NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 7; DENMARK; SCIENCE

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SECRET
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Denmark
March 3974
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
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NO FOREIGN DISSEY
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WARNING
The NIS is National Intelligence and may not be re-
leased or shown to representatives of any foreign govern-
ment or international body except by specific authorization
of the Director of Central Intelligence in accordance with
the provisions of National Security Council Intelligence Di-
rect';: a No. 1.
For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the
portions so marked may be made available for oti 15cial pur-
poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel
provided no attribution is made to National Intelligence or
the National .ntelligence Survey.
Subsections and graphics are individually classified
according to content. Classification /control designa-
tions arer
(U /OU) Unclassified/ For Official Use Only
(C) ConfidenticA
(S) Secret
Y
ry LS
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CONTENTS
Tpiis chapler mpersedes fhe scientific cover-
age in ilie General Surveil dated March I4G8.
A. General 1
B. Organization, planning, and financing of
research
C. Scientific education, manpow.r, and
facilities 4
D. Muior research fields 5
1. Air, growid, and naval weapons 5
2. Biological and chemical warfare 6
3. Nuclear energy 6
4. Electronics 7
Si CnEr
NO r0RLIG,. DissF:Ni
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Page Page
5. Medical sciences 7 b. Physics and mathematic, 9
8. Other sciences 8 c. Astrogeophysical sciences 10
a. Chemistry and metallurgy 8 Glossary 12
iZON
Page
Fig. 1 Organizations for scientific and
technical research, 1973 (chart) 2
ii
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r r
Science
A. General (S)
I)ctnnark has a Moderate capability for scienlifie
and technical research. 'I'lic overalt effort is rest ricled
by limited financial resource* but there are many
competent scientists, trod the epuality of rrsC.lrell is
goad. 'I'hc volume of researell is less than. in such
neighboring countries. as Sweden and the Netherlands,
hot greater than in NOrw;ey. Prior t about 19.10 the
ii)an researc h'offort was slanted toward agriculture,
bnt especially since World War 11, With the rapid
e:xpansion.of the industrial sector, industrial scielltifk:
research has increased. Dentnark is cor:siderably
stronger in basic research than in applied rewarell,
however. B; Loncentrathig on fundamental research.
and by emphasizing those aspects of sciences that der
not require large investments in expensive equipment.
Denmark is able to make important conlribuWais to
scientific ho%% Jge in several fields, including
physics; chenlistiv, and medicine.
of Danish scientific research preclude-ca
great contribution toward industri or military
capabilities. During recent years several institutes for
industrial research have been established with
government and private funds. Ole >st industrial
organizations are ton little to support extensive
research and development facilities.: Because tits:
poinrlatiou is small, there are few problems of
(ximmunication `between scientific and engiucering
munteToarts. Scientific effort is seldom dilplltated,
because specialists in most reseurch fields +vprk
together in groups, or they conmdt With: another
when they pursue research. independe'illy at different
labnr;ltriries;
.Denmark does not have a science policy as do more
scientific }ill) ii6aneLd Countries, but Inah govenl-
lent arid..nrivate industry are aware of tlw need for
encouraging scientific edltc ation urid research. Since
t)emnark has few nutural remote -s and must import
large arnounts of fuel and raw' materials, the
government 'rca im% the .imp(mance :Of ..'providing:.
industry with the technology necessary to cl
successfully in world m:rrkels. Most of the technology
is acquired from other col intH Scientific progress has
beelr favored by the high level of literacy acrd by the,
strong scientific tradit :ou in universities. The Darlcs
take pride in the past scientific acco mplislltnct'lts,
such as the contributions by flans Oersted, who
discovered electromagnetism, and Nick Bohr. it
imclear physicist and -the recipient of a Nobel prize i
1922.
Denmark participates actively in international
scientific affairs and is it inemher Of numcroo
international scientific organizatiolis,,.including tilt
Unitcd Nations Educational, Scientific. and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), the Wor tie:rlth
Orgartiiation (W110 the Food and Agriculture
Organizatiort. the Iviternationa) Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), and tither U.N. spcciAi7,cd agencies.
DellTnark lakes part in the scientific activities of the
Orgar117.ation for Economic Cooperation and
Developnleut (Orel))., European Space Research
Organization (MO), Eurolwan Atomic E:uergy
Community (WRAWM), and the European
Organization for Nuclear Research. Dellrnark isactive
in the Nordic Council f or A research, which
was established in 1947 to facilitate Scandinavian
e(Kiper:ttionin scientific and technical research and in
[lie utilization of research resmIts, Another inter
Strindinavian organization, the Nordic tnstilnic fi r
'l'heoreticrtage of
research assistants and Technicians.
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11 J,
The programs of rm.areli conducted ill the inane
;,vial! l.I1errtt0liC5 rccluire few but wall etaaiifkr l
IwFu nnel. A typical exattihle is tike internationally
known Nicls Bohr Institute For 'l'vorMicul lehysics,
which liar a staff cif 70. The ATV employs slightly
more than o persons, of which IRU have academic
qualifications. The Danish Central Welding lnstitette,
which recently Sias become associated closely with the
growing shilohuildhig industry, has a Will staff of 138,
The technical instituted of Cciperkhagen and Arhus,
which carr out research, developmental work. and
testing for individual firsts, employabout bat} Ircrsons,
including about 250 migineers. About 750 perseoris
were employed at the ll iso Itesearch Estalllishment iti
1067, of wholn 190 livid acad ende d egrees.
Research and development facilities are generally
adequate in tike high .e institutions mud
research institutes, lint some very expensive pieces of
equipmctit fouml its Susie more advanced countries
ar lacking. Ilesearelt programs are structured so that
tike cetuipment a v ailahle call he u se s!_ The Riso
Research C. stablishirrtent is w+!ll equipped with
facilities, including three reactors. 1t has departments
for pliysics, ciectmnics, reactor chemistry', heahl
pll 'sics, litetallurgy, and agricultural research.
Formerh the equipment it the Niels Ilwhr Institute
vas modest compared with tie facilities of the larger
countries: however, during the past 10 years the
addition of a 12 WV tandem Van do Craaff
accelerator improved tike situation. The institute
recently acquired an t5 tide\' accelerttor, a new
isotope eliarator, awl several particle spectnimeters
fl llh lSl7tUI?L�S Willi the add ition of a
computer, tl ic institute has b een able to wor closely
with S- wedish histittiti in scanning d ata obtained
frorn photographie enitilsians tised in bubble
chatiihrrs of these institutions.
rhe.Dankh public regards scientists favorably and
with considerable respect. Persons holding the position
of professor are socially proniinent and surpassed m&
by royalty and Cabinet ininister:s. I'hysicians and
grad uates(if the Technical University of Denmarkalso
enjoy high lmhlic esteem. Outstanding scientific
achievements arc recognized by palfi-ssionah societies,
tjttNersities; private enterprises, :aid the Academy of
mid Letters,
D. Major research fields
1. Air, ground, and naval weapons (S)
Denniark has it limited rapubilily fair the
dcyrlcipnietit cf air, .y;niulid .tired naval veaperos.
Although the Ditties rmaintaiit a Imodern air farm as
hart of their cxntttlittrrent ter the i'ortli ;1ltantic "l'reaty
Organization (NATO), the government has .con
tinually pursued a lxrlie of procuring aircraft and
M1.04 equiprreent from abroad. No ellonge in dais
policy can be foreseen in the 1970's, especially in view
of recent deiiveri.s of Swedish -built supersonic f ighter
aircraft to the Da nish Air Fo rce. liccausc of lack of
funds for the military there is little Ixrssil�lity for
Denmark to improve its capability in wealxiit r"Carch
and development. The munitions industry has
degraded to one governuterit -owned shell loading
plant and two privately owried munitiiuks contpaiiic,'.
Denmark dcp6lds tipon itrrports of explosives,
propellants, and mechanical components.
Ill the missile field Denmark is one of six countries
involved in the development of the NATO Sea
Sporrow, a sliort- range, ship -to -air missile. DCnneark is
cnommitted to the development and production cif the
radar and ground equ ipment. coin pone Pits. its tither
missile scstcams arc the air tn air Sidewinder, the
sterface to surfaces Ilonesk John, 4nd the surface to air
Hawk and Nike systeins. The Sidea;nder missiles are
used to arm the two squadrons of F-104C fighters, and
the Iiawk and Nike systems are deployed lei a ring
around Copenhagen for the defense of that area :done.
In tike sixim field the Danes rely on foreign rockets.
satelli(es, aud launch facilities to carry snit their
scientific experiments, while they supply the pay1mids.
Since 196 Da n ish scien have develojl ed sounding
rocket payloads to measure electron density and
imilision f requ ency very low frequency (V1..F') profile,
rudiofrequency (11) impedence and conductivity,
high energy partic ,'e density. and the monitoring of
Lymarialplia radiution. They have develolmsi a racket
p,eylnad which uses three orthogonal inagnetnnm:ters
and two electric field wtisors to ineasure the
elect rornagi let ic wave field from 0.5 to 8I klla.
Balloon instrument packages have been Teed to
determine the c lIUTgC and m asks of galactic high energy
comme particles. The Danes have provided the
equipment nemled on l SRO 1 and ESR0 11 in the
performance of high- energy prolon research. S�- iCiitists
have also developed the digital rcado,mt systein used in
a low -energy
elect ron- protcrp experiment and another
experiment concerning the measure o angular
distribution of total particle flux. The equipment 41i
IIEAOS42 and 11EAOS -13 heeded i'n meastiritigSe! ar
radiation .noise at very low frccltiencres s lid the
isotropic cx)ivgx)sitim o va cleinents i the
magnelospherc have also been provide4 l they Danes.
F roni September 14171- to M4 1 1972 the Soviets
negotiated t he purchase o f Danish etpipment'for their
spuex rcdrarch program, and at the same time Danish
businerrsmen were in the U.S.S.R; ,'discussing the
5
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possiliility of entering inlo a joinl space research effort.
lieportedly the Wiles would provide the test stations,
telecommaeiel systems. and biomedical e4peiprnent,
while the Soviets would provide the lautich systems
and conduct the actual experintenis. No information is
available indicating the ontaime of these oegotia-
Lions.
Denmark is not engaged in significant research oil
ground weapons; 1111)st o Stich materiel is purchased
abroad. Although research oil small arms has heen
underway for the past two decades, the army has
adopted only otie locally dcvelotxd vcapon, a
submachine goo. Research has evased iu this field, as
well as on engineering, transportation, and
ctuarterinastcr equipment Although Denmark has a
potential capability to develop small naval vessels and
ltlarinc engines. it has riot chosen to CIO So.
3. Biological and chemical warfare (S)
Denmark has no offensive biological warfare (B%V)
research and development prograin, although wile
research related to defensive BW is conducted,
Laboratories engaged in defense related research,
through the development of vaccines and biologicais
for public health needs, are located at the State Serum
Institute, Copenhagen, and the National Veterinary
institute for Virus Research on the island of Lindholm.
Research applicable to BW agent detection also has
been carried on, e.g., development of interference
filters for improved inununonuorescenee inicniscoiiy,
The chemical warfare research and development
program is directed primarily toward [lie improvement
of defensive materiel. Research on the offensive aspect
is conducted on a limited scale. The Royal Danish
School of Pharmacy and the Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural College. Will in Copenhagen, may
produce small e�ianlitics of G -type nerve agents
developed during World War 11; this work is in
support of the chemical agent detection and antidote
program. Toxicological studies have Veen conducted
ou organophosphomus- related compounds. These
airnpounds seem to be more potent when oxygen is
substitated,for sulphur in the thiocholine moiety of the
V -type molecule.
[(?search has been conducted to develop a nipid
colori inetdc process for field detection of nerve agents.
Work also is underway toward the development of a
chemical agent identification set that utilizes silica gel
iinprcgnatcd sampling tubes, Tile Danes also plan to
improve U.S. kits, including the MIS, by expanding
the nerve agent detection capability to include V-
agents through thevic of an enzyme ticket. Tile Daries
consider the disposable protective clothing designed to
6
niect NA'T'O requirements too expensive to produce.
As an alternate approveli, a project is un d erway to test
the resistance of many commercial iaterials to
penctnition by innstard and to wisite it) art effort to
develop ao inexpensive, disposable clicrnical-
biological- radiological cape. Numerous (oxide,
Stutl'fS, which would lead to a butter antidote for nerve
agent poisoning and improved propllylac6c lnethods
have been undertaken. Other research oil nerve agent
antidotes for Fidel usC includes studies oil the
effectiveness of a variety of oxime Loulpotnlds ill
Lilnjunction with atropine, the standard antidole.
3. Nuclear energy (S)
Derltuark has a sicall nuclear energy program
consisting l rrituarily of research activities with nuclear
power development as the ultimate objective. It leas
no military potential in nuclear weapons and `tas tit)
plans for efforts in this field.
The Atomic Energy Commission was established ill
1956 to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
The AEK is cxiinposed of representatives of scientific
and technical resewch organizakions, as well as Others
interested in t exploitation of nuclear energy. 'riw
Riso Research Establishment was begun in 1958 and is
equipped With three reSCarch reactors and a number of
laboratories. The DII -I (Danish reactor -1) is a 2-
kilowatt thermal (kWt) aqueous homogeneous reactor
which went int operation in 1957; the DR e2, a .5-
meg awatt thermal (VTWO high flux, tank -tvive
reactor, which went into operation in 1953; and the
1)R -3, a 10 -MWt high flux, materials- tuslirlg reactor
that went into uperation in 1960.
Research al the 111so Rescamii Establishment is
divided into fundamental research, research
concerning reactor technology, and 'other technologi-
cal research, such as physics, chemistry, medicine,
biology, gcolop,y, metailturgy, and The
fuel elements prograrn includes tesiing of design
va riables, process development, irradiation conditions
and p ostirradiadon examination. In addition to using
their o w n test facilities, the Riso lesearch
Establ shment utilizes the Holden reactor in Norway
and the Kahl reactor in Hies[ Gerrrlanv. Test elements
and fall =size filer elements are manufactured by the
Itiso laboratories in collaboration with the Eisinor
Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Denmark.
Although Denmark has no ininicdiate plans to
construct nuclear po wer reactors, there have b een
discussions regarding the construction of 500
megawatt electric (MWe) nuclear power stations in
the late 197(fs, and five sites in the Jutland and Fyn
areas have heen studied for this purpose.
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Denmark has fit) domestic ura nium deposits;
h owevcr, the Daces have been actively exploring for
uranium in Greenland. Tentatively delrnsits iliere are
estimated to contain 3,000 to 6,000 tuns of uranium
and 15.W0 tons of tlturierni, but th^ low grade of the
ore and the r of the deposits do not make
them economically exploitable at the current, market
prices. No commercial mining is taking; place.
Detuuark is ;active in international atomic energy
aff airs and has agreenicnts for peace uses of atomic
energy with the U.K. and the U.S.S.R. (The U.S.
Danish bilateral atomic energy agreement expired o0
24 July 1973. It is also a member of the International
Atomie Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Center
for Nuclear Research (CERN), EURATO14l, and
numerous other international organiretious.
4. Electronics (S)
Danish research in communications and electronics
deals primarily with lasers and computers, with
relatively 1 ?1ile research in other electronic fields. The
11.1). Oersted institute at Copcnliagen, the most
important of four facilities, is concerned primarily
with gas lasers and have built operational CO:
lichurii- neon, argon, and c.tritniiim s;rpnr devices.
Also, some basic research has been conducted in the
areas of diffraction and (lie parameters of laser cavity
design. A few students have done theses work on lasers.
e.g., Raman spectroscopy with helitun -neon and
second harmonic studies using polassiuni diplousphate
(KDP) crystc,ls. Sonic of the optical components also
are made there, principally laser mirrors and other
optical components; some are made f or a German
company. The laser research apparently is for
spectroscopy studies and is supported by the Danish
State Science Federation, w hich is similar to tlae U.S.
National Science .Foundution. There appears to be
little interest in the optical communications aspect of
electro optics. Two organizations involved in the
Danish optical and electro optical work are the
Copenhagen University and the Tichnical University
of Denmark.
The Institute of Physics of Arlim 'University is
heavily engaged in basic msearch on semiconductors.
The institute appears to be extremely well funded, and
the caliber of its persouncl and cguulity or its
equipment are high. The laboratory of Electro-
magnetic Theory of the Technical University of
Denmark does some theoretical work on antenna
arrays and -nIid= state, microwave devices. The
Aw&my of Technical Sciences constricted the first
Da nish c the DASK; in 1951 and in 150
produceSthe GEIR for the Banish Geodetic 1"Wttite,
Copenhagen. The CIER is the first conipvA a of purely
Danish origin and is a fully transistorized. mediurn-
sized, general -m irpose machine.
Regnecenlraten, a cx)mpany located in CA)p enliag;crc,
produced llte RC40M, a g;e.:cral- purpose digital
computer until 1Sr73, wheat production of central
iroces cra scd. The eompany now intends to
import NOVA tninicomprters from the Massa-
chusetts- based Data Gcnerd, Inc. Regnecentrafen
purchases the nmessary software and poeriphcrai
equipment from U.S. and European mail to fact ure.rs
coil assembles and sells complcl' cmpulErs sysleins in
Europe and the U.S.S.R., the jolter receives the hulk
of, the Lomlxmy business. 'file duality of computer
research in Danish universities lia,s improved
conside since 1908. Computer act.ivitirs are
centralized tinder the direction of Datacc2114
Copenhagen, which .a as founded by the g overrunent
in cooperation with local governmental authorities
throughout Denmark Tile center is equipped Nvilh
large computers of U.S. manufacture and provides
economical data processing; facilities.
The Danish telmommunications and electronics
industry, which includes radar, is full c apab le of
prodming required quantities for the armed forges as
Weil as considerable aruounts for worldwide export.
Military radio comina pica tions equipment produced
includes fixed, mobile, vehicular, and portable types
and is based primarily on U.S. supplied grant aid
furnished in the early 1960'5. Other clectrooic-
equipment produced includes artillery ranging .radar
;a uniquety constructed navigational radar, a manpack
infantry patrol radar that was developed under
[xuitract of [lie Ministry of Defense, a long range
acquisition radar, and a surveillance and fire. control
radar. Eleetronic training devices have been produced,
suc as a simulator of coinmuniieatians satellite, used
by ESRO for checking ground equipment.
Denmark produces no optical or p':,hotographic
materiel of military value and army requirements are
satisfied entirely through imports. Native sources of
arrr:y materiel are not known blot probably correspond
with those for the civilian rnarkel, in which the united
States, West Cermany, Japa.a, and t United
Kingdom are the maim suppliers. No infrared indieriel
is produced in Denmark. SuWantia) investments have
been made in Swiss detection devices, as Weil as
sighting, observation, and night- driving devices
manufactured by various NATO countries.
5.1VIedical sciences (5)
Danish biomedical research is cqual in quality to
that of he mtast advanced western Yiations. Volume of
a
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productiou is relatively small, however, because of
limited resources, finances, and m anlxlwer. Support is
derived from the government. private sources, and
elsewhere, iocluding NVI10 and the United States.
tialicatl training is excVllenl, and teaching persontarl
are: selected for research potential as well as for
leachltog :ability.
Denmark has considerable Arength ill bioehcmistry
and molecular hiology, and these disciplines are
employed in other areas of biomedical rcrt arch.
Nutritional biochemistry recvivcs special :attention.
Current hasie wfuk inchides study taf the inolectilar
properties of isoenzymes to determine specific
functions and the bi6chemical nature of their reactive
sites, the scqucucc of slaps in t1L aVtivitV of enzymes,
the owtalmlisnl of fatly acids and yitanilIts, iplelileling
induced deficiency, inicntdeterminalion of e nzyme
inhibitors, chemical Inotlifi Cal ioils 43f various groups in
enzymes, and irnnumophoretic statues of v e getable
protein. Important centers for this research include the
Chemical Section of the Cartsberg Laboratory, they
Department of Wei heniislry and iillltrition of the:
Technic Ui6versity of Dc the l astitutes of
Molecular Biology iii Arhus and Odense, an tilt A li,
and C unit's of the Biocllenticaal Institute: cif
Copenhagen University.
The Insti #elte for Biolec }finical Research wid
Devel Copenhagen, all indepe or-
gunizution associated with the Academy of Technical
ScicraMS, is xn important center for studies oat food
llyg ilme and nutritic-nal assay and oil the C
unalysis of f 43tael tyro ;cirri, fats, and Carbohydrates.
,Microbiological research b excellent, Scientists at
t1C Institu of Medical Niterobiclogy of'Copenhagen
University are doing impreAve Work orl the
epidemiology of various staphylococci and 4311
chemical classif'icatioll and phage typing of
niicniorgani5ins. Other contributions incladc high
calilm virus research, development of inicroscopie
techniques for fine stagily of alrtibodics, Ilse 43
CIvelTu rn43bility characteristics to identify
baicteriul strains which cause intestinal f iftetioris, and
a culture hank collection that ran among the
foremost in the world,
The State Scrurn Institute in Copcnaage.n has
enjrr }'Cel international prestige. It has a staff of �100
seigsniists and 1,.100 assistalits to rapport its
voluminous funduanental and applied work in
bucteriology, mycology, p- mozoology, virology,
immunology, vaeviue production blood f ractiouat ion,
llormonrs, biological standardization, biochemistry,
biophysics, biostalistics, aqd epidentieflogy. me high
reputation of Olanish micmbiological' LOMINICnIV is
attested b y the; fact that t he country has all
International 1'sscheridhia Center, an International
I uboralory for Moiogieal Standards, an International
Reference Center for BCC. a WHO Ref erence
Regional Laboratory for Enterovirnses, a 1'110
National Influenza Center, a W110 Serological
Reference Center, a %VIIO Neisseria Center, and a
11'1;0 Virus Collaborating Laboratory for Trachoma.
Fundamental and :�finical work ill radiobiology
includes the chenlical and pharmaceutical aslxxts of
Flioisotolie therapy, the use of hydrogen and
cleaterium to investigate liar sevoltdury and tertiary
structures of protein, and the inflncncc of X -rays,
Ilrenatal, and perina.'nl factors ou infant development.
Pharmacologists are investigating tale use of
psychotropic agents in drug whabilitation studies,
development of antibiotics front plants, and trials of .1
caries prevention agent. The Royal Danish School of
I'harnmey in Copenhagen provides strong research
orientation in educ:atiorl and appears to be the leader
in pharniaccidicatl education throughout Scandinavia.
Biomedical engineering is a dv ancit {g� especially ill
the production of an apparatus for renal dialysis, fond
quality control. and air helputinn control. Very precise
instrtaments are being developed to support re search i:l
rtluiecidar biology. pic Danish Inslititte of Protein
Chemistry has developed inslrnlneolation for s4ld-
phase research 43n protein synthesis. ii is contributing
basic stutlies oil automatic sequence determination cif
amino acids ilk proteins. Physiologists have
contributed� authoritative studies of the Climates of
closed environments and exhibit a gotxl understanding
of the nature of the heart heat and its relation to the
stresses of deep sea diving. A ptilsating ultrasonnd
device liar been developed for diagnosis of
cardiovascular disease.
6. other sciences
a. Chemistry a wl metallurgy (C)
Denmark is moderately active in chemical research,
and the work is of good gnalit ;r_ 'The level of calxibility
in chemistry is somewhat lower than that of Sweden,
but is higher than that of Norway. Most of talc
research effort iscarried out in universities and is much
stronger in foridaniental than in applied chemical
research, The greatest strength s in physical organic
chemistry, synthetic organic Chemistry, and bio-
chemistry. Industrial organic and inorganic research is
of little aignifieuii e, and the chemical teviinology
used by chemical plants is almost entirely imported.
Copenhagen University is outstanding in physical
organic chemistry. Pnifessur Bak has for many tears
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z
been involved in research on dc- t ofmining the
molecular structure a, organic compounds through the
use of infrared nlicrowav rotation, and proton
magnetic resonance spectra, and through the study of
isolopieal!y labeled compounds. Others at Copen-
hage,n University are doing research in hydrogen
Bonding, organic plintocheinical reactions, zinc] llle
mechanism of organic r eactions involvnig rearrange
tnents, Mass spectroscopy and nuclear rnagrielic
tesonaaioce studies are condileted by capuble staffs at
this university and at Arhus University. The work at
the latter institution has stressed organic phosphorm
arid sulfur cimpounds.
Organic chemical research, includitt;; syrithetic
a;;rk, is strong. Particular attelitiou has beete givell to
organic sulfur coiup ounds. Alexaoder Scnning, at
Arlins. University, has worked extensively ore the
synthesis of sulfides, su}fenylation reactions,
thiocarhoml compounds, and trichloromcthylthio
compounds, some of which are of interest as
fungicides. Dr. Kai A. Jensen, Copenhagen University,
has long becli reC*10gniied for his outs �anding work oil
organic sulfur and seleni! :,n compounds, including
thin- and seleno -acids and heterocyclic 5- membered
ring aomrmurids containing sulfur or selenium and
nitrogen. Another prominent, investigator in the field
of organic sulfur compxotitids is Profr..sor Antlers Kjaer,
formerly at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University loot presently at the Technical Univerr of
Denmark. He has worked for many years on
isolhiocyanates and' other naturally occurring
products, such as g1licnsitio Considerable work
has'been done on esters and other derivatives at.thc
Tec lliica; University of De The Royal Danish
School of Pharmacy does work tore natural products
and nn the synthesis of phalrm4cologicaally active
compounds.
There is considerable interest in electrochemistry.
The work at Copionhagen Upiversity by Vernon" D.
Parker, and associates deals with ancAe processes and
anodic oxidation of o:; snit c- ompounds- Electro-
chemiWI research at the Tedinical University. of
Denmark includes work on solid state and' liquid-
AMC, ion selective electrodes.' Interest in general
physical chemistry, as diffcrenliiated from physi I
organic chemistry, is rather limited. 'There is: some
rescarrll: on the -1 c }emtstry. of hi gh polymers ut
the Technical;University. pf. ,Denmark. In inorganic
chemistry, work is in progress on metal cbmplcxes:and
on_soil chemistry.
mochernistry is an. important field: of rescarcn
activity. At' Copenhagen University, thin 66chemical
research is very'diversilied, including FCC Olt studics`on'
enzymes, insulin, lipid svilthesis, ethanol nietabolisnt
in the liver, and urinary pigments. Varied studies at
Arhus University include work oil binding of hilirubin
to hurnaii sertuu albumin, kidney fnraction, and
insulin. The Carlsberg l.;iboratory does research on
Proteins and enryntes.
Very little isdonc in nictallurgical research. Lacking
such resiiurcee as iron and rionferro.us metal arcs and
coal, and, although the duality of its work is good, the
scope aid depth of the effort is far helow that of
Sweden, tiie Netherlands, and Norway. Limited
research is dome in narrow specialized fields, such ;as
handling and fabricating nucle;ir fuel elements and
the general area of corrosion and electrochemistry.
The Datees are ;nvestigatilig fracture: inechaauic.. fuel
elements cladding, dimensional changes in fuels and
cladding during irradiation, and the development of
ii:iproved cladding allnvs at the Viso Research
E51ablishrnetrt under the direction of Niels IIansrn.
Dr. F. Kit uth- Winterfeldt, an authotityoil cornision
and electrochernistry, directs research at the Technical
University of Denmark. Research includes corrosion
studies on various metals and alloys, including
!.Unless steels, and tin welding prov sses. The Danish
Corrosion Cider and tit! banish Central Welding
loctitiiXconduck research for industry ern a nonprofit
contractual basis. The Only industrial concern
tindertnking. metallurgical research is the Northem
Cable Wire Works; work includes tiro- patination of
copper and staid ics of the toughness and maehina bility
of leaded brasses,
!r. Physics and mathematics (S)
Approximately 70% of the physics research in
Denmark is divided equally bcVvicen solid -state and
the nuclear sciences. Iii the latter, rcieurch includes
studies in high energy, low energy and experimental
work, .tinclear- radiation .effects on materials, and [lie
applications of nuclear crergy for.peacefu} purposes.
Tile. remaining-efforts. are devoted =to subbranches of
optics, plasrrtu, ae oubitici, a nd spectresMipY.
The majority of solid stute physics research is done
at the 1'echnictal'.Univershy of Denmark, Copenhagen
University, the Rise. Rixca;ch Establishment, and
A University. T he researcli laboratories of the
Technical University of Denmark am maffcd with
about 30 }iig }t competent solid-state physicists. Some
outstanding experimental Nvork is being done by WE.
Christensen, who. has developed a reputation on
gathering :.data zbncemed :with the photoemission 11
spectru of gold, silver, and rhodium, and Their
relations to band structures; 1N: It. Samuclsen and his
associates have bz cn pursuing in.eresting: research nn
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methods of microwave -aided tunneling which leads to
production of superconducting tunnel diodes. Other
advanced projects at the university involve
gcnnvnium and silicon senticonductors, studies of
characteristics ixrtaining to cadmium- seleniurn laser
crystals, and parameters of antiferromagnctic
materials.
About 90 highly qualified solid -state researchers at
Copenhagen University Flo work of a basic nature. The
concentrated effort at the university appears to be in
theories and fundamentals associated with magnetic
structures. Magnetic studies are s1read over the areas
of magnetoelastic interactions, magnetic properties of
semiconductor compounds, spin lifetimes of magnetic
alloys, energy spectra, geometric effects, photomulti-
pliers, particle detectors, and J,oseplison junctions. The
facilities at the Riso Research Establishment involve
radiation effects on the structures of alloys, radiation
detection, and�ncutnin diffraction Wsociated with the
various alloys used in reactor desiy,rt. The solid -state
physics laboratory at Arhus University conducis
researr..'h in semiconductor materials, raJi
detector devices, and sputtering processes of pure
metals.
H, R. Nielsen and P. Olesen, who are associated
with Copenhagen University, are internationally
known for their research in high energy physics, They
have emphasized hadron interactions and are highly
regarded for their work dealing with the staling of
distributions in high energy hadron collision;'.. X
Koba, at Copenhagen University, ha; been quite
active also in high- energy nuclear physics research and
has recently contributed results from an advanced
study of hudrunic production. High- energy physicists
at Arhus University direct their efforts to studies
dealing with pion -pion interactions and pion nucleon
scatterig. Recent activities at the Nvrdita research
facility involve studies of dynamical models for meson
and- baryon resonances, and ;single -pion photo
productions, as they relate to higherbtlry6ocoliplings.
The low- energy aspect of nuclear physics research is
pursued by many Danish universities and it-search
lab4ratorics.
Most of tie research in optics is pursued at the
kultoratory for Technical Optics of the ATV. The
activities involve the .design of imaging systems tof
,yM Tfc technical personnel have `been adept in
using: computer programs for the design of opticati
systeins thus enabling them to develop highly
accurate tole --.cope and inicrophoto systems. Danish
opti s' inlists have beam well known for their
invOly' cinent' i.n the large` telescoE'e for the Europeap
Southoin Observatory in Chile, where the optical.
10
system was modified to use ultraviolet glasses instead
of quartz for its corrective elements
Denmark has several expert acousticians and well
eq uipped facilities for sonic research at the Acoustical
Laboratory of the ATV. The laboratory carries out
research and testing of acoustical materials,
construction, a"id equipment. It participate�
extensively in iritl'.rnatioti st andardization within the
aconoical field. Industry is Involved a lso in a
research The es ecucitt instrument firm of Bruel
Kjaer has been conn ected w ith industrial research on
studiis of acoustic intensity generated by sonic
impulses and has made an anahig anal of acoustic
shocks.
The Danes are well advanced in maA types of
spectroscopy, as evidenced by their use of
spectroscopic systems as a research tool. Research is
pursued in molecular and neutron spectroscopy, and
high- quality work is done ii't visible and near infrared
spectroscopy. By using their knowledge of nuclear
spectroscopy, physicists at 0)penhagen University
have furthered their studies of excited states in isotopic
reactions.
Denmark has a long standing reputation for good
mathematical research, dating to the first half of this
century with the work of Niels and tlaroh' litrhr.
Recent emphasis has dealt primarily with analysis,
numerical methods, probability and statistics, and
algebra. Important mathematical centers in Denmark
are at Arhus University, Copenhagen University, and
the Technical University of Denmark. .Arhus is strong
in fields such as algebra and analysis, especially
function analysi% Copenhagen in statistics, and the
Technical University of Denmark in numerical
methods. These universities frequently have visiting
mathematicians from the United States, and
mathemaiicians fermi Denmark often make extended
pmfessio6 visits to American universities. About one
fifth of the mathcniutical publications by Danish
authors appeared in U.S. ioumals. during 'the past 2
years. West Germany. rance, the United iKingdom,
and occasionally'un. East European country published
Danish- authored papers also.
c. As8mgvophg cal acierieea (L)
Research in astronomv is very limited in Denmark.
Copenhagen University has two astronomical
L'icilitics. Onc, its original observatory in Copenhagen,
has engaged in astrophysical research and in cometary.
and- planetary astronomy, and the second, a more
modern observatory at Brorfelde, Tollose, has
eYiipliasiaed photometry and photoelectric speetra-
scopy.' The Ole Romer Observatory at Ole Romers.
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Creeziland (7s ociated with Arhus University), dues
research in meteors, theoretical ;astrophysics, .rid
variable stars. 'There are also a few private
astronor '-,cal observatories in Denmark.
Research is conducted by the Danish Space
Research Institute and by the Ionospheric L.aWralory
of tiie Dcauish Mcteowlogical institute. Rath (lie
inst'.,oite and the labaralory are hwated at Lyagby and
art! associated with [he 1 *vchrical University of
Denmark. Denmark is a inember of ESI10 and expects
to bccxu le a inember of the incipient Euroixoau Spade
Agency (ESA). Ionospheric and inagnelosplicric
experiments )lave been crrnducted aloard ESho
satellites and sounding rockets. Denmark also is a
member of the Scandinavian Santee Research
Organization, and since the early Ib60's hus
e4mperated, principally with Norway and the U.S.
National Aeronnutics and Sluacw Adntinia- ration, in
sounding rocket ionospheric. research.
Before early 1970 Denmark established a rocket
luunching range at Sondre Slromfjord, Cre_enland.
'The Danish Space Research Institute has aim) .:nude
cosmic ray %ladies almiard balloons flown fnin
Narsars%tiarl, near the southem lip of Greenland. in
addition. Denmark has had a space tracking and
telemetry monitoring station at Rude Skuv, near
Copeil!sugen. The lorlospherie Lahoralory has
geophysical obseavaturics at three locations in
Green #�nd where polar cap ionosi:herie rev arch is
"inducted, and �all -sky cimcra abrorul observations
have been made at the Godhavn and Narsaresuaq
observatories.
Scisrnoliagical research is conducted by the Danish
Gemletic Institute. it maintainsa seismological station
in Copenhagen and three stations in Greenland. All
are participating stations in the World -Wide: Network
of Standard Seismographs of the U.S. Ce>:ist and
Survey. 'rhe Danish Geological Survey, Copenhagen,
is reportedly primarily academically oriented.
Ilowever, in 1970 it was engaged in studying lice
economic aspects of hirge uranium ore deposits in
Greenland. The work was in conjunction with the
physicui exploration of these and associated deposits of
other minerals being conducted by [lie Riso Research
Establishment.
The Danish Meteorological Institute, in Charlotten-
lund, is licaded by Dr. Karl U. Andersen and is
responsible for providing all weather services except
civil aviation forecasting. By lute 1972 the large
network of meteorological stations had grown to
nearly OW in Denman:, 5 in the Faeroe Islands, amt 60
in Greenland. Eight of the 600 are participating irrthe
fnternationui llydrologirxil Decade (I1113), which
ends in 1977, anothc7 20 operate nearly all year as
lightning counters, and the others operate as climatic
and synoptic stations. The purchase of equipment for
Ilse with Americans meteorological satellites and the
establishment of a cimiputer division in 1971 within
the institute should greatly enhance Dall0l
capabililic-c in such activities as slorm warnings,
extended period forecasting, ship routing, and weather
resca rcl s.
The Danish Nieteomlol ;ical institute is engaged in
die metcoroingy- rela.!'..ed fields of sounding roekeit
experirnentalioo and ionospheric research in
Greenland. The geographic position of Greenland
offers a fav!SrnUja p4atform for investigation irtlo the
polar cap ionosphere, and the institute considers sue[i
invesligalious necessary. Ceomagnutic surveys and
auroral studies are conducted by the Danish
Meteorological Institute. Several geornagnetic; surveys
for the west coast of Greenland anu also one for
Denmark itself are contributions to the World
Magnetic Survey P;mljecl.
Ccoxielic research and development have been
directed toward the dmproventent and expansion of
tri wgiilation and leveling and increasing the number
of giavinietric stations, Denmark participates in
geodetic satellite programs within the Western
European Sub Commission for ,lrtificial Satellites and
has cooperated with the Unites! States on similar
programs. The Danish Geodetic Instiiiste is the center
for all geodetic and gravinietric resrsirch and has a
relatively free hand o determining imlicy. instruction
in gemlesy is availaLle at the Copenhagen University
and the Technical University of Denmark. Danish
scientists are using modern instruments and
technique% 0 solve their geodetic pniblems. Most of
the instruments are of foreign design.
Ile earcli in triangulation and leveling has primarily
been routine and is devoid of any significant
developments. Horizontal surveys have led to new
connection networks with Sweden and West Germany.
A revised and densified network has been established
an the Faeroe Islands, and sevemel ne:tHorks have been
established in Creenland for geodetic and geological
purposes. Considerable time and effort [save been
devoted fo data, pnwessing problems dealing with
gevntetrie geodesy and investigaitious concerning the
method of least squares. As a member 'o the Nordic
CeWetie Commission, Denmark has patticipated in
projecta conceming stellar triangulation, distance
mcusumment, land Uplift, geoid investigation, *and
treatment of g"etic observations with electronic
computers. Leveling' activity has resulted in
contributions to the United European I .Aweling
11
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S rcri sr
Network and tht North"est European Lowland
Level-ng. lutt rnational work ha+ also included
con(ributions to rtxent crimal movenreilts a.1d
tnvestigatforts of rneart sea level and of secular
rnovenients between sea and land.
Activity in gravimetry has iucllyded inland sicrxevs
to extend t lie existi rig gravity net and to investigate the
correlation lx -tween gravity anomalic-s and station
heights. Gravity measurements at sea were established
in interior banish waters as the f'-wt part of a detailed
survey of the Dac;ish ccmtinzinal shelf. Extensive
theoretical research has been carried out in dynamic
geode-,y.
i enniark has an active interest in hydrologic and
hytfniulie research, Gild althocrgl; the progrnris are
'luall, they are diverse. Most of [lie research is
perfarnied at the Hydraulic Lij)oratory of the
'rechnical University 4 DenniaA and at the Ilrstiti le
of Applied Hydranlics of the Academy 9f 'l'echnita:
Sciences. The Hydraulic Laboratory has modern
facilities, including computers, and speeializes in the
study of density currents, hydmdynarnits, sediment
transportation, groundwater flow, hydrology, and
911'eio109y. Research inolvcs theoretical studies,
hydraulic model investigations, and field inves-
ligations.
The Institute of Applied Hydraulics speciali..ts
pritnur:ly on zoastal and estuary problems and works
closely with, the academic and research staff of Ilse
Coastal Engineering Lahoralory of the 'I'echnicuI
University of Denmark. The Ceological Institute, also
of the university, is sriall and is mostly interested ire
the geology of Denmark acid Grcenlmkn particularly
Its it relates to water supply and natural resource
utilirltiou.
Danish hydrologists and hydraulic engineers are
active in international scientific organizations and
conferences, and they participate in technical
Commiltees on flow through porous media, fluvial
hydraulics, 'hydraulic machinery antr equipment.
cavitation, maritime hydraulics, and resources
systems.
i u"WY (1/00)
A9wtzviAT3ox DA-41311
Coastal engineering, rescarch compares faonibl)
with that of other small European countries. 'i'hc
Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the 'Technical
University of Denmark perfurins most of the L01' t=cl
rescarc'rh and has wave tatiks, uscillatilig water flow
tunnels, and scale nrodels for requiring simulaled
share and sea conditions. Stutia�s have beers
undertaken on the stability of underwater drilling
platforms, wave forces on liAllthotiscs, and harbor
constrtiction. Other major projects have dealt villa
littoril sand drift, tide effects on sediments. fortxts oil
breakwaters, and groin protection of shoreiines.
h xperirnents using radioa'r.tivc isotopes far investigat-
ing littoral drift have been conducted.
Denmark has a long tradition of research in fisheries
acid octiarlogrtphy, and until appeox'sniately two
dcc:ides ago it was one of the most prornineat
European countries uuderlakirig work in lheu-
sciences, However, because of a lack of funding acid
resources it, support the present highly complex and
sophisticated surveys, the status of Denniark has
declined. Neverthelesi. it is very active in prorm;iir,g
international cooperation with other countries in
(weasiographic rrsearvh, fisheries resear h. hvdrtr-
graphic expeditions, and in the exchange of
oceanographic infonnation. The perniancni scc-
retariat of the International Council for the
Exploration cif th:- Sea (ICES) is located at
Charlottenlund. Denmark is a nlcniher of the
tnteigovenunental Uceanographie Coininission of
UNESCO, the Northeast Atlantic fisheries Coinntis-
slon, and the International Comrnissior: for tiie
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries.
The most inilwrtant� Danish oceanographic facility
is the fishery and Marine Research institute of the
Ministry of fisheries at Charlottenlund. Other
organizations conducting niarine scientific research
are the Institute of Physical Oceartograpliy of
Copenhagen University and the Coastal Engineering
Laboratory of the Technical University tf (lenniark.
The National Council for Oecanogriphy coordinates
the oceanographic activities of these organizations.
APIi.......... AWrnrnergkamraiaeianen..
ATV.......... .4 kademid for da rekniski ridenskaber.
VTr Danmark*, leknrak- oidsnrkapefipe
Farskninyarnd
STVF... Srarensraknisk- cidrnakapdigePon;t....
ENGLlxlt
Atomic Energy Commisatou
Academy of Toelinical Sciences
Da" Couacit for Scientific and Indus-
trial Research
Gorer.nment Fund for Scientific and
Industrial Research
12 NO FOREi GN Dl$SE I
ftCR Fa'
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