NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 32B; SOUTHERN YEMEN (ADEN); THE SOCIETY

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CONFIDENTIAL
328/GS
Yemen (Aden)
July 1973
NATIC)NAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
CONFIDENTIAL
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This chapter was prepared for the NIS, under the
general supervision of the Central Intelligence
Agency, by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Social
and Economic Statistics Administration, Department
of Commerce. Research was substantially completed
by March .1973.
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YEMEN (ADEN]
CONTENTS
This charter %ur, ersedr, the 4 "W 11-11'�x; al rn� r04E.
in the Southrrn Yrmrn j>.nttnry of file (;grrgl
Surt cq on st-tithcrn l rrr;, n .ih,, at ..�e r (ti.�ean
dated N, rnh, r 1`64
A. Introducti",
B. Structure and characteristitm of society 4
1. Et hnic cempositinn Q
2. LanLuage 3
I Social orvanization 3
4. Social patterns 3
5. Social valucs
C. Population
I. Density and distribution g
2. Age -sex struclure 9
CON IDF. -MAL
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FICVRE3
Page
Pag
Q Wetlt epportrnittes fannd condltiar
0
Q Religion
18
1, Attirhdra and pattrrna
10
H. Education
17
L Wor 1otatin
11
16
Fig. 10
I Labor and nanaptt
13
1. Artistic and cultural ex s ion
i
18
L Hed&
13
J. Public information
20
P. Uvft toadMioor and social in -1
14
1L Suggestions (or !urther reading
22
FICVRE3
S
Page
Fig I
Typical Southern Yemeni (photo)
3
Fig
Palaces of a wealthy sheikh (photo)
4
Fg, 3
Densely clustered town (phelo)
6
119 4
Pgwlation density. by governorate
16
Fig. 10
O
9
Fit b
Estimatrd pr mlatiaa, by age group
19
Fig. 11
and sex (Idue)
10
FfF, d
Apr -st% strimure. Yemen Aden) and
20
Fig. 13
for United States (chart)
10
S
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Paige
Fig. 7
Desert well frequented by nomads
photo)
13
Fig. 8
Typical slum housing, Aden photo)
15
Fig. 9
The High Mosque of Tarim photo)
16
Fig. 10
Representative architectural styles
photos)
19
Fig. 11
Musician with lute photo)
20
Fig. 12
Yemeni musicians (phcb)
20
Fig. 13
Selected newspapers and periodicals
table)
21
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I_1 �ZIGIT AIl7dMIAROM W( I( I:1(( I-lGE lwe3 Fit N 1ll( Z11 111M(yl:l(I(I(Y(I(Z[(I(I(ZE:
`s
A
i'
w
r:
`s

The Society
A. Introduction (U /OU)
Tile 1 c�cplc�'s Democratic Republic of Yenx�n
Is a land of few resources other than its
people. most of whom are Arab. Nhislim, and tribal.
Until the arrival of the British in the 10th century and
the deyelopnw'It of Aden as port and military base,
the country was isolated from the nrinstream of world
affairs. Even the British had little impact on society
beyond the confines of Aden. Nomadism remained
substantial. poverty was endemic. regionalists was
p rot ounced� and intertribal fending continued
unabated. As it former British High Comi,lissioner in
Aden has noted. "the national sport was shooting each
other and i t modern rifle was the ,lost prized
possession and the only acceptable bribe.
The history of Yemten (Aden) has been closely
associated %yitlt that of the Yeomen Arab Republic�.
Both countries form it single cographic unit, and their
peoples are related by a eommo,l languas;e, relit *ion.
and tradition. 1'cntcn (:\den) for mteci part of rile
ancient commercial ciyilizatioll that flourished in
southern Arabia from approximately 1200 B.C. to its
final cler,lise in the sixth miter A.D. Daring this
period, Yemeni trawling outposts extended throughout
the Arabian Peninsula, and frankincense and myrrh
were transported along the "inc�ense trail" from the
Iladhrusatmt to as far north as Mesopotamia. Syria,
and Eppt. Trade with the Indian subcontinent was
also established. Yellwid emigrants helped to people
Tnti1 1970 the People's Democratic Republic of 1'enu n
IP.D.R.I'.l seas known as the Penple's Democratic flepublic� of
Southern Yemen. 'i distinguish the wintry from its noothern
neighbor. the Yemen Arab liepuhlic�. the P.D.R.1'. w0l he referred to
as Yemen (Aden). the government as the P.D.R.Y., and the people
as Yeruenis.
northern Arabia as well as ;Abyssinia (Fthiopia) and
other parts of east Africa.
Isolated geographic..II%. Yemen (Ade) was rarely
invaded by foreign powers. '1'hc� Ronauls attenpt to
conquer the area in the first c�ntur R.C. but failed.
Abyssinians penetrated it in the fourth and again in
the sixth c�enhr A. D., followed by Persians who
occupied ,lucl of the territor for several decades in
the late sixth and early seventh centuries. These
incursions infused the pinsical characteristics of the
invaders among the indigenous population, traces of
which rennin. The Negroes imported later from Africa
by X111sliln slave traders had it greater ethnic impae�t.
however.
"I'he Ye,lu�nis Were converted to Islam in the ntid-
seventh century, and the� religion has had it profound
effect on society. Although failing to unite the region's
fractious tribes, it provided the Yenmenis with it basic
social structure triode of thought, and Icgal system.
which continue to exert a strong influeuc�e. The
Islamic heritage nay not prevent the
e 1'eu�nis from
accepting the leftist ideology of their contemporary
rulers, but, along with the tribal legac\ it serves as an
important barrier to rapid social e l l ange�.
For much of their Islamic history, the Ye,lu�nis were
governed by the Imams of northern Yemen, who ruled
from San'a for 800 years. Largely Sunni \luslillls of
the Shah'i school of jurispruderw�e. the southerners did
not render religious allegia,lce to the Inams, who were
Z!IYdis of the heterodox Shia branch of Islam. Imamic
control over the south Was thus never very firm, and
mane petty tribal states and sult,ucutes began to break
away from the Imamate in tlw-- l8th century.
Beginning in 1517. Ottoman Turkish hegeniolly had
even less effect in Yemen (Aden) than in the north.
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The British entered Aden in 18,39 seeking it
hunkering station and port to fulfill their imperial
needs. Initially it snall village, Aden developed
gradually into a fairly large and cosmopolitan city,
whose population .vas augmented by IndiaOs.
Somalis, and torthern Yemenis seeking work and
commercial gain. Although Great Britain established
treaty relationships with some 27 tribal states,
southern Yemen, except for the area around Aden, was
left virtually untouched until the 1930's, and some
remote areas were opened to outsiders only in the early
1960's. As it means of protecting their position in
Aden, the British sent political agents into the
hinterland and expanded the authority of the
sultanates. In the 1950's, in an effort to ensure that a
stable constitutional regime would follow their
departure, the British encouraged the Yemeni states to
join together in it federal system. Aden ceased to he it
crown colony in january 196:3 and became it member
of the n(!"y Federation of South Arabia, although
ultimate authority for defense and foreign policy was
retained by the British.
This rather artificial union, beset by suspicions
between "feudal" tribesmen and sultans on the one
hand and 'sophisticated" Adonis on the other, was
destroyed by growing Arai) nationalism and the
violent independence struggle of the 1960's. In
November 1967, the� federation achieved independ-
ence and became a revolutionary republic under the
aegis of the National Front (NF). The sultans fled the
country, as did many of their retainers, along with
tribal sheikhs and anti -NF politicians. Since 1967, the
NF has become progressively more radical. Dedicated
to the goal of it sweeping social revolution, it has
encouraged rural peasant revolts, nationalized the
property of various "c xploitative" groups, undertak,-n
limited land refornn, and used the� rhetoric of
"scientific socialism" in drawing up programs for
national development. These and other measures have
proclnced an awned revolt on the part of conservative
tribal dissidents and disaffected politicians. In fact,
despite the government's revolutionary pretenses, the
society remains deeply conservative, internally
divided, and, with the exception of Aden and parts of
the I-Iadhramaut, basically undeveloped.
In November 1972, following several years of
increasing hostility between the governments of the
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the
Yemen Aral) Iiepuhlic, culminating in it short border
war in October November 1972, the two countries
agreed in principle to the establishment of it single,
unified Yemeni state. Differing political perspectives
and constitutional arrangements, as well as mutual
a
ennitiv., harbored on both sides of the bonder.
however, suggest a torlu0us path lo"anl union.
Whatever the outcome of the merger negotiations. the
socioccononnic prospects of Yemen (Aden) are not
bright.
B. St, ucture and characteristics of the
society (U /OU)
Most Yelln�niS We Amb, tribal, or of tribal origin.
Mid. Muslini, but society is neither homogeneous uor
politically unified. In addition to foreign conn-
munities, pronounced regional differences and
antagonisms exist, and many tribes have 1101 been
ununahlc to government control. Although the
impact of British penetration was substantial in the
Ade,, region, most of the population were not directly
affected by the British presence. In fact, according to
the last British I -ligh Commissioner in Aden, the
British occupation "did the country little permanent
good.'
1. Ethnic composition
Yemenis are predominantly Arabs, it Semitic people
belonging to the� Mediterranean branch of the
Caucasian race (Figure I Mixed with Negroid.
Malayan, and Indian elements, Yemenis are generally
smaller and ethnically more complex than Arabs of
northern Arabia. 'I'll( distinctly dark almost black
pigmcntation and frizzy hair that characterize many
south central Arabians manifest the infusion of Negro
stock from neighboring parts of Africa. Indeed, many
unassimilated Negroes, formerly slaves, are found
throughout the country. Mahra tribesmen, usually
classified as non- Arabs, tend to view Arabs as
interlopers. Reputedly descendants of the aboriginal
llimyarite peoples of South Arabia, they live in the
easternmost part of Yemen (Aden) and on the island of
Socotra.
Several distinct foreign communities reside in the
coastal towns, particularly in Aden, whose population
in 1965 was approximately 2Yi non -Arab. In 1969.
there were some 15,000 Adonis of Indian extraction, as
Nvell as much smaller communities of Pakistanis and
Somalis. All three groups are predominantly Muslim,
but only the latter two have intermarried extensively
with the Yemeni population. The northern Yemeni
Arab pope' lion of Aden, numbering over 48.000
according to the 19 .55 census, increased markedly after
19.55, but, like other foreigners, many of them left
after independence.
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2. language
The official and Iflost �fontr11o111 spoken language is
Arabic. a Semitic language related to Aramaiv.
lebre%%. 1'hoellic�iaif. mod .v%vral F Ihiovi:u1 Ilialv(.1�.
As thc� language of tilt� Koran. it has :I rllieirins
significance thro'ghout the� \111�lim %%orhl ,loll is tilt�
nu�diclmt of c�omtnnnle:lIion I,et1%1 Ihe Arab
countries. The fort its of Arabic well %ar% .ub.t:cllliall%.
the basic difference being ;)ettsretl Aritbit-
tbe Ko;a11ic� language- slxken be a small learned
minorih and the variom volloclllial di:leeh spoken b%
the general poplation. These dialec�Is differ
considerable in prfon'neiati�11. grammar. :all{
vocabulary. Normadie Bedouin speeell. for example.
cannot be easily understood be timimilell. Literim
Arabic, the modem form of \classical. is usld in
scholarly discourse as well as be the schools ,1111 the
information media.
Vlahri, the language of the Mahra tribes. is Ihe
nulill imdig 111011 11 Arabic I:ulguage. :lcc I (I fig to
the late Bert rant 'I'ltomms, a dktillguished British
scholar and explon \lahri belongs to the Semilie
1.Initlt el. Qh r'lr I +111 Ilift eh,4f�f a1f111'1111.11 :Illitlilil� m Ill,
1A No Than �itit 1fillfiv \111 0,110.1111_ it is .11
11.1.1111 1 110 %A mv,+n. fot IIilmmill�. lilt- 141111tu.lu"- of Illy
.111vietll .fie /hill 11telbia11 Ihr sn "It" i4;lllllt r 'I'vilk
l4well Ili:dl,'I ,4 im At:llril� .11111 .1 %iltialll
111 \I :Ihti 'kfritlrll ill Ihe \t,11ri1� 4efilrl
Ihe fitte -tttl I 401111 Ile tl�Iaill IlN�if foNt1
lallltilace im 11111it1u SK.tllili. 11rin.11l. \1.11:1\. :11111
%mil m, Indian IILl /Y't� \Iml .IINr !1N %t.11lle� .1� d
N11 1114 111111(111�. 4"iol,�l /1 for 1111� II1111111'. Nllt e elll�r.111%
tena:nn ml.l� 4imiiah,l Knecbtihtl� 111 h:11uli i� f.urls
Nilh� 414(1;Id. 1 111 \lll�n. Nhl tl' 11 i %.1/e1kull 10%
III:"11 1'Iil ,4 1'r :1111 ,4 11 ai 111 f 4. foil tl'lltll�m 111111101 a
.11111 11111et NI10 lime 111 ,'11 111 1'1 %%fill 1a1gli�ll-
l/l�:111i11Q \1,411 rnlh \1 11.1 4I mild illdvih'tldvil, V.
1�110141 %%a- 1.1uuh+ in lilt- 11111wr lrrilmit% grade. .41111 it,
,4 IY 1111.10\ 4l'hlIl�
:1. Social organiieliftn
'I'hl� nlaior '/'vial 'nil� .Ito- lilt.Iril1 uotnalie.
Willin41111.111i1�. for -:11111 fill 1.04 L01161%
\110.4 11 f11 arl� Irilm-i11!'tl or 111.1 t;1�r� Nhfo 11111
rel,vlll Ila.e 111.1.11 delribaliied g11mll.
Illig :114' ,4 1�:1�"11- 111% NIIII their valltvl�. �h1e1/. (lr i'ma%.
u �nall 11�nlailli11e %%ilhin .I it .l� I,Imvlered tl�vir
re.pe ~
from natural increaa. it i. this prtiliahhr th.il A111'.
ha innitst~ or 19 tilt. poptdation diev uot,vxee�r�cl 1 -4
million. tree >l)rrtivc ahelll Cr if u� polxilatit was IA
million or 1.5 million, A10tl;clr (Adt-10 r:oiks 1'111 it$
popolatioli urnong (Ile IS iodelx�ndetil Arrlrstates. Ii
Ila :tiiottl t++'ict7 is Ilhllty itillabitallt+ as twiehlioring
Oman 11,11t oIII% one fourth as immy as they 1�crriett
Amb. Kepi f ilic.
In tilt. al)st ilea of iur effvcti% for,res;isterisis
Births arid. dvalhs, vital rates hill be r�stiriialec I.
I he period MG- 0. acc�ordili 16 tt.N. fissures- the,
birth tale was :11)11re)si1li;itVl%_ 50.0 per 1,0410
p opitlatioll olld :tlte iil�uilt rate ?�_':i, indivatirl9 it raft'
o f tlutur.kl inerruse of ;thotit ?:i i per, lrar. This ltitsh
rat(', particularly for n coivttrc whir :fe+i' t1;itl:r,(l
re s urceti� creates a ,liNlilltlable barrier to alk' 1
it$ r ai ;r: It- v el s.o f l ivi d" and alfeviate tilt' i`i dvsprc.t[i
17c�erir. ':1 /arise proixirtiirs oi' .r�hildreu ntnsl be
supporivil by those of a'orkins~ :k>tit and tit'.
divulidenvv burdeo serves as. a ni:tjor }iindraltti. to
irnl7 ;fix ills; liin>; ce)n(lilinits and tivIIor:tl
i'fplil ;tf :litltl[tl['s.fil. \'elrhig largrl laltlilics clitilitla"t
pissihilily of siLnificaiit reiIwlion of :0 v b irt h rate.
Moreovi-r, 'with cvrr lilr>;er I ltnriIIiers of cvolnvil
:Intiva #!y eiitcrnl tlik' princi rhilcdl)varim tilt
popilhaitilt a 'ill cotiti,rtte� to.l roa� :rapidly, tyslring the
rc�illMitider of the 1970 s mil d.uirlti; the
a�hetliirr: or not tic' birth .rata' th- dines. Tit ;'lath. the-.
90% :II ;Is adopt I'd -no oifici ;ll polit.�v ill7
resli(�eltil pfiliitlation isttlriil�
11'hile sisasific nft c�iranmes it- fertilily tieeni .utili.keiv
in the'near fit ttlre, it is pit4iallt iltilt the death rite.
err ilittli.for,tht age s( ruettire ,of tilt fit)pis'a ti it
decline gradm.111v'Jil respti tsc to :intl)rovi it .fieallh
cnlldiIious thus a rri ler:ittn}s popuLtlioil gri+lli. I'Gr
nfainl ,'titttrt:rlit r,iti alm;ieic uiiir
have [{rotgwd
(krora'ii:It, a lthtllF3;ll supportln>; data lire ahnust
tit Or iii the 19301 lin& Ill lfl s; aecurtiinls to [lit.
estiritate f im! observer. bout. three =f( I rlhs of all
children died 'b4tiry g Ill Adtll A ll }t qi, ,lhf
rel)orif d imirUilitw r;ltt. for chiidre li ::nueirr a>;e I %was
:(hunt ,401 per I,iHI(i :ii birth.. 'Cite� artetal r:tie ,tor
1 }it9 t1l', M14 1Elat f(Or the re
t
4
.the e�tinni,r uhst:utti:kllc t;re:kux. i.if� i�xpcc�li1 u�i :it
k4ill +w_s ean.m Ilu� (965.70 period_
Tlly eett'tit lo w hich illle�rtiaii tmal'`rni>;rititnr llas
}feeler/ txy7ul: tit n >~ruwi'li i nut iherll:i ure t1, i r;in,e. (Will
fkwr than S:.I7i r +fin. pt} s.. ;told A[
ltJl::t }laic llull)elaliults io t st trsti
(if ?(I,(}f}f1, %%'itll
its sal lor lis. Advil has llc twct �n l:at),htlll an 200.0
rc'sid0lis ntt1w titile of iiiticllclitietice): Al
\lttkalh l uu l ll}t i ll 1 511 ),60 iililil �iifuisls its 19 611: 0doer
major ctmi14mities include A.41 Shihr: I..thrj: Sal nn,
alt! 'I':kiitit
r1:C sex striirtitre
Ili( ltolmimion is very puun>_� Ac�cortliu,- to
rstitilates, tilt- nttltliall aL;e of mi(l \ear 1970 wws 17.9
1-'or diavlitioK till police mult+�s "w tln- li.t +11 doll� ul, !fit- al,r
uf:lhi snit �dare Map its 111t. Cnimtri. Nofilr Aapu.T ;iut1 ill(- rrt;tll
isllf.
m
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FIGURE S. Estimated population, by oge. group and sex, midyear 1970. (U /OU)
(Population in :tho usonds)
years.:nlore than 10 year, hel(}' :tlke,. figu in tilt-
tni(ed :SMatcs. Ali e3titualctl [VI of tllir poptil:tlitlri
+crc undeva c l:): tilt/ 55'i were lirl{Etrr Ckf f ?t) (I it:ure
5). At tilt other lltalr 2.7% were age 6:3 or
olcl r.. -okd onl' 9.95 age 3(l or older. AItoktclher.
the ptllitel:ilion ill 1. It. t)i- 31tlen #.a}:es(i1suailyt!t�fitled
us 11- !�I`an {1 fi:) or older }at�{�ouplt�t! Icr �lira ofllle� iota/
population, whereas illost' ilk. the Vllrklrke age's (15 -61)
eullstituted .53%, The resulting ralio of yti:i pPrrtllls in
[lie depeadettl agii -s per I.W0 ilk tlurworking ikt:vs: was
MUM +Vi higher dials (l]1 w1io irk tl]c Unilvd SQIt(a.
Ill steel] oMi ltrit's as Ycinen, llowl.vvr,.lite formal
l. i 1x It( t Ile% ratlt)..ott ssui vs t w, actua t t� t1
g 3 3
34H-t'1�.r;iUN
r AM Percent
1 1 VF1 'l:Yr 1)[SrittIIt IUX
N1 Al.
fi3 and ol�er enllthme to Ivtlrk Iwc�:iaw of
FIGURE 6. Age -sex structure, Yemen. (Aden) and .jhe
.vconuilite
eieresSit y.
United States, midyear 1,470 (UJOU)
'I'll(,.lxtpnlaiiart lirofile, tYkutz.lrce( `'ith lhat.of'the
;�Mitt CIt(lle (I' inure +I](lU`S that the hrtlhilr t1f
Iatropean etkulitriu," vd iert' f( �ivaies;predulllirlate.::Itl
tit C ll {!l11 .1N11itrl.khtin 1111de a 5, is ITIt)n '11]:111
I971i' (hert' I +t'rt''an estlrrlated 102.:) iliales or eter\`
(1 (lt:lt t1f,Ilte.l' St ates kit tt I() tilt� lilllelk
13 al It
1 11 1;1!! r Ic'('1 t) (e'rt 111 Yl'ITlell (:11 1 1'//). (Il 1:/5 t11!'
a1l ,:i! e.>; Cflu p. I('r -7t1.
I l'111:111's olitilllnllTt' it
ll :tles olal'i1 tltt :lie l;r(illils )7
I to t I
Iilk1
(u1:
Ntnl
Frtnale
H., V.
tut
I`t 131 :1
.t'x s
tl:u,kt.):.
0- 4......
133
1'!1
1 1 63
1 \.5
1S.Z
18.:3
Itl:3,3
a
1e13
Ili$
/i12
14
1.
1
It1.1.31
ltl H.,.......
SO
S 1.
lift
71..5
11 ..ti
11./1
1112..1
l:i. E11
7:i
74
147
1 t..t
lfl.2
211 21
6.1
62
126
8.$
:i.i
4,7
I Mi. 2
.k3-Lti
i11
lihi
7. i
7 :3
30-31
16
-11
!ill
:115�39
:S
37
75
3:'
31
ti$
l.
1 1
II1:I.2
Lr
26
ii}
a..
3. i
4.,
108:5
ao41
21
21
9L'
:'.:f
i.[)
3,(J
II10:11
17
1s
a:i
2.;
;)1..1.
60.liI
1:3
1a
25
1.7
1.
1 ".5
!1�)
tail tit
9
Ill
W.
I.4
r4
1..f
ill),()
70 awl over.,.........
1,:'
l.l:
1.,',
s[.
,ell rogv.- ti..........,,
71
709
'1 .71:11i
ltN,)j
100 f)
7fM ?.0
lfl'2,$
years.:nlore than 10 year, hel(}' :tlke,. figu in tilt-
tni(ed :SMatcs. Ali e3titualctl [VI of tllir poptil:tlitlri
+crc undeva c l:): tilt/ 55'i were lirl{Etrr Ckf f ?t) (I it:ure
5). At tilt other lltalr 2.7% were age 6:3 or
olcl r.. -okd onl' 9.95 age 3(l or older. AItoktclher.
the ptllitel:ilion ill 1. It. t)i- 31tlen #.a}:es(i1suailyt!t�fitled
us 11- !�I`an {1 fi:) or older }at�{�ouplt�t! Icr �lira ofllle� iota/
population, whereas illost' ilk. the Vllrklrke age's (15 -61)
eullstituted .53%, The resulting ralio of yti:i pPrrtllls in
[lie depeadettl agii -s per I.W0 ilk tlurworking ikt:vs: was
MUM +Vi higher dials (l]1 w1io irk tl]c Unilvd SQIt(a.
Ill steel] oMi ltrit's as Ycinen, llowl.vvr,.lite formal
l. i 1x It( t Ile% ratlt)..ott ssui vs t w, actua t t� t1
g 3 3
dtrlirlltle'nct', as timli cllil( n"11 uuticr lit 13 are
r AM Percent
t tit;ugtd in soil form fit Work and orinv petsorls age
fi3 and ol�er enllthme to Ivtlrk Iwc�:iaw of
FIGURE 6. Age -sex structure, Yemen. (Aden) and .jhe
.vconuilite
eieresSit y.
United States, midyear 1,470 (UJOU)
'I'll(,.lxtpnlaiiart lirofile, tYkutz.lrce( `'ith lhat.of'the
;�Mitt CIt(lle (I' inure +I](lU`S that the hrtlhilr t1f
Iatropean etkulitriu," vd iert' f( �ivaies;predulllirlate.::Itl
tit C ll {!l11 .1N11itrl.khtin 1111de a 5, is ITIt)n '11]:111
I971i' (hert' I +t'rt''an estlrrlated 102.:) iliales or eter\`
(1 (lt:lt t1f,Ilte.l' St ates kit tt I() tilt� lilllelk
1M (vi:lial(s. I'lle Ill I Iher ,tf I'll; It's ex -v led the
tlllmllcr: elf f l'ITl:l l l a 1! 1 t lil 1
1 11 1;1!! r Ic'('1 t) (e'rt 111 Yl'ITlell (:11 1 1'//). (Il 1:/5 t11!'
a1l ,:i! e.>; Cflu p. I('r -7t1.
I l'111:111's olitilllnllTt' it
ll :tles olal'i1 tltt :lie l;r(illils )7
lia ion fuss 1 v kirgvr,vro Epilrtlt llr lkf tl{�TSo11S III ..all ilt;t
:111 {l t}`('r:
groups titlrler :3;`5 than (I i pes, the _/`//teed 'States:
lhe:pr(lIx>rtiefu of ;the L' 5:;11t1tioti ill,
D: Wo oplwxlunities and
11 tc iniddlt unit Alder ag eis is klark x v I> g ser I w7i IIs;
.condilions
Alf i'rlrr('u'(:Idell).
1 ltitiKlrx and pattrrnr eIT /UL
I'rt s11Tn :il)1 1'ellu tk (,late!! l]k {ither. lirrdouii=
Ilarlll Mtiti1his Aralk Et1tltltriCti,' t f11Ur('' males t1};lll
Its: the tr I1lititlH:kl l'4211111 I1p4,t Ili'
fetilall iT1 1'41idrust to qk(� A,Tnite (1 #alt'G.:lll thC'..
ilyd' C t(1 Sul] >Ia.'tet11 t(1 fulfill �p('t'i:ll telY'llha #itiElal
Etl
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i_1 �ZGITN Il167:a:01 Fit :,11 111 iS1I111'Ll11j:11I1I1Y1I1Z EQ1I1Z E::
n�latecl ttt mlivre -its, Or .i6i6i i;. `Nmifarnr
Clio lloviiivoi# oji' iri ttnittesare st:ircc ant] job itOtilit�
etrentel' Iiuutetl. l:veit' ithon t1le agric to Ioral si c lair,
iw1i1 ilaIimi }rv.sitre 011 Elie land "�Ims hvd tit.
fra It 1ri.itinrl i,f lailalholtline"s alit] iImle c�iillllcIyuu�lIt,
I' Its rneao.,lc, prr.iirl.el aucl a� rtitiinrilt' M VMWellivilt
it !cast ror' ma lty. ha weii einigr aiioti! tho.e `who
rcnYiein Iutnn :ire tific11 ciilnnlitted.It) lhtr saloon
{iicEiiatiun fe,r torkera' iu xpecific
bt strie. ur otcup ititms: iir tit riirlcers em pluved Iii'
f:Iinile et VIIcd acct operated oillerpnses,:1 sfaltd.lyd
tti h( illr "'.9.Tk +eek :IS iIItriloved ltt`lliti. �as Teen as
1 )1`4IV 5i11n. fc,rttrcrtime :rill ita;d le Uutsidl
hnh�ever,, the ci I mt. t i�ilrk hours ill 'rural
occulaEiutl F1 6 t titIt Iha se,ise.lis as they
presiim ahl' �a elei_ �!'lee_ I)erirtonrit eif latbur;nu{
11'e11'are, eslabli:hed in 15):i3 by the liritish;.�a. staffed
IilIt1'cti ill }ue�tt�tii achninistratcers ;,nd.,o1x�rited
4614, blot it t1ol}apsed ill igiii rbett di.sidelier
and terrorism hec;iliu commonplace grid siaffitig is
tlifficilll,
FIAIowiiIg i11 I) vtntrtl�ccr; tlW \{inia ry of Lail it alld
Soci;il Affairs was crc�:1ted a gency Ow
goive ell l seokv tit protect ilic t ilrker ant! 111 cur}i the.
dre'liue it: ernpliiyrrieilt hr rculatiis; trilrtis�uf
prtccclnres. {am luiplipers are sa id Iu Iake
adr:inlu>;e of Ihi nniuiipl11yni< ut .tlitatt11n by
tlischarghi `old ,orkers mijustifiiLblr:and'I'v illiigalh�
cuilio ittz; tee%V 1L%0ek'(*rs lireslnriabh� at Iwav rtvages.
Arbitrary dismissals are si lOpust�cll y prohibited b� oat'.
ll
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arld (lie direct hiring of workers is nol 1 rntiticxl
wit tltr consilil o the Ens Office of 1114.
\IirlisiryIif I ahor kill Social affair.:. A -I94iti 1; w-fim'-s
scvcr.ult -v pay -if eulplsiYmoil i� termiiiated for ally
rc�:Isou, and a 1969 Ilk and
expensive preux�dure, Chat m:ttiagerilvIl and lah
ntbsl llrnlrrgit before atn� dismissal of :sialtlkls hair
uccun. All major txtltkp:Inic. hWavver, haw Iargi,
litlnihcrs of redundant workers anti :Ire reducing
ctnploymetlI. These eorlcenis have attempted to avoid
uutrit;h! f irin g li Off rriitg imlltcrincnts to msigil. stl h
as greatl inercased sevvranev hotitk,6 0tll tit li
laotitli wages). rctirclnt-nt hotlat's (up to 9 Illoliklis
wages), across Iliv- lio:ird %age re�doc#ioos, or
cntliloymelit oll a Iilonth -oll, tilmall tiff husis.
ltliliviilnal .lahcir utiiorls have alai been Ilegliti:ltiug
with employers :ftir increased fringe ,ht�tiefits..
Agreetneilts rc;lclbmkl ritkt various colnparlies ill 1970
Mid 1971 isiclude pre visions for Imnitldy lmitsini;
:dlo :a;lCt "5, ai'eldellt CY11111)c'11,at1ti11, yt'aFC'lltl htolll,t's,
.I111'tlit /1\`erlime pay, and relirenicIll and
ill ith hvilefils.
it Adele. whiter rveitlatiim its the pohlic alild private
vectors has been ill effivi sinc�c #hl, l940 a nd has b e e n
rsE>eatedly arinadcd tai :fctlect orker delimilds :ilial
cliant~Ing gindllltill An orditlana' is,med its' 1960
estalrlishcil wage teuincils whiell. stipitlale liipw vvages
arc to htW`C01111jrutetl and prescribe Minimal lialiilih',for
crtiployer violations. 1n Febrtiar'v INS the goverliuti�Itl
aiiliuurartl #hat .1 natiomll rtl iXinulill w:cgc wiluld hl,
c,talilislkltl� rcgardlcss Of'Pusitilm .111& as:i first s tep: a
deercc' ic:ks istiilctl rriluciiisi civil service� pad,
depeilditig otl ami:try level At the ,:tine tittle, ilicolot�
t, xes'rciecritss9, 3 Illollill, of %toi were titdllcli�d from
a tgt s hasrd the Ili Omi r stalvs..
The: British 'dcelinrd'to r,16N ..Iikv iiltt ualioilat
labor cclm�l,iltigti, stating 111111` the Adclti Ethos font�
had rlot.reaehed :111 appropriate; stagi�,tif
.dcvrlopurcrlt:
III pri1 1f0k. however; I e 1'. D,I1.le joiI et llic
Ibler :ktional I:iih,slrr Orgatsisation."
I. bob urrd mztn2gcmc'k 01
h.
1 �ht "grtasvth tifti trade iti cyIinikdI%
t11 #ht };ruivtll`of,lhc naiUnifulist our ement: The first,
trade lnlion was forma i in 1952 fsiur years late -r lhcrca
;`cite
2.3 rti;tsten�cl iulioiis. most of Ita nlaffiliated with
till, ``A(1114 t� ['indite l'uiuri Conrtss (:1TUC:f. .L'nitrll
niitrthcrship "lntuled un eslilnatcd I!i,{1lK} per,ons iu
ISN 0 after it decline i(i 16001 it 1!}11;1;, reachetl
Pi rhaps 15, 401 ill 1971
"Fnsni its 11welition the ATUC;:a,ks tirixl 1, ,11 jxrli #it:
tit >lfltmt'.nt. 1 1v n ans of sirtht�s mid "';r'iolelit',
(lLUltmIstratilot1S, It 1'_IS atilt' p i ll t1t'iaItlll'.kn hriII g
L'
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CV011nillic� artivilh n Advil tip a >larid"lill III t67ia lilt'
leadviship of ill(� a'I'Ul: fit rinrtl `,1' liiililical
Ili ialitmI vall d 014'. Peteplc s Si IA !'arl-, dwsc
nlrrnhs rahii) ras itic tltical rilh..lh,lt t1f .the a'1 l C
F niul then mitik i11(1v III �iIIIvItiv, lahnr =ill itia>~i nn�nl
relafiiills u'crE: villmlclerized by orirest :Ins) 'nmitial-
llusIillty, .110 161101;solitt� ltiF'n111111', uorLlvr >;ril''a11Ceti
were IrvenI14111 v saIi4ii-d:" The Iiriiiirlst:,'lit.rallV wfirM
to 1u�gotiAll the iltllm-III .tif .ven Illintir ilidrrstri:ll
dispulcs. nhhinti; ;tilts rt stril.c u'I r E!r: nlosl
insignificant IS,IfI'ti flir (lit lilltlxr c of vitib rclssirig tije
13riEi.11 acllniliistr;ttiou. 'I Or its part. .in;tleagr :isl,nt
ilnlsiacritl !lt(l in trankgeiliY
Nvi I I i inlraII igvIIcv,
'Con,el�u�utiv,'rldhn If Eli[)tF�+ IGIr[' h;ul little ixln�ril�ntti�
III ge nuitu� colh �ctivc hargaiiiing.
l nllnuing indelwndelim. the NF svived vontryl of
AT UC,alid its affiliated orliofis, oustirls; the rival Front
for the Liheration of Ocdulliei! .Smith 1'elnru
(1'I'AYSY), rhos[� leutler% weal into csilc. Itl January
141;;5. the N1` formed the 0eiii-ral t dim cif 11'ilrkers
tCU%\'I. which rlltinlatelIL ht�t;lnsr C:k'll'1)I]Itl,
replavitig A UC. Suhscyiently. till Iittims ltltivill 111
Bras thOroligiiiy reorganized by the v I'verrillient ill an
effo to co trol its avilvitivs. Unimi tirgaiiixatioit as
relluirt'd to_ lic Inisesl nll.t1w principle of �'tki'ntoer:ttic
4.i' tir;Ilisln p:Irlicilration of lllt tw.ls ses; including
"Otltcn, in unnitl afLlir, was increwwd. a so called
work'ers'
ork rs' militia" was ftirnud lip defend file +ulioll
ttlovC11lent againtil devi:ltiouist telldvilc�ies.
As of late Is)71, tilt� member of tutions had ix�l,n
redticasl to �evell, rervcririg worker. in cou,trtietiotl:
service%. and light iiitlustries: Irmisjnlrtation itgd
riatltnunic,itinn purl activities; halikilig.
;IIId insnr:ulce: the civil service: the oil inditstrV; and
Ilit' }11111; pr,ifCStilnil.
Despite restrictive ntt�nsllres. the 1:411;)( Iliov('nlciit
11. is ;III l)areIII e(MIi11iieil fu pose diflicldtit'. fiir the
ceronICIII CllicII mitil st� vvraI ve:irs after
I [I d I it's t(II-tice svelited tl colitrol tle(,lr ijoll
actirities:' tli rllpti c #ae#ic'tlerrli'i /III rill,! the
I ai riod 'of, 13ri1'th rule wert� `ak(j citiployt�tl` :Ift r
itidc it- IIdeIitt,, al Id Toil Imilleroi� (task +ns- goveril
Ittent Icadc'r:'r si`tiarntxl work; rs that strike. i iolati it
thir.,nerilfur �'nreilutionaT clistilslulc r1 coglpnl�ttr
a rhit(atioll 1:11 irrolriiilpgviEl m hchrnary lilfit):
perit1111 the got'l'rrlitivi.t 1t1 ilitl'r \'1�III iii kalH)r 1111)liti'?
mid t a`tlttisinni)it 6411 11%knagcmcnt writ!
rnuoii. Failure to ;abide lk the it vt s`ilccisiliii
hrint,s' lt:avv. Itt es: -ill tits 'form 'of fiIles gird
iiirprisoitiilrot. llis IvgklatitIn.crasdesi livil lo
lalrcI, unrest resuhing frcirn alts ri dlictil,r of w'.t>;t s and
irtr`ts dismiss:lls rata tisilatcsl:k)r ctotic sell it- 6m(litimis
Not let i itl'19 2 t it* `tltairiiiall oft It.l'risidcitti:1
01- 00707R000200100018 -6

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Coiltiell (rilivi /c(l srt't'r:d I:IIH)r IIaIIen fort
111 ilrlAllll't11'l11" alld p[(lltlial)1 fl3r rtHnt!tltlh>; vs-
1 tltl)vzZlenic lit of 111110rl it fi ti I k. dvv, Iia,
)roused 0 ffWho iY)IICV1`11
Yricir- tu' iIRIVI)t'nil(IIit. A t uC Ilrlull
I tilt rmitiolull�. C IIfed r.lHip i Ur t`r( I ral(ll U idI tIS
y
#1[ U antl tu'the lntcrtLtlturl;il Cotifccl(r,du11) 13
Araii'l'r i(fe aions (1CATC -AVI'DRY boa ever is
nut ;I I ut le[l with I( F'I'li but is a itiviiiwr of I(:A I U
t
:is xe l! zts the l- doiliiiiat {d.',1'i)rld
I tderititiii ;.lrl)
I ;l)Ulil,`I }IC te)nlltrl',' cro cro ,111111 1111;
1)[�ta'ct�n I, .10 to ?,1W calorie�, Well is AMy tlu' 2,551A)
cont ri1 Iii Ilie high raleof respir I tip ry'di
C;llnrle >;ellt!r:llll a(Cl 1 )tetl :is Illy inlnlminil tivi ss Iry
th('' (.oni tiiiti nw: o e;It31it :111(1. drill 'Inn Itiellsll,
tl) 11 11 90641 1 altll. s #:111111) }L'fll'!t'f l(14 lr!'
CUrlt tilt!11 ('5.[[1" llil` ti It itl a
lmil.11`61, 1:2 So: tar c�, 3.Ir:: and 1) 11 uuitiniu.
cnnit rcheltaiii' tlistrihillion Iletieilrk. In the� rest ii(. (hI'
3. ISM: 011u�r'lnayl,r c�{lrnnlilni(' Bile dlsc:ise's iliclatic
criurl #r eiiili :'e.fc +i strculiiv varry I. Iimiled surfoev
inflijenza.' %rhao liiiig emigli, sgagt .'wlilerilis. tiilwr-
flute ;tllu)ilghnul the 1`c:ir: ':1lEhrutl;h 'tllcr[ sir( :I"
`.rullri�, .el>ictu>m1i'rit,ls� #Y1)Itrtitl'`;a1tl rerll?pi.luid
nlliiil of hnrchules. $tm III ivAlt l le wesletrn re guill�.
fevers: tholer:I. nuthiria (Iirednln it:tll #I\ 1 talrFlrr1()1l
llie )rincipal ;.st)trcia "of sv'atcr is .the cleip re�II, lu.,
an'I 'd NJ) i:f,'t of tsidt� :(!rn its[If); rickeitsial
aristal Irv: ;knc! in the rI rthcuslcrn deserts, Lrells ;trc"
dl(usi.v; lu� Iltlllit111c 'all( Skirl, (hst'ascs. ':Idcfitiinkal
Widely sgMr.lte(1.`mitl L'ield (irlh tticu;er; !,fled`
J occeirron frrtiieri11 tere'lilItctious heiialitis,
brackish vup)hf s. I few dt''r1{itx�tI `jlilt['d W1.1ter
bcjel (V.i1i va ll .I spiruclrch� alid nlarked b1, liuue and
vrslvII sen lEIC `tiilclI .is' AI:
,kill I slow. iliplit }It�ri;1, iiu,l,s vs. ullrnrl sriutllin)n,
1;3
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e I I i"a-11 Ill ox. aIvI yel Ivrt'aI (IisVam%Si The Iit:kj(}ratl its ial e
e'lll;at;l1l pfl \'alf ltr ;ll'tli'l',.Illl} 1111 \telall \`fL'es1't'1l':
llis a\i, tr:mmilis tt1:111.111 tit. all tllra, l)rllt'L'ilUas: s
sltbtailllatll" R'ihl(t'd. 'itl 14)71 I VI t I plaIs
Q (c lltbt`rl'1I! and r;lbit'ti: 1ltlier f'tldl'IpIC
tuff, b['III14 s11111i1�il:, mIIiL�h, l�Ilvisa>;('SI tit N11)11lig 11le
:1111111.11 disvIews ill'A f[ et :11 ld- llirluitl, ,1110riiir�Gil' I
Illlriiix r of llllsi('i:l11, (,L'11)Iialiltlt; Vic) I t 1. }I[:llth
U IN Cl lotl'uru hlit�lltlltlrlia, :Itlil rlll(1erpest. i
itllits.Ambit 'Idlll} lllatl'flliil .ui[I i'hihl' earl' cliliic� iii:
\I[lsl. lit Cdieal aTlfl }1:IGllfit'thCal pl'IfltlllC'l aft' 7
7117;11 dfla; t!�:lvIIIIIg.hea1I I 111 tlll'['hl)lai1, '11111
rCL'rltllei fr(llll outside Ihe' e[Illl(ry 111lI tile' tllllilllei is
ltl '�I 1H[)bile h(�a1t11 I1111 #s III rt'If_ISIIC ft'>;l[r]!b. It
n
not; k l'Xlsttri 111M It'p!'ilLteTitY'. f
filar IS Ir 1 ::lll[ ::>;n1'ertllt1C11# ,eltlel[tde[} :1ii
t }le' 1tlaj1lrkt
of pltv�iclalls ICft ll1!' comi1f1�,. l( vitk
;i it'1'Er k('ilt. 11 "Itli; tRldll` I1T1111H. rl prt s[ Il(a 111'(5 tt
utilti fi lc1 cent Ihe rc(ytlir `f thu' entire` t
t5tal,li.h' t nledical' prntir:inl t(or pi1!)!ic'rctnr';
),I ptII 1tiori. By Elie 14)11) this flitnlilc'r had i11('reaNed ttl o
or k r;. "`tiii(l irI tiu saint 1t n.itin`ilal Ilt itt :utd
l 27, 111('!I][llrlt;, 73 fri tll' lltl� I t'[ R eptllllic (if s
soci li I IsIIr illt'l' K'llt' {Iles Aviv rs itIdt'r
Chirl:t, l:i frnttl thr U.5S.1 ;..:11 fruttrla;'pt::Jnd #i:; i
iiit'lrsivt siudl:
(mill (tldia: [IIIl1' {..Here 110 It11'Pa: f(I f! s,if,rliil'
cu fill lrleltce, faugiS from p(r11r lu t;lin[l: Siilc'e it'
l�:! F
F. Living candi imp's and `sociaF roWins
(ltcttlrs l ite co lleeutraled ill tile� ttilrns: life an' he llnd
4U1O
the reach cif `t ht'
rur ghpit l:ltiuri.:1ceiktelilig to #lu 4
linl +tn [if Ilraltli, :(clditituril rift tlica! persu11t1s I ff l
ltnu n [rldenl :1, piitlr cuiintry, In rllr;it Irl ;l
1969 c(imprisecl the fullii.�ilig: p
pazlicid,irli' :i siibsi it it level uf,lieilif; ls' tlir� rule.
.licilwe.. 111t11'ATF." t
tf It'll I Es hl#til ::.n� ';result rlf tl11 l ;nllsll'
l)rlltl5ta t
tl #il(lr:illgl 171 iltlen.V'8tllnt'?.);11f1#t }Jefst)lh.,H'ert' }}Ilt
1 1 11[r1fY.tt1 a lU S
SHIt of-11 lit 1)r R 1(1!'redfelll_ht C:tUI'(l faIifiIit'
as,l.tllnt t)11:1rni.1Llsts 26 l l
L'nndilitlns sn Still It' re iullti. ;lL�rnrtliili; ir, n[1stJaper:
tur.cs 5t3 r) L
rt'Ji)rlr. ftilid 11 sce� IIICoase(l tU. tiC' }3 an e \tell( dial;.
asSl+tlgt }It':iltll H'url;crs 2t9 0
\tlffliL riiulit ,Elul alleird smile vttI :111(1:
"Mi(tri'i 'cs 56 0 I
I)I'L i.nia rl:et IGl(ln!(; be!comt, a wrimi,,pFtlbll'rl M.
Otller5 t51 i''' l
ltl t;e'rliiritl. liiiwiuti s.�`.t: yllaty ev 11 by
I'ata} 1?7 1st
1i[Idlt' l?al taritlards. �'in tht 1.Ir,wr, itrhaIvare. u
hilils111 siulrlai' It l! rC.Sli rl:llrt rLfi1H(linl;.
Irt urdrr iii ilirrc:il tht 1lilrnberiif rnlr ca :in1I uiediv t
tlnkanitar' c� [rlitlitionS,;- Au tid` Ilia ,prirlii`(�ratiull of,:
@L'hfliela[IS,,a l!l�altlI traillil1g 'lrlsli t11WW1IS (lEWrit's ill t
tl'TOCIll'd'lhlrlls (1163re S.i, 1 11el itovl'rllillell# has !1l�:�Ik
I)I 'cc iII11 I}1i(1. `;hiCII ,is, eXpected .t[i gradlt:tte' 60 C
C'mcumed: with r..tli(' hlulsitit; prlil)Iciii, i'apeC'Iall1' \1 }tlk
perS(lns 111 \(af.: pi;T terttl: l \ti iall hari' 11t't'IL`
#Ilt'..};rlN1't }I 4 1Yfftid d tin }iiullilf'S 1[I tilt' it 11, afe:l,'
(rallied 'ill l;alst' Girrtnaiiv and e,thcr (.iruiiultkist:
}nl'a felr nuidirn 11i1ilililigs.ha( ti:ilki lrl 'f: clhlios.;"
cilun#ri"' ...ind iii. tllc.11ltitvd t irig[ll/lll., i
i�ihig (midi#ton of t r �.in" t }i,t'ltrrt. low tt'Ftr, ar['
if sh6rt stipple. rn[ f Icilitit5 ari ofIen u
usiiall' lie? #le r th #luimeo VIlli ucrsaitll llini;rei'l %vilb.
.l)1�ererlIW Illl[!e'rs #affl'd, ali[l Fif1111'hIt 1110: ley a rt'`:
hYviit ukud rick (to me tellt [1ricavt's :tttd (lit j[l1 fl`N'
tYlIIcintra11 iI1 urhatl :ins�. ltihcalsullph +''ureaaitl
"atiliitlltEe, Of. ;slit loud: isnct:illi' `tbe 1u t11:1(lie
ta'htr purt icula (I V NO Ire,` sit s tlytrrrimviI( f:tclhlies bile`,:' p
p(11)ielatii ll.. Oil the of S1e,etit6t�, .cllirll i�
rrNorc abiindallE" in private rainics. hi` 1S ?;A, aL+1)rllirlt; p
p inuiit'a� `c\'[�n 171 lintiarisllii wit tltt� rest: of thi
fti'rcpnrtti;'lhLrc 11'ere It;. iltApital+ 111 #11:1 tittalt)f },:ijO
('Illinlfl, iii 1111 rt ?SStlrrlts -art ld 1t1 11't+ it c; ft 11
was :tIId tCAItl1 litlllb l.Iteatttl ill'd111Crf. tilt swill_' l
lEllJirl litly havim! 3erillatielrl.,htlllltlg,, hl llle 1'irst
11111)tlftalll �faClhtlL�s In li[fl'[) :1l- junillIf i %:111 11e1stJll:11
(.Uer![[ ra I !H.'I;illllll]}; Irl e':IJ'1 lj)i 7. Sileik..Sl1 !('lcs
tf[1rI11Cf11' }Itl'L'Il i 1] /:IIH' }I(1 })!tat) }1'1!11, 14)J w
were Its }lt: rt'hlal'! t! 10 Sorrily' fO,11 M lilthht' IllltlIllY
the Br 1 `Ihipilal '1'sih 1-1.1 beds; the! u
uttsts� Ill }lu ust'uf ilu �'.�:inu rear: tht ,1'errlltu'tlt
C IIlIII, \i'�)itatfl'(l A1 ha l ifllsllltall �l '1111 ab111it �t�7 r
rratllln.lil %L�(I :111` 11U11 ?t.'s 'ill `.tilt' I'ira, a1111'.I'tftlt
llt,'d "iilld (I{C 4:II11t:Irhmi for .iiit'lltail`. G
Goven orattti 1,11 If( tl'l)1' l:dlEl11rt lllirl;illg rl`lit :!n(l, ih S
[Jif it-II ts;: lhich tnah'd .l earl t' Iti #ill: uf ,seilili�' 4 )l1I) t
tirel[r�' ll) pre'ent rcjilt+ilativa a s;rin sof
Ixnorls.`Url lhi island cif'SiH�1 >trai'(sI ti`tiiiealt I :m es r
rIIc c I lttt rcilucrcl rriit+ W IEI "r
staffed lu'[ heultii units:;: i
illtluitiai Ihlse (liricliy crnji[intd itt Adil ii h' tilt�
ll
is" ht::IHllicr "af thc_gover'nnll!ul to prinidr frig i
itritlsh :irul l hlcal mrrrh: t;aiue( l ".ulJl:ulti:ilh
flit it 11 ,i7irc.' In' !4}#iK. '111V ,Xlilli lit I) ::I If ;11th' f
frl11H rlslltj;; I)ftlsl}['ritl`` ItIIEIE�rr liritisIf rlilt; .racial

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t1

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flit Ili iIwit lc �S. lort iimi(o. rll( lri kcti t'lsow flu the 1 I'ltw fist. '1114� sll llt i 11 1 'Itl,lt,ts(1 :tit itat�r�
illtIiVi(I Ili ls %t lt:avv Ito f:lillll' -:1 Si� ('tt ?l'l'tl'il itr..rl�.Rtl r]u'cii:.kir� {1 {ilitil)f;' �lf� {11l�rn- ill.' t'illrii�I atj 't' \ialliil
tR fl'lfS;ititlti f(HlgtlAluEN Niltrt i I iillum 'in'1: :C :1114 I lair, �i,t.li schools (11. J11rll ;)rill �r'llt't�_, ll1l'16 :,I(Ili(�rI�
'illilij;:lUon_ 111 :Ef diLlHll Io rej fairir liier:slli to Kor:sltiv lvarlliml s. :trl(l the 111 �r,
fl)ilisclntnn]s:= !)rl .itr.- philniitIIItitiiv ?;raui I itrrtl, lihnr:sl 11:itIit 1CIitiid, ttllirls ;,rtIIiiI tilt- Elli' (if
fnrnierlY Kritisfi�jyr,n.utk'c li:k l)i eti :,rtivv. :sn:ilu (o.tilt-et fitluliittll not iIvscrilu!if il) 1111- orun
are no atiltl('1 t +I6 i rITlif Iti [1t a tit (lit! '1rad iflow.
;)rflkltrn .intt tlio ttli of tl �1 \lu'a;Hl.; is E)rthtltIti }t Ii13 1 1 r:II.itices La1 rll,lt c litllr
fctr!iI!(1l'll.'. II1 t�t'['r. hallltllaf Ha' [fF flUt. :t' :Illilt� �iIwv tljr' .l�ilrl), {7!'r111(I. nf: I,Tikfl_. S1l14'll (li.'t:tl]C(I
llarcul14.' i;'a(!(aarr:l(i {111111 in(�ti..i(stui lk ';Itlsl: rrt;illattrinti.fnr r( 1r1;lr iF lsa r%arltt l.l:,lkl �1kt
L It tlr(�1l. '�51t1t(yEl li !!re +rt rai3rrut ;Irrs,lli i[ l Iiri lyu+lCarr th( fib t]ill:al,� rnj( +i>]ril :ll tlEC h (i(:Ilr:
ifltEiiirt "a ti`ell a� .11lI ttm (11' il;krtl +li?a. In. lt.xlu111r11flG- hc: fflFl}! 1 itltt -o l)i I ublic (lVehr:itilin
cv>ritrci�t 1114 flit* tira ltr ni t }it Yf rnr ii :1ra iir :111X. of lll( Ili iir�f thm: tl]t�rk� i% lily Gid 11111 (.ml alld
utilfo ni "i rio Ilii ctr(
all lip [Ills /(rl tilli :E �:rrisi (if
I(sliartitlta(! iti lii `1 t.11l� salult- -�pr.m inter reli,,lttiis kaI(Is aild 11f(ll)erti[h l)4�itingiIig to
the utrtlaf`(Mitslim tiulis futiudalions): Artich. i0
dcrlclr0 th tilt stcite h il! Bali gllc4rtl the l I:Inlic
Ic,;.-On'. acid Artivit- -116 w"ert> th.1t "Islam is the
r%�ligirirl (if 'lllr'.ctate, Iii gc- ncral, the functions 4if
rrlr3;r4111s le:kiers will volitiolul. to be restricted lar>;Ov
to y ligimts joi atters� o lld lht�ir :influcnty ill political
tff: tilt,a il l` prti}: ably rcrn:tijs I;tliit4d� "i'he r.ntltliasis gnl
>;or4 rritterit fittallm, schools, for v.xwr 1pltr. h; t,
Itsarnti! ilt�Ei(IM "ltc.. tin tr:ulitionaf f 0,r:11ric schnt
!'he ;I4litiitl :'stt�11i. :rntirtoter;. has kern divided
rrt.ce eetl civil clittrts md tilt- relig -4ms: Sharla worts.
El. Ccitic�:etirn'U /()I.II'
cal catiiilt; ire 1::v lntidern -mise diet not live in
1'rritcn
(Advil l unlil �1917, sh �n Advil hecamo a
Rri #ish crosvil ttlrnii. '1 he'Isrilish huill n +'c schot:l in
tilt 'rcillill `and lator irr; Ehr prnla'elur ilc`:c t:lt,7,. Itnt
educalitliul ir' 1lEtortiirtil iii the interior :n;is :dica_,
rn iiif(�riof tir thaC itt, "Ali tv)ioilo. \Ilhcliii;h
traditioital hcirame schnol still i xi,! in c�olisideruli1v
niinthi rs, icier are tr.idtw11 11 It. repl:crt�il l
g9vernrnent- sponsi red liritnur. ';schutls effrrilm,
N (Tit lar as veil :is rrli>;riuls iiirtril4iiirn.
'l'hc 114)1W 4 i It he I i !n 1novidt� 11`1
t�r imp- 4Isori-.rdncutirpti for all vhildr4rs. ;Icctudiq>; !n
Arliclr� '13 4W:I lit .ronstltulim 14t' neraf i.dstc:ltiin is
Ehc basis ef:.sueial -pr rt',c; avid '?all sretwits of th4 1. "Iii�irple hare a. rig] it (r.1 he.fdett;:leel.' "Rie:ts�e :rif :1'
ahortu a elf (I:r nlot]Is,' `ho"111 AW.M cil::illle.
:childri�n do n stt ;iltrnd st�hr,r,l "I'ltr; {il:lits
to ac'hict lt9lia prirri irk' a nrlllltnitit '.1 Iblf acid, iii
h�rins c�urrict6itil, it1U ncIs lu i inplt lslie: "natiririal,
iiIt. IIt1 .Iva l en lic�alirill.
lit Iwi the uttilet Nations I:elnratioricl. Scirtliili4
arttl dlnr:if ?r at>i :i lirin ustinr letl I I'll those at e
1.3 :eiid ore r.:lhouk: lfiri of nt; s ;tnd..at,"t {if'fc m:llrs
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ereliterate, whi[v itlivir a+llh +;ritic s 111 :ui tire liIrnIoy
ralr for Itirlli sext-s Ill' tlii�s(' ;kites ':ii 1f1S; :!n t.i` 'fii
Aden. m`.lIVrr� lilt�, .t;rciltst nolnlit�r id "%"cllouls are
loc::tf'iI, litirucr, cllrtirci:irkIt. o. i s ktut: �tilt� ,lc s`tlit,
prclinees is ulm-11 .Itemcr. In IWO fit os:iaililt�,
tu�u'artlicr LCC4 info V� tim:ilc�d 't.11 ;11 onl 1 `.i of the
boll :ilioll {ll t liv S l c jilt[ Gowknioratt� re Ii it
iirlxtrwdly. to tfil is lMI l d 4ifScn16i .l.illrlt� I',r 4,f: :idi1!I
lrtales :end 1141 F011Kdc�s "Vro litenite. In ordi�r tit uopr
illl` "t h1 prnliic't71, lliv g overnrstenl has vm"lhki. lied all
il.ifrr:Ecr c�E,rllltal seetimi" srithm illy Miiiistry of
i. tI1EL'atlUn. As 14 v. Irly 197"L it ;I, Oporaliw :31
illiterae. fcir juvti siilt I enrolled. oriel t fur
Wol11vil with 521 iii altemlonce.
"f'he (rc:iodipctldcnce 4ciirc:ltii,ir:r1 s�stcm ctiint-
prisctl -1 -y �.tr primary c�-clt i -x 'ear itlt4�rrnrdiate
c��cle, :Erld .I 1 1 rar stc,4111dar cycle, A few eivalified
Male alight e�tentirnle for ai odwr yvars of
:I tl1;l 1[err'tl ?e('trne! r _C {1tlC'alnlil Sit lrilltllt ltlil
smilc�tifile�s knorrl as t�tilh."e, 7 1116 srstettt Ila
alivirentlj' chaim-ml little sinix 1967. 13rc,uise thert�is
Ito tlnivvi stndrttts 1mrseling postsvi. -mi lar
e due atioli roost -:tud :ihrt-adi.
!'Millie school ettrollint -tit has inc�rua -wd rapitllr sitive
inditpt�ticivilm frolwfi9l; i05 ill the V)67, M sch year
to :I rept irtt'd-1:32.000 in l9 }70,' 7 1. Of lolal rnrolhilcil#
in. IWi5l Ilto latt'st year fur uhich detililed
informotitin is av MKi e1:rojie a in tLe
prinlar, 4.ycle. 1- ).5 ill Ihe' havrim diatc ex and
iri the secenldars c, eIv. As indie�ated hr .the
fol!(iring I:IllibLion of Atidents ciirolled .in .the�
primary est�ke ill 19691" 70, alimit one -fifth core
ft't of [hiviI ollt�- (tlolljodi afte'ndu privl to
st'1n14i1!:
txlcli FUNI ALE Ralii StAt:s
'r'Itlilic 81.1:15 197960 101.073
E'iitale '3, ?1S1 [,n33 �1.5];3�'2
Total 85,01.1 2 1o o.oi7
At Ifni pq)- prilriarr levvI in .19169/ 1). female's
cotistilidi' firer oEti- ffflh', 44 all Nluih�i ts:, jirii';Ue
�chool,rnn+llni nl uccourlld fnr�.ipproxinrateft';iini-
srsc'ti,ll
of 1114wtlrtalatld slii�,Iltlr more tlsau ant' 41arilt
of
St COKl:irV 1 nrullrlii�rlt', :.i%': ill the .:'ta}rirlatiult.
1}elusi;
I'>; \I,Li: `1301lri:\t:5
I'iililic
lint rlr,cili:ile 6's) h I:7 li,7Qfi
Srcnidarp'' 1,910:1 ',aa I,:3Gfi
'total Sifi7' ?,t)S3 1f7,07
1'rii:ite
flifcnuttlisti !f.3?: $1_ 1,2(rt'.
ecrn4dar;' :357 106 46:3
Tots'. t,iUl �l!fi 1.7?7
;DP01- 00707R000200100018 -6

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP0l- 00707R000200100018 -6
IIi I I T hull and M, W il[lii w re traiiiing to:
hr teaclis�rs. [ii the s: ille ear' xinte �)(XI slrldvills wele
'n ntllrr toultlrici,, ?71`iit Ilic' 11 I verity level,
in llost>:riduul(: prc,c;ritlns: INS in tt'c�h13i(.1I
Prtigrl :us;,;llld
275 in v:irisrrl, shi., a Jii cd fields,
III 19691 0 (ht r( ic(r.' lxinlarv' ss hoo!s
(e`uiultarct witlt:al it it 2(1{1 iti 1fh(i tf Whia�It`.?:5.wvre.
pmt ;I Ii Iili ci �7 I, IEIe }sn eriltrii ll# hhlrly #o
Vol 11136- te't37 ad innal pritilim" si litlbk. as Well as Iti
ne itrirrntrcli lte and` `ilow sccdlnd:ir� f:idl'iIit's. lot.
utu c.inlptirlan! acudelliit >etiilulam I Is art. Al
13.6A.11lui :Illli'kt' fnr Inen arrd' ail (yifiv:ilt'iil Girls
culli,ggo loth Itic:itt'tl in A (le 11.;;11 Ravviii[ti of lets. a
'car :tt:vauied arcuntl:ir rour:.e in ;0(lition the
regular getier;ll sertlntlar', ra Ili. Voca and
lechllicaI t:(ramilig "I\ provides! ill the 'I'cclinicrll
Insfitult'.::1 setYltrd:lr �.liwrl ai'lliull: 'Ihlufii }I the
inslktnle" is drsi> It(r(I l?ritll lril+ 'flit hods, it is Said to
tffrr ;t lira orittiun;Ik ciitrr.c"s fill girls. }n 1912. (lit-
fit it: st Lod etitst :;n(1uulcd`fri tit rtIII- \utimia! ECUrioinie
Cadre. ,rust. I'rthlic" Seetiir ,Ittstilute ui +ich I)itlridIrs
\1arisl- tiricnlyd coust: iit Political vetirullitV.
r c wrArait riuy is offered in" four itislitii#ions: it
center I'or;tuell M;.ociatc't! it }i AI Ittihad :olle> t,
,�hich prtsrides u tt tr,si rorul,Irr rourc; a scx oncl:In
s(1}Itio! "iu `l:,lluj,: and Ie�o le:ichcr- training trills i;cs tit
din �onc for- Iitcll a I Id tine lor`.wimi.vo whic�h offer
u iar:?ilranci'd se(Y111tlary coin,[. (:radmiles of thtt
tYrnter at' 1l Iltihai Ilt 'c;( are' l+lalifIC tsr #each ill
pro o try schools,' ;Iwl t;riI d u:rt v, nf. the :idi�ai ed
sccori hIry schools ruts 1r:u i 1 pritn-1 r� ilr
jmstprilliary sellof llv...
"1'ltt 1:1nguage of ills( h i'tiort in the Imblie prirnary
aitd iILI rt�edi. schools .is Ar abic. I'dor: t
ilitlrpelidclkl, I� :rlg ish" iuis Ia tkht ill tiii "fnurt }t
printar year 111minwhout tlli inlrntaliale (irlc
and WaIS (Ile nletlituP of IElstritt� #I[ITI III st�LY,iltl:ir' aloe!
itt l'aliet�d secsllodary nls([tllfi Ills. B y "16)!11, If 111;i1 1S
sera irntilcinerlled, all iilStruction at (hc :ecilidar
leY Was 'I h:,re heviv ill Ar�Ihic. I whooly flat'
Its("' .1r thic 1:(ItIli,It r an( her. 141191149C.' 4 rtclin
Irpun "tile school', SPotisurs III
5pt c ific`infur:niiloon
not uv:lilahlt nn currii illni is
for the primary. itilernitth t#r; mid geitvral sveoudary
sIdlotils, bid 'in rsrhan areas thev rt�l }ortt dl..' illelridt.
shell Subjects 1 ri+ligicm, gro;r. "rPhr: history, scit'ncr,
irtalbentatic.:artl plitiicul edtication.`'I'hc la;v'pti:irr
(;trernlricnt llati aided in the dt relaPiileEll nCOfficial
c iOrrrctrliims. III(! has iitiplied .:I r, llli iiiut~ilat;i
text ht "I'hc :l ear srciindary I'i-itrse at Viii
'I'echnical:IErilit till!, offers ins III' %lrc'}i ;roups 'as tht deladlint- for I ;ri(ish iithdrimit]
approached ,ItId r�arimis slild -ill gro Ill iti a�er(� lolled ilp
1 011V 111.19or' ptiiitrc:ri f IC1Io.ns: Sartre s#irdelrts
lsarticilr�ltt'd ill' the. lerrt11is1 ";ivtivili6,- of the Amo
uppu, it- :auto f ;rili natromi I-,l: ermips, i I.USI and
lo \ational E.ilir-r:tlioit I''r llrt s}r (N SG
t1r
told rat an� StudvItk i*vre" artes14 olilicalk.
'lntitiratl'(I :AIKIVI stnl,e +err :il.o a tirilhleirt. In lha
It1i ti.5 school fit .ir.: for itw#:iIi6 sc bouts ill Adi'l!
i'( IMCIused More111 11.1 If Ill e .tinlu,I)V au,e4 it It'lli
huicous.;lit the c I li' ve. of Ili ept -m cntve, hoc r;
lht'> st utl 'rd
appear lu support the n'Itnhlic in
-4overtimertt, hill: the oh"lit' whit h'ttolilirI1 '10ivit
N'llk .t'tlnlrFllll' :IIIIt IheTIT `r( nt'itll, Iltlee[t:ttll;
;1 llEtnEr>^I1'a \utitcrtu} Crllerll Ic'der,i(r rtant.ill
lurtn:il litoclr to tlil })rt clll cl:i). 'I'Ix r1it.irluli: tl sr
I tl.ical pot'lic fclrrn: n M111ilar Eu t }it ntlr 111 trlirlure
ancl`iist. ,11il i, mrilttll 1144 il )TA
i Sllt�: r >cilitik
st IledIuli r11 l6.. l 101pllInt; a f singic rhyllu wml
IJIttI:r, tl iEllall\' 4i }11 [t!1 ;l fi \a�ll SPA of RIIlltir
Illl',. p re ice ii Iitig stE ow( 1 it to inajor tlit'tiat- of
lu-r I rwillin IN Eild :er %.r;alierthan the
NII(th� povt11,.'htrtlt, all rlrtjaEii(� \1"Ill It III its iI. is c;isv
ltitl "appriopriate .trt t- \t nic�t :Ind ci III l itlgle tows areal
lr.eSxago -s. lldWr� of Aralii(� }trust lr.l(litihnall ll:ia'
Gateway, to a Hadhramr dwelling decorated with �geometrk moiifi, 1'tltl)lrl (l a 1lritlt rrl ill rill JEtr'tl l /h,u 1'llt Il :ire,
The ornamented lowers rellect Indian and Indonesian rafluerxc. (Uf bljlF.
vIljril`i'll sat n'c! rr�I 40.16011 11 %vir(114"414 it;.tlsi� ire t ilt-
Kurali. T%cePt for iw%% jcitlrnali nl. llr,ta
tlla'ratnr(' its lnrxlt rn 11'iarrn forins is irtigk11t
,.iii f'`� nttn(' \t,tt�Itt.
7 1�11 cr folk p m-try of 1111� limts"Idic :Intl rtiral.
pulil lilt tit Its nut ax t ll iglifind l' editcat(A 'Ara)s..
and rr�ttrest�lItutlrc rclecltasn, h:I\ Eaeen lxt� ift
Writing .Intl ltc�(�asicihalli lurialisliccl. Iia citctl iii :1 illlor
midastiical tar cYtllotllriul :Ir:tltir:krtd rlit nivcl in ltitii(�
�p r. I nu'lcr. this hurter. rtrtich Esl,it lullnurutl,. ctirersa \vi(Ir
:trim)
Of lrtllic, rrlatrt! tit 111t�'tlail life :1n,i vahu, of
:f`.�,. 1 1111� lieaioltitt :ulcl rill;llvrs. Thar iihlriratc trnina(I car
Ilt':t,:nt, u'ilultll acct 5,.ttt ihr li i r lrr,nl,l ]Ilt (If 1111
Et1rrES, }is a's,rs 11ic {It'tI stain� of f0 htl,%ittlre
Imr1vrkls atiil �toric, ill prow tor %on'
I'rufv"iunal sttrrvt liers, Jli n PInlar. tw u lint }]rrrn i�
and Eratl,ntkl ;k +Y' :rltll oLur:Il litcrlt[rrv hi +liirlt
Women era well "w;th "skyscrapers" at Shibarn In the background: The }i;isctl d tn11 liir tn: liv gi:nrratitlns. Their n=
archllectural style of these houses wen developed in pre- Islgmk times
Made of mud =brl* they tend .m rweattier with the clement:, but many 111:11' 1l." pit lis, It kiVdx% tor !wrssic. depcil(li11 r111t1r1 11 it.
held up better than modem structures, (C 111111'; 11la[Y!; ;Intl ;ill(ht'I1tY';
Iles ;I11 \':11'} 11
\'t'r_ 'rnH('il it lRtrt :.d
FIGURE lt): Represenfotive arcllitectural�styfes r` imiirti\ isetl I%- t1je
lit rfornit�r. \c
to Nt)rliti ailltitl" an' infitrn4iri fraalilicnl
It r ()I;ui fntni ;III v it�:ircui 11it-cir ul.ciitnitnsitinn:
l'�il;ill utrll ill to. ti rite ;tl l li.it, 11r; a Ili rfnrturr
(loliic;:min:arrl :trt :Elsa. 111(1 sinllili `'x'he loll ,mild i.:jtrtlt;s'cl. C)r:ll!r: h:t.;iFfcctrri 111E rtriirlurt''
Itrir k ltun,i; "(411 the'' Hat'llirain:int *..Ire c\tn I&Ihc'And) fialls;unt' \lhie ist.t) f: hurt,
Lr4cU61l aiften t ikateiv (I('c[rrItl'd"i.(I'i,ure lit caw -11c) rc iacltlklt�r :fh\EIIT11it' \1) Ir.1 t, ;,ratl,t a late
Shil ta:!t.:ill j)artithlilr, i+ tinteel liir its krrr:ep�n 14111ga'r.ln(I Estore ccirtt1 v\ c'iln,trnr�titan,. 1'llr full: aul
snrntr n aihing ri lit stnric',: is a c4mi tititt fctrtn cif lien ii'al t \}]rr .ann. 11'urf llot nt.
,,.c l,t rilki�rt� in,tII rali torlsl..paictry:artd fo rmal Ira' %I g ur rh trlercl Itr r:iirt \`i [lilt tii'n; tl:tEe ltiEEt rs,
prai.(' 1l ;knd ax�c�ch h.krt brat; EtrtE r tilci lthal twilnl riclrn.'':Incl tt'vr(lurt Al' ild farltil)'cr�lrIr:ilitiii
f
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ovilt.r.111% ;M lWitked lo the siugicig (I( It- if It
-1k
o t [Iv I it icl'� it I it! grou ill. I tM rt I i tit tit a I it tisic is ric I i i I
I i zvtl it It"I r or (I I vi I it it it I IV. It ks I licit x It%
r t d it I& f- (I it of till fit lj"W. F.iviiritv
acco 'Ilg it I Ilog
.,it Arm ard. It-:
t A milpotirii llic olit-Ntriligt-d'
f id e 11 1. 1
1 w lkit'( i t1ru I 11, t hr. zi thur, the fill Iv .11
1.1 14 d ri Il it Fi I i re'l 2
�lk(�lig'' It I. uTS 'tlaTA rolii6w; dis;tpjiFo%
111 U,
.ro Ili) ll '(111111111los ilt till "CV
6111 ft4' ill%,. 1 101 aild %VM111 do. not
lit
I Ill ling t Fell iwivi-,
I it I C-I Fla I r promi; ill I I hrrIi cmi(iibcd oltwi
th 0 il iral 1 4 INI.tliliv dowititio. The vu I K i I It I
I sts r ;i( it hm corrivd oil
I ri ch I I I vray. tr
wil 1 sul it )Ill r, 111,L[k tP I tl
Win repi otill Ili I Is
md wogniplWirs Who I I .I vc Ifillplisliki in Siiwaporl't
ilivI.L. AIIII'M and thl� I ral lialit_ it lk' ill,., 1
"d MNL 1 I IWOVIC, I I,. I Vil IMM thais a Jitolited''
I igl t t i He t 41 11 Olrwl
it I idu s t a )d i lit, It ro I I t
N I idd It Fa';( 11
I it 114 tit ul It
Wk. I
havc Fit,
lit tilasid I. t rad it
i t' 11, it v I I I
or -1 I
i lly vv 'atillul C' 111:1 't 11ith MUNi
J. pu blic information W)
FIGURE 1 2.,* Yemeni musicions.M.1010i

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pnlitieal IIIrllloiI: in tilt- la id- 1S)(it)'s� the Brilisll
ltspemied a imtrdtcrol tte rsltapera for varvitig periiul
csf time for publishing material deeuted prejudicial In
internal secitrity. Oil tite tither hared. at le as..( one phiiji
was boated hr terrorist action.
After indeparld all newsirapers were sus-
pended th vstal t hrreafter ha ve b een subject
lu lite alitlu,rit of tilt- rtilitig NF. Article 47 of tilt-
1i1 o
0 cnstitution Ili-it the press and (71her
t tedi;i will I)v 7 regal :rleei ill order "tot strengthen
iudimml denwecilic order and protect pIII)Iic ltlocils
:utsl ttationu! st�curitr...
I'hr largest press :st :ekilislimetit in tilt- vimilr is )lie�
:Idewlxtsvcl. state mviied 14 Clkfrtltir inaiiixatiun,
Which puhlislics' laily Ilowsp allt�r of the sailiv nanit1.
At lciist rinc other dailc, two re vklics. one fo litif;htl)`�
:1ud tW0 nlulttlilies :ire published in Advil, Al ill Arabic
wid all responsive to the NF prop :igand.k iitiv (I�'it;Ilre
1i). The circulatiults e)f :111 publications are beliswed to
I)e lute. the hi'llest figure prohalilr 1101 ea�ectlint;
6;1M. 'f�he Aden NiAvs Agetic�y. the coni:tn� first
ues agency H�ris csta hlished ill 1,9 it rvI)orledl
o }Ntied :lit office ill. Bvirnt in 1971. 'I'ITU New China
\'ews Ags?ucy (if lite People's Ilepid of C:hiva
distribitlt�s occasional lit lletirts. :lint xo- ji; the
Slwiel 6,;an, Is s;Ii In issue ;e biuionlhh Mille tin.
Lilmtr facilities itre limilvd. As of 1 4. ill)� late-t
-cur fist which informalitin is uvail;dile, there sere
thrcc,ptihlic� libraries With :1� total collection tlf �11,(041
ruluinr uttel �rit)ts �}tJ c�hnti`iihrs;ies. ru }11 it'uriii;iiii
:dutul I,t4k1`rollniEis. lq lb4i): )bolt�- a'c�rr repiirtedl
uuh t, ; to r.11;lrige.
i =rhau fait( :utcl Ctalurai;ilisin: The
N:tiicina list I'lites of Aden wid Sotitll Ar ihia, .)kindle
Eastern simlias. viol, fi. pp. 189 May 1971}. Ali
hifurinalke artiede�`e�lrlrla :lsicirig Social voildiliom in
Aden ;utd their ioflnerive in Shaping the IKrlitic�al
Icadcrship.
1*11slcr Donald. Luuriscapi 114111 Arabs: 7iwuvls f11
dell tool ollth arrilNrl. I.orlclim Cliftatn )kooks: i969.
Although vrittvu as ;l h a li+riner ci+il
servant ili AtIcil, Elie book c Els n5efoll Rirnllielitary
Ott tribal cllsltaut aitd;atlitnik
Little. Tom. Stmth Arabia: Arena {1f f."rsuflicl. \i�%%
Turk: I't.wger. IONS. A sorvo, of the pn�indepe�ntlt Eii per
e�ccrnart pulitieal: and social situalion.
liuuleau, Fric. "'Red titer 0%ur Smith Tcurcn." :r
Monde. k -mus for 27. :30, WId :31 M;LV 1971
s ;npathetit� tn�atnectit of ss;c�ie�t tore) politics in
iirsit�1>;caiil.'It. B. "Recent MarrLitty I.t >;i >latino. fro +ln
tit� \lnkalla with hates on M111'eiatc (aishillIS."
Rullc o f the School of Oriental u11r1 ;lirictiir titrrrfirs.
vc). 25, pp �17 IJfi? A detailed dkeMsiitrt oi.
srilditig ven titmOvs. ))ride liricsr and i nm, wid
(�harigilig all rrnihetal Brill-Ji anttcrril
iiisluriaos tallt! 11 islurios;ra141s Of
ladtanrti t.
/ill Ili-fill of lht� rhof)l of (hfrr1 al raid
Afr0lWS1udllS, z'01. 2:3, pp. :39 -fit, 1962. drt;eilrek
diwIlssiaii aif 11miltrami .histenri ;teas awl t te crntks.
pointing bru the richness of 4aeiathortt Yellrt�lti literary
traifiliutls: