NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 26; SOVIET UNION; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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u.s.s.R.
CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes the geographic cover-
age in the Gewral Survey dated Afarch I97I.
A. General 1
B. Topography 1
C. Climate 2
D. Military geographic rogh:as 8
1. Central Plains 8
2. Caucasus Mountains 10
3. Caspian Central Asian Lowlands 11
4. Southern and Eastern Mountains 12
5. Subarctic Swamp and Forest 13
6. Arctic Barrens 15
7. Insular and Peninsular Far East 16
E. Strategic areas 18
1. Moscow 18
2. Dunets 19
SEcnrrr
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FIGURES
Page
Page
Page
3. Volga Ural
21
10. Other important areas
31
4. Leningrad
24
F. Internal routes
31
5. Baku
6. Tashkent
25
26
G. Approaches
32
7. Kuznetsk
27
1. Land
32
8. Baykal
28
2. Sea
32
9. Far Eastern
29
3. Air
32
FIGURES
ii
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Generalized military geographic
Fig. 24
Powerplant on the Angara River
regions and terrain map)
9
photo)
30
Fig. 2
Shelterbelt of trees and shrubs in
Fig. 25
Aluminum plant near Irkutsk
the Central Plains region (photo)..
10
photo)
31
Fig. 3
Small settlement in the Caucasus
Fig. 26
Far East strategic area (map)
32
Mountains photo I
11 Fig. 27
The port of Nakhodka photo)
33
Fig. 4
Local road in the Caucasus
Fig. 28
Air approaches orientation map)
34
Mountains photo)
11 Fig. 29
Variations of climatic elements:
Fig. 5
Tea plantation in the Georgian
western U.S.S.R. (map) follows
34
S.S.R. (photo)
12 Fig. 30
Variations of climatic elements:
Fig. 6
Plains in the Caspian Central Asian
eastern U.S.S.R. map)
do
Lowlands region photo)
13 Fig. 31
Mean number of days with maximum
Fig. 7
Rugged terrain in the Southern and
temperature 32 �F. or lower table)
35
Eastern Mountains region (photo)
14 Fig. 32
Mean number of days with minimum
Fig. 8
Dense forest in }he Subarctic Swamp
Fig. 33
temperature 0 �F. or lower (table)
Percentage frequency of selected
36
and Forest region photo)
15
windchill conditions table)
37
Fig. 9
Tundra landscape near Murmansk
Fig. 34
Percentage frequency of ceiling
photo)
P `s 'r 7i I'' s rt, 1 r h x +te e xt".AetZ
TASHKENT
Angren Namanga
An b
okand
y Fergana
ek badLeninabad
gg
to
11141,
y r'�. 1 't m o Y'rj -ry4 V'Syc..F,ita Ck,
;kt a b ,YkN`�,c6r ti'7,. ..z1 >17r na fia!'.,T?.�r.,Lt`. F1
Road Aircraft
Railroad Machinery
Selected airfield Q Chemicals
D Oilfield i Textiles
;i Nuclear Metallurgy
Oil refining Fc Pharmaceuticals
G Metal smelting and refining
0 10 20 30
Statute moes
FIGURE 20. Tashkent strategic area (C)
and aluminum are also significant. Iron is being
mined near Tashtagol and this resource will further
contribute to the strategic importance of the Kuznetsk
area. "I'he coke produced from coalfields centered
around Prokop'yevsk, Anzhero- Sudzliensk, and
Kiselevsk is the basis of gas, chemical, explosives, and
fertilizer production in the area. 'rhe estimated 1973
population of the strategic area is 5.5 million.
There are six cities in the stragegic area with
populations exceeding 250,000 and each has a certain
prominence of its own.
Novosibirsk (estimated population 1,219,000 in
1973) is the largest city in Siberia and one of the
country's leading industrial, scientific, and transporta-
tion centers. It is the site of the Soviet Union's largest
tin smelterand produces 50% of the national output of
uranium metal. It is also a major producer of heavy
27
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FIGURE 19. The Sumgait Chemical Plant exemplifies
the petrochemical industrial nature of the Baku strategic
area (U /OU)

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machine tools and hydraulic presses, generators, and
electrical equipment. The city is a significant producer
of jet aircraft and aircraft components, small arms and
cartridges, and casings for naval and artillery
ammunition. It is also known as a major producer of
electron tubes, radiocommunication, equipment,
optics, chlorine, chemical products, and construction
equipment. The city serves as a major telecommunica-
tions center and is the headquarters of the Siberian
Military District and the Trans- Siberian Air Defense
Sector. Novosibirsk is the most important port on the
Oh river and the junction of a railroad from the
78
Tashkent strategic area and the Trans Siberian
railroad. Textile mills, extensive stockyards,
slaughterhouses, and flour mills also are situated in the
city. Akademgorodok (Figure 22), just south of
Novosibirsk, is the only large scientific center in
Siberia.
Barnaul (estimated population 469,000 in 1973) is a
major producer of diesel engines, freight cars, high
pressure boilers and drilling tools. The chy also is an
important producer of small arms, ammunition,
textiles of synthetic and cotton fabrics, rubber, and
asbestos products. It functions as a port on the Ob
river and is a major rail hub between the Volga �Ural,
Kuznetsk, and Tashkent strategic areas.
Novokuznetsk (estimated population 514,000 in
IP73) is located in a region of extensive coking coal
deposits and iron ore reserves. T',ese resources form the
basis of the city's growth and importance as a major
producer of iron, steel, coke and chemical byproducts,
cement, and reinforced concrete products. Moreover,
the city is located in one of the main concentrations of
electrical power in Siberia. With large quantities of
power available, it has become tue second largest
Soviet producer of aluminum (20% of national
output).
Kemerovo (estim ited population 413,000 in 1973) is
situated in a rich coal producing region which supplies
raw materials for the city's nationally important coke
chemical industries. Other significant items produced
are ammunition, explosives, propellants for weapons
systems, synthetic ammonia, chlorine, and nitric acid.
Tomsk (estimated population 370,(00 in 1973)
ranks as a nationally significant atomic energy center
and a significant producer of plutonium and uranium
for nuclear weapons. It has two nuclear powerplants.
In addition, the city is a significant producer of ball
bearings, electrical equipment, and cables for electric
power and communication uses.
Prokop'yevsk (estimated population 276,000 in
1973) is a major coal mining center that produces coke
and chemical byproducts and metal products. A large
zinc smelter is situated northwest at Belovo.
S. Baykal
The Baykal strategic area (Figure 23) is a Siberian
center of military and industrial significance that in
places is less than 40 miles from the Mongolia border.
Rich in hydroelectric power (Figure 24), the area
produces more than 25% of the Soviet aluminum
output and furnishes power as far as Novosibirsk in the
Kuznetsk strategic area. The Trans- Siberian railroad,
the transportation lifeline in central Siberia, serves all
important parts of this 650- mile -long strategic area.
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FIGURE 21. Kuznetsk strategic area (C)

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FIGURE 22. The Kuznetsk strategic
area is the center of science and
technology in central Siberia. The
Institute of Nuclear Physics, shown
here, is in the science city of
Akademgorodok at Novosibirsk. (C)
The estimated 1973 population of the strategic area is
about 3 million. Seven centers Bratsk, Cherem-
khovo, Usol'ye- Sibirskoye, Angarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan
Ude, and Petrovsk- Zabaykal'skiy �are significant in
this strategic area.
Irkutsk (estimated population 486,000 in 1973) is a
major railroad classification and :pair center, a huh
of domestic and international air routes, and the
leading port on the Angara river. It is also an
important industrial center, whose products include
aircraft, machine tools, metallurgical and mining
equipment, mica, and radio equipment. A large
aluminum refinery is located nearby (Figure 25). The
city is the site of important administrative, research,
and educational installations, as well its the site of an
Air Defense 'Lone Headquarters, two major airfields,
barracks, and military supply depots.
Ulan -Ude (estimated population 276,000 in 1973) is
also it major transportation and industrial center. It is
located at a strategic junction of the Trans- Siberian
railroad and an important railroad and highway
which extend southward to the Mongolia border. The
city is also the site of many barracks, storage areas, and
other governmental facilities, a major locomotive and
railroad car repair plant, an airframe plant, and
several large industries that produce consumer goods.
Angarsk (estimated population 218,000 in 1973) is
the site of it uranium isotope separation plant, it large
petroleum refinery, the country's only coal tar
distillation svnthetic fuels plant, petrochemical plants,
a nitrogenous fertilizer plan;, and several important
construction materials industries.
Bratsk (estimated population 175,000 in 197:3) is the
site of the world's second largest hydroelectric
powerplant, the largest aluminum plant in the
U.S.S.R., and an important timber, pulp, and paper
industry.
Other Fignificant centers of activity include the
following: Cheremkhovo is the site of a large battery
plant. Pet rovsk- Zabaykal'skiy is the site of the !argent
steel plant in central Siberia. Chemical and salt plaits
producing large quantities of chlorine and caustic soda
are located at Usol'ye- Sibirskoye. 'rhe Ust- Ilimsk
hydroelectric powerplant, located about 100 miles
north of Bratsk, will be one of the largest powerplants
in the Soviet Union and will further increase the
electric power supply in this strategic area.
Effective mining of the co::! mines between
Cheremkhovo and Irkutsk is dependent on uninter-
rupted operation of the Trans Siberian railroad. This
dependence is equally applicable to the tungsten and
molybdenum mines near Ulan -Ude and uranium
mines north of Petrovsk- Zabaykal'skiy. 'Fliere are
several railroad tunnels near the southern end of Lake
Baykal that constitute critical bottlenecks.
9. Far Eastern
The Far Eastern strategic area (Figure 26), mostly
parallel to the border of the People's Republic of
China, opens onto the Sea of Japan :n the south and
extends about 600 miles from Vladivostok in the south
to Komsomol'sk in the north. Militariiy it is significant
because of its proximity to the People's Republic of
China, its many important commands, its storage
facilities, and the concentration of airfields. The
strategic area has a strong maritime orientation,
building about 1 I% and repairing about 20% of all
Soviet naval vessels and repairing about 25% of all
79
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FIGURE 23. Baykal strategic area (C)
Soviet merchant shipping. 'There are significant
storage facilities for about 12.2 million barrels of
refined petroleum products. Tin deposits in the area
are a very significant national asset. The estimated
1973 population of the strategic area is nearly 2.7
million.
Vladivostok (estimated population 490,000 in 1973)
is the most important naval base, the largest ship
repair center, and the second largest commercial port
in the Soviet Far East. The excellently equipped port,
kept open in winter by icebreakers, is the eastern
terminus of the "Trans- Siberian railroad. The city
contains the Headquarters of the Pacific Fleet, the
Submarine and Naval Aviation Headquarters of the
Pacific Fleet, and an Air Defense "Lone Headquarters.
The area has a large concentration of airfields and
storage facilities, including a significant quantity used
30
FIGURE 24. Rivers in the Baykal strategic area furnish
vast amounts of hydroelectric power. Shown here are
the Bratsk dam, powerplant, and reservoir on the
Angara River. (U/OU)
for refined petroleum products. Major industries
include shipbuilding and ship repairs, fishing and
associated enterprises, and electrical and telecom-
munications equipment. In addition, the city is a
governmental, educational, and research center.
Nakhodka (estimated population 116,000 in 1973)
is the largest commercial port on the Pacific coast of
the U.S.S.R. It has extensive wharfage and
mechanized cargo handling facilities (Figure 27). Its
military port capacity is 36,000 long tons of general
cargo per day. In 1972 it handled 11.5 million metric
tons of cargo. It is also it naval base for patrol craft.
"1'he city has extensive storage facilities, including
important refined petroleum products storage. Major
industries include shipbuilding and ship repairs, and
fishing and fish processing. Nakhodka has recently
become a major crude oil exporting terminal.
Khabarovsk (estimated population 475,000 in 1973)
is a major transportation center on the Trans- Siberian
railroad, a major concentration point of airfields, and
the principal industrial, oil distribution, military,
telecornmunication, and commercial center in the
Soviet Far East; its por' facilities are the largest on the
Amur river. The city is the headquarters of the Far
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Road
Nuclear
i
Railroad
C refining
Selected airfield
Aircraft
L
Metal smelting and refining
4 5
Metallurgy
Chemicals
s
Steel
120
y
St'itute miles
4
f d SIC S S
1 It.
t
r� 91r I a t 1
1,
r
i
N I
iri r3j A
r ,1
a: �7
j
I
Y
{r r
r4 d t' ii
t Y "!!1'
n"r 1. o
FIGURE 23. Baykal strategic area (C)
Soviet merchant shipping. 'There are significant
storage facilities for about 12.2 million barrels of
refined petroleum products. Tin deposits in the area
are a very significant national asset. The estimated
1973 population of the strategic area is nearly 2.7
million.
Vladivostok (estimated population 490,000 in 1973)
is the most important naval base, the largest ship
repair center, and the second largest commercial port
in the Soviet Far East. The excellently equipped port,
kept open in winter by icebreakers, is the eastern
terminus of the "Trans- Siberian railroad. The city
contains the Headquarters of the Pacific Fleet, the
Submarine and Naval Aviation Headquarters of the
Pacific Fleet, and an Air Defense "Lone Headquarters.
The area has a large concentration of airfields and
storage facilities, including a significant quantity used
30
FIGURE 24. Rivers in the Baykal strategic area furnish
vast amounts of hydroelectric power. Shown here are
the Bratsk dam, powerplant, and reservoir on the
Angara River. (U/OU)
for refined petroleum products. Major industries
include shipbuilding and ship repairs, fishing and
associated enterprises, and electrical and telecom-
munications equipment. In addition, the city is a
governmental, educational, and research center.
Nakhodka (estimated population 116,000 in 1973)
is the largest commercial port on the Pacific coast of
the U.S.S.R. It has extensive wharfage and
mechanized cargo handling facilities (Figure 27). Its
military port capacity is 36,000 long tons of general
cargo per day. In 1972 it handled 11.5 million metric
tons of cargo. It is also it naval base for patrol craft.
"1'he city has extensive storage facilities, including
important refined petroleum products storage. Major
industries include shipbuilding and ship repairs, and
fishing and fish processing. Nakhodka has recently
become a major crude oil exporting terminal.
Khabarovsk (estimated population 475,000 in 1973)
is a major transportation center on the Trans- Siberian
railroad, a major concentration point of airfields, and
the principal industrial, oil distribution, military,
telecornmunication, and commercial center in the
Soviet Far East; its por' facilities are the largest on the
Amur river. The city is the headquarters of the Far
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FIGURE 25. Abundant supplies of
hydroelectric power have attracted
power -hungry industries to the
Baykal strategic area. This modem
aluminum plant near Irkutsk is
dependent upon ample supplies
of electricity. (U /OU)
East Military District, the Far East Air Defense
District, and Far East Tactical Aviation. It has a naval
base and extensive, important billeting and storage
facilities. Industries of significance include shipbuild-
ing and ship repairs, diesel engines, agriculturrl
machinery, machine tools, oxygen production,
petroleum refining, electric wire and cable, power
machinerv, and heating equipment. The city is also it
government center.
Komsomol'sk (estimated population 231,000 in
1973), situated on the Amur river, is also a port and
has the largest shipyard in the Soviet Far East. Other
significant installations include an important plant
that makes submarine batteries, a nationally
important airframe plant, the only steel plant in the
strategic area, and one of the two petroleum refineries
in the Soviet Far East. The city also produces sulfuric
acid and foundry equipment. It is the site of an Air
Defense Zone Headquarters and has significant
storage facilities including those used for refined
petroleum products.
Among the other important towns is Ussurivsk
(estimated population 138,000 in 197 an important
center on the Trans Siberian railroad. It is it major
military center with headquarters of both the air force
and army, airfields, and extensive storage facilities and
barracks. Leather footwear is one of the city's most
important products. Coal is mined in areas near
Partizansk (Suchan) and Artem.
The Far Eastern strategic: area is a scene of tension
that sterns from occasional Chinese Soviet border
disputes. Some conflicts have involved the military
forces of each country. In recent months Soviet
authorities have made a concerted effort to erase
Chinese territorial claims h'- Russianizing the names of
many towns and a multitude of rivers and other
physical features in this area.
10. Other important areas
In addition to the strategic areas, there are 30 areas
of growing significance. A characteristic common to
each of these areas is their industrial nature, with
installations manufacturing a variety of military and
civilian products. In addition, most of the areas
function as a military center with billeting and /or
storage facilities and at least one military airfield. As
transportation centers, all of the areas dominate
regional transport networks, and many of them
occupy strategic positions astride internal routes
leading to seaports or border crossing points. Figure 41
provides a more detailed description of these areas.
F. Internal routes (C)
The selected internal routes (Figure 46) are the
easiest avenues of movement between strategic areas,
from land and sea approaches to strategic areas, and
between internal routes. Most of the routes have
improved roads and there .-re railroads over most of
their lengths. Roads and railroads are greatly
influenced by seasonal conditions.
Offroad dispersal and cross country movement are
also greatly influenced by seasonal factors such as
snow during the winter months and flooding during
31
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A
spring thaw. Conditions range from good to Fair in the
plains regions to poor in the mountain and hill regions
which are heavily forested and extremely rugged in
places. Detailed information on internal routes is
given in Figure -12.
:32
G. Approaches (C)
The perimeter of the U.S.S.R. consists of about
12,000 miles of land boundaries and approximately
29,000 miles of coastline, including the island of
Sakhalin. The Soviet Union claims jurisdiction to 12
nautical miles from its coasts and claims sovereignty,
under the sector doctrine, over all the ocean area
which extends frcim the U.S.S.R. mainland to the
North Pole between :35 and 170 0 W. The Soviet
Union also claims control over the Caspian Sea north
of a line connecting the two segments of the land
boundary between the U.S.S.R. and Iran. The United
States does not recognize any of these Soviet maritime
claims. Figure 43 presents detailed information on
land boundaries.
1. Land
Although many points %long the border of the
U.S.S.R. are passable forr,ound movement intoorout
of the country, only 1 approaches, those having the
best access to strategic areas within the U.S.S.R., have
been selected. Detailed information on these
approaches is presented in Figure 44.
2. Sea
The coast of the U.S.S.R. is generally unsuitable for
large -scale amphibious landings because of stretches
of rugged coast, ice- clogged approaches, and lack of
suitable exits inland. The most suitable amphibious
areas are as follows: on the Black Sea near Odessa, on
the Crimean Peninsula, and along the southeastern
coast of the Black Sea; on the Baltic Sea in the vicinity
of Riga; on the Arctic coast, the only suitable area is a
stretch along the north coast of the Kola Peninsula east
of Polyarnyy; along the Pacific coast, the suitable
areas arc those that afford access to Vladivostok and
Nakhodka. Figure :39 presents detailed information on
the amphibious landing areas shown on the Military
Geographic Factors Map (Figure 46).
3. Air
Air approaches :'to the U.S.S.R. are divided into four
sectors (Figure 28). The northern air approach is over
the vast expanses of the Arctic Ocean except in the
extreme cast. Terrain obstacles to low -level flight are
widely scattered islands in the Arctic Ocean, which
have a maximum elevation of almost 3,600 feet above
sea level within 125 nautical miles of the U.S.S.R.
'The discussion zone for air approaches extends approximately
'300 nautical miles becnnd the houndarics of the U.S.S.R.
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FIGURE 26. Far East strategic area (C)

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mainland. In the extreme east, air approaches are
across the rugged Alaska ranges, which reach
maximum elevations of 5,000 feet within 300 nautical
miles of the U.S.S.R. mainland and decrease to about
3,000 feet about 75 nautical miles from the U.S.S.R.
The eastern air approach is across the Pacific Ocean
and associated seas. The chief obstacle is mountainous
northern Japan, which has a maximum elevation of
about 7,500 feet above sea level. The southern air
approach to the U.S.S.R., for the most part, is across
extremely rugged mountainous terrain, which in many
places extends into the U.S.S.R. In North Korea,
mowitains attain maximum elevations of about 9,000
feet above sea level less than 120 nautical miles from
the Soviet border. In the northeast part of the People's
Republic of China, maximum elevations of about
4,600 feet are common less than 50 nautical miles
from the U.S.S.R. birder. However, a relatively
narrow northeast� southwest trending lowland bisects
this area and offers low -level access (generally less
than 1,000 feet above sea level) to the U.S.S.R. border
in the vicinity of Khabarovsk. In eastern Mongolia,
maximum elevations of more than 4,000 feet above
sea level are within 20 nautical miles of the border.
From eastern Mongolia to the Afghanistan border,
mountain ranges with elevations of about 10,000 feet
and occasional peaks and crests over 15,000 feet
straddle the international boundary. From Afghani-
stan through Turkey, mountains attain elevations of
more than 5,000 feet above sea level, with individual
peaks and crests often exceeding 12,000 feet above sea
level less than 100 nautical miles from the U.S.S.R.
border. However, the Black Sea, north of central and
western Turkey, and the Caspian Sea, north of central
Iran, permit low -level access to the U.S.S.R. The
western air approach to the U.S.S.R. crosses the
complex mountain masses of southern Europe in the
south, the flat to gently rolling plain of northern
Europe and the Baltic Sea in the center, and the
mountainous backbone of the Scandinavian Peninsula
in the north. Elevations over 5,000 feet above sea level
are common throughout the southern half of the
approach, and in places peaks rise over 8,000 feet
above sea level within 125 nautical miles of the
'U.S.S.R. border. On the Scandinavian Peninsula,
maximum elevations are between 5,000 and 7,000 feet
above sea level "'Within 300 nautical miles of the
U. S. S. R.
33
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
FIGURE 27. Nakhodka, lust east of Vladivostok, is the leading commercial port in the
Soviet Far East (U/OU)

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
E.Veather conditions are most favorable for flight
during summer (principally June through August)
except in the northern sector and in the eastern half of
the southern sector, where they are best in winter
(principally December through February). Migratory
tows and as- ociated fonts are primarily responsible for
less favorable conditions during the remainder of the
year. These lows present the most hazardous weather
conditions in the eastern sector, particc'.: dy during
FIGURE 28. Air approaches orientation (U /OU)
34
winter when they are most intense. They are least
frequent over much of the eastern half of the southern
sector, where they occur mostly in spring through
autumn. Typhoons occasionally enter the Sea of Japan
in summer and early autumn but usually degenerate
by the time they reach northern Japan. Figure 45
summarizes the important weather factors for flight in
each sector.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9

APPROVEE3 FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA -RE3P01 00707FR000200090034 -9
IN TT
OSTROV VAGACH
100
60 t
.0
20
0
1 FMAMJ JASONDI
F14111 MIN!
I 11iji
ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
,00
S I
60
40
20
0
JFMAMJJASONDI
r I
ill""
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
RIGA
80
OSTR VAG aCH
100
90
60
40
20
O IFMAMJJASON
I MOSCOW I
I ORENBURG I
w
ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
100
BO
60
"0
20
O j1.A.J SON
PAV LODAR
1100
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
TEM PERATUF
8 ABSOLUTE M,
MEAN DAILY
MEAN DAILY
ABSOLUTE M
LIST OF STATIONS
STATION
LATITUDE* LONGITUDE* ELEV.
(FT.)
AK�BAYTAL
43'09'N
64 �20'E
764
AKTYUBINSK
50'17'N
57'09'E
745
ALEKANDROVSKOYE
60 �26'N
77 �52'E
159
ALMA�ATA
43 �14'N
76 �56'E
2,779
CHIMBAY
42 �57'N
59 �49'E
217
MAKHACHKALA
43 �0_'N
47 �26'E
-46
MOSCOW
55'45'N
37 �34'E
548
MURMANSK
68 �58'N
33 �03'E
187
ORENBURG
51 �45'N
55 �06'E
358
OSTROV VAGACH
70 �27'N
58 �40'E
66
PAVLODAR
52'17'N
76 �57'E
479
RIGA
56 �58'N
24 �04'E
23
SIMFEROPOL'
45 �01'N
33'59'E
673
SYKTYVKAR
61 �40'N
50 �51'E
312
TASHKENT
41 �16'N
69 �16'E
1,404
TROITSKU�PECHORSK
62 �42'N
56 �12'E
420
*COORDINATES GIVE LOCATION OF WEATHER
STATIONS AND DO NOT
NECESSARILY CORRESPOND
TO THOSE FOR POPULATED
PLACES.
IN TT
OSTROV VAGACH
100
60 t
.0
20
0
1 FMAMJ JASONDI
F14111 MIN!
I 11iji
ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
,00
S I
60
40
20
0
JFMAMJJASONDI
r I
ill""
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
RIGA
80
OSTR VAG aCH
100
90
60
40
20
O IFMAMJJASON
I MOSCOW I
I ORENBURG I
w
ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
100
BO
60
"0
20
O j1.A.J SON
PAV LODAR
1100
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
TEM PERATUF
8 ABSOLUTE M,
MEAN DAILY
MEAN DAILY
ABSOLUTE M

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA -RDP01 007078000200090034 -9
MURMANSK OSTROV VAGACH SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE MURMANSK OSTROV VAGACH SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE MURMANSK OSTROV VAGACH SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
100 100 100 100 120 I20 120 120 100 100 100
80 8D 00 6 BO I 1 RIO- 100 100 SO so so 80
60 60 I 60 60 80 87 80 60 60
60 60
10 1 10 10 5 10 i 40 ti 40-1, 40 10
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 .i x F 20 r :J a 20 d. 20 .j 6
O JFMAMJIASONDJ 0 IF MAP JASONDJ O JfMAMJJASONDJ O J FMAMI JASONDJ 0 0 0' 0 0 1fMAM1 JASON O JFMAMJJASON O IFMAM /JASON O IFMAMJ JASON
-20 -20 I -20 -20 1000
100 100 100 0900 0800
RIGA MOSCOW ORENBURG PAVLODAR -10 -10 -/0 -10 RIGA MOSCOW ORENBURG PAVLODAR
100
100 NKI 100 100
6 -60 I 60 I -60
5
BO BO 80 80 �80 -BO I �80 -80 90 i T i u", so b 10
60 60 60. -100 -100 -100 -100 60 G
1 JFMAMJ 1.450N 1fMAMJ1ASON 1FMAMI JASON 1FMAMJ JASON Ert b.
id
T. ELEV. 66 FT.
10 10 JO JO ELEV. 187 F ELEV. 312 FT. ELEV. 159 FT. ro
1 10 7Yy"'.,.' 10 10 yak 10
20 20 ?D RIGA MOSCOW ORENBURG PAVLODAR 20 2 P 4 I 20 F 3 20 20
0 0 J 0 I20 120 120 120 S} nit Y ny YF.r
r 'i. i
JFMAMJIASONDJ 1FMAMI JASONDI JFMAMJ IASONDI 1FMAMJ IASONDJ 0 0 ;�I 0 eg 0
too- 100 I��� 'Do-
100 JFMAMJJASON JFMAMJJASON 1fMAM1JASON JFMAMJJASON
0800 0900 0700 0800
J 0 80
SIMFEROPOL' MAKHACHKALA CHIMBAY TASHKENT 'I
100 100 100 100 60 to 60 60 60 SIMFERCPOL' MAKMACHKAIA CHIMBAY TASHKENT
A0 10 10 10 100 100 100 100
80 80 BO 80 e 10
o
60 I I 0 ?0 20 20 20
60 60 60 o I b b
I I'
0 0 0 0 60 60 60 60 r u
40 40 40 40 i'I -20 -20 -20 -20 10 10 L 40 10 1 S
20 20 20 20 1 10 -10 -10 -10 o D F s: e K 20 20
O JFMAMJIASONDJ 0 FMAMJ JASONDI O JFMAMJIASONDI O JFMAMJJASONDI -60 -60 ,I
O JFMAMJJASON O JFMAMJJASON 0 /fMAM1JASON O JFMAMJJASON
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST) 80 BD B7 0800 0600 0700 0800
I00 1 FMAMJ JASON 100 J FMAMJ JASON fro 1 FMAMJ JASON Iao 1 FMAMJ IASON PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF SPECIFIED VISIBILITIES IN MORNING
ELEV. 23 FT. ELEV. 518 FT. ELEV. 358 FT. ELEV. 179 FT.
TIMES SHOWN LST
6 MILE
SIMFEROPOL' MAKHACMKAIA CHIMBAY TASHKENT Z.2 /2 MILES
120 120 120 120
100 100 100 100- to
80 80 BO 80-
e
60 60 60 60
o
10 10 o 10 10
20 e 20 2D 20
0 0 0 0
-20 -20 .20
JO -10 -10 -10
MURMANSK OSTROV VAGACH SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
100 100 I 100 100 -60 60 -60 -60
9D 80 80 80 -80 -80 I -BO -80
I l MURMANSK OSTROV VAGACH TROITSKO- PECHORSK ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
60- 60 60 60 100 1 FMAMJ JASON I00 1 FMAMI JASON I00 1 FMAMJ JASON 100 J FMAMI JASON
ELEV. 673 FT. ELEV. �I6 fT. ELEV. 217 FT. ELEV. 1,101 FT 3C
Io 10 Io 10 TEMPERATURES ff.) 20 20 s 20 20
20' 20 20 20 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM 1 �1 i
10 10 6Yr^ 10 10
0 0 0 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM
0 1FMAMI IASON 1FMAMI JASON 1fMAM1 JASON JFMAMI JASON ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
0 JFMAMJIASON 0 JFMAMIJASON 0 JFMAMJJASON 0 JFMAMJ JASON
RIGA MOSCOW ORENBURC PAVLODAR
0' MOSCOW AKTYUBINSK PAVLODAR
80' -J '12 RIGA
100 100 100 K.
L \YIR7N ,i. y \'t 11 30 ;y a 30 r 30
80 BBO 80 1 I I I T E' r. ".,Rir). #0._X y7
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9

APPR C VED
IL
Lamm I
t F S r 1,t 1 r '\a 1E t t: t r t. a f`_k+
17 N.
aM
4
a
:r
as
r '[,rte I F2f
MEAN CLOUDINESS
f
trl ti t ?+r A, `-.�r F ILL,:Crw `iu::ta!h.,l'.a
STATION LOCATIONS
MAKHACHKALA CHIMBAY TASHKENT
10 10 10
I I
I
S I 5 5
I
0 JFMAMJJASOND 0 1FMAMJJASON 0 1FMAM1)ASON
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
0.251NCH
For Official Use Only
MURMANSK
30
20
10
0 1FMAMIJASON
SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 JFMAMJJASON 0 JFMAMJ JASON
OnOV VAGACH
SYKTYVKAR
ORE
ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
30
10
30
10
20
10-
20
20
20
10
10
S
10
5
0
s
0
0
JFMAMIJASON
JFMAMJJASON
J
JFMAMJ JASON
0
1FMAMJJASON
0
JFMAMJJASON
TASHKENT
0
JFMAMJJASON
30
30
30
MOSCOW
20
ORENBURG
20
PAVLODAR
10
10
10
10
10
I
0
i
I
I
0
0
0
S_
s
JFMAMJIASON
s
JFMAMJ JASON
0
JFMAMJJASON
0
Ifl
JFMAMJJASON
of climatic elements,
0
JFMAMJJASON
MAKHACHKALA CHIMBAY TASHKENT
10 10 10
I I
I
S I 5 5
I
0 JFMAMJJASOND 0 1FMAMJJASON 0 1FMAM1)ASON
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
0.251NCH
For Official Use Only
MURMANSK
30
20
10
0 1FMAMIJASON
SYKTYVKAR ALEKSANDROVSKOYE
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 JFMAMJJASON 0 JFMAMJ JASON
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
RIGA
MOSCOW
ORE
PAVLODAR
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
JFMAMIJASON
JFMAMJJASON
JFMAMJJASON
JFMAMJ JASON
SIMFEROPOL*
MAKHACHKALA
CHIMBAY
TASHKENT
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
10
10
IO
10
0
0
0
0
JFMAMJJA'.
JFMAMJIASON
JFMAMJ JASON
JFMAMJ JASON
MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS WITH MEASURABLE PRECIPITATION
Variations
of climatic elements,
U.S.S.R., West
Figure 29
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA -8DP01 007078000200090034 -9
LIST OF STATIONS
STATION
LATITUDE*
LONGITUDE* ELEV. (FT.)
AKSHA
50 �17'N
113 �17'E
2,408
EKIMCHAN
53 �04'N
132 �56'E
1,782
KAMEN'�RYBOLOV
44 �43'N
132 �04'E
246
MYS SHELAGSKIY
70 *06'N
170 �30'E
20
NIZHNEUDINSK
54 �53'N
99 �02'E
1,352
OSTROV DIKSON
73 �30'N
80 �14'E
66
PETROPAVLOVSK
53 �01'N
158 �44'E
490
PODKAMENNAYA TUNGUSKA
61 �36'N
90 �00'E
197
RODCHEVO
66 �04'N
151 �04'E
197
ONTSY
128
7
TIKSI
TIKSI
77 �35'N
�55'E
26
UAKIT
55 �28'N
113 �38'E
3,599
OK
43
131'54'E
453
YAKUTSK
YAUTSK
K
62 �05'N
129 �45'E
338
ZYRYANKA
65 �44'N
150 �54'E
141
*COORDINATES GIVE LOCATION OF WEATHER STATIONS AND DO NOT
NECESSARILY CORRESPOND
TO THOSE FOR POPULATED PLACES.
OSTROV DIKSON
100
00
60
/0
20
O 1 IFMAMJJASONDJ
i
1 0 1 11 11 1 In I I
NIZHNEUDINSK AKSHA
100 100 0 0
so so
60 60
.0 1 A 1
20 20
0 0
JFMAMIIASONDI JFMAMJIASONDI
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY
90
PODKAMENNAYA
TUNGUSKA
;YS SHELAGSKIY
100
60 1
60
40
20
0 1FMAM1IA SONDI
OSTROV DIKSON
120
100
so
60
IO
20
0
-20
.0
60
-80
100 1 FMAMJ JAS
ELEV. 66 FT.
TIKSI
100
00
60
.0
20
O JFMAMI JASON
SHOLOGONTSY
YAKUTSK I I PETROPAVLOVSK
-20
60
80
60
.0
20
20
201.1
-20 11111
ON
TEMPERATURES
ABSOLUTE MAXIM'
MEAN G
AILY Y MA %I
J MEAN GAILY MINI
ABSOLUTE MINIM
1w, 0' 00 lnv 1LV 1 v.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA -RDPOI 007078000200090034 -9
DIKSON TIKSI ZYRYANKA MYS SHELAGSKIY OSTROV DIKSON TIKSI ZYRYANKA MYS SHELAGSKIY OSTROV DIKSON TIKSI ZYRYANKA 100 MYS SHELAGSKIY
too 100 100 120 120 120 120 100
loo 100 I 100 8p lo b 60
00 00 p so 1 100
1 8o 80 80 8o 60 60 60 60
60 I 60 60
60. 60
60 60 40 40 40 L. 40 d
40 i 40 40 s 40- 40
40
20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20 20
4 AN ZO
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
n]11. ODJ 1FMAMJIASONDI p 0 1FMAMJJASON 0 1FAIAMI JASON 0 1FMAMI JASON' 0 1fMAM1 JASON
1FMAMJJASONDJ JFMAMJJASN
ASO
0800 0600 0700 0800
.YO. .20 -20 I i 20
ENNA
iENNAYA SHOLOGONTSY YAKUTSK PETROFAVLOVSK 40 I 40 I 40 yi I 40 �I POD UNGUSKA YA SHOLOGONTSY SHOLOGO YAKUTSK PETROPAVLOVSK
iUSKA 100 too 100 I I�
60 I 100 I 100 60 60
80 5 BO 8p I' i 80 SO 10 '4 /0
-80 so so
60 l 60 60 60 60 60 60 1 100 1 fMAM11ASON 100 J FMAMJ JASON 100 1 fMAM1 JASON 100 J FMAMJ 1 N F
40 40 5 40 ELEV. 66 FT. ELEV. 26 FT. EIEV. 141 FT. ELEV. 20 FT. 40 40 40
I
20 I 20 20 PODKAMENNAYA YAKUTSK. PETROPAVLOVSK 20 20 20 20 4
120 TUNGUSKA 120 SHOLOGONTSY
120 120 1
I
11ASO 0 1 FMAMI IASOND J 0 0 t 1 FMAMJ JASONDJ 1 FMAMJ JASONDJ 10o I I too too- r I too lI 0 J FMAMJ JASON 0 1 FMA 0 1 FMA JASON
40J 0 1 FMA
80 I 80 I 80 I
100 I y
EUDINSK AKSHA EKIMCHAN VLADIVOSTOK 60 I 60 I 60 r 60 NIZHNEUDINSK AKSHA EKIMCHAN VLADIVOSTOK
100 -r 0 100 1. 100 100 100
8o i B0. 6o 40 20 r 40 40 40
5 20 j. 20 ZO. �I+ i 20 SO so 00 b
eo eo
o o o o 60 eo 60
a 40 A 40 5 40
t -ZO -20 20 I I 20 40 40 40 40
20 I 20 20 .40 -40 40 i 40 I 20 20 a
II IASONDI 0 1FM1 IASON01 0 1FMAMI JASONDI O IFMAMI JASONDI 60 I I 60 60 I I 60 a -1
eo ao so 80 0 J FMA J ASON 0 1 FMA ASON 0 1 fMA 6J ASON 0 1 fMAMI ASON
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST) too 100 I too
100
1 FMAMJ JASON 1 FMAMI JASON 1 FMAMJ JASON J FMAMJ T. 1 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF SPECIFIED VISIBILITIES IN MORNING
ELEV. 197 FT. ELEV. 771 Fi. ELEV. 338 FT. ELEV. 490 FT.
TIMES SHOWN LST
6 MILES
NIZHNEUDINSK AKSHA EKIMCHAN VLADIVOST OK 2r MIL ESj
120 120 I 120 120
loo 100 too
100
80 I 80 8o 80
b
60 60 y 60
40 40 40 I
20 20 20 20 I�
0 I 0 I 0
-20 I I I -20 20 20
40 I i -40 I �I� -40 40
DIKSON TIKSI ZYRYANKA I00 MYS SHELAGSKIY 0 60 y 6 I I I �I 60 l i
100 100 I I I I l
80 8o 80 90 j B0 I i 1 OSTROV DIKSON TIKSI ZYRYANKA MYS SHELAGSKIY
60 t FMAMJ JASON 100 1 FMAMI JASON 100 1 FMAMI JASON 1 FMAMJ JASON M 3p 30 30
60 60 60 ELEV. 1,352 FT. ELEV. 2.408 FT. ELEV. 1,782 FT. ELEV. 153 FT. J Y ti
40 40 40 TEMPERATURES �F) 20-: 20 20 20
20 20 20 AUSOLUTE MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY MA %IMUM 10 10 10 10
0 MEAN pAILV MINIMUM
0 J FMAMJ J ASON 0 1 FMAMI J ASON 1 FMAMI JASON nBSOLUtE MINIMUM 0 0
IMIJASON 0 1FMAM1IASON 0 1FMAMiiASON 1FMAM1IASON 1FMAMJIASON
JAENNAYA SHOLOGONTSY YAKUTSK PETROPAVLOVSK
IGUSKA 100 100 t PODKAMESK PETROPAVIOVSK I e 30 j"
U S. TUNGUSKA SHOLOGONTSY YAKUTSK
I n o 1 12\' 16 s 180\ I
I Al
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: 0IA -RDP01 007078000200090034 -9
.I
I JFMAMJJASONI
NIZHNEUDINSK
100
b
60
40
20
O JFMAMJJASON
1FMAMIJASON I 1FMAMJIASOND
EKIMCHAN 1
100
so
60
40
20
0 JFMAMJ JA SON
MEAN CLOUDINESS
JFMAMJ
*METEOROLOGICAL STATION _I
METERS FEET
1000 a 3281
200 656
0 0 0'
STATION LOCATIONS
OSTROV DIKSON
TIKSI
ZYRYANKA
MYS
SHEIAGSKIY
to
I
l0
10
10
S
S
S
S
I
0 JFMAMJIASON
0 JFMAMJJASON
1FMAMIJASON
0-
I
IFMAMJJASON
PO, UNGUSKAYA
SKA
SHOIOGONTSY
YAKUTSK
PETROPAVLOVSK
to
10
T
i
to
to
s
s
s
'I
s
JFMAMJIASON
1FMAMJIASON
0
1FMAMJJASOND
JFMAMJ IASON
NIZHNEUDINSK
AKSHA
EKIMCHAN
VLADIVOSTOK
10
10
10
10
S
S
S
S
0
JFMAMJIASON
0
1FMAM1IASOND
0
JFMAMIJASON
0
JFMAMIJASON
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
0.25INCH
60 8 it l 0 140 6 86* a 180 J
e
60
n lro
J 0
1 r.t 0.
13 i i i r :h rra L'3'.`yo eT' :�n .r r7Z y a" k, 2 rx 0
f Ski afar '..i v R 1y c S t c5� e1 s r.+ fA �t-
d
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
Is
JASON I v JFMAMJIASON 11FMAMJJ ASON DI I 1FMAMJJ
"AKIT EKIMCHAN KAMEN'�RYBOLOV
3D 3
r
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 JFMAMIJASON 0 M
1FAMIJASON 0 JFMAMJJASON
MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS WITH SPECIFIED SNOW DEPTHS
IC
d INCHES
TIKSI
20
10
0 JFMAMJIASON
SHOLOGONTSY
20
to
0 JFMAMJIASON
MYS SHE LAGSK III
Y
70
20
10
0 1FMAMIJASON
PETROPAVLOVSK
30
20
10 IL
0 1FMAM1IASON
AKSHA EKIMCHAN VLADIVOSTOK
00
30- 30
20 20 20
10 10 to
0 1FMAMJIASON 0 JFMAMJ JASON 0 1FMAMIJASON
MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS WITH MEASURABLE PRECIPITATION
For Official Use Only Variations of climatic elements, U.S.S.R., East Figure 30
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090034 -9
FIGURE 31. Mean number of days with maximum tempercture 32 F. or lower (U /OU)
YRS
REGION AND STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN REC
U.S.S.R., Nest:
Murmansk 28
Ostrov Vaygach 31
Syktyvkar 31
Aleksandrovoskoye............ 31
Riga 21
Moscow 28
Orenburg 30
Pavlodar 31
Simferopol 11
M akhachkala 6
Chim bay 14
Tashkent 5
U.S.S.R., Fast:
Ostrov Dikson 31
Tiksi......................... 31
Zy yanka 31
Mys Shelagskiy 31
Podkamennaya Tunguska...... 31
Shologontsy 31
Yy:kutsk 31
Petropavlovsk 26
Nizhneudinsk 31
Aksha 31
Ekimehan 31
Vladivostok 31
*