NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 21; YUGOSLAVIA; ARMED FORCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200100037-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 37
• Content Type: REPORTS

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KZ Pi

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Page
4. Strength trends 5
Personnel strength trends of armed forces and
militarized security forces since World War H.
5. Training
Summary of training system; U.S. and Soviet
influences.
A. Economic support and military budget
a. Economic support
Domestic military production; dependence
on outside sources for military items.
b. Military budget
Preparation; defense budgets since 1967.
7. Logistics
Organization and responsibilities of rear
services system.
8. Uniforms and insignia
a. Uniforms
Descriptions of officers' and enlisted men's
uniforms by branch of service.
b. Insignia
Officers' and enlisted men's insignia and
where displayed on uniforms.
B. Ground forces
Offensive and defensive capabilities; weaknesses.
1. Organization
Command channel down to regular ground
units and territorial and civil defense units;
organization of divisions and smaller regular
ground units.
2. Strength, composition, and disposition
Personnel strengths of regulars and reserves;
combat units and their deployment; major
items of equipment.
3. Training
Preinduction, recruit, and reservist training;
division -level exercises and joint maneuvers;
national defense doctrine; organization of
military school system.
4. Logistics
Organization of supply and maintenance sys-
tems; storage facilities.
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
13
13
14
16
Page
C. Naval forces 17
Composition, mission, capabilities, and weaknesses.
1. Organization
Control of Adriatic Fleet, River Flotilla, and
Maritime Frontier Guard; naval zone com-
mands.
2. Strength, composition, and disposition
Lumbers of ships and peronnel and their de-
ployment.
3. Training
Basic and specialist training of enlisted men;
officer training; naval exercises; appraisal of
training system.
4. Logistics
Procurement and supply procedures; depend-
ence on foreign sources; supply depots; do-
mestic shipbuilding.
D. Air and air defense forces
Mission and capabilities; summary of major com-
bat units and their equipment.
1. Organization
Command channel; air defense zones and
operational control of aircraft, missile, anti-
aircraft artillery, and radar units.
2. Strength, composition, and disposition
Personnel strength; composition and deploy-
ment of combat aircraft units and surface-to-
air missile forces; descriptions of antiaircraf
artillery element and air control and warning
system.
3. Training
Descriptions of basic and advanced pilot
training; aircraft maintenance, communica-
tions, surface-to -air missile training.
4. Logistics
Administration of supply and maintenance
systems; aircraft maintenance facilities; de-
s mdence on outside sources of supply.
17
18
19
19
22
22
23
25
E. Militarized security forces 26
Mission, organization, personnel strength, and
training of the Frontier Guard.
FIGURES
ii
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Organization of regular armed
Fig. 8
T -55 Soviet medium tank (ph,
15
forces (chart)
2
Fig. 9
Destroyer Split (photo)
20
Fig. 2
Personnel strengths (table)
6
Fig. 10
Shershen class fast patrol boat
Fig. 3
Officers' uniforms and insignia
9
Fig. 11
photo)
Osa class large guided missile boat
20
(sketches)
photo)
21
Fig. 4
Enlisted men s uniforms and in-
Fig. 12
Heroj class submarine photo)
21
signia sketches)
11
Fig. 13
FisnBEn J- export aircraft photo)
24
Fig. 5
Territorial defense unit (photo)
13
Fig. 14
Jastreb jet fighter photo)
24
Fig. 6
Infantrymen training with 82 -mm
Fig. 15
Caleb jet aircraft (photo)
25
recoilless gun photo)
14
Fig. 16
Surface -to -air missile site photo)
25
Fig. 7
SAcGim antitank missile photo)
15
Fig. 17
Military districts map) follows 26
ii
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Armed Forces
A. Defense establishment
The armed forces, known as the Yugoslav People's
Army (Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija �JNA), consist
of a 190,000 -man ground component organized into
nine divisions, 30 brigades, and three independent
infantry regiments;' a 19,300 -man naval component
which, together with the Frontier Guard, has 549 ships
and craft; and an air component comprised of 11,000
men and aircraft in operational units. Personnel
necessary to man the surface -to -air missile (SAM),
radar, and antiaircraft artillery (AAA) elements of the
air defens, system are drawn from the ground
component. The Frontier Guard, a 14,000 -man
paramilitary force, controls all frontiers and coastal
waters to prevent the escape of defectors and the
infiltration of foreign agents. In time of war it
probably would be used by ground forces field
commanders for specialized rear area security duties.
To further augment the regular armed forces during
wartime, Yugoslavia has created quasi military
elements called territorial defense units. These units,
composed of civilians who are trained and equipped to
resist an invading force, would be activated in the
event of attack. At present, the number of citizens in
the territorial defense units probably exceeds 1 million.
(S)
The organization of the regular armed forces is
realistic and uncomplicated, and training is adequate
for the types of action contemplated in the event of
war. Logistically, however, the armed forces are
dependent on foreign sources for heavy and
sophisticated weapons and equipment and for spare
parts for the heterogeneous collection already in the
country. There are over 2 million trained reserves, and
the mobilization plan appears to be efficient. Morale
is excellent at all levels, and the Yugoslays, in addition
to their well- deserved reputation for being courageous
and stubborn fighters, make good, disciplined soldiers.
(C)
Yugoslavia shuns military commitments to either
Western or Communist alliance systems. It is a
'in addition. there are 16 antiaircraft artillery regiments assigned
to the air defense forces.
member of the dormant Balkan Pact with Greece and
Turkey. The bulk of the military leadership is
composed of Communists loyal to and amenable to
the present "independent" socialist course, although
some lean more toward the U.S.S.R. and others toward
the West. (U /OU)
The military forces would defend well against
attack and could conduct effective guerrilla
operations. The country has no significant offensive
capabilities, except possibly against Albania. In the
event of a general war Yugoslavia probably would try
to remain neutral. (U /OU)
1. Historical (U /OU)
The Yugoslav People's Army was developed from
the partisan forces that were organized and led by Tito
during the World War II Axis occupation. With Allied
support, which was increased when the decision was
made in early 1944 to stop assisting other resistance
groups in the country, Tito's Army of National
Liberation lived up to its name. Techniques for hit
and-run operations were refined and perfected, and
the Germans, suffering reverses in other theaters, had
to withdraw. The first postwar ground and naval units
were put together from experienced partisan fighters,
including some sailors, and from parts of the prewar
navy which had escaped to Malta. The nucleus for the
air force came from the Yugoslays who had manned
a Royal Air Force Spitfire squadron which supported
the partisans and from a second such squadron that
was in training when the war ended.
Materiel and other aid such as training missions,
military schooling, and organizational blueprints were
supplied to the embryonic forces by the U.S.S.R. until
the 1948 break with the Cominform. For the next 3
years the armed forces, inadequately trained and
organized and equipped with a mixtu;- of Soviet,
British, American, and captured German materiel,
were in a precarious position. For the ground forces,
the process of reequipment with Soviet weapons was
only about half completed. In the air force, however,
most of the 800 aircraft on hand were Soviet types.
None of the equipment was of recent manufacture,
and most of it could not be kept operational because
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of a lack of spare parts and maintenance skills. This
situation, coupled with serious economic problems
and the necessity for political reorientation, halted anv
further development of the armed forces. Strength was
steadily increased, but there were few training
facilities available, and the bulk o. the officer corps
still knew only guerilla tactics.
in desperation, Yugoslavia turned to the West
which had furnished economic aid after a devastating
drought in 1950 �for military assistance. Until mid
1958 most military aid to Yugoslavia came from the
United States under the Mutual Defense Assistance
Program (MDAP) agreed to in 1951. This aid included
substantial quantities of equipment, training missions,
and the admission of Yugoslav officers and
noncommissioned officers to U.S. military schools.
U.S. military training methods were being adopted
and U.S. organizational concepts adapted to the
r.alities of the Yugoslav situation when Tito
announced in December 1957 that no further U.S.
grant military assistance would be accepted. in the
succeeding 2 years, the armed forces, particularly the
air compotwnt, lost much of the combat readiness that
had been achieved.
Subsequent to the termination of U.S. military
assistance, procurement from the United States of
military items, including spare parts for materiel on
hand, became increasingly difficult. Reliance on
Western sources for needed equipment,
repiveements, and spare parts had become so tenuous
by 1961 that Yugoslavia accepted U.S.S.R. offers of
materiel.
2. Defense organization (S)
The military establishment is a highly integrated,
relatively simple organization with a unified high
command structure (Figure 1). Constitutionally, the
President of the Republic is tl Supreme Commander
of the Yugoslav People's Army. Under the terms of the
1963 constitution, the Federal Assembly is empowered
to proclaim general mobilization a:id a state of war in
the event of armed attack or the need for immediate
fulfillment of the vountry's international obligations;
it also is charged with the appointment of the
members of the National Defense Council as well as
the appointment and dismissal of the Federal State
Secretaries for National Defense and Foreign Affairs.
The National Defense Council has responsibility for
the organization and mobilization of the total
resources for national defense. It is comprised of 30
members, including the President of the Republic as
Chairman, the Federal State Secretary for National
FEDERAL ASSEMBLY
NATIONAL PRESIDENT
DEFENSE AND
COUNCIL SUPREME COMMANDER
FEDERAL STATE SECRETARY
FOR
NATIONAL DEFENSE
INS'SCTOR ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT
STATE SECRET ARY ASSISTANT STATE SECRETARY STATE SECRETARY ASSISTANT
GENERAL STATE SECRFTARY STATE SECRETARY
Of DEFENSE OF DEFENSE OF DEFENSE OF DEFENSE OF DEFENSE
FOR POLITICAL FOR FOR FOR FOR
AND ADMINISTRATIVE MILITARY ECONOMY PERSONNEL AIR AND AIR NAVAL AFFAIRS
AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATION DEFENSE FORCES
CHIEF, ASSISTANT ASSISTANT ASSISTANT
GEN STATE SECRETARY CHIEF. STATE SECRETARY
ERAL STAFF STATE SECRETARY
OF DEFENSE OF DEFENSE FINANCIAL OF DEFENSE
FOR FOR ADMINISTRATION FOR LIAISON WITH
MILITARY CIVILIAN THE FEDERAL
REAR SERVICES AFFAIRS EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
I I PODRUCIE l7 DEFENSE FORCES DIVISION
GROUND NAVAL Alp AIR AAA A E
AAA
UNITS FORCE UNITS** SAM CWI BRIGADES
UNITS
GROUND UNITS NAVAL UN-TS �Novel r:.er rlosille is wb -d-1. to I Army Diwid.
�Ai-aft ere ndgned to ground s,pr� o, ew defense as required.
FIGURE 1. Organization of the regular armed forces (S)
2
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i 1
1
ARMY DISiRIC1� A
AIR AND AIR F
FRONTIEP. GUARD T
TITO GUARDS
FIGURE 1. Organization of the regular armed forces (S)
2
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Defense, the Chief of the General Staff, and the
Assistant State Secretaries of Defense for Military
Civilian Affairs and Rear Services
A law adopted 19 April 1967 spells out in some
detail the functions of the National Defense Council.
Under this law the council is responsible for general
policy relating to mobilization and organization of
resources and general coordination in the field of
national defense. The council advises the Supreme
Commander regarding armament, equipment,
organization and personnel policy, and other subjects
submitted to it by the Supreme Commander. It is
empowered to give its opinions and make proposals to
the Federal Assembly, at the latter's request or on its
own initiative, on questions of interest to the national
defense.
Administrative arid operational direction of the
armed forces is vested in the Federal State Secretariat
for National Defense. The secretary is appointed for a
4 -year term but may be reappointed for an additional
consecutive term for special reasons. He is assisted in
the execution of his functions by the Inspector
General, the Chief of the General Staff, eight assistant
secretaries, and the heads of other administrative
departments. Yugoslavia is divided into six army
districts, a military area (Titograd Podrucje), and a
naval district (Figure 17). Operational control passes
from the Federal State Secretary for National Defense
to the commanders of the districts arid the military
area, and to the commanders of the air and air defense
forces, the frontier Guard, the Tito Guards Division,
and the territorial defense units.
The Chief of the General Staff is assisted by a
general and a special staff. The general staff, which
functions for all elements of the armed forces, has four
rnair, sections� Operations, Intelligence, Organiza-
tion and Mobilization, and 'training. The special staff
is comprised of the chiefs of infantry, armor, artillery,
ABC (atomic, biological, and chemical), engineer,
signal, air, arid naval forces. The general staff prepares
plans for general defense and for the mobilization and
reinforcement of th^ armed forces. It is also responsible
for the training of the armed forces, including
preinduction arid reserve training, and recommends
pions, policies, and procedures for armed forces
organization, equipment, logistics, leadership, and
operations. Elements of the general staff monitor the
development and c'mintenance of combat readiness
through a system of field inspections. The special staff
chiefs exercise administrative and technical control
over their respective specialties.
The Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Political
and Administrative Affairs is responsible for
supervising the political indoctrination and general
education of all armed forces personnel. This
department also administers the military legal service.
'fhe Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Rear
Services organizes the logistic support for the armed
forces. Ile is responsible for procurement, storage,
issue, repair, and evacuation of supplies and
equipment common to all components of the armed
forces. The procurement, storage, issue, and
maintenance of special technical equipment unique to
the air and naval forces, however, are the
responsibility of the component concerned. Prepara-
tion of plans for deployment of reserve supply
complexes to support both national strategy and the
%var plans developed by the general staff is a rear
services function. Subordinate technical services
include Technical (ordnance), Transportation,
Intendance (quartermaster), Medical, and Veterinary.
'Che Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Military
Economy directs the country's munitions industry and
plans the use of the total economic potential to
support national strategy. Conversely, he also makes
recommendations on converting from military to
consumer production and on methods for general
industrial expansion. He is also responsible for
supervision of armed forces construction projects and
of military research activities.
The Assistant State Secretary of Defense for
Personnel Administration directs the procurement of
personnel for the armed forces and serves as a,
management officer for matters relating to the career
assignments and promotions of officers. He is
generally responsible for all personnel policies and
procedures.
Planning for cooperation between military and
civilian organs during an emergency and /or war is the
primary mission of the Assistant State Secretary of
Defense for Military- Civilian Affairs.
No information is available on the duties of the
Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Air and Air
Defense Forces, other than the fact that he is
commander of the air and air defense forces. The
commander is frequently referred to in the military
press as "Air Force and Anti -air Defense Com-
mander," although this title does not appear to
correspond with the language of the basic law
regarding the armed forces.
There is no information on the duties of the
Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Liaison with
the Federal Executive Council, a position established
in 1970. The incumbent's stature in the military
hierarchy and his title suggest, however, that he
represents the military establishment in its relations
with the legislative branch of the government.
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The Chief of Financial Administration is the
comptroller of the armed forces. He directs the budget
and accounting office, which is responsible for
determining the financial requirements of each
element of the armed forces. He controls all fiscal
operations, allocating funds and conducting audits to
make sure that the money has been used for the
purpose for which it was intended. While the Chief of
Financial Administration is responsible directly to the
Under Secretary for National Defense, he has not been
mentioned as an assistant secretary.
The senior naval officer in Yugoslavia is the
Assistant State Secretary of Defense for Naval Affairs.
This official represents naval interests at the highest
level of :military planning in Belgrade and provides
administrative coordination for naval personnel
matters, research and development, repair and
maintenance, training, and logistics. Formal
responsibility for the Adriatic Fleet rests with the naval
district commander at Split. River naval forces are
subordinate to the I Army District, and the naval
Frontier Guard elements are subordinate to the
commander of the Frontier Guard.
3. Military manpower (S)
The projected military manpower potential of males
between the ages of 15 and 49 as of 1 January 1973 is
estimated to total 5,605,000, 81 being physically fit
for military service. The follow :ng shows the number
of males in the population and the number fit for
military service by 5 -year age groups:
All male citizens between the ages of 18 and 55 are
subject to military service in the regular armed forces.
Conscripts are registered in the year of their 17th
birthday and inducted in the year of their 19th.
Conscripts are inducted and released biannually in
spring (February March) and in autumn (September
October). Specialists and individuals previously
deferred may be inducted throughout the year. The
prescribed term of service for ground and air force
conscripts is 18 months; for the naval component the
term of service is 2 years. Only 1 year, however, is
required for individuals who: 1) complete the first
stage of instruction and have taken examinations for
the first 2 years in a university, an advanced school, or
arts academy; 2) are graduates of a reserve officer
school, higher or advanced school, an arts academy, or
university; and 3) are the sole support of their families.
Commissions are granted in the branches and
services to cadets who successfully complete the
courses in officer preparatory schools and reserve
officer schools, as well as qualified active noncommis-
sioned officers; reserve officers; active military
employees; and draftees and reserve noncommissioned
officers and military employees who have superior
professional training. Special requirements are
specified for each category of applicant (except cadets
graduating from officer preparatory schools) for
commissions in the active service.
Noncommissioned officer (NCO) ranks are filled by
graduates of 0 schools, active corporals, and
reserve NCO's. Upon completion of obligatory
military service, corporals may be promoted to
sergeant provided they have favorable efficiency
ratings and pass the required examination. Reserve
noncommissioned officers may be accepted for active
service if they pass the examination for active
noncommissioned officers.
Deferments are granted for medical and family
support reasons or to permit the completion of
education. During the period 1973 -77 the average
number of fit males reaching conscript age annually is
expected to be about 201,000, and it is estimated that
each year 100,000 will be inducted into the ground
forces and 2,000 into the naval forces; an estimate of
the number of air force inductees is unavailable.
There are no organized reserve units to supplement
the ground and air forces. Rather, the reserve elen. :mt
takes the form of a trained manpower pool froi�n which
units may draw during peace or war. All persons
subject to military service are automatically
transferred to the reserve upon completion of their tour
of active duty and remain in the reserve until age 55,
or, in the case of officers, until age 60. Trained ground
force reserves are estimated at about 2,040,000 men, of
whom about 525,000 were released from active duty
during the period 1967 -71. The latter could be utilized
immediately and effectively in the event of any
emergency. The naval reserve consists of about 36,000
men (3,600 officers, 32,400 enlisted). In time of war
most of these reservists would be used in support
capacities ashore and as re!,!�:ements for shipboard
casualties. No information is available on air force
reservists.
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TOTAL
ACE
NUMBER
NUMBER FIT FOR
CROUP
OF MALES
MILITARY SERVICE
15 -19
',009,000
910,000
20 -24
960,000
845,000
25 -29
722,000
625,000
30 -34
752,000
620,000
35 -39
794,000
615,000
40 -44
776,000
545,000
45 -49
592,000
365,000
Total, 15 -49
5,605,000
4,525,000
All male citizens between the ages of 18 and 55 are
subject to military service in the regular armed forces.
Conscripts are registered in the year of their 17th
birthday and inducted in the year of their 19th.
Conscripts are inducted and released biannually in
spring (February March) and in autumn (September
October). Specialists and individuals previously
deferred may be inducted throughout the year. The
prescribed term of service for ground and air force
conscripts is 18 months; for the naval component the
term of service is 2 years. Only 1 year, however, is
required for individuals who: 1) complete the first
stage of instruction and have taken examinations for
the first 2 years in a university, an advanced school, or
arts academy; 2) are graduates of a reserve officer
school, higher or advanced school, an arts academy, or
university; and 3) are the sole support of their families.
Commissions are granted in the branches and
services to cadets who successfully complete the
courses in officer preparatory schools and reserve
officer schools, as well as qualified active noncommis-
sioned officers; reserve officers; active military
employees; and draftees and reserve noncommissioned
officers and military employees who have superior
professional training. Special requirements are
specified for each category of applicant (except cadets
graduating from officer preparatory schools) for
commissions in the active service.
Noncommissioned officer (NCO) ranks are filled by
graduates of 0 schools, active corporals, and
reserve NCO's. Upon completion of obligatory
military service, corporals may be promoted to
sergeant provided they have favorable efficiency
ratings and pass the required examination. Reserve
noncommissioned officers may be accepted for active
service if they pass the examination for active
noncommissioned officers.
Deferments are granted for medical and family
support reasons or to permit the completion of
education. During the period 1973 -77 the average
number of fit males reaching conscript age annually is
expected to be about 201,000, and it is estimated that
each year 100,000 will be inducted into the ground
forces and 2,000 into the naval forces; an estimate of
the number of air force inductees is unavailable.
There are no organized reserve units to supplement
the ground and air forces. Rather, the reserve elen. :mt
takes the form of a trained manpower pool froi�n which
units may draw during peace or war. All persons
subject to military service are automatically
transferred to the reserve upon completion of their tour
of active duty and remain in the reserve until age 55,
or, in the case of officers, until age 60. Trained ground
force reserves are estimated at about 2,040,000 men, of
whom about 525,000 were released from active duty
during the period 1967 -71. The latter could be utilized
immediately and effectively in the event of any
emergency. The naval reserve consists of about 36,000
men (3,600 officers, 32,400 enlisted). In time of war
most of these reservists would be used in support
capacities ashore and as re!,!�:ements for shipboard
casualties. No information is available on air force
reservists.
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The mobilization system provides for the rapid
mobilization of individual reservists to bring existing
units to full strength and to man newly activated units
built around cadres from standing units. The general
mobilization plan, prepared by the general staff and
issued through normal command channels, forms the
basis for all unit mobilization plans maintained. down
to and including regimental and independent
battalion levels. Unit plans, based on the local
situation, are revised periodically. To test their
effectiveness, mobilization exercises, generally without
reserve participation, are conducted frequently at
sruall -unit through regimental level during suilinler
field training. Unit plans include orders and various
mobilization rosters and maps. The orders state
whether or not the unit is to furnish a cadre for another
unit, and they contain instructions for unit movement
and the drawing of necessary equipment from depot
storage, as well as ally additional transport from local
civilian sources. The orders also specify the quantity of
field rations to be taken to the assembly point and
procedures for replenishing ration stocks.
The "all- peoples defense" doctrine established in
the national defense law on February 1969 provides
for the mobilization of virtually the entire country in
time of crisis. Under this law, the six republics and 501
communes are responsible for the organization,
training, and activation within their own territories of
territorial defense and civil defense units. In the event
of attack, almost all citizens between the ages of 16
and 65 would be assigned specific responsibilities in
resisting the invasion, including assignments to the
armed units. Coordination with the regular armed
forces would take place at the republic level.
Morale is good at all levels throughout the armed
forces. Improvement in housing and food, increased
pay, and generally better living conditions for families
have had a positive effect on morale. Another
favorable influence is the higher quality of leadership
which reflects significant advances in the educational
and training level of field- and company -grade officers
over those in command positions in the early post
World War II period. In addition, much progress has
been made in subduing the former pronounced ethnic
animosities with the result that an invader would be
met by a unified, stubborn, dedicated force.
The average male is physically tough, with
tremendous endurance and the capacity for remaining
effective without, by Western standards, adequate
food and equipment. lie adapts readily to military
discipline, is adept at improvisation, and understands
and cherishes his weapons. Above all, he is proud,
courageous, and undaunted, regarc'less of the size or
prowess of his adversary.
4. Strength trends (S)
Immediately after cessation of World War I1
hostilities in Europe, the number of armed forces
personnel underwent a drastic rec uction and
continued to decline for the next 2 years (Figure 2). By
the end of 1947, the number had been reduced to
261,000. After Yugoslavia's expulsion from the
Cominform in mid -1948, the personnel strength began
to increase yearly until by the end of 19:4 a peak of
about 367,000 was reached. Then followed a rather
steady decline to the 1971 strength of 220,300. By the
time U.S. military aid was terminated, fear of
aggression by Soviet bloc forces had largely subsided;
normalization of relations with Italy and Greece had
progressed to the extent that neither country was
considered to be posing any aggressive threat.
Beginning in the early 1960's, relations with the
U.S.S.R. and the Eastern European Communist
countries (Albania excepted) improved significantly.
This development probably was a major consideration
in the 1964 decision to initiate a sizable reduction in
armed forces strength. Although there was no
appreciable change in the strength of the regu!ar
armed forces following the August 1968 invasion of
Czechoslovakia by Soviet -ied Warsaw Pact military
forces, the invasion led Yugoslavia in February 1969 to
.adopt its defense strategy of total mobilization ("all-
people's defense").
Personnel strength of the Frontier Guard appears to
have stabilized at about 14,000. Late in 1952, the
Corps of National Defense of Yugoslavia, an organ of
the Federal Secretary for Internal Affairs, was
inactivated and its border control functions delegated
to the Frontier Guard under the jurisdiction of the
Federal SW-! Secretary for National Defense. This
reorganization undoubtedly accounts for the drastic
reduction in personnel strength during 1952 -53.
During the late 1950's, strength steadily declined,
probably in direct proportion to improvement in
relations with the Soviet bloc and neighboring
W �stern countries, as well as to improvement in
internal political and economic conditions.
5. Training (C)
The armed force maintain an extensive and
thorough program of general and specialized training
for all the services and branches. At the high
command level, the general staff has responsibility for
the formulation of overall training plans and
directives. In addition, it operates the Higher and
Lower Military Academies, as well as the branch
schools of the ground forces. The Higher Military
Academy is comprised of two schools �the Tactical
5
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FIGURE 2. Armed forces personnel sivengths (5)
(As of 1 January of each year)
School, pro%'ding a 2 -year course for captains, majors,
and lieutenant colonels, and the War Academy,
offering a I -year course primarily for colonels. The
Tactical School and the War Academy of the Higher
Military Academy are the equivalents of the U.S.
Cornmand and General Staff College and the Army
War College, respectively. Ofti of all branches of
the armed forces are admitted to Higher Military
Academy courses. The Lower Military Academy,
offering a 4 -year course for officer cadets, is the
counterpart of the U.S. Military Academy.
Joint field exercises were conducted in the fall of
1971. 'These exercises followed a general buildup of
training activities throughout the year. The scope of
the principal exercise called for army district control of
major combat and territorial defense units in two
sided maneuvers involving three army districts. '['his
was the first time in 18 years that such large -scale
maneuvers were carried out and fully tested the
Yugoslav "all people's defense" doctrine. Infantry,
armor, arti!lerv, airborne, air support, air defense.,
territorial cefense, and civil defense units were
involved.
From the end of World War 11 until early in 1948
Soviet advisers supervised ground forces unit training;
Soviet instructors taught in the military schools; and
the training manuals in use were translated copies of
Soviet manuals. In addition, large numbers of
Yugoslav officers, predominantly of field- or general
officer grade, attended military schools in the U.S.S.R.
Until 1951 the basic Soviet system was retained, but
political instruction was reorientated to reflect the
anti- Sovict- domination policy of the government.
After deliveries of equipment under the U.S.
Mutual Defense Assistance Program began in 1951,
and the American Mutual Assistance Staff arrived,
training was gradually directed toward U.S. methods,
and U.S. tactical doctrine was taught. Small numbers
of Yugoslav officers and enlisted technicians attendee)
schools in the United States and at U.S. installations in
6
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MILITARIZED
TOTAL MILITARY
SECURITY
DATE
GROUND FORCES
NAVAL FORCES
AIR FORCE
FORCES
FORCES
World War Il peak
'500,000
5,000
7,000
512,000
1946
300,000
3,000
6,E00
309,500
80,000
1947
275,000
13,000
-,900
293,900
80,000
1948
240,000
15,000
6,000
261,000
60,000
1949
240..000
21,600
9,700
271,300
60,000
1950
250,000
20,300
10,100
280,400
60,000
1951
275,000
20,300
10,100
305,400
58,000
1952
325,000
21,200
10,000
356,200
58,000
1953
325,000
21,500
13,200
359,700
35,000
1954
825,010
27,000
15,100
367,100
33,000
1955
300,000
27,000
28,000
355,000
35,000
1956
?00,000
27,000
'8,000
355,000
35,000
1 957
295,000
27,000
28,000
350,000
25,000
1958
285,000
29,600
28,000
342,600
20,000
959
275,000
29,600
28,000
332,600
15,000
1960
275,00
29,600
28,000
332,600
15,000
1961
250,000
29,000
28,000
307,000
15,000
1 962
250,000
29,900
24,000
303,000
15,000
1 963
250,000
23,000
24,000
303,000
15,000
1964
250,000
29,00
11,000
2�0,000
15,000
1965
234,000
22,000
11,000
267.000
15,000
1966
234,000
22,000
11,000
267,006
15,000
1967
224,000
2,000
11,000
255,000
15,000
1968
190,000
18,000
11,000
219,000
15,000
1969
190,000
18,1100
11,000
219,000
15,000
1970
190,000
18,000
11,000
219,000
15,000
1971
190,000
�'19,300
11,000
220,300
14,000
1172
190,000
�*19,300
11,000
220,300
14,000
Not pertinent.
*Includes all types of ground forces.
"Includes 1,000 in
maritime element
of the Frontier
Guard and 300 militia.
School, pro%'ding a 2 -year course for captains, majors,
and lieutenant colonels, and the War Academy,
offering a I -year course primarily for colonels. The
Tactical School and the War Academy of the Higher
Military Academy are the equivalents of the U.S.
Cornmand and General Staff College and the Army
War College, respectively. Ofti of all branches of
the armed forces are admitted to Higher Military
Academy courses. The Lower Military Academy,
offering a 4 -year course for officer cadets, is the
counterpart of the U.S. Military Academy.
Joint field exercises were conducted in the fall of
1971. 'These exercises followed a general buildup of
training activities throughout the year. The scope of
the principal exercise called for army district control of
major combat and territorial defense units in two
sided maneuvers involving three army districts. '['his
was the first time in 18 years that such large -scale
maneuvers were carried out and fully tested the
Yugoslav "all people's defense" doctrine. Infantry,
armor, arti!lerv, airborne, air support, air defense.,
territorial cefense, and civil defense units were
involved.
From the end of World War 11 until early in 1948
Soviet advisers supervised ground forces unit training;
Soviet instructors taught in the military schools; and
the training manuals in use were translated copies of
Soviet manuals. In addition, large numbers of
Yugoslav officers, predominantly of field- or general
officer grade, attended military schools in the U.S.S.R.
Until 1951 the basic Soviet system was retained, but
political instruction was reorientated to reflect the
anti- Sovict- domination policy of the government.
After deliveries of equipment under the U.S.
Mutual Defense Assistance Program began in 1951,
and the American Mutual Assistance Staff arrived,
training was gradually directed toward U.S. methods,
and U.S. tactical doctrine was taught. Small numbers
of Yugoslav officers and enlisted technicians attendee)
schools in the United States and at U.S. installations in
6
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West Germany, and an adequate military school
system was established in Yugoslavia. Although U.S.
personnel left in the spring of 1958, their impact on
training was considerable.
Since procurement of Soviet military materiel was
resumed in late 1961 or early 1962, some Yugodav
military personnel probably have received training in
establishments in the U.S.S.R. In addition, orientation
in the operation and maintenance of some of the
Soviet materiel very likely was accomplished by Soviet
technicians in Yugoslavia. Thus far, information is
inconclusive as to whether or not any Yugoslav officers
have resumed attendance at higher staff schools in the
U. S. S. R.
6. Economic support and military budget (S)
a. Economic support
Yugoslavia's economy has developed rapidly since
the early 1950'x, but levels of productivity and per
capita income are still among the lowest in Europe.
The country is nearly self- sufficient in food
production. Although the agricultural sector's
importance to the economy has been gradually
declining, it still employs about one half of the labor
force. Industry has been expanding rapidly, but
Yugoslavia is dependent upon foreign sources for most
of its industrial raw materials and capital goods.
Production of ground forces equipment includes
small arras, mortars, explosives, antitank missiles, light
and medium field artillery, antiaircraft guns, rocket
launchers, armored personnel carriers, and motor
vehicles. Except for ammunition, however, production
could not meet wartime requiremenis over an
extended period. Tanks, antitank missiles, artillery,
radar, and trucks have been obtained from the Soviet
Union. '1'rucks have also been purchased from
Hungary, Italy, and West Germany, and antiaircraft
guns have been supplied by Czechoslovakia.
Although the shipbuilding industry is capable of
building all types of naval ships up to destroyer size,
construction has been limited to small units far coastal
defense and antisubmarine warfare (ASW). The navy
is dependent upon outside sources for much of its
electronic equipment and sophisticated weapon
systems, and major combatants such as the large Osa
class guided missile patrol boats are usually imported
from the Soviet Union.
The aircraft industry produces military jet trainers
and light attack aircraft, but the industry is small and
Yugoslavia has had to purchase aircraft from foreign
sources, including Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Surface -to -air missiles