NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 13A; EAST GERMANY; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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X111 I 1 I.11 11&ff/
5.
4
W ARNING
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tions are:
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East
GERMANY
CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes the geographic coverage
in the General Survey dated February 1970.
A. General
1
1. Topography
2
2. Climate
2
B. Military geographic region
4
C. Strategic areas
8
1. Saxony
8
2. East Berlin
11
D. Internal routes
13
E. Approaches
13
1 Land
13
2 Sea
15
3 Air
16
CONMENTUL
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FIGURES
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Location and comparative areas
Fig. 11
Magdeburg photo)
11
(map)
1
Fig. 12
Erfurt (photo)
11
Fig. 2
Terrain map)
3
Fig. 13
East Berlin strategic area (map)
12
Fig. 3
Village in northern plains photo)
4
Fig. 14
East Berlin photo)
12
Fig. 4
Steep, forested slopes along Elbe
Fig. 15
Strategic areas, internal routes, and
(photo)
4
approaches (map)
14
Fig. 5
Rolling interior of the Harz (photo).
5
Fig. 16
Multiple border obstacles along
Fig. 6
Village in the Erzgebirge (photo)
5
Berlin wall photo)
15
Fig. 7
Climatic factors (nap and graphs)
6
Fig. 17
Checkpoint at Berlin wall photo)
15
Fig. 8
Elbe in southern East Germany
Fig. 18
Fi 19
Fig.
Internal routes table)
Boundaries table
table)
17
19
(photo)
7
Fig. 20
Land approaches (table)
20
Fig. 9
Saxony strategic area map)
9
Fig. 21
Terrain and transportation
Fig. 10
Leipzig photo)
10
(nap) follows
20
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Military Geography
601864 7.73
A. General (U /OU)
East Germany is important from a military
standpoint because it is on the North European Plain,
is near the entrance to the Baltic Sea, and is the
westernmost Soviet- dominated territory in Europe.
The eastern border of East Germany is about 200
nautical miles from the U.S.S.R. (Figure 1), and East
Berlin is less than 875 nautical miles from Moscow.
Soviet forces stationed in East Germany occupy a
forefront military position in north central Europe.
Nearly all NATO installations in the Federal Republic
of Germany are less than 130 nautical miles from East
f 1 US
re areas (U /01.1)
in Western Europe, about 100 nautical miles. The
industrial complexes of Belgium and northern France
and the great ports of the Low Countries are within
250 nautical miles; the chief industrial centers of the
United Kingdom, southern France, and northern Italy
are only about 500 nautical miles distant. Almost all of
non Communist Europe is within 1,000 nautical miIa
of this Soviet controlled country.
The total land area of East Germany is about 41,800
square miles, slightly smaller than Alabama. The
country extends about 315 miles' north -south and
approximately 225 miles east -west (Figure 21); no
point in the country is more than 80 miles from some
Germany. Rhein Main Airfield, one o the argest
installations in Europe, is about 60 nautical miles 'Distances are in statute miles unless nautical miles are
distant, and the Ruhr, the largest steel producing area specifically indicated.
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re areas (U /01.1)
in Western Europe, about 100 nautical miles. The
industrial complexes of Belgium and northern France
and the great ports of the Low Countries are within
250 nautical miles; the chief industrial centers of the
United Kingdom, southern France, and northern Italy
are only about 500 nautical miles distant. Almost all of
non Communist Europe is within 1,000 nautical miIa
of this Soviet controlled country.
The total land area of East Germany is about 41,800
square miles, slightly smaller than Alabama. The
country extends about 315 miles' north -south and
approximately 225 miles east -west (Figure 21); no
point in the country is more than 80 miles from some
Germany. Rhein Main Airfield, one o the argest
installations in Europe, is about 60 nautical miles 'Distances are in statute miles unless nautical miles are
distant, and the Ruhr, the largest steel producing area specifically indicated.
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part of the border. The population, about 17 million,
is slightly less than five times that of Alabama. East
Germany is .smaller in size than any country with
which it shares a common boundary, and only
Czechoslovakia has a smaller population.
1. Topography
Subdued topography and many lakes and streams
characterize East Germany. The East Germany
portion of the North European Plain is nearly flat to
gently rolling and slopes from a highlands area in the
south to the low- lying, island fronted Baltic coast
(Figure 2). The settlement pattern is one of numerous
small towns and villages concentrated on the plains
(Figure 3). Large urban and industrial centers are
mainly in the southern half of the country.
In the nearly flat northern two- thirds of the East
German plain elevations are less than 650 feet, most
slopes are less than 10 and local relief (differences in
elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent
topographic features) is less than 250 feet. Low
hillocks and ridges are in some areas near the northern
lakes.
The more rolling southern third of the plain has
elevations of nearly 1,600 feet, some slopes between
10% and 30 and local relief of under 500 feet. There
are a few isolated areas of hills and ridges (Figure 4) in
the south where local relief is over 500 feet and slopes
are over 30 Drainage .features on the low plain are
closely spaced and L.elude the relatively large
northwest flowing streams, canals, thousands of lakes
(most of which are in the north), and perennially wet
areas on poorly drained lowlands and on flood plains
bordering some streams. Areas of vegetation on the
plains include large tracts of cultivated fields,
meadows, small orchards, vegetable plots, and
forested areas, the most extensive of which are pine
forests located north and southeast of Berlin. The
principal field crops are rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
potatoes. The settlement pattern in the areas of
cultivation is mostly one of small villages rather than
single farmsteads.
Fringing the East German plain in the south and
southwest is a narrow (less than 5 to about 50 miles),
discontinuous belt of spruce- and beech- forested hills
that have elevations between 1,600 and 3,300 feet
bbove sea level, slopes of 30% or greater, and local
relief ranging from 500 to 1,200 feet. The highland
belt consists of the steep -sided edges and rolling
interior of the eastern two- thirds of the Harz (Figure
2
f
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5), the heavily forested, dissected Thueringer Wald,
and the rolling lands of the Erzgebirge (Figure 6),
which rise southward in long, gentle slopes. The hilly,
dissected upland is interrupted or penetrated by
scattered small lowlands which, in places, form
corridors. Tributaries of several northward flowing
streams originate in the southern hills and flow swiftly
between steep banks. Several important towns are
within the highland area, but most of the highly
urbanized and industrialized cities of southern East
Germany are in the plains, adjacent to and north of
the belt of hills.
2. Climate
East Germany has a predominantly maritime
climate that is sometimes interrupted in winter by
brief periods of cold continental weather from the east.
Variations in climate in different parts of the country
are not marked except for increased cloudiness and
precipitation and lower ceilings over the hilly terrain
in the south. Winter (early December through
February) is characterized by high relative humidity,
extensive cloudiness, frequent rain or snow, poor
visibility, occasional strong winds, and moderately
cold temperatures. Summer (early June through
August) is slightly less cloudy, with frequent rain, mild
temperatures, continued high humidity, and moderate
thunderstorm activity. Spring (early March through
May) and autumn (early September through
November) are transitional seasons.
Mean daily minimum temperatures in winter range
between 25 and 30 (F.) in the plains and between 15
and 25 in the highlands, but absolute minimums
below �15 have occurred at most locations (Figure
7). Mean daily maximum temperatures in summer
range from 60 to 75 readings are slightly lower in the
highlands. Temperatures occasionally reach the 90's
when hot, dry winds are from the south.
Precipitation is frequent but usually light. Annual
totals average 20 to 30 inches at most places, but some
exposed locations in the southern hills receive more
than 50 inches. Snowfall is fairly frequent from
November through April. Snow falls on an average of
25 to 45 days annually over most of the country, but in
the higher hills it may occur on as many as 100 days.
Snow cover does not last throughout the winter except
at higher elevations. Snow depths up to 16 inches have
been measured in the lowlands, and depths over 10
2 17or diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Terrain and Transportation map, the map itself, and maps in
the text.
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FIGURE 19. Boundaries (U /OU)
BOUNDARY LENGTH
STATUS
TERRAIN
dh
Miles
Baltic Sea coastline, in- 580
Territorial jurisdiction claimed 3 nautical
Nearly flat to gently undulating plain.
cluding major islands and
miles offshore. Permanent batteries concen-
Mostly cultivated, but many patches of
islets.
trated at Warnemunde and on the island
forests.
of Ruegen.
West Germany........... 858
Demarcated but not recognized as an inter-
Northern half (north of 52 �N.) mostly flat
national boundary by U.S. No major per-
to rolling plains. More than 50 miles of
manent fortifications. Fences, trip flares,
northern half formed by Elbe River.
minefields, and bunkers. Border guarded
Patches of forests, cultivated vegetation,
and patrolled. Quality of fences and guard
and wet areas.
towers is continuously upgraded.
Poland 290
Demarcated and undisputed. No major per-
Boundary formed mainly by Oder and
manent fortifications. Fences, flares, and
Neisse rivers through nearly flat to
guard towers. Guarded, but security meal-
gently rolling, poorly drained plains.
tires less than along boundary with West
Vegetation mainly forests and cultivated
Germany. Not recognized by U.S. as inter-
crops, small areas of brush, grass, and
national boundary.
peat bogs.
Czechoslovakia........... 285
Demarcated and undisputed. No major per-
Boundary through mostly forested, rugged
manent fortifications. Fences, flares, cleared
hills. Brush and cultivated crops locally.
strips, and guard towers. Guarded, but
security measures leas than along boundary
with West Germany.

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Places and features referred to in this Ger anal Survey (u /ou)
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I COORDINATES I
I COORDINATES
c TN.
o rE
o W.
'E.
Adlershof (sec. of East Berlin)
52 27
13 32
Naumburg
51 09
11 49
Altenburg
50 59
12 27
Neifse stream
52 04
14 46
Aue
50 35
12 42
Neabrandenburg
53 34
13 16
Babelsberg
52 24
13 06
Ne ustrel itz
53 22
13 05
Bad Elster
50 17
12 14
Niederfinow
52 50
13 56
Bad Hersfeld, West Germany
50 52
9 42
Niemegk
52 05
12 42
Bad Schandau
50 55
14 09
Oberhof.
50 43
10 44
Bansin
53 58
14 08
Oder stream
53 32
14 38
Barhoft
54 26
:Z; 02
Oder-Havel-Kanal (canal)
52 52
14 02
Barth
54 22
12 44
Oder Spree- Kanal(canal).................
5z 23
13 41
Bautzen
51 11
14 26
Oranienburg
52 45
13 14
Bergen
54 25
13 26
Osnabriick, West Germany...............
52 16
8 03
Berlin
52 31
13 24
Osthafen port)
52 27
13 28
Biesenthal
52 46
13 38
Ostseebad Wustrow......................
54 21
12 24
Bitterfeld
51 37
12 19
Paderborn, West Germany...............
51 43
8 46
Blankenheim
51 31
11 25
Pankow (sec. of East Berlin)
52 34
13 24
Bohlen
51 12
12 23
Parow..
54 21
13 05
Boizenburg
53 23
10 43
Piitz....
52 14
13 39
Bonn, West Germany
50 44
7 06
Peenemiinde
54 08
13 47
Boxberg
51 24
14 34
Petkus.
51 59
13 21
Brandenburg
52 25
12 33
Piesteritz
51 52
12 36
Brandenburg (region)
53 00
14 00
Pl auen
50 30
12 08
Braunschweig, West Germany............
52 16
10 32
Pomerania (region)
53 40
15 00
Breege
54 37
13 21
Potsdam
52 24
13 04
Briesen
52 03
13 43
Prague, Czechoslovakia
50 05
14 28
Brocken peak)
51 48
10 37
Radeberg
51 07
13 55
Bueh (sec. o f East Berlin
52 39
13 30
Rheinsberg
53 06
12 53
Bug
54 37
13 13
Riems (island)
54 11
13 22
Calvorde
52 24
11 18
Riess...
51 18
13 18
Col pin
53 31
13 26
Rossendorf
51 03
13 56
Cottbus
51 46
14 20
Rosslau.
51 53
12 15
Crossen
50 46
12 29
Rostock.
54 05
12 08
Diinholm island)
54 19
13 07
Rothensee
52 11
11 40
Danube (stream)
45 20
29 40
Ruderitz
50 25
12 01
Darsser Ort (cape)
54 29
12 31
Rit en island
B island)
54 25
13 24
Dequede
52 50
11 41
Ru mmelsburg
52 30
13 31
Dessau
51 50
12 15
Saale stream
51 57
11 55
Dresden
51 03
13 45
Saalfeld.
50 39
11 22
East Berl in
52 30
13 33
Saalow..
52 12
13 23
Eberswalde
52 50
13 50
Saar, West Germany (region)
49 15
7 00
Eggersdorf
52 32
13 49
Sangerhausen
51 28
11 18
Ellenburg
51 28
12 37
Sassnitz.
54 31
13 39
Eisenach
50 59
10 19
Kiihlungsborn
54 09
11 43
Eisenhiittenstadt
52 09
14 39
Saxony region
51 00
13 00
Eisleben
51 32
11 33
Schkopau
51 24
11 59
Elbe stream
53 50
9 00
Schanebeck
52 01
54 11
11 45
12 18
Elbe Havel- Kanal(canal)
52 24
12 23
Schwarzenpfost
51 32
14 21
Erfurt
50 59
11 02
Schwarze Pumpe
Erzgebirge (mis)
50 30
13 10
Schwedenschanze (site)
54 33
13 09
Espenhain
51 11
12 28
Schwedt.
53 04
14 18
Fichte( Berg (mt)
50 28
12 57
Schwerin
52 12
13 53
Forst
51 44
14 38
Seefeld
52 37
13 41
Frankfurt
52 21
14 33
Seelingsthdt
50 47
12 15
Freiberg
50 55
13 22
Seiffen..
50 39
13 27
Fulda, West Germany
50 33
9 40
Senftenberg
51 31
14 01
54 35
11 57
Silesia, Poland and Czechoslovakia (region) 51 00
1S 00
Gedser, Denmark
54 06
12 06
Sonneberg
50 21
11 10
Gehlsdorf
50 52
12 05
Stendal.
52 36
11 51
Gera
50 58
10 04
Stralsund
54 18
13 06
Gerstungen
54 34
13 29
Strausberg
52 35
13 53
Glowe
Gdrlitz 51 10
15 00
Stubbenkammer
54 35
13 40
Greifswald
54 06
13 23
Siidhafen (port)
Gross Inselsberg (mi)
50 52
10 28
Suhl....
50 36
10 42
Guldendorf
52 19
14 32
Szczecin (Stettin), Poland
53 25
14 35
Halle
51 30
12 00
Tarnewitz
53 58
11 14
Halle- Neustadt (sec. of Halle)
51 29
11 56
Tautenburg
51 00
11 43
Hamburg, West German
53 33
10 00
Teplice, Czechoslovakia
50 38
13 50
Harz mis
51 45
10 30
Thiiringer Wald (mts)
50 40
10 50
Havel (stream)
52 53
11 58
Thuringia egion)
51 00
11 00
Havel -Kanal (canal)
52 36
13 12
Torgau..
51 34
13 00
Heinersdorf
53 06
14 12
Trattendorf
51 32
14 23
Helbra
51 33
11 30
Trelleborg, Sweden......................
1
55 22
13 10
West Germany........
52 14
11 00
Tremsdorf
52 16
13 07
Helmstedt,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8

Dresden
51 03
13 45
East Berlin
52 30
13 33
Eberswalde
52 50
13 50
Eggersdorf
52 32
13 49
Eilenburg
51 28
12 37
Eisenach
50 59
10 19
Eisenhiittenstadt
52 09
14 39
Eisleben
51 32
11 33
Elbe (stream)
53 50
9 00
Elbe Havel Kanal (canal)
52 24
12 23
Erfurt
50 59
11 02
Erzgebirge (mis)
50 30
13 10
IL oenhain
51 11
12 28
Fici,tel -Berg (mt)
50 26
12 57
Forst
51 44
14 38
Frankfurt
52 21
14 33
Freiberg
50 55
13 22
Fulda, West Germany
50 33
9 40
Gedser, Denmark
54 35
11 57
Gehlsdorf
54 06
12 06
Gera
50 52
12 05
Gerstungen
50 58
10 04
Glows
54 34
13 29
G6rlitz
51 10
15 00
Greifswal d
54 06
13 23
Gross Inselsberg (mt)
50 52
10 28
Giildendorf
52 19
14 32
Halle
51 30
12 00
Halle- Neustadt (sec. of Halle)
51 29
11 56
Hamburg, West Germany
53 33
10 00
Harz mis
51 45
10 30
Havel (stream)
52 53
11 58
Havel Kanal (canal)
52 36
13 12
Heinersdorf
53 06
14 12
Helbra
51 33
11 30
Helmstedt, West Germany
52 14
11 00
Hennigsdorf
52 38
13 12
Hettstedt
51 39
11 30
Hildesheim, West Germany
52 09
9 58
Hof, West Germany
50 19
11 55
Hohenwarte
50 36
11 29
Hoyerswerda
51 26
14 15
Ilmenau
50 41
10 54
Jena
50 56
11 35
Juliusruh
54 37
13 22
Kamenz
51 16
14 06
Karl Marx- Stadt
50 50
12 55
Kassel, West Germany
51 19
9 30
Kolkwitz
51 45
14 15
Konigstein
50 55
14 04
Konigs Wusterhausen
52 17
13 37
KSpeniek (sec. of East Berlin)
52 27
13 34
Kostrzyn, Poland
52 35
14 39
Kdhlungsborn
54 09
11 43
Lauta
51 28
14 04
Leipzig
51 18
12 20
Leuna
51 19
12 01
Lichtenberg (sec. of Gera)
50 50
12 09
Lindenberg
52 12
14 08
Linow
53 23
13 57
Lippendorf
51 11
12 23
Lohme
54 35
13 37
Lubbenau 51 52
13 58
Lubmin 54 07
13 36
Ludwigslust
53 19
11 30
Lutzkendorf
51 18
11 51
Magdeburg
52 10
11 40
Marienborn
52 12
11 07
Marienehe (sec. of Rostock)
54 07
12 05
Markersbach
50 32
12 52
Markgrafenheide
54 11
12 10
Marlow
54 09
12 35
Marquardt
52 27
12 58
Mecklenburg (region)
53 30
12 00
Meiningen
50 33
10 25
Meissen
51 09
13 29
Merseburg
51.22
12 00
Mittelland Kanal (canal)
52 16
11 41
Moxa
50 39
11 38
Muldenstein
51 40
12 20
Nauen
52 36
12 53
Saalfeld... 5039 11�
Saslow 52 12 13 23
Saar, West Germany (region) 49 15 7 00
Sangerhausen 51 28 11 18
Sassnitz 54 31 13 39
Kiihlungsborn 54 09 11 43
Saxony region 51 00 13 00
Schkopau 51 24 11 59
S chonebeck .............................52 01.,;11__4b,::,;,.:
Schwarzenpfost 54 11 12 18
Schwarze Pumpe 51 32 14 21
Schwedenschanze (site) 54 33 13 09
Schwedt 53 04 14 18
Schwerin 52 12 13 53
Seefeld 52 37 13 41
Seelingstiidt 50 47 12 15
Seiffen 50 39 13 27
Senftenberg 51 31 14 01
Silesia, Poland and Czechoslovakia (region) 51 00 18 00
Sonneberg 50 21 11 10
Stendal 52 36 11 51
Stralsund 54 18 13 06
Strausberg 52 35 13 53
Stubbenkammer 54 35 13 40
Sudhafen (port) 52 31 13 12
Suhl 50 36 10 42
Szczecin (Stettin), Poland 53 25 14 35
Tarnewitz 53 58 11 14
Tautenburg 51 00 11 43
Teplice, Czechoslovakia 50 38 13 50
Thuringer Wald (mis) 50 40 10 50
Thuringia (region) 51 00 11 00
Torgau 51 34 13 00
Trattendorf 51 32 14 23
Trelleborg, Sweden 55 22 13 10
Tremsdorf 52 16 13 07
Unstrut stream) 51 10 11 48
Unterwellenborn 50 39 11 26
Vetschau 51 47 14 04
Vitte 54 34 13 06
Vockerode 51 51 12 21
Wahnsdorf 51 07 13 40
Waldheim 52 35 13 03
Warnem3nde 54 10 12 05
Weimar 50 59 11 19
Werra stream 51 26 9 39
West Berlin 52 30 13 20
Westhafen (port) 52 32 13 20
Weststaaken 52 30 13 08
Wieck 54 06 13 27
Wilhelm- Pieck -Stadt G uben 51 57 14 43
Wismar 53 54 11 28
Witt enberg 51 52 12 39
Wittenberge 53 00 11 45
Wolgast 54 03 13 46
Wroclaw (Breslau), Poland 51 06 17 02
Wiinsdorf 52 10 13 28
Wurzburg, West Germany 49 48 9 56
Zehlendorf 52 47 13 23
Zehrensdorf 52 10 13 30
Zeitz 51 03 12 09
Zella- Mehlis 50 39 10 39
Zeuthen 52 22 13 37
Zielitz................................... 52 17 11 41
Zossen 52 13 13 27
Zschornewitz 51 43 12 24
Zwickau 50 44 12 30
Selected airfields
Alt Lonnewitz 51 33 13 13
Briesen 52 02 13 45
Dresden 51 08 13 46
Drewitz 51 53 14 32
Gross Dolln 53 02 13 32
Kothen 51 43 11 58
Oranienburg 52 44 13 13
Peenemunde 54 10 13 47
Preschen 51 40 14 38
Schonefeld 52 23 13 31
Welzow 51 35 14 08
Werneuchen 52 38 13 46
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200110023 -8