministers for review
and approval. Since the April 1967 coup and the
suspension of the padiumentary:system, ail budgets
have been approved by decree.
Greek defense expenditures since 1968 have ranked.
first among major categories of expenditures. During
recent yeas, they averaged about 23% of the central
government expenditures and 5.2% of the gross
national product (GNP). The annual increases in
defense expenditures tite period 1968 through 1972
averaged over 13%.. 'Details us to the allocation of
funds to the armed forces on n service basis are not
available. However, an a functional basis costs have
been averuging around 43% for personnel, 50% for
operations avid maintenance.; and 7% for major

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FIGURE 3. Greek armed farces personnel strength (S)
1966 1967 leas
116,000 116,400 120,200
18,200 17,500 17,,00
23,400 23,050 22,500
18,700 2.1,000 24,000,
175,300 181,850 194,400
IDail 1070
Ii0,ab11 115,400
17,7011 1e7,700
22,000 21,70D
24,000 24,000
1110,300 .178,800
Dye
1071 1972 1073
115,000 117,1100 ..118,100
17,700 17,700 16,000
21,000 21,9(."0 20,1100
24,000 24,000 24,W0
177,700: 180,1011 179,906
FIGURE 4. Defense expenditures MO
WiWons of U.S. dollars)*
1 966
tees
Army
115, 009
115,600
NurY............
18,704
18,150
Airforce.........
21,500
22,800
Gendarmerie......
20,300
18,700
talat..........
175,500
175,230
1966 1967 leas
116,000 116,400 120,200
18,200 17,500 17,,00
23,400 23,050 22,500
18,700 2.1,000 24,000,
175,300 181,850 194,400
IDail 1070
Ii0,ab11 115,400
17,7011 1e7,700
22,000 21,70D
24,000 24,000
1110,300 .178,800
Dye
1071 1972 1073
115,000 117,1100 ..118,100
17,700 17,700 16,000
21,000 21,9(."0 20,1100
24,000 24,000 24,W0
177,700: 180,1011 179,906
FIGURE 4. Defense expenditures MO
WiWons of U.S. dollars)*
1077
1908
1969
1070
1071
1972
Past.
Defense cxpendi :ures ...............366.7
425.4
473.6.
515.9
537.0
000.0
Defense. a4 percent of central govern
went expenditures....... :1.tt
SP.R
PY.9
43.1
23.0
f ;.6
Defense as percent of Gail'. 4.8
5.1
4..?
3.0
5.3
4.5
*Converted nt the exchange rate of 30 drachmas equal U"I .00.
provaremen and const ruction. Annu defense
expe nditures for the period 1968 through 1972 and
estimated defense expenditures for 1913 are shown in
Figuic 4.
5. E ;'onomie support and logistics (C)
Greece has little ilidustnal capability. to produce
materiel for its armed forces. Although agriculture is
the largest sector cf the economy, the muntry is not
self- sufficient in food production: Domestic manufac-
turing, is largely devoted to the production of basic
co nstuner goods, but also includes iron and crude steel.
aluminum, cement, chemicals, and some petroleum
products. Except for bauxite. Greece suffers from a
general paucity of natural resollrocs and must import
raw materials and crude ail; additionally. some
petroleum products and all capital goods are.
imported.
Domestic output in direct support of the armed
forces is limited to a few types of ammunition and
some quartermaster type supplies. All weapons au:t
other materiel are imported, and the United Stales,
through its Military Assistance Program, has been
Greece s principal Source of materiel. For fiscal years
(FY) 19.E through FY 1972 equipment valued at
USS2,067 million was delivered under MAP, of which.
US$I,532 million vas. provided as grant aid. Greece
sous also purchased materiel from West Germany,
France, and other WesternEuropean countries.
The �supreme Hellenic Armed Forces Command
monitors logistical operations, coordinates and
processes logistical requirements, and prepares studies
to improve the logistics system of the urmecl forces. It
is specifically responsible for logi plans and Surveys,
transport For the armed forces, logistical support of
amphibious operations, niedicll care for the armed
forces, logistical c%ercises, supply requirements of I
armed forces (and the civilian population iu wartime),
and fulfilling requirements for new weapons hiibions ships:
Major cotnhatant:
Destroyers (DU) 10
Destroyer escorts (DE) 4
submarines (SS) 3
Antisubmarine submarines (SSK) 4
Patrol
Large guided missile boats (PTF C) 4
Fast patrol. boats IYYF) 12
Motor Amiboacl MNI) 3
.Mille warrant;
Coastal atinelot em (NIMC)......... 2
CcsFta! lnint'Weepem (NISC) 20
Aiiuphiblons warfare:
Dock landing ship (LSD) 1
Tank gadding ships (I.ST) 0
Medium landing shins (LSM) 5
[is addition. the navy has .35amphibious warfare: craft,
19 auxiliaries, and 34 service craft- Most of the
Cortlhataot ships are based at Salamis.
Penollnel strength is about, IG OM (2,050 officers,
178 rnidshiprrlen, 4,630 petty officer~, anti 10,022
sc�anlen). of whom, 81'b are aysigned to the operating
forges and 10% to various schools and to units havint;
support ro!es,
A nationwide system for ntobilivation of reserve
forces exists a d appears to o ver effectivvly.
During; the November M7 Crcece Turkey confronts-
tion over Cyprus, a, telephone alert was initiated,
during; which navy reservists were advisal to prepare
for return to active duly: In the next 12 hours, 62 of
the 12,(100 -man reserve force had !,cell vont
most of the minainder were at sea in the nterchaut
marine. Of significlince: is the fact that most reservists
L'Ontacted were within I -hour travel distance. from
their designated mobilization buses, It is estimated
that about 27,UIX) navy ri�g mars and reservists could Ile
available for ditty by M +12 hours, 26,700 by M +24
hours, and 32,600 by M +30 days'(iticluding. about
�1,900 rnen in [lie Purt Officers C Reserve training
is dependent upon the availability elf funds. Usually
not more thair 200 its 300 reservists receive active duty
training in any one year. The llellenic Navy huts lien
reserve fleet as such, although a 1111m11er of ships arc
maintained in a all
Vor eurrcut; drtaiW irdonnatien; arc the Autanwrrd a Varal
Order of itattle (Sillk Vldnate V. 'Vuvdl Forcer 1 n[elligener Study,
and :1![lftany lnlclligrnre summary, all publi4led hg, the D dense
Iniciligenm Arency,
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CanEl idates. for the ;IVadCrrt an' Selreted I)r
colttprlitivt cxaulirtu[iisn and from appliWllts w�hls
have graduutrd from appropriate c*t)tleges. Ilniver-
siticS, or profes %iomil schouls. About 250 cachets attend
tfle MW;ll Acadcillr 0�;i9are I I Gradua(vs mnA Sen�e
m
[(or 12 )cars, Iit addition to the s(aodartl -1-year course
for diva l cadets the acadelmv also offers 1- �ear
courses for V0.LSt g13ar aild sl iplllp rl(ficers..a ild a l
year Ixtstgradwite cosirse for rutvyenginveritlg+:fficers.
horeigu students may Also atlerid the Hellenic Naval
Acadernv. Diiriiig 15M a totuil of 5-1 studeu(s (thre
from IstWopia, (tile from Cameroon, and the
a R
i. nlailling W d iv"lled atttollt jordarl, I'nilisial, atold
Li bya) vUCllded the aeadeilly.
The navy %s underwater demolition training is
FIGURE 12. Five naval units (Greek (OD16), Italian,
Turkish, and U1.) visiting Kalamai during the
couduclod v.1 the Kamlellopoulos Trainleig Choler at
-U.K.,
NATO Naval On -Call Farce Mediterranean exerdse
SIi mUiEC i I' r to ron lE nand e r.
(ions, antiaircraft geiluterv, ship -to- shore movements.
N cadelny; 4 -year course for
Naval Acadcnty Naval
and rvNeling; at sea. NATO exercises includ
Piraeus line, staff carts, nud cngilleerint�
officer cad ets. Fore studen
simulation of ollditiuns dtirint the tint t days of a
may also attend.
AppeentiL (BQ.%. 3 -}tar basic and specialist training
School for prospective petty officers in
Foros gunnery, engineering, navigation,
and general education (high school
c'rluivalent Q -vent course avail
AA
able to selected seamen.
Pala4as Training N21-lR400n, gunnrry, and communi
r.
l `l!
Center catians.
Skaratnanleas
s
Kannellopoulos Englnveriag. electrical Engineering.
i
Training Centcr torpedo; sonar, diving. and under
Skarnnlangas w ater demolition.
Amphlbiaus Training 5 -week course for offlecrc, patterned
Center after courses of U.S. ?Marine Corps;
Skarmminps
Submarine School All submarine training.
Salamis
Dockyard 'technician 4 -yr lr courses for enlisted men in
FIGURE 11, cadets stand a formation at the
School technical trades,
.Naval
Naval Academy (U /OU)
Salamis
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Except. for past* crew training oil the new German
inchide. Ile navrll shilovarti, slapply detxit, arnrnuni
built SSK's and on the F rench bmilt PTFG's, out of
country training is co aductal in the United States.
[ion sturigc, ail(l gencr:e! stuns. 111su. u.'ail ihle at
Salamis an f >ter.
21
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Air force operational units acs as follows:
Atm 1oRIZ6D
NmwExs AND TYPES N0,114:14 OF
OF U-NM AmcuAF r TYPES ArtiCnA17
I All- weather Interceptor F -10 18
squadron
2 Interceptor day fighter r-5A /B 16
squadrons
2 Fighter-bomber (striko) F /1'F_I04G 10
squadrons
4 Fighter- bomber attack) F- 851�', F -5A /B IS
squadrons
i Fighter-bomber (attack) F-84F 25
training squadron
A Tactical. reconnnissance RIN RF -84F 18
squadrons
2 Air transport squadrons 0117, Noradas 16
I Air transport training C-47 lt3
FIGURE i 6. A usin AB-205 trelico fee (tJ OtJ)
9 P 1
squadron
1 Maritime patrol squad- HU-16B l
hasic lechnical training. In addition. tile 31st ATC:
ron
I HcIicaptcr squadron Bell 47C, UH -19, AB- 28
offers professional officer vdacation through the Air
209, AB -205 (Figure 16)
War 0)l1ege, in Athens. and colidncts specialized
I SAM Group (Nike)
tec hnical training in subject areas such as intelligence,
l'll all -weather Intl'reepinrs are l ocated at Tana �;ra
n4v igation, and .6r, triffic control. Greek off cem
Airhase; the interceptor day fighter squadrons are
professional officer education courses at the
l ocutet! at ;flea An :I1r11:15('; iiEx +fight er- I.nrttlur
USAF Air Universih, Maxwell Air Force Rase,
strike squadron is at Ianagra Airbasc and the other is
111ah ari l a.
at Aruxus rlirharc; two fighter-bo attack
"mscripb. who eYns[itute about ti? of liit total
silttadnins arc at Soudhi( Airbasc, Carte: one al
personnel: are given 60 class of basic niihiary training
Avdravidha Airhase, anti. one at Nea Ankhiuho
after which, Kane .irc assigned to units. as unskilled
Airhase; [lie fighter-buinber attack training squadrort
helpers. Others are selected on the basis esf ap litrfde for
i a t I.aris:r Air 'Ti tvo tactical reconaiaissaiice
advanced' training a nd re ceive il to 5 nlonths, of
specialized, le chi ica l, or ;rdntinistrative instruction.
squadr are based at l.ari flit. two tr
At. any given time the 31st ATC has about 1,$110
squadrons and the maritime putnrl squadron any at
r ecruits in t raini ng. Noncommissioned off icer
l.Icvsis Airhase: the air transport training squadnnt 11%
(NCO 's) rexvive their m i l it ary trainin at th e `C:0
at Sc*dcs Airb:tse; the ll cliC Yf pter squ is at Taloi
rlcadctnr at Tatoi :lirbasa.This school is the prifilar.
Airlasc.`
Th air force reserve rc irlslsts (1 an inactive fgiCl (i
Sottrce (If caree NCO's and, provides the NCO trainee
about 10,{7W mcm Which is replc(lisltcd by discharged
a 2 -near course in theorctical,,praeticatl, and specialist
conscripts and resen'c officers: About 7.000 of. these
subjects. Appmximatcl 650 C( }'s are in the
reservists could be mobilized in an emergcncy(tnd this
academy at and� one imc and. of this number, 5W are
number is considered adequate to meet air force needs:
speci a lizing i n tcchnicu fields. ;1? in administrative
The rclsrrve service conintiinlent varies: the conscripts
subjects, and 50 in aircrew training.
arc obligated for 3 rears, while the offi(TM are
Almost all HAM officers recrive their vottimissions
cclmmitted for varying terms depending uputi their
from the Hellenic Air Academy at Tutoi Airhu�e.
speciality. All fining personnel, however, must remair,
Civilians who m, sticciiel skills atld selcctcci l'C:C?'s
In tIIC reserve 1]011) lilitll age
are ma d e' mi ..a witlln(ft (ltt t }le
academy, but they constitute onl a small percrntagC
3. Training
of the officer corps and. seldom pnlgress aho I
company grade. The ac:dcm} parvides 1 -year
Th 31st Air .Training Command (ATC) is
catirse of isiLdrnCtion graduates are corninission as
re possible for all uir force training except for
second lieutenant~ and incur a 20 -year. ser+icc
Operational unit-training. Tile HAFC is. self
commitnic.nt us opposed to a 5-your crirninitment for
in basic inilitary training. pilot training, English
reservists. Of the 380 eadets in a elass, approxiieiatek
language training (except truining of instructors), and
7,.5% receive flying training clewing their -I veam at the
22
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academy and will he Fully qualified aviators when
swstcrn :Intl a Zr1 "1't. pipeline is Irsed to diai,iitia.l' I't }I
f
Illcy graduate.
to the operatif,llal airbases.
1'lyEng (m i n in g Starts it tl h: s tear at t
Air fo logi stic sll l)l H trt Iti Masud oil :1 urte�
ac tl ur iItg. whic l ittle tali! Cadets receive
approximately l7ll[lafS 1I) the I -tl propeller primary
syslcul Willi th re e primary :functional areas supply,
traine at Ta loi Ai r ba se. t. xtdets are introd to jet
rttainteuauce� and� anuliunitiorl storage. "f ile .30t Air
a du ri n g their third %car, when tile% xceive 96
Mate C`,onu!iand pr tilt' logistic,sul)purt and
fl yi ng hour- ill the r b a si c jet, trainer. 1 M i rth Vcar
Ili inter l live ll ln) lJg l1 t11�() componval units
4 -adeis c Yltilln(! th ir trl ining in tile �C a dvaitceli jet
li l t 20l st S tipp ly D epot and the 202d Ma i n icnattee
trainer (87 hou Each .phase of jet training is
I ?epol. both located at Palainn Faliron Airbase. 'rite
C"fi at Kul aniaiAlrha s e, the main pilol (rtinilig
201st Supply Depot carries out slipp flincliolls Wil
base, and consumes iipproxinlately one-half cr t ilt
'fourth
talc' ass itil:lEtCc of fllitlof :111 \iliary f( lcl l il'It s. Stoc
and y ears, res)&lively. Postgrsdualc
fl ying training; is io within tilt: \titia
hala nm an col som ption r ates '.Ire rnilllaged With the
using USAF guidelines. The training program, rated as.
:tail of :in IBM .369 /2(1 cY,m1)utt -r systuifl that aids ir)
excellent by U.S. airs r pro vides between 230 -240
reducing :alrCrift oid-of cinnlllission little by providing
ho ur- of v eariy flyin tittle. S o m e ullits fall below Illis
ryllicker resIvonse to field re(piests. for spare pa The
figure hecatoe of low. a ir craft a va il abi lity rate
202 Mltirltellallfx' Depot ill .c'o Wi ale
Th IIAl�C prov i des' fl ybig :Int technical training
2&2d Slate Aircraft Factory, Atltitiai performs
for foreign air fo rcti' pers 41mel at the Air Avadcniy.
(I c.'pot Eescl E11:IIIlte11111lc!! for c ;1g1I10i, elCCt and
F orei gn students receive :an intensive Creek langt
oth erl- onipuncilts f or all liAl 'Cuire rl ll esc'e El F -5
course before beginning t technical training.
and F -IWG. Com ponent .ov erhaul for th ese two
Currently, a total of 2 -1 students front the Sudan,
aircraft is accomplished at Nea Ankltialos and
Jordan. Libya, Ug anda, and Tunisia are ultendit tIlC
Tilna};ri AlCltaSe, WI1Cn Itlajnf stflStructural repairs are
at.�ade111V.
The lnajnr :tie fore. srhnols and locutiirns are W;
rt'ciuircd, the 202d provides personnel to both airbuses.
follows:
farts which any beyond .the air force capability to
repair are re tt;nled to the United St. -ties through the
�Sa100LAM) LocxnoN ls@1rARILS.
201 IIl1I) D epot: 13crutiuc nraiutcuanve is pntvicicd
Air War College Professional military education
such operational -is by' urgarli�r llional and field
Athens course for senior officers. Officers
niainteliance suits. T he (vntral aininunition de p ot is
from all three: services attend.
located at the arloy s hlegaru Airfield Willi auxiliary
Air Academy 4-year course for regular officer
�Tatoi Airbasc candidntos; provides basic officer
facilities at operational aiihases.
training and flying training;
A national aircraft maintenance facility for boll
graduates commis as see.
military and civil aircraft is to lie constructed at
and liculensnts; provides flying
Tanagra Airbase hnl, clue t cfclups in cYlntrlct
and technical training for forei
gci;otiatiuns, is still :(t !cast three yc:lrs front
students.
complelian. As currc`nlly cYinceived, the facility, it) be
I\CO Academy 2 course Arriitgh school grad
Tatoi Atrbaso antes and selected conscripts;.
flamed tilt 11eHenir AcnnpaCr Industry, will perf irin
Provides practical and technical
maintenance. overhaul, and repair for'llic air force
military training
and would solicit hlis inetis fnml civil airlines in file
Haste Training Center 00 -day, basic milita training
region. 'ril futi would take uve.r tile. responsibilities
Araxos Alrbasa course; various specialincd, tech
of the Stale Aircraft Factory which will he phased out.
nie:tI, anti administrative courses
last up to 5 months; about 1.8W
conscripts attend at any one time
F. Paramilitary forces .(S)
commu"Icatiol s. and Course length varies depending on
Electronics School electronics system being studied;
Tllcrc arc two paramilitary. forces �thc Creek
Kavouri Airbase provides detailed technical traiit
Cendarrncric; which was established in 183.3 and. until
ing for air force rnaintenarroe
after World War E was the only late enforcement btidy
technicians.
in Greece, and alts National Guard Battalions. a
4. Logistics
atiIiliu type� orgalliraliion formed in 1948 tc assist the
iirmy and Cities Police (Figure 2) in maintaining
The HAFC is almost entirely .dependent upon
internal security. These forces are Important adjuncts
foreign sources for aircraft and aviation supplies, The
to the maintenance of internal sp.cari[y, particularly in
NATO Supple Center, in Athens, has provided rudur
Nike
the area bordering tin Albania, Bulgaria, and
equipment, pellicles, and suppi)rl for tilt- missile
Yugoslavia.
2.4
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1. Creek Gendarmerie
The Greek Genda_: aerie is responsible f