NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 50B; NIGERIA; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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• Collection: NIS
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CONFIDENTIAL
5OB /GS /MG
Nigeria
February 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
CONFIDENTIAL
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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stantially completed by November 1972.
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NIGERIA
CONTENTS
This General Survey supersedes the one dated De.
cember 1969, copies of which should be destroyed.
A. Location and description 1
1. Topography 1
Brief overview of landscape, vegetation, drain-
age network, and settlement and transporta-
tion patterns.
2. Climite 7
Summary of climatic elements seasonal
variations, precipitation, temperature, cloudi-
ness, visibility, winds, thunderstorms, and
humidity.
CONFIDENTIAL NO FOREIGN DIsmm
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Page
B. Military geographic regions 8
Effect of terrain on operations by conventional ground forces, airmobile and airborne
forces, amphibious forces, and irregular forces for each of the following regions:
1. Northern Savanna Plains and Uplands 9
2. Southern Forested Plains and Hills 11
3. Eastern Highlands 12
C. Strategic areas 11
Analysis of the site, population, primary activities, key transportation elements,
nationally significant industries, and petroleum storage for each of the following
areas:
1 Lagos- Ibadan 14
2 Niger Delta 15
3 Kano 16
D. Internal routes 16
Description of terrain and railroad characteristics and offroad dispersal and cross
country movement potentials along land routes to and between strategic areas.
E. Approaches 16
Data on lengths, legal status, and terrain of Nigeria's land and water boundaries.
1 Land 16
Approach conditions by road and railroad and the effect of terrain on offroad
dispersal and cross country movement.
2 Sea 16
Conditions for amphibious approach to the coast and pertinent data for the
amphibious landing area with the best access to Lagos.
3 Air 17
Air approach routes to Nigeria and likely weather conditions en route.
FIGURES
ii
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Fig.
1
Military geographic regions and terrain map)
2
Fig.
2
Cultivated plains in north (photo)
3
Fig.
3
Forested plains north of Port Harcourt photo)
3
Fig.
4
Hills in southwest photo) :.I.
4
Fig.
5
Short-grass savanna on plains in northeast photo)
4
Fig.
6
Tall -grass savanna on Jos Plateau photo)
4
Fig.
7
Broadleaf deciduous forest in southeast photo)
5
Fig.
8
Broadleaf evergreen forest in south (photo)
5
Fig.
9
Mangrove swamp photo)
5
Fig.
10
Forested uplands in southeast photo)
6
Fig.
11
Niger River and western plains and uplands photo)
6
Fig.
12
Benue River in east, near Cameroon border photo)
6
Fig.
13
Low water in Gongola River, in northeast (photo)
Fig.
14
European section of Port Harcourt photo)
8
Fig;.
15
Native dwellings in Kano photo)
8
Fig;.
16
Native settlement in central plains photo)
8
Fig.
17
Tin mine on Jos Plateau photo)
9
Fig.
18
Climatic elements chart)
10
Fig.
19
Strategic areas, internal routes, and approaches map)
13
ii
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iii
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Fig. 20
Lagos� Ibadan strategic area map)
14
Fig. 21
Lagos (photo)
14
Fig. 22
Ibadan (photo)
15
Fig. 23
Niger Delta strategic area (nap)
15
Fig, 24
Petroleum refinery near Port Harcourt photo)
16
Fig. 25
Kano strategic area map)
17
Fig. 26
Kano (photo)
17
Fig. 27
Internal routes (table)
18
Fig. 28
Boundaries (table)
19
Fig. 29
Land approaches (table)
19
Fig. 30
Terrain and transportation map)
follows 20
iii
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Military Geography
A. Location and description (U /OU)
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located on the
west coast of Africa near the geographical center of the
continent (Figure SU). Lagos, the capital, is nearly
1,300 nautical miles from Dakar, Senegal; about 1,900
nautical miles from the Strait of Gibraltar and the
important mining areas in Zaire and Zambia; and
slightly ov, r 2,000 nautical miles from the Suez Canal.
Nig has an area of about 357,000 square miles
and is slightly larger than South Dakota, Colorado,
Nebraska, and Wyoming, combined. The country
extends a little less than 660 miles' north -south and
about 700 wiles cast -west. The population Nvz,.;
estimated to be 58,020,W0 as of July 1972.
1. Topography
About Wi of Nigeria consists of savanna- and
forest covered plains and scattered uplands (Figure 1
The remainder is a narrow belt of forested or grass
covered hills and mountains along the eastern border.
Most of the country is drained by the Niger-Benue
river system, which discharges generally southward
into the Bights of Biafra and Benin by way of a large,
poorly drained delta. This is part of the generally
swampy and marshy coast. The few streams elsewhere
drain chiefly northeastward into Lake Chad, a large
body of water of varying salinity that lies mostly
within neighboring Chad. The principal culture
fcatures are towns and villages, which are most
numerous in the south; cultivated fields chiefly it the
north; mines located mainly in the central section;
and oil wells in and near the Niger Delta. A
moderately dense network of rail lines, roads, and
tracks connects populated places in the south;
relatively few roads and tracks, however, cross the
northern and central plains and hills and the eastern
highlands.
Plains have chiefly flat to gently rolling surfaces of
lateritic clay, sand, and silty sand; the plains in the
north (Figure 2) are flat to rolling arid sandy, and
'Distances are in statute miles unless nautical miles are
specifically stated.
those in the south are extremely flat (Figure 3) and
composed of peat or organic clay. Slopes are chiefly
less than 2ii, and interstream areas in most places
reach a maximum height of 200 feet above adjacent
stream bottoms; in scattered dissected sections along
margins of the Niger and Benue valleys and principal
uplands, slopes are between 2% and 10%, and
interstream areas rise 250 to 500 feet above nearl)v
streambeds. Elevations in the plains are less than 50
feet along the coast, 50 to 10)0 feet in the interior,
and 600 to 2,(00 feet in the north. The plains are
interrupted chiefly by scattered uplands, which extend
northeast southwest across the area, and by low sand
dunes in the northeast. The uplands consist of hills
(Figure 4) that have rounded or flat summits 6(x) to
1,400 feet above the surrounding plains; slopes in the
hills are largely 10% to 30 c but locally reach 100i.
The Jos Plateau contains scattered mountains, which
have mainly rounded crests and rise 2,000 to 2,800 feet
above the nearby plains and valley floors Elevations
are between 3,300 and 4,900 feet, and slopes
cornmonly exceed 30% in these mountainous areas. In
the northern and central plains, the ycgccation is
mainly tall- and short -grass (Sudan) savanna; however,
marsh is extensive along [sake Chad in the northeast.
A belt of short -grass savanna (Figure 5) extends across
extreme northern Nigeria and widens in the east.
Short -grass savanna is composed of clumps of grass 3
to 4 feet high; widely scattered, flat topped, thorny
acacia trees 20 to 25 feet high and with trunks I to 2
feet in diameter, and a few baobabs, which have
trunks 5 to 10 feet in diameter. 'fall -grass savanna
(Figure 6) comprises clumps of grass 3 to 10 feet high
and many patches of brush; scattered clumps of acacia
trees as tall as 40 feet; belts of broadleaf deciduous
trees, 50 to 100 feet high, along streams and
watercourses; and cultivated plots of sorghum, corn,
millet, and peanuts near villages. On the plains along
Lake had, the marsh vegetation consists of dense
papyrus reeds and other herbs, 3 to 10 feet high. A
narrow belt of broadleaf deciduous foresi forms a
transition between the savanna plains and the dense
broadleaf evergreen forest on the southern plains.
Within the areas of broadleaf deciduous forest
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4 8 12
12
8
4
T
NIGER
i GEC f
,�i CNAl3
922 Kano C` J
1766
1 NORTHERN SAV la
DAHOMEY c O
J Kdin' O
Lake M a C1 a
e l
O
;`HAD
PLAINS AND LANDS 0
6
CAME R ON
0
N ESTER
Plains 0 to 500 feet
g ?,,h Emou
LAG
S
t eat '"'y
Mountains Over 2,000 feet
'Differences in elevation between tops and
BIGHT OF
Bls'A'I:V
of adjacent topographic features.
labar
Fores;
o
Marsh
4_
iT/i
or swamp
Intermittent lake
BIGH
FERNAND 'PdO J
GULF OF GUINEA
12
4 8
1
PROFILE
EASTERN
NORTHERN SAVANNA PLAINS AND UPLANDS HIGHLANDS
Feet Meters
6000
rr, 2000
400 1500
200 500
A 0 50 100 A0 200 250 300 350 460 450 560 550 600 610
B
Statute miles
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30:1
"F IGURE 1. Military geographic regions and terrain (C)
2
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Local relief'
Plains 0 to 500 feet
Hills 500 to 2,000 feet
Mountains Over 2,000 feet
'Differences in elevation between tops and
IEROON
bottoms
of adjacent topographic features.
Fores;
Marsh
4_
iT/i
or swamp
Intermittent lake
922
Spot ,eight (in feet)
Mdda +y Geographic Region
boundary
0
11+00 Statute miles
0 50 100
Kilometers
12
4 8
1
PROFILE
EASTERN
NORTHERN SAVANNA PLAINS AND UPLANDS HIGHLANDS
Feet Meters
6000
rr, 2000
400 1500
200 500
A 0 50 100 A0 200 250 300 350 460 450 560 550 600 610
B
Statute miles
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30:1
"F IGURE 1. Military geographic regions and terrain (C)
2
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All
4
FIGURE 2. The plains in the north are flat to rolling
and mostly covered by tall- and short-grass
savanna. Flat- topped thorny acacia trees are widely
scattered. (U /OU)
FIGURE 3. The southern plains primarily are flat and
covered by forests. In this area north of Port Harcourt,
there are large, dense stands of palms. (U /OU)
I�i. 1 flit� Inc, arc cl,icfly �ill to IM fcct Iii1Ii. IILI
Irlwk, I to 5 feet in di :under. and are e leaf
le� front earls I'cbrcian throogh A14. dense�
nn (It rgro\\tIj of c%crgrccri shrihs, licrb,. au(1 vines
cover, the for(-,t floor in niiin\ .irt e, acid in
a bande,i l.d clearings grass rcac�IIc, IIcigIIt. of :i to 10
fcct. aanv clearing, c�outaio cult i\at(�(] )lot, of
cas,:;va, cone. van's. I)a iii nas, aucf On land ri -v. A belt
of dcivw broadleaf e�vl.rgreen forest. bnt,h. and
cultivated vl.gctation evtvn(k across. the well drained
parts of the outhern plaiu, and scattered hills:
nia ngrove..nd frv, vvater,\%a ill p coven the tidal it 1
poorly drmned c�oa,tal sections of the plains. inc�hn(lint
the \i)zer Delta. 'file broadleal evergreen forest
Figure S) has a gencrally dews c�ontinuou, c�anopv
except vvher.� cultivation i rec-ent. 'I'rces are nnainly 50
to 120 feet high. and ,nine niav read' 150 I trnuks
.ere 1 to (i feet in dianwtcr and cortnnio my buttre",(�d.
In places, all undcr of oil piih cowkk of tree
:10 to 15 feet hi d t ndcrgnevv th i, c�onimonly ,Imr,c or
lac�kint, but ill abandoned clearing, (Icn,e bru,b,
cotnposcd of inall tree,. shrub,. and v inc reaches
height, of' 5 to 25 feel: till. same arietic, of c alt's atcd
crop, arc grovvri in the broadleaf evergreen foee,t a, in
the broadleaf deciduous forc,t. _Yi_lal niangreeve
svcatrip (Figure 9) is dense and b as a generidly
continuous :�anopv: here, trees are'( to 100I'vel high.
have trunk, I to 3 feet in diana�i�r, and are upported
by tangled aerial prop root, 5 to ,5 feet high:
undergrowth is gcnvmlly sparse. Ou the Iaiidvvard
inargiii of the neangro\e i, fresh -water sw.unp, vvhic�h
c�orntai ,s ficavil\ huttres,cd trees with nnuch the
chanicterislic, as the broadleal cvergrcein varictie, on
well -dreincd pl.ein,. associated w ith ti tree, !re large
stau(ls of pidins. t edergrovvth is generally dense and
c�onipou d of tfiic�kl.ts of hnd, vine,. and prickl\
creepers; floating gr.iss. 3 to 5 fee� hi grew, on the
fresh ater ,lrctchc, of ueme of the strcains.
'fhe uplands along the e.tst "�n margin of \i-eri i
consist of Bills and a fevc nioeintains (Figure 10 and
have a pn�don): ,nantly nortbl.a southw( orient i-
lion. 'I'hc hills connnumly have brou(I rounded
summits, and the loournta;ns are sharp crested and in
plac�cs contain volcanic peaks. Ridges are interrupted
in nrnnv places b\ tmwverse valleys that are steel,
sided and narrow in upper sections and broad and flat
to gentle rolling in the loss -Iving sections. '1'hc uplands
arc covered chiefly by tall- and short -grass savanna in
the northeastern half and by dense broadleaf
deciduous and evergreen forest in the southwestern
half; shifting cultivation in small clearings occurs in
the forested areas. In parts of the uplands located at
cicv.(tions above 6,000 feet, the forests are replaced by
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FIGURE 4. Most hills in the southwest
have rounded or nearly flat summits
less than 1,500 feet above the sur-
rounding plains. Tall -grass savanna
and brush cover most of the hilly area
in this part of the country. (U /OU)
FIGURE 5. Short -grass savanna cov-
ers large parts of northern Nigeria
and consists of clumps of grass 3 to
4 feet high, scattered flat- topped
thorny acacia trees, and a few
baobabs (U /OU)
patches of short bunchgrass. thickets of b,unhoo. dense
shrubs 6 to 10 feet high, and scattered gnarled trees as
tall as 25 cet. Ilill crests arc conunonly 800 to 1.500
feet above adjacent vallc\ floors, and the crests and
peaks of the mountains are 2,400 to 3.1100 feet above
the 1)(Woms of adjacent vallcys. Crests of ridges reach
an average clevation of 000 feel. ,,nd slopes range
nminly from 10"i to 30`1 in the hills and from 30`1 to
-Wi in the mountains.
The principal drainage features in Nigeria arc
nunwrous large perennial and intcrnnittent streams,
p ^renniall\ and scasonall\ wet areas, coastal lagoons,
ano I.akc Chad. 'I'll( largest streams are the Niger
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FIGURE 5. Tall -grass savanna covers most of the Jos
Plateau, which is a rugged, mostly hilly area. The
grass is 3 to 10 feet high and is interspersed with brush,
acacia trees, and palms. (U /OU)

FIGURE 7. Broadleaf deciduous forests occur in a
narrow, east �west belt in the southern part of the
country. The forests have a dense undergrowth of
evergreen shrubs and vines, such as shown here, along
road cuts and other open areas. (U /OU)
FIGURE 9. Trees in the tidal mangrove swamps are
dense and as much as 100 feet tall, with trunks up to
3 feet in diameter; trunks are supported by tangled
aerial prop roots 5 to 8 feet high (U /OU)
(I igure 11 and its principal tribnlarv, tho, Bcnno,
(i`igury 12), which rise outside of the area and drain
generally southward to the Bights of Benin and Biafra.
A few streams in tho, west and southeast flow directly
southward to the sea, and several chiefly in;erniittcnt
streams, the largest of which is the homadugu Yohe,
drain northeastward into Lake Chad. Most of the
southward flowing streams have felatively straight
courses in broad valleys, generally low, go,ntly sloping,
sully, roc-k\, or muddy banks, and mostly sand\
bottoms, in several places within and adjacent to
upland areas, the Niger, Benue, and several other
streams are restricted to narro%%, steep -sided vallo,vs,
wfaere Ranks are rocky, high, and sleep, and bottoms
are gravc1ly and houldvr strewn. During the high
water period, early March to raid November in the
southern part of' the drainage area and earl\ Mav
through Septcniber in the northern part, most streams
are more th,,n 500 feet wide and more than 15 feet
deep in their middle and lowo,r courses and are
between 60 and 250 feet wiclo, and hets%rcn 3 1 and 15
feet deep in the sapper stretches. 'I'he Niger and Benue
in places exceed a mile in width and are c!aio,fly more
than -10 fret deep. During the high-v:ato,r period,
seasonally wet areas are flooded vxtensively ,;long the
major streams, in the upper delta of the Niger, and
,long the inner margins of the coasL-1 -:rea; largo parts
of the perennially wet area along the coast are also
inundato,cl, especially at high tide. During the period
of iow water, late November through February in the
south anc! early October through ;pril in the north,
most streams are between 60 and 500 feat wide in their
upper and middle stretches and over 500 feet in their
lower stretches; t1w Niger and Benue range in width
betwecn 500 and 6,000 feet. Low -water depths are
generally less than feet except along the lower
Niger and in a short stretch of the lower Benue;
sandbars (f igure I'>) are exposed in the lower and
middle courses of most streams. Northeastward-
flowing, streams ha\e broad, meandering courses, low
to moderatcly high cull gently sloping bunks, and
sandy or muddy bottoms. Most of the streams are over
5
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FIGURE 8. Dense broadleaf evergreen forests cover
large parts of the southern plains. Trees may reach
150 feet eight and have buttressed trunks 6 feet in
diameter

6
250 feet wide and are chiefly over 3 i/ feet deep during
the high -water period, early May through September.
The Komadugu Yobe has numerous channels in the
tipper and middle courses, which in many places
exceed 500 feet in width and are as much as 20 feet
deep during the high -water period; in the lower
course, the river is shallow, has low hanks, and is less
than 250 feet wide, even during high water. During
this period, seasonally wet areas are most extensive
near lake Chad and along the upper Komadugu
Yobe. During the low -water period, late October
through April, most streams dry up or become a series
of shallow pools, and it majority of the seasonally wet
areas are also dry or crusted with mud. During
September, however, the wet area around Lake Chad
expands to an area of as much as 3,000 square miles.
I'he lake varies in sire both seasonally and annually. It
is generally shallow but in places may reach depths of
10 feet. 'I'hc shore is very low, flat, and muddy or
sandy, and the btatom is inostly sand or mud. During
nxmt'sis other than Septcirnber the lake decreases in
depth to less than 3 i/ feet, and numerous logy ridges of
sand are exposed.
'Towns, villages, cultivated fields, mines, oil wells,
and transportation facilities are the chief culture
features and are most numerous in the southern,
northwestern, and north central sections of the
country. I'hc: large towns, Ibadan, Lagos, and Port
Harcourt, are each composed of an African and a
European section. In the European section (Figure
14), the streets are regularly spaced, permanently
surfaced, and lined by buildings up to 20 stories high
and constructed of concrete, brick, or stone; roofs of
most buildings are corrugated iron or tile. The native
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FIGURE 12. The Benue in this stretch hear the Cameroon
border has low, gently sloping barks and is subject
to flooding during high water, earl; May through
September (U /OU)
FIGURE 10. Uplands in the southeastern part of
Nigeria are cut by narrow, sleep -sided volleys
and have dissected slopes covered by broadleaf
deciduous and evergreen forests. Roads through
the uplands are narrow and winding. (C)
FIGURE 11. The broad Niger winds across the western
and southern parts of Nigeria and in places contains
numerous islands (U /OU)

FIGURE 13. During the low
water period, early October
through April, the course of the
Gongola becomes braided and
numerous sandbars are exposed.
Banks are low and gently
sloping in this stretch. (U /OU)
sections are compounds of rectangular structures
enclosed by thin walls of mud or matting 6 to 12 feet
high; the compounds are intersected by a maze of
unsurfaced lanes and alleys. In the north, the town of
Kano and most villages are composed of buildings that
are either round or rectangular in shape and have
walls and nearly flat roofs of mud construction (Figure
15). The larger towns are surrounded by mud walls 20
to 50 feet high ana 10 to 20 feet thick. Villages in the
south are composed of huts that are long and
rectangular, have mud walls, and are covered with
thatched, sloping roofs although corrugated metal
ones are becoming more common. Villages in the
central and eas ern areas are typically composed of
round, mud walled huts with conical thatched roofs
(Figure 16). In the Jos area, the huts are commonly
connected by a protective mud and stone wall, and
the compound is in turn surrounded by a thorny hedge
10 to 12 feet high. Cultivated fields are most extensive
in the Jos Plateau and in the vicinity of Kano and
Sokoto. These consist of small, permanently cultivated
plots of corn, sorghum, millet, and small grains; there
are numerous abandoned fields. Tin and columbite
mines, located chiefly in the Jos area, consist of large
open pits and waste dumps (Figure 17), generally
scattered among villages. Producing oil wells are in
scattered fields located chiefly in the northern and
eastern parts of the Niger Delta. Roads and rail lines
form a moderately dense transportation network in the
south and a generally sparse pattern in the north. Rail
lines and permanently surfaced roads connect Lagos,
Ibadan, and Port Harcourt with towns and villages in
the southern and central sections and with Kano in the
north. Unsurfaced roads, tracks, and trails are the
principal links between villages everywhere and
between most towns in the north.
2. Climate
Nigeria has a tropical climate with hot days, warm
nights, and distinct wet and dry seasons (Figure 18).
'The seasons are controlled by the northward advance
and southward retreat across Nigeria of the
intertropical convergence zone (ICZ), a transition zone
between dry air from the Sahara, and moist air from
the South Atlantic. The wet season is longest and
wettest along the southeast coast and becomes
progressively shorter and dryer toward the northern
border. It extends from March through November on
the southeast coast, with average monthly rainfall 6 to
17 inches, but lasts only from June or July through
September in the far north, with ax,=rage amounts 4 to
12 inches per month. An exception to this regime is the
brief dry period which prevails over the western coast
during August. Except for brief transitional periods
preceding and following the wet season, the remaining
months are comparatively dry.
The .wet season is characterized by mostly cloudy
skies, frequent showers, good visibility except in heavy
showers, and light southwesterly Onds. Thun-
;ieistorms are frequent and often intense. Their
maximum incidence is usually during the first and last
thsrds of the season, occurring about 20 to 25 days per
month in the southeast and decreasing to 10 to 20 days
per month or less in the far north. The dry season
typically has mostly scattered clouds, visibility
occasionally restricted by haze or dust, and light
northeasterly or variable winds. Thunderstorm
frequency in the dry season varies from about 10 per
month on the southeast coast to near zero in the far
north. Temperatures and relative humidities are
uniformly high throughout the year along the coast,
with small diurnal variations; most temperatures are
in the 70's �F.) or 80's. In the interior, however,
M
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4
FIGURE 14. The European section of most large towns
has a grid pattern of surfaced streets. Buildings gen-
erally are constructed of concrete, brick, or stone, and
roofs are -corrugated iron or tile. (C)
FIGURE 16. In the central and
eastern areas of the country,
native villages consist of round
huts with mud walls and conical
e thatched roofs (C)
8
-4A
d11l ll;ll \,III :Itl011 III t I'II11)( :11111 til';I1111;11
\;Iri:lti(n in n I;IIi\1 hunlidil\ iu0r0:1 Inua .uulll 1()
IlOrl ll. Ir llll' lar nmill III(� :111 tll;(\illlunl tclll1)1�rat1ll "1�
ruin( frunl lh0 high .SI) tO 110:1r 110' \\hill� nu;ul
nlininllll!I,
1,ln>;0 Inmi th0 5O' to Ih0 ;tl \Ic;m
r0lati\0 hlnnidilic in lh0 lar iwi \:In Inlnl lit l', lO
till', 111 thl' \('I wa to i 111 15'r to 25'( 111 the
dr\ w;imm.
B. Military geographic regions (C)
\it;cria thr00 n!ilik!r\ l;0(ii rm )hi0 rctjo ti �th0
\Orlhcrn Sa\anua Haiw, :uul I plu!ld lh0 SOuthcrn
1()r0.tcd PI:Iiw aml I lill., and lh0 !�:a I lit ll:uld'
igtir0 I I. \1111(m Ii th0 OOUlhinaliOn O! 0u.irOu-
ln0ntal \�OO(liliow, \\Orll(1 ha\0 a r(� IAi).01\ Oai(Ornl
4
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FIGURE 15. Native dwellings in Kano. In the north, buildings in towns and villages
usually are constructed of mud and have rectangular shapes, contained in random
compounds. (C)

FIGURE 17. The extensive al-
luvial deposits of the Jos Pla-
teau are the chief source of tin;
open -pit mining methods are
used WOU)
effect on military operations within each region, there
would be marked differences between adjacent
regions. General health hazards troops in all regions
are meningococcic meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis,
worm infection, yaws, leprosy, smallpox, dysenteries,
and ilariasis.
1. Northern Savanna Plains and TJplands
This region, which covers the nc..'thern two thirds of
Nigeria, consists largely of plains with flat to rolling
savanna covered or cultivated surfaces that are cro:.sed
by the southward flowing Niger and Benue rivers. The
plains are interrupted by scattered hilly and
mountainous areas, which are mainly cultivated or
covered by tall- and short -grass st The Niger
and Benue river valleys, as well as those of some of
their principal tributaries, contain areas adjacent to
the streams that are seasonally poorly drained. These
major streams commonly overflow their banks and
cause considerable flooding during the high -water
period, early May through September in the north and
mid -April through mid October in the south. Year
round areas of marsh cover the northeastern margin of
the region adjacent to and west of Lake Chad. The
most densely populated sections are the agricultural
and mining areas in the Jos Plateau and the
agricultural areas in the north central and northwest-
ern parts of the plains. Villages and larger towns, such
as Kane, are connected by a sparse network of roads,
mostly unpaved.
Conditions for conventional ground operations are
generally good. Gross- country movement of vehicles
and foot troops would be possible in most of the
region, but during the wet period, June or July
through September, movement would he difficult or
precluded by soft soils and flooded or wet areas. The
marshes around Lake Chad are a serious year -round
obstacle to movement in the northeast. Other
perennial obstacles to movement are steep slopes of
the scattered hills and mountains. Vehicles and foot
troops would he able to move with comparative ease
on the roads and tracks but would have difficult\ on
muddy and slippery road surfaces and in inundated
stretches, generally from early May through
November. Bottlenecks would be the numerous
narrow, wooden, low capacity bridges and the many
fords and ferries. Offroad dispersal of vehicles
generally would be easy_ biil, during the wet period,
would be hindered or precluded by soft soils or by
areas under water. Roods generally could be
constructed \%ith relative ease except in the Jos
Plateau, where grades would be steep nd alignments
restricted. Sand and gravel for roadbuilding are
available in substantial quantities, but hard rock
suitable for crushing is restricted to scattered outcrops
in the south, and the only timber is along the streams.
Concealment and cover would be scarce in most of the
region. Opportunities 'err concealment are available
mainly in the narrow belts of broadleaf deciduous
forest al(,-Ig streams except early February through
April, the leafless period, and in tall grass except
during October through April, when the grass is
burned off. Cover from flat trajectory fire would he
available from surface irregularities in the scattered
hilly and mountainous areas and in the dissected
margins of large river valleys. Bunkev: could he
constructed in much of the region, but poor drainage
precludes construction in the marshy northeastern
section near Lake Chad and in the poorly drained
areas adjacent to the major rivers. Sites suitable for the
construction of tunnel -type installations exist only in
the Jos Plateau and in scattered hills to the west.
Conditions for airborne and airmobile operations
are generally good. The extensive areas of flat to
rolling grassy plains afford numerous parachute drop
-zones and sites for landing helicopters. Restrictions
would be imposed only in the scattered hills and
mountains, the poorly drained sections near Lake
9
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i
30 SOKOTO
KANO� MAIDUGURI�
i
�KADUNA 30
ZUNGERU� JOS
10
�LOKOIA
60
AGOS ONITSHA
G
100
110 100
CAL R
ONITSHA
20
13
10
S
0
1FMAMIJASONDI
SOKOTO
20
IS
10 i7i7
3
0
1FMAMJIASON
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES) MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
AN
10
0
JFMAMJIASOND
KADUNA
3U
201
10
0
JFMAMJIASON
CALABAR
20
13
10
S
0 1FMAMIJASOND
Jos
20-
13
10
s
0 1FMAMIJASON
20 LAGOS
IS
I
10
S
0 JFMAMJJASON
MAIDUGURI
20
15
10
s
0
JFMAMJJASCND
KANO LOKOJA LAGOS
100 100 100 109 X
60 W
60 60 60
RD
10 I 10 /0
20 20 It l 2D
0 0 0
1FMAMJ IASON01 I JFMAMIJASONDII JFMAMIJASONDJ
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
TEMPERATURES F.)
ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY
MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY
MINIMUM
ABSOLUTE
MINIMUM
MEAN THUNDERSTORM DAYS
FIGURE 18. Precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, and thunderstorms (U /OU)
10
LAGOS
100
an
60
f co to
1 10
2 0 1
JFMAMJIASONDI
:SS AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
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MAIDUGURI
140
120
100
so
60
10
20
0
1FMAMJIASON
ELEV. 1160 FT.
10
0
JFMAMJIASOND
KADUNA
3U
201
10
0
JFMAMJIASON
CALABAR
20
13
10
S
0 1FMAMIJASOND
Jos
20-
13
10
s
0 1FMAMIJASON
20 LAGOS
IS
I
10
S
0 JFMAMJJASON
MAIDUGURI
20
15
10
s
0
JFMAMJJASCND
KANO LOKOJA LAGOS
100 100 100 109 X
60 W
60 60 60
RD
10 I 10 /0
20 20 It l 2D
0 0 0
1FMAMJ IASON01 I JFMAMIJASONDII JFMAMIJASONDJ
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
TEMPERATURES F.)
ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY
MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY
MINIMUM
ABSOLUTE
MINIMUM
MEAN THUNDERSTORM DAYS
FIGURE 18. Precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, and thunderstorms (U /OU)
10
LAGOS
100
an
60
f co to
1 10
2 0 1
JFMAMJIASONDI
:SS AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
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Chad, and along the major rivers. Sites suitable for
landing assault-t aircraft are the airfields at Kano,
Kaduna. Sokoto, Jos, and Maiduguri. Airfield
construction is possible on many sites within the
region, but sites are fey in the uplands and poorly
drained areas. Most approaches and runway
orientations would be unrestricted, and construction
problems would be relatively few. The major
difficulties would stem from the lack of adequate
quantities of suitable rock for crushing and from poor
drainage conditions for more than half of the year
(early May through November) in the south.
Conditions are generally poor for irregular force
operations. Concealment and cover are generally
scarce, and although conditions for cross country
movement of foot troops would be mainly good, they
are seasonally poor. Concealment from air observation
is available chiefly from broadleaf deciduous trees
along streams and watercourses except when the trees
lose their leaves early February through April. The
principal -ces of concealment from ground
observation ,..,d cover from flat trajectory fire are
steep hill and mountain slopes and dissected surfaces
along the margins of large valleys. Cross country
movement of foot troops would be gen ^rally easy on
the flat to rolling savanna plains that make up much
of the region. Movement would be difficult or
precluded at all times in the scattered central and
eastern hills and mountains and in the marshy area
near Lake Chad; seasonal hindrances to movement
are wet or soft soils and flooded areas adjacent to
major streams. Towns and villages are few and widely
scattered except in the Jos Plateau and in the vicinity
of Kano and Sokoto; unsurfaced roads, tracks, and
trails form a sparse transportation network. The
principal sources of food are near the populated areas
and consist of cultivated crops and herds of livestock.
Supplies of water are seasonally abundant from
swoilen streams but are meager during the dry season;
streams and wells are biologically contaminated
throughout the year. Shelter and fuel materials are
limited to itrees along some streams and to scattered
scrub and acacia trees. Airdrops of food and supplies
would be relatively easy on the savanna: plains;
however, air supply operations would be seriously
hampered or precluded by scattered hills and
mountains, by dissected plains along the margins of
river valleys, by dust and haze during the dry season,
and by seasonal flooding along stretches of major
streams.
2. Southern Forested Plains and Hills
This region of flat to rolling plains and scattered
hills is crossed by numerous large streams, including
the broad lower Niger. The plains are covered b
dense forest and swamp that extend northwec-
southeast ac ross the region. Dense mangrove tidal
swamp, largely part of the extensive delta of the Niger,
extends along the coast, is interlaced with tidal
streams, and, in places, is interrupted by lagoons.
Fresh -water swamp fringes the inner margins of the
tidal swamp and, where the plains are adequately
drained, gives way to extensive dense forest of
broadleaf evergreen trees. The rolling to hilly inner
margins of the region have a mantle of broadleaf
deciduous forests. Flooding of streams is widespread as
early as the beginning of March and as late as mid
November. Despite the dense forests and adverse
natural conditions, the region contains numerous
settlements and 'free of the largest urban areas in the
country� Lagos, lbadan, and Port Harcourt. These
three urban areas are interconnected by permanently
surfaced roads and connected with the.interior by two
rail lines.
Conditions are poor for conventional ground
operations. Movement across country and the
dispersal of vehicles and toot troops from the roads
would be seriously hindered or precluded by dense
forest and by poor drainage conditions. During the
rainy period, movement would be additionally
hindered by soft soils. Although the transportation
network is moderately dense in most places, fey -pads
extend through the swamps to the coast. Vehicles and
foot troops cculd move fairly easily cn the mai:A roads
but would be hindered by numerous narrow wooden
bridges and stretches of road that are sometimes under
\rater for periods from early March to mid November.
The numerous ferries are bottlenecks. Road
construction would encounter serious problems
because of dense forests, poor drainage conditions, and
the lack of hard rock for crushing. Construction would
be further hampered by seasonally adverse conditions,
including flooding and washouts. Concealment and
cover would be readily available in the dense swamp
and forest, but concealment would h lacking in the
broadleaf deciduous forest during the leafless period,
early February through April. Good cover from flat
trajectory fire also would be available in modern
buildings within the larger towns of the region. Poor
drainage conditions make bunker construction
difficult in parts of the region, and nearly everywhere
conditions are unsuited for the construction of tunnel
type installations because of the low relief.
11
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Conditions are generally poor for airborne and
airmobile operations. Parachute and helicopter
landing sites are restricted to large clearings in the area
of broadleaf deciduous forest and to airfields. Sites
most suitable for landing assault -type aircraft are the
airfields at Lagos, Ibadan, Benin City, Enugu. Por'
Harcourt, and C, labar. Airfield construction generally
would be difficult because of the need for clearing
dense forest, the lack of rock for construction, and
heavy rains which cause construction delays.
Conditions are excellent for irregular force
operations. Concealment and cover would be
available throughout the region. Concealment from
both air and ground observation would be exc- _Ilent in
the dense forest, where the trees form a dense; canopy
and many have large trunks; in the broadleaf
deciduous forest, however, the trees are leafless early
I ebruary through April. Cover from flat trajectory fire
also would be available in the forest and from irregular
surfaces in scattered hills. Cross country movement of
smail units of foot troops would be poss;ble in the well
drained forest but would be extremely difficult or
precludeO among the tangled aboveground roots in
the mangrove swamp and seasonally on wet soils
everywhere. Most of the major towns in the country
and a fairly dense transportation ietwork consisting of
permanently surfaced roads, two rail lines, and
unsurfaced roads, tracks, and trails are in the better
drained sections of the region. The principal sources of
food are cultivated clearings of cassava, yams,
bananas, and dryland rice. Supplies of fresh water are
available in much of the region from early March to
mid November; in the coastal and tidal swamp areas,
however, the water is saline or brackish at all times.
Shelter and fuel materials are readily available
throughout the region. Airdrops of food and supplies
would be limited to clearings in the forest areas, but
even here approaches would be re!tricted by tall trees
and, in places, scattered hills.
The coast of Nigeria is generally unsuited for large
scale amphibious operations. Offshore approaches are
mostly clear, but nearshore approaches are partly
obstructed by scattered rocks and shoals and by
shifting sandbars and mudflats near nouths of rive:.
and streams. The few usable beaches are located on
deltaic barrier islands along the western part of the
coast. These beaches are mostly composed of sand and
are as much as 13'/2 miles in, length. Exits are cross
country or by tracks and unsurfaced roads on the
islands; only one island is connected to the mainland
by bridges.
12
3. Eastern Highlands
This elongated region is largely composed cf hills
and mountains; the hills have broad rounded summits
and mainly savanna vegetation, and the mountains
have sharp crests and are covered by savanna in the
northeast and by dense broadleaf evergreen and
deciduous forest in the southwest. Streams have cut
northwest southeast trending valleys across the region.
Settlements are generally few and widely spaced and
are connected by a sparse network of predominantly
unsurfaced roads and trails.
Con ditions are poor for conventional ground
operations. Cross country movement of foot troops
and vehicles would be severely restricted or precluded
by the rugged surfaced and dense forest in much of the
region. Additional hindrances to movement are
created by soft soils from early May through
November. Movement on the few existing roads
would be hindered by narrow earth surfaces, steep
grades, sharp curves, and many low- capacity bridges
and ferries. Dispersal of vehicles and foot troops from
the roads would be extremely difficult because of the
steep slopes and, in the southwest, because of dense
forest. Road construction would be difficult; steep
slopes and rough surfaces restrict alignments and
require sharp curves, steep grades, and many cuts, fills,
and bridges. In addition, extensive clearing of forest in
the south would be necessary. Construction materials
and water are readily available in most of the region.
Concealment opportunities are good in the
southwestern half of the region, where there are dense
broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forests; however,
possibilities are largely lacking in the short -grass
savanna of the northeast and during the leafless period
of the broadleaf deciduous forest, early February
through April. Cover from flat- trajectory fire would be
afforded by surface irregularities in much of the
region. Tunnel -type installations with adequate
overhead cover and short adits could be built in all but
the extreme northeastern and southwestern parts of the
region, where there is insufficient rock cover. The
construction of bunkers would be limited to scattered
valleys because of: shallow soils elsewhere.
The region is poorly suited for airborne and
airmobile operations. There are few open areas
suitable for parachute and helicopter landings and no
sites for the landing of assault -type aircraft. Air;;;;;"'
construction would be severely limited or precluded by
the rugged terrain in most of the region. The
orientation of runways would be greatly restricted and
the approaches hazardous.
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The region is fairly well suited for irrcgular force
operations. Conditions for concealment and cover are
fair to good, and small groups of foot troops could
move across country in much of the region; however,
movement would be difficult in places. Concealment
from air observation would be excellent in the dense
forest that covers the southwestern half of the region
�cept during early February through April, when
I G E R
tinder
JJJ 4
IAMEY
Soto
Kaura
Namoda
lz 0
Fu
DA OMEY
K. A 1A'n
a
l i
Baro
rte,
Lokoja Ma
trees in the broadleaf deciduous forest are leafless.
Concealment is poor at all times in (he savanna, which
covers most of the northeastern half of the region.
Numerous opportunities for concealment from ground
observation and cover from flat- trajectory fire are
provided by the many surface irregularities and by
high, steep streamhanks. In the northeastern half of
the region, cross country movement of irregular forces
12
aa
0
aiduguri
ot0,.i
o ^q
Bauchi
HAD
aroua
Shendam
Ngeounderi II
PORTO- LAG Benin City
Enugy
l
r
Tibati
NOVO
1
C j
amfe
I
I
Strategic area
Cola ar
a
Approach
Internal route
4
to
Amphibious landing
c or a
area 4
SANTA Edea
FERNAND
P ISABEL
Railroad
GULF OF GUINEA
Road
i
Kribi
0
EQUATORIAL I
t
ICC 2 M,r<
0
GUINEA
10 0
K
75592 12 -69 CIA
Be
CONFIDENTIAL
COABON
CONGO
FIGURE 19. Strategic areas, internal routes, and approaches (C)
13
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FIGURE 20. Lagos Ibadan strategic area (C)
would be hindered by steep, savanna covered hill
slopes; in the southwestern half, cross- country
movement would be moderately to severely hindered
and, in places, preclude(' by the steep hill and
mountain slopes that are covered by widespread dense
forest. The road paitern is sparse and cons::,s of a few
permanently surfaced roads and numerous unsurfaced
roads, trac!:s, and trails. Towns and settlements are
few and widely scattered. Sources of food are limited
to sm all patches of cultivated crops and small coffee
and cacao tree plantations. Airdrops of food and
supplies would be greatly hindered by the dense stands
of tall trees in the southwestern half of the region;
however, parachute drops could be made in the more
upon savanna areas in the northeast.
C. Strategic areas (C)
Nigeria has three strategic areas� Lagos Ibadan,
the Niger Delta, and Kano (Figure 19). These areas are
the centers of transportation, communications,
commerce, industry, government, and population for
their respective sections, and, as a group, they also
contain most of the known oil reserves, the main
seaports, and the major airfields of the country.
1. lagos- Ibadan
This area (Figure 20) is the focus of political and
cultural activities in Nigeria and contains the two
largest cities in the country. Lagos (Figure 21), the
capital, the largest seaport, and the most important
city in Nigeria, has a population xyhic�h has been
estimated as high as 1 million. It normally handles
two- thirds of the total sea trade of Nigeria. The city
contains the largest industrial complex in Nigeria,
which includes textile mills, flour mills, facilities for
the production of rubber tires and tubes, steel
fabrication plants, and ship repair Wards. Lagos has a
full range of telecommunications, including
telephone, teicgraph, radiotelephone, shortwave
radio, and television facilities. The r :kvay repair
shops are the most important in the country. Lagos is
FIGURE 21. Lagos has numerous
modern multistory buildings and
wide paved streets. Its long water-
front handles most of the sea trade
of Nigeria. (U /OU)
14
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1
Ibadan
^J Y.
J
3-
J
f
J
J
5 60 x} [iago
BIGHT (W HEX/
I
Road
Airfield
r Railroad
Amphibious landmgarea
Forest
Swamp
0 10 20
30 40
Statute miles
FIGURE 20. Lagos Ibadan strategic area (C)
would be hindered by steep, savanna covered hill
slopes; in the southwestern half, cross- country
movement would be moderately to severely hindered
and, in places, preclude(' by the steep hill and
mountain slopes that are covered by widespread dense
forest. The road paitern is sparse and cons::,s of a few
permanently surfaced roads and numerous unsurfaced
roads, trac!:s, and trails. Towns and settlements are
few and widely scattered. Sources of food are limited
to sm all patches of cultivated crops and small coffee
and cacao tree plantations. Airdrops of food and
supplies would be greatly hindered by the dense stands
of tall trees in the southwestern half of the region;
however, parachute drops could be made in the more
upon savanna areas in the northeast.
C. Strategic areas (C)
Nigeria has three strategic areas� Lagos Ibadan,
the Niger Delta, and Kano (Figure 19). These areas are
the centers of transportation, communications,
commerce, industry, government, and population for
their respective sections, and, as a group, they also
contain most of the known oil reserves, the main
seaports, and the major airfields of the country.
1. lagos- Ibadan
This area (Figure 20) is the focus of political and
cultural activities in Nigeria and contains the two
largest cities in the country. Lagos (Figure 21), the
capital, the largest seaport, and the most important
city in Nigeria, has a population xyhic�h has been
estimated as high as 1 million. It normally handles
two- thirds of the total sea trade of Nigeria. The city
contains the largest industrial complex in Nigeria,
which includes textile mills, flour mills, facilities for
the production of rubber tires and tubes, steel
fabrication plants, and ship repair Wards. Lagos has a
full range of telecommunications, including
telephone, teicgraph, radiotelephone, shortwave
radio, and television facilities. The r :kvay repair
shops are the most important in the country. Lagos is
FIGURE 21. Lagos has numerous
modern multistory buildings and
wide paved streets. Its long water-
front handles most of the sea trade
of Nigeria. (U /OU)
14
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LWWWWW1 I V. VIP1
FIGURE 23. Niger Delta strategic
area (C)
J Jy J yJ J S-+. 7 ,4_ 9. J +y N:.: r'r1 r
,J 4,.i J i r {4. .y mss` y'
J,J ,.3
arequirt
.�.i -J-
J
Road Oil pipeline 3
j
Railroad A Oilfield 4'
Swamp i Forest 017A
Airfield
0 10 20 40
Statute miles
the principal distribution center for refined petroleum
products and has a storage capacity of over 2.3 million
barrels. Distribution from Lagos is mainly by water
and rail. An airfield north\yest of the city is one of the
largest in the country. Lagos is served by international
routes to Europe, the United States, and western and
Equatorial Africa. Ibadan (Figure 22), which has a
population f roughly 750,000, is the focus of a large
cocoa marketing region. The city also has the hest
educational and hospital facilities in Nigeria and one
of the country's several medical schools. Industries
include Nigeria's largest tobacco factory, canning
factories, a tiro recapping plant, metalworking
facilities, and several plastic- processing companies.
2. Niger Delta
This area, located in the northern and eastern parts
of the Niger Delta (Figure 23), is the oil- producing
center. of the country. Drilling facilities consist
primarily of onshore rigs, although some offshore
drilling rigs, mounted on platforms or barges, are also
in use. Flow stations for removing sediments, gas, and
water are located at the major fields. Pipelines connect
the fields with a refinery (Figure 24) located east of
1.5
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FIGURE 22. The sprawling city of Ibadan has no
definite building or street pattern (U /OU)

the strategic areas. An amphibious landing area
affords direct access to the Lagos� Ibadan strategic
area. In some stretches of all routes, offroad dispersal
and crc. ss- country movement of vehicles and foot
troops would be hindered or precluded by flooding
and soft soils during early March to mid November in
the extreme south, mid -April to mid October in the
central section, and early May through September in
the north. Figure 27 contains descriptions of the
internal routes.
Port Harcourt, with the major crude oil storage and
shipping terminal at Bonny and with several smaller
terminals in the eastern delta area. The crude oil
storage facilities at Bonny have a capacity of over 4
million barrels. Both roads and railroads connect the
strategic area with the mining and agricultural areas
in northern Nigeria. Port Harcourt (Figure 14), with a
population of roughly 200,000, is the second- ranking
port of Nigeria and the principal sea outlet for the
eastern part of the country. Industrial facilities include
the oil refinery, an aluminum rolling mill, a metal
products factory, a glass manufacturing plant, a plant
producing industrial gases, a cement plant, and
factories producing a variety of consumer goods.
3. Kano
This area contains Kano (Figures 25 and 26), the
largest town in northern Nigeria and the center of
agricultural marketing, transportation, and religion in
that part of the country. Kano, which has a
population of about 350,000, is the focus of the
peanut- growing and livestock- raising industries. The
city is situated at a significant crossroads of ;Jiierior
west Africa and is the religious center of the
predominantly Muslim north. The most important of
the small industries produce textiles, peanut oil,
canned meat, leather goods, and shoes. The major
international airfield north of the city is a staging
point in routes serving northern, western, and southern
Africa as well as Europe and the United States.
D. Internal routes (C)
The internal routes (Figure 19) provide the easiest
avenues of movement between the best land
approaches and the three strategic areas and between
16
E. Approaches
The perimeter of Nigeria consists of 2,507 miles of
land boundaries and 530 miles of coastline. The land
boundaries are entirely demarcated, unfortified, and
undisputed. Nigeria claims jurisdiction over its
offshore wa!ers for 30 nautical miles. Other data on
boundaries are presented in Figure 28. (U /OU)
1. Land (C)
Conditions for cross- country movement are poor to
unsuited at all times along the south %vestern and
eastern borders and fair to seasonally pool along the
northern and western border sections. Dense forest,
swamps, or marsh are the chief year -round obstacles
on the southern plains and hills, and steep hills and
mountains and the broad Chari river are the principal
deterrents to vehicular cross country movement in the
east; seasonal hindrances are soft soils, high water in
streams, and flooding. The best means of land access
are shown on Figure 19 and described in Figure 29.
2. Sea (C)
Sea approaches to Nigeria are through the Gulf of
Guinea. Conditions are unfavorable for large -scale
amphibious operations. Offshore approaches are
mostly clear; nearshore approaches are partly
obstructed by scattered rocks and shoals, and, near
river mouths, by sandbars and mudflats. Nearshore
bottom slopes range from flat to moderate; bottom
materials are mud and sand. High swell from the
south and southwest is prevalent throughout the year
and, in places, breakers occur as far as 2 nautical miles
offshore. Surf 4 feet or higher may occur at any time of
the year, but maximum occurrence (60 is during
July through September along the western part of the
coast. Tides are semidiurnal, with a spring range of
3'/2 to 9 feet. Most of the coast is fringed by sandy
shores; however, the only beaches with exits for
vehicles are near Lagos. In general, the beaches are
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0
FIGURE 24. Petroleum refinery near Port Harcourt (C)

F
fC' L 3 2'�i Ps"1
FIGURE 25. Kano strategic area (C)
composed of sand, are up to 13'vz miles in length, and
have steep to moderate gradients; all beaches are ()it
barrier islands backed by extensive swamps. I 'xit.s are
by cross country movement or by a few tracks and
unsurfaced roads on the islands. "1'wo -I -lane bridges
connect the islands near Lagos to the mainland. The
amphibious landing area shown on Figure 19 provides
access to the Lagos� Ibadan strategic area.
The amphibious landing area is located on the
western part of the coast, near Lagos (Figure 20).
Seaward of the 5- fathom curve, offshore approaches
are n stly clear; shoreward. the neurshure approaches
are clear except for it sewer outlet and },roin oft the
\\eslerm D art of the beach. 'I'll(- landing area is flanked
to the west b\ shoals, wrecks, and it jetty. Ncarshore
bottom materials are sand and nmul; gradients are
mostly flat and generally preclude LST dry ramp
landings. Climatic conditions are generally favorable
for landings; however, heavy rain squalls ill Jule and
:August and occasional xvindborne dust in January and
February restrict isibility. 1�1'arly morning fog is an
additional hindrance during Jule, August, January,
and Febrrtarv. Surf 4 feet or higher occurs a minimum
of 25 "1 of the time during January through Nlarch and
a maximum of 45` during Jule through September.
"fides are semidiunal, with it spring range of 3'/ feet.
The landing area has it total length of 1 miles amcl is
interrupted Im it rock groin 300 rds front the western
end. The beach is composed largefv of sand, which is
firn in the wetted area and soft where dry. Beach
widths range from 30 to 70 yards at low water and 20
to 40 yards at high water: gradients are moderate to
steep in the low water zone and steep in the high
water zone. 'I'll( beach is on it flat, sandy. barrier
island backed by it lagoon and mangrove swa nips. The
island is mostly covered by grass and scattered trees; a
belt of trees and it village are close behind the beach.
I?xits are by cross counts nutvenicnt or by t-'acks and
unsurfacvd roads leading to village streets. Nlovenient
to the interior is restricted to bridges.
:3. Air (U /OU)
Air approaches" from the .vest are over Daliomev,
"Pogo, most of Ghana, and eastern Upper Volta; from
I'he discussion zone for air approaciucs extends approximatelc
300 nautical eiles be\ond the borders of Nigeria.
FIGURE 26. Most buildings in Kano
are in random compounds, are
either round or rectangular, and
have mud walls and roofs (C)
M
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0

FIGURE 28. Boundaries (U /OU)
BOUNDARY LENGTH TERRAIN
(Miles)
Dahomey........ 480 Flat plains covered by dense mangrove forest in southern 10 miles;
rolling and dissected plains covered by broadleaf evergreen forest
in central section; and flat to rolling, tall- and short -grass savanna
plains in north.
Niger........... 930 Flat to gently rolling plains covered by short -grass savanna.
Eastern 105 miles formed by Komadugu Yobe.
Chad 47 Flat marshy plains and part of Lake Chad.
Cameroon....... 1,050 Mainly mountains and hills covered by short- and tall -grass
savanna in north and dense forest, scrub, and alpine grass in
south; in Benue valley and near coast, crosses poorly drained
plains.
FIGURE 29. Land approaches (C)
the north over southern Niger and southeastern Mali;
from the east over southwestern Chad, most of
Cameroon and Rio Muni, and the westernmost part of
the Central African Republic; and from the south over
the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. In all approaches
throughout the year, the mean speeds of upper winds
are generally less than 45 knots. Easterly winds are
predominant everywhere in all seasons except during
winter in the northern approaches, where westerlies
prevail above about 20,000 feet. Aircraft icing may
become a serious hazard in towering cumulus and
cumulonimbus clouds above about 16,000 feet, the
mean height of the freezing level all year.
In the approaches from the west, north, and east,
the least favorable weather for flight occurs during the
period when the intertropical convergence zone (ICZ)
lies within or north of these approaches. The duration
of this period varies from about March through
19
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OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND
APPROACH
ROAD
RAILROAD
CROSS- COUNTRY MOVEMENT
From Porto -Novo, Dahomey.
Two lanes, in good condition;
Single- track V3
Largely precluded by dense vege-
Across flat, marsh- and swamp-
bituminous surface. Two long
rail line in western
tation and poor drainage con
covered coastal plains.
one -lane bridges.
part.
ditions.
From Zinder, Niger. Traverses
One to two lanes, in fair condi-
None
Generally easy most of year:
flat to rolling short -grass sa-
tion; gravel surface.
stretches may be periodically
vanna plains.
impassable from inundation,
early May through September.
From Fort -Lamy, Chad. Across
Two lanes, in fair condition
None
Difficult or precluded at all times
mainly flat, poorly drained,
December through April; in
in marshes and mudflats near
marshy and savanna plains.
poor condition May through
Chari river; generally easy on
November; laterite surface.
savanna plains during Decem-
Bridge 1,160 feet long across
ber through April, when
Chari river just east of Fort-
ground mainly dry; severely
Lamy.
hindered or precluded by soft
soils and extensive flooding,
May through November.
From Mamfe, Cameroon. Through
One to two lanes, in poor condi-
None
Difficult or precluded in dense
densely forested hills and
tion; natural earth or !:,terite
forest and on steep slopes of
mountains and rolling plains.
surface. Sharp curves, steep
hills and mountains.
grades.
the north over southern Niger and southeastern Mali;
from the east over southwestern Chad, most of
Cameroon and Rio Muni, and the westernmost part of
the Central African Republic; and from the south over
the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. In all approaches
throughout the year, the mean speeds of upper winds
are generally less than 45 knots. Easterly winds are
predominant everywhere in all seasons except during
winter in the northern approaches, where westerlies
prevail above about 20,000 feet. Aircraft icing may
become a serious hazard in towering cumulus and
cumulonimbus clouds above about 16,000 feet, the
mean height of the freezing level all year.
In the approaches from the west, north, and east,
the least favorable weather for flight occurs during the
period when the intertropical convergence zone (ICZ)
lies within or north of these approaches. The duration
of this period varies from about March through
19
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CONFIDENTIAL
November in the southernmost parts of these:
approaches to mainly June through September in the
northern parts. During these months convective
cloudiness is widespread and usually reaches a
maximum in July and August, when average cloud
cover is mostly 60% to 90%. Thunderstorms also reach
maximum activity at this time. However, the peaA of
activity varies from a single maximum in the middie of
the period in the northern approaches, to double
maximums near the beginning and end of the period
in the southern reaches of the eastern and western
approaches. During these peaks of v iivity thun-
derstorms occur on about 10 to 20 days per month at
most places and the risk of severe turbulence and
aircraft icing is greatest. In the remaining months,
varying from October through April in the northern
sections to December through February in the
20
southern parts, clear to partly cloudy skies prevail and
hazards to flight are at a minimum. In the northern
sections, however, dust and haze of the harmattan
(dry, dust -laden wind) may occasionally restrict
visibility at levels to about 10,000 feet.
In the approach from the south, over the Gulf of
Guinea, moderate cloudiness (50% to 70%) persists
throughout the year and reaches a slight maximum in
June through September. Weather co..ditions are
infrequently hazardous to flight except during
thunderstorms, when st-ong gusty winds and severe
icing and turbulence are threats to the safety of the
aircraft. Intense squall lines moving in a westerly
direction are especially dangerous. Thunderstorms
occur on 5 to 15 days per month in September or
October through May or June; they decrease in
frequency away from the coast. July and August are
practically free of thunderstorm activity.
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
November in the southernmost parts of these
approaches to mainly June through September in the
northern parts. During these months convective
cloudiness is widespread and usually reaches a
maximum in July and August, when average cloud
cover is mostly 60% to 90%. Thunderstorms also reach
maximum activity at this time. However, the peak of
activity varies from a single rraximum in the middle of
the period in the northern approaches, to double
maximums near the beginning and end of the period
in the southern reaches of the eastern and western
approaches. During these peaks of activity thun-
derstorms occur on about 10 to 20 days per month at
most places and the risk of severe turbulence and
aircraft icing is greatest. In the remaining months,
varying from October through April in the northern
sections to December through February in the
20
southern parts, clear to partly cloudy skies prevail and
hazards to flight are at a minimum. In the northern
sections, however, dust and haze of the harmattan
(dry, dust -laden wind) may occasionally restrict
visibility at levels to about 10,010 feet.
In the approach from the south, over the Gulf of
Guinea, moderate cloudiness (501, to 7010 persists
throughout the year and reaches a slight maximum in
June through September. Weather conditions are
infrequently hazardous to flight except during
thunderstorms, when strong gusty winds and severe
icing and turbulence are threats to the safety of the
aircraft. Intense squall lines moving in a westerly
direction are especially dangerous. Thunderstorms
occur on 5 to 15 days per month in September or
October through May or June; they decrease in
frequency away from the coast. Jule and August are
practically free of thunderstorm activity.
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
CONFIDENTIAL
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0

Paces and features referred to in this General Survey (U/OU)
COORDINATES I COORDIN AT LS
NOTE�All longitudes are East unless otherwise indicated.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200100005-0
1,
PE.
0
PN. a FE.
Aba
5 07
7 22
Kafanchan
9 35
8 is
Ab-okuta
7 09
3 21
Kainji Dam (dam)
9 52
4 36
Abuja
9 10
7 11
Kano
12 00
8 31
Ado Ekiti
7 38
5 13
Kaura N.moda
12 36
6 35
Afam
4 49
7 19
Koko
5 59
5 26
Agbaja Plateau (plateau)
7 55
6 40
Kokori
5 40
6 04
Alakiri
4 35
7 01
Komadugu Yobe (siren)
13 42
13 20
Alesa-Eleme (oil refinery)
4 45
7 06
Kontagora
10 24
5 29
Aliade
7 18
8 29
Korokoro
4 43
7 18
Apapa
6 27
3 22
Krakrama
4 32
6 57
Asaba
6 11
6 45
Kuru
9 43
8 51
Awuru Canal (canal)
9 42
4 38
Kwa lbo (sirm)
4 32
7 59
Bansara
6 27
8 33
Lagos
6 27
3 23
Baro
8 36
6 25
Lalate
7 36
3 27
Bauchi
10 19
9 50
Lokoja
7 48
6 44
Benin, Bight of (bight)
5 30
4 00
Maiduguri
11 51
13 09
Benin City
6 20
5 38
Makurdi
7 44
8 32
Benin Province (former prov)
6 30
6 00
Mamfe, Cameroon
5 46
9 17
Benin River (sirm)
5 45
5 04
Mbede
5 28
6 44
Benue (sirm)
7 48
6 46
Middle Belt (region)
8 00
8 00
Biafra, Bight of (bight)
3 20
9 20
Minna
9 37
6 33
Bids
9 05
6 01
Mushin
6 32
3 22
Birnin Kudu
11 27
9 30
New Bussa
9 53
4 31
Bodo
4 37
7 16
Ngala
12 20
14 11
Bomu
4 38
7 18
Nguru
12 53
10 28
Bonny
4 26
7 10
Niger Delta (delta)
4 50
6 00
Bonny River (sirm)
4 23
7 06
Niger (sirm)
5 33
6 33
Bornu Province (former prov)
12 00
12 30
Nsukka
6 52
723
Buguma Creek
4 36
6 59
Numan
9 28
12 02
Bukuru
9 48
8 52
Obigbo
4 52
7 08
Burutu
5 21
5 31
Odidu
6 06
6 57
Calabar
4 57
8 19
Offs,
8 09
4 43
Chad, Lake (lake)
13 20
14 00
Ogbomosho
8 08
4 16
Chanomi Creek (navig chan)
5 23
5 27
Oginibo
5 23
5 50
Chari, Chad (8irm).
12 58
14 31
Ogoja
6 40
8 48
Cotonou, Dahomey
6 21
2 26
Oguta
5 42
6 48
Cross River (strm)
4 42
8 21
Okrika
4 44
7 05
Dakar, Senegal
14 40
17 2613'.
Oloibiri
4 41
6 19
Degema
4 45
6 48
Onitsha
6 10
6 47
Ebeji (sirm)
12 32
14 11
Ore
6 45
4 52
Ebocha
5 28
6 41
Oron
4 50
8 14
Ebubu
4 47
7 09
Oroni (oilfield)
5 20
6 10
Ebute Metta
6 29
3 23
Oshogbo
7 46
4 34
Ede
7 44
4 26
Owerri
5 29
7 02
Egbema
4 56
6 33
Owerri (oilfield)
4 55
7 20
Ekulama
4 34
6 44
Owo
7 11
5 35
Elelenwa (oilfield)
4 51
7 04
Oyo
7 51
3 56
Enugu
6 26
7 29
Oza (oilfield)
4 55
7 20
Eriemu (oilfield)
5 35
6 02
Pambeguwa
10 40
8 17
Escravos River (distributary)
5 35
5 10
Port Harcourt
4 46
7 01
Esie
8 13
4 54
Porto-Novo, Dahomey
6 29
2 37
Fernando P6o, Equatorial Guinea (isl)
3 30
8 42
Potiskum
11 43
11 04
Foreados
5 22
5 26
Rum uekpe (gasfield)
4 59
6 45
Forcados River (sirm)
5 23
5 19
Sapele
5 55
5 42
Fort-Lamy, Chad
12 07
15 03
Shagamu
6 51
3 39
Funtua
11 32
7 19
Shiroro Gorge (gorge)
9 59
6 50
Gam baru
12 22
14 13
Sokoto
13 04
5 15
Garoua, Cameroon
9 18
13 24
Ughelli
5 30
5 59
Gomb(
10 17
11 10
Umu Etchem
5 01
7 02
(10119011. I x/rm)
9 30
12 04
A'0111
9 44
8 47
lbadatt.
7 23
3 54
Warri
15 31
5 45
Idiroko� I
6 38
2 44
Yaba
6 32
3 23
Idogo
6 50
2 55
Yelwa
10 50
4 44
Ife
7 28
4 34
Yola
9 12
12 29
If
6 49
3 12
Zaria
11 04
7 42
1j ehu Ode
6 40
3 5 13
Zjw1f r, Kier. 1...
13 48
8 59
1ko
7 30
5 14
1 k" .........................I
5 58
8 42
Selc, 'd Airfields
Ila Orangun
8 01
4 54
Benin City
6 19
5 36
flesba
7 37
4 44
Calabar
4 58
8 20
Illela
13 44
5 18
Enugu
6 28
7 34
Ilorin
8 30
4 33
Gusau
12 10
6 42
Imo River (sirm)
4 36
7 31
lbadan
7 26
3 55
Iwo
7 38
4 11
Jos
9 52
8 54
Jebba
9 08
4 50
Kaduna
10 36
7 27
Jones Creek (deltaic watercourse)
5 42
5 19
Kano
12 03
8 31
Jos
9 55
8 54
Lagos
6 35
3 20
Jos Plateau (plateau)
10 00
9 30
Maiduguri
11 51
13 05
Kachia
9 52
7 57
Port Harcourt
4 51
7 01
Kaduna
10 31
7 26
Sokoto
13 00
5 15
Kaduna Junction (railroad station)
10 29
7 25
Wawa
9 54
4 29
NOTE�All longitudes are East unless otherwise indicated.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200100005-0

Birni Y_
N 1
Dogondoutchil
a
I Maradi
Gwadabawa61
'Nurno
Isa
Dosso
1030
Sokoto 1 Shinkafi
Katsina0 aura
1 ?38
S O K O
i
PLAINS
Kaura 1
5o� Ta ata Namoda
Mafara l\
Birnin Kebbi
s
Jega r Yash'
Gummi &sau
12
?118'
Sys
_uPPer o` f
Volta 9??
2787
Funtua
orth -We Bern
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jD homey
+(S4 Kadun
Ink, dl ontagora
ai 1 l,.
Oli WSW Da
Zungeru Cls
Y3shikera ein 36 3C15
'Kafanchan
Minna l j
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PLATE�
Mokwa 1
Abuja 1 1
962 Jebba Wu
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Bida
r L �fiagi j
r Shaki
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0

i le
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-R0PD1-00707R0D0200100005-0

i t,3r,.a PLAINS
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Names and boundary represenfafion
A are not neceaaerily aufho rifefrve Ij
4
5008.94 12 -72
0 #1 Central Intelligence Agency For Official II
ibiri Deg me rt Ha urt
omu
onny
I
Bight of Biafra
8
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0

j CHAD
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S
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um
i
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e State boundary
f O
National capital
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1 Airfield
C a m e r o o n 11 Major port
i
Nkongsamba Populated places
Over 100.000
O 40.000 to 100.000
Bafia Under 40.000
Kumba
i Spot elevations in feet
S1 Scale 1:2,950,000
f
Ekon)a 0 25 50 75
Statute Miles
Buea Q n
Tik a5 .p 75
Kilometers
Yaoundd
tz
Terrain and Transportation
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA RDP01 00707R000200100005 0
Figure 30

CONFIDENTIAL
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
CONFIDENTIAL
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100005 -0