NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 9; SPAIN; SCIENCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090015-0
• Release Decision: RIP
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 15
• Content Type: REPORTS

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For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the
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CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes tA- scientific coverage
in the General Snn;ey dated December 1970.
A. General i
B. Organization, planning, and financing of
research 2
C. Scientific education, manpower, and
facilities
6
D. Major research fields
7
1. Air, ground, and naval weapons
7
E Biological and chemical warfare
10
3. Nuclear energy
10
4. Electzonies
12
S. Medical sciences
12
6. Other sciences
13
a. Chemistry and metallurgy
13
b. Physics and mathematics
14
c. Astrogeophysical sciences
14
Glossary 17
SECR= No FoM(;N Disse
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Science
A. General (C)
Spain achieVedl prominence it) science during the
Renaissance aril has shown some capability for
research during; the present century, but the connh is
'low engaged in only it limited program of research
and development. It has fallen far behind most of its
European neighbors ill the extent of its scientific tied
technological work and devotes less than o.3% of its
gross na'ional product to research and development
compare, with about 1.5% of gross national product
in France and West Cermany, Under Generalissimo
Francisco Franco as Chief of State, Spain has made
impressive economic progress, particularly during the
rust 10 years and Iles beconic much more
a industrialized and less dependent on agriculture than
formerly� fit order to contiauc this progress, the
country will be forced to depend increasingly oil
improved higher education and expanded scientific
research and development, Currentl it is largely
dependent on foreign technology for technical
innovation in its industrial plants.
Several factors leave impeded research, including
the lack of a broad industrial base (until recently),
insufficient funds for research, and a lack of
equipment and trained personnel. Spain has produced
a few good scientists; the most outstanding was
Santiago Rarnon y Cajal, who shared the Nobel Prize
in Physiology and Medicine in 19116 in recognition of
his researches on rituroanatonvy. Tile isolation of
Spain since the Civil War 0936 -39) has had a harmful
effect on science, Many scientists left the country
during tine hostilities and did not return. One of these
is t'rofessor Severre Ochoa, an outstanding biochemist
who became a U.S. citizen and saibsecluently a ,Nobel
Prize winner. A handicap to Spanish scientific research
is that the great majority of research centers are too
small to be effective. The universities are generally
weak in research, and most of the research efto is
conducted in a few government centers, Industrial
research is increasing bill is still inadequate.
'fhe Spanish Covenlment has shown a growing
warmest of the importance of scientific research and
development in furthering economic gro wth tied bus
r r R
set up various collmitlees to Promote and coordinate
research activities. One objectiva of tree Development
plug's has been to create ale atmosphere favorable to
teeluiical innovation and to the improvement of the
country's competitive Position in world markets. 'I'o
reach this goal, research and development efforts are
to be concentrated in applied areas, especially
agriculture, mining, and nuclear energy, but Ivithilut
neglecting basic research. A considerable Portion of
the goverllrnent's research support in recent years has
been for the nuclear program, which is directed
toward nuclear power production.
Fundamental research in Spain presents it very
fragmented picture. Since finida nentai research
cannot be expected to show a financial profit, it has
hecn given some support prilnurily to improve the
Pecs *age of scientific groups which have proven ability
based on past contributions. Biological research is
carried out almost exclusively in the research centers of
the Higher Council for Scicrltifie Research (CSIQ and
in the university faculties of scielice, medicine, and
pharmacy. Chemistry research is generally the sector
Which has been pursued the most avidly. Research in
physics and math.malics is limited ill Scope. The
physics of high and low- energv nuclear particles is
probably die mast developed) area. One important
joint scientific group has been formed recently by the
Autonomous University of Madrid tied the CSIC to
specialize in solid -stale Physics and high energy
theoretical physics.
U.S. observers of Spanish scientific centers have
stated that Spain will need to invest more heavily in
scientific and technological research if it is to compete
oil an international economic level, .in assessment
agreed to by the Spanish Govcrumeni. Following the
recent emphasis out education as the povernmert's
overriding priority, the country intends to emphasize
scientific and technological development during the
next decade. Scientists and the country us a wh ole are
highly interested in foreign scientific cooperation,
especially with the United States. Also. Spain realizes
that it must have closer association with tlic
industrially more advanced countries of the European
Common Market. A German Spanish scientific and
uuisxsszw :b.arsr,,.:�x:, ::s:
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I_1 �:16IT M IM 161 0 :1 4 :FeF9 =W4411:711i'MMWO] Ela N 11I1111111HI 1:14411K441II401M11
technical cooperation agrt-ument coi'luded in April
VM prenitlrtl for t�seb:utge of irtfurrnution, t-se�hange
of penomit-1, joint project~, and cortritl nSt- of
Fa�ilities
Spain participates onk moderatek it International
scientific aflatirs. and a shurtagr of funds has limited
fon�igst trawl. It is ,t nt�niht-r (if the t nitetl \.L(i0o%
and u�ser:d of its %IXTialin�d agt-nc�iV%. sue�h ;u tilt'
nitt-d Nattots Bdpcaliosi.d. Sriettifie, and Cultural
Orgartiralian. Sp;ttiSlt activities it iltternutinn:tl
orgarsizutions eonuertied tsith science or vdacatirm are
coortlinated in a (:olnmissuri:tt for Iaitern:dimmI
Scientific Cooperal if) t an ler tilt. %titistrk of
{clttc�ation and Science Speti is a nu�mher of the
1111ern:et OIRLI Unioo of twode% and Ceopinsics. the
World \letconilogieal Ou"Ilti-raforl, lilt- International
01111161 for the I�:xplorttiot of the Sou (ICES), tilt
International Comivil of Sci �ntifie ('pions. the
Intt-nuttiotal I1%drographic� 1111r�an, tilt- Intmiationid
(keunogrtphic Commission i 10CI and Ilse Eur(tpc:ln
Spuct- 1(rxur'lt Urg:utizatiots 11':SRUs. allhpagh its
fitanctial support of hSIU) is limited. Spain suithdreo
from the Eitropean Nocle ar Ilcse:lreh Centcr(CERN 1,
became tilt- Spaniards felt ;hill Iltet did lint rccci%v it
soffidetsl return of their expendiltres
Spain ]ra% seseral lre�alie�s for scientific and Imlittical
cooperation With various countries Under it 19e0
E'niled Slay%- SpatiSh Agrt-etuettt of Friendship and
Cnoperatime, tvhirkt replaced a narroWUr 19.73
arrecmctil. progress is proceeding h0wevn the taco
cottnlries in severd areas of wivutific cooperation. Thr
United States has provided about UYS 3 million for (his
progrim, The largest single grin] (C'S$800,0SM]) is in
support lif ts t:n Instituleof Molveolar Biologk. Other
urvas involved are information scivmvs, aulomaliott,
ocemiogr: It%. urban it fai r%, p1:ull and itI11 rl Lit
diseases. and air grid n;ttcr pollution. Spam bas
Coopt-rtted with tht- United SIACS in tits Staffing and
operation of spac�c�tracking facilities.
Itid thuntgh its Nalioual Research Council, has ;I
hifatcraI it grrt-lnent With CSIC. Spain sigmd till
agreement with Argentina in 1968 far cnnperatioo in
Seicutific� reSVIITCll and lrrovides limited technical
aml.trim to Peru. C:losc rciat,:..is it scientific� affairs
bt-tween Spain and France have existed for it pamper
of rears. In 1971 the Leonardo Torres Qucvedo
Physics Research Center and the French National
Office of Aemspaer Studies ail 13IVVStigiIti0IlN Silted
an agreement for scie�nlific collaboration in integrated
circuils and microelectronics. Spain ]tits signed
agrccmCFIIS for moperltion in the field of nttelear
energy with the United States, Canada. BmAl� Peru,
the (United Amb Republic, and Portinpl. The Nuclear
f:ncrgy Board (jl�'Nl !as eocieltded mgre'vmviits for
cooperation sith otcleul nrgutixationS it 1:11.11lee,
India. t]elgitnn. Italk. Argcutirta, ant[ Pitkiman In
early 19 :1 1t oils reported ;flat tilt- Fmnell
Cosentrnt-nl, as an extension of it, continuous efforts
to rlrtirlop Close tics nilh Spain in matters relatitiv to
naliomil tlrlense. has ilgreed to provide Iet'hliit�:tl
lv, tktaiY� to the Sp:ulisb \ass
B. Organization, planning, and financing of
rl'.5l'arch (C)
Ns al scienlific� rescareh in Spain I eonduc�ted in
govt-rnttent r( sea centers, espec�tally in smen of the
larger centers. Onik uhout 7 1 of tilt- imuot's rest well
in 1970 uas dour ill the urlivc�rsitic% l erk fen private
firrus conduct rt�scarch alt(] development oll it
sig[tific:tttt scale The gosrrnrn ilt organization for
scientific rese�arull and dt-selopitreul is %lush in figure
I CSIC in Madrid is tilt- most important nrganiaution
involsrel in the eo III net of wivritific rescurt�li
Established it 19131) to promote, dirt�ct, and coorditutr
Spanish seie�ntilic rvwureh it operates it% an
aulonorrtom hock ttdcr tilt- Nlillktrs of Fcitl atuat
Mid SUIt-llre 'fhc CSIC illeludcS rrpreserilatites Of till'
universities, tilt- Ronal AvadelpieS. tht' technical
branehes of the anted forces. ;Lit(] pricatc n�Sra�
organizations Tilt- represcnlalis :are (]eSigMsted ilk
the Minister of Education and Selectee
Tile CSIC is orgartize�d into eight palruualos. or
foundations. nanu�d after fatuous Spanish wholar%and
sciettlists_ Each palrnrulfo has a number (if holitntes or
r�smirc�h letters in specific sttbjt-c�ls Four of the
Iurlrolurrus are vonurnu�el with scientific and tec�itniead
researcis ant] dmelopincnt. '1"hc Palremalo Santiagej
Ramon y CrrfttI is Concerned u ith tesrareli in
hiologic�itl and medical sciences: the Pulruuufa Alauso
(le Herrem. natant and agrieultural wienees; and the
Palrosiate) Alfnnso el S(ibio. mnlht ;mutics, p}tksies, and
c}temistrt. �I'hc ellief aim of thew three fouittlathms,
fretltend% referted to as the Science Division of tilt-
SIC, is to irltegrtic the fotsnda1u7rls concerned with
fundamental research in natural SVINIMs into a Sitlglc
unit ThiS u:ts dour to silnplif} administration and to
coorditalr research activities to pronuste efficit�ric�k
and :tchirve better itst� of services, library m ilitic-
atd laboraton t-quiptnortt and instrumentation. The
11111it fields of interest are medicine and altltual
biolog, agricultural scienees and plant biology.
tend }tematics, phv-sicw, astronomy. and chemistry Till-
fourth foundation of hiterest is the Palrortalo fuarl (lc
la Cierimu, which deals with scientific and technical
researeli. �These four =ifurouulos sulxnise about 1.10
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RGURE 1 Government organization for research and development, 1973 (C)
institutes, center%, deparhtteuts,;uul sections, ctltiell in
If17011atl a total c�mPlun meat of 3.8913 Persons
TIR depth :trtd extent (if 16e industrial and techtical
research "it It which IIit l o uf ruuelo f our) fit, ill (Terra is
concerned lhrongh its institutes, departments, and
sc�c,ious. and its chrse Voatact Stith Spanish iodustrt,
disc� it an important PosiIioo cc it hill the fra)ncn'ork(if
scientific and technical research in spain. 1 aitrt of
Ibis p+rtranato is to procnole attd cies�elol) i idtistrial
Wild lec�hnical research be c�arr %hig nut research work
itself in it' o.cn in%tilules tend crcnlers o. In coordi-
nating and fivaneim� the actirit of other pltbllc
or pric:de research coils. The fnnndatit111 does l
pia} a direct role it; formulation of natiton ;d science�
lwlic%; however, it merciscsan important inflocr: on
the orgatrization and development of industrial
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researrh, both bN A wit ntific acticilies :utcf 61
nlva..ures which it takes to enhance tlm coordination
Mid firtuncittg of technolol;ical rexmrch uc�tisilies
undcr(akert b% other bodies. Courdinatiou o vitl
through the existence of a 7�cchuical Ad% isors Coutic�il
at each irtstituteorcenterof lho f011114 ttiort. It is EEladc
rtp of industrialists and (lualifiecl tvc�huical 1),morna�I
reprcu�utinl; the scientific and industrial ork:udzatiuos
interested ill the particul activit% of the institute ur
center. The foundation has alxsul 15 research ecuten.
most] in or near Madrid. alai nttntortius lahorataries
distributed thr -1 wt the coitutrn The research
evri( �rs of this foutn[:gion or} uuize congresses and
wivillific meetings at the ualioual. local, and
iuteruatiottal levels to consider technical ttucstioos
rclatittg to a particular SIX-6.112%
3
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The Palronala Diego Saucedn, Fajardo does some
stork in ge�ngraphy. T11re�c olllcr palronalos art�
concerned with studies ill the hlutluulilies. Tile CS1C:
has .1 d;tta I1N +'el,i1tg renter and pnbli periodicals
smnmarizing the reumrc�h c�(n,eiuc�led in the various
ilist itote�s. It lnaintaillS :m awarerlt�ss of reworch don-
ill other cnttutries .Intl ln;til11ai11s esle11Sis1. eontikut,
pith certain I S. research centers. The CSIC: also
a,sards several major prize+ annually for research
A governmental deeree of Pebrelan 19th} was
designed to strengthen cooperation between the C:SiC:
and th o
e rlive�rsiIies and to provide for the
establishment of joint research c�enton at universities.
'mum. centers were to be devoted to researtll in
maI tic rnativs. physics, biochc�rnislrv, geology, biology,
pllysiolog), ariiltonls. and velerinan science.
Spain has three aulhonties which are voi ccrued
formally willl scientific activities al the ualiooal IV% -Cl:
the Delegate Committee fur Scientific Policy, the
Advisors Con111littee for Scientific and 'I'MI1111c(d
Research, and the liescarch Commit((, of the
I�,colloalic Development Plall. These cotnillltte'e�, are
important in establishing scientific policy and in the
allocation of funds for research .011 development 'rile
Delegate� Cnilltnittee fur Scientific Policy was
established ill April 19tH In guide and coordinate
government action in a manner thus would promote
and encoorlge Scientific and technical wwarc�h, to
foullUlate integrated long range plans, and to prepare
decisions oil budgetary allocations for research
according to the provisions of the rconornic
Development Pl:nrl. The 1)elcgate Cmlllnitlee is
presided over by the Chief of Stale. %letubers include
tht Deputy Prilite Nlinister, the MiTlititr'r5 of Plriance.
Interior, Public Works, Edtcation and Sclencc,
Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. and the Uodrr
Secretarti attached to the Prime Minister's Office. The
Research Committce of the Economic Development
Plan, established in 1962, is important with respect to
scientific activities. because it is it part of the
Economic and Social Development Planning
Coll) ill issioil, whirl[ decides m1 lheamool +t of hinds to
be allocated to research Mutter the pdarl.
'rite Advisnry Committee for Scientific and
Technical Research is a smle'e of the government rill(]
is neither financially nor administratively autnno-
molls. It aids in the formulation of gUVCrnment science
policy and plays a coastilting role for the Delegate
Committee for Scientific Policy :old the Research
Committee of the Economic Development Plan, both
of which rely heavily on the Advisory Committee in
arriving at decisions. The Advisory Committee leas nn
laboratories of its own, 1)at it may mcommend
institutes and research ce�rnlers in which research
programs are to be conducted. it u1So suggests stlitable
coordivatimi nu�thods The� Advisor Committee has
an added respuwillilily of proposing olvosures tit
eltcotlMge industri;d research. 'file Irresidrnt and
dcptlty president of nits c�ontinittev art appointed froth
among the mcla}t(�rs of tine CSIC The other olc =milers
of the conintillee are representatives of the tinislries
Of hillctnce. interior. Public Works. Education and
Science. Agriculture, Industry, Culnlill' e. and
Housing, and r�prc�scrllalives of inportatil agetwiv%
arid organizations coummed with research. The
Srcrelars of the Acdvisnn Committer is the C vievral
Srcre�tarc of the C:SIC
A National hood her Ihr Decedopinrill of Scientific
IZeSI�arch, set up in 196.1, is administered b} the
Delegate Committee for Scientific Policy and flu.
Advisors Committee for Scientific 011(1 Technical
Re�scarch This fund provides financial support her
mtrrlydinary purchase, of scientilic instruments fur
govermmnt and universih rescurcll centers. prosicdrs
funds for eoopcnttive seientifiv rewarc�h programs
ontside of the CSI(;. and makes loarm for it se�are�li
projects conducted h, prisatr firms to eollaboratimi
cilh governmrnt msearch centers
Several govrn,rne�ni ministries .try imolved in
r�scare�h- The Ministrt of EdlltcuGon and Science, it
addition tr, its rc�spnllsibilit, for the� C:SIC: 1s
Tespnlsiblr for scientific edticatinn and research it the
nlivvrsities in December 1968 dir %finislrr of
Education and Suienec reorganized the Dirl'ClOrltt'
General of I Ii�dler Education and Research to pros We
subdirectumtcs of higher technical instruction and of
Seirmtific rcSCarch :old coordirlalrro and art office of
scicnlific research mid promotiea. 'I'll(- latter office is
coacernd primarily with encouraging research in
lliglTer educational illstiln :tutls.
The National Commission for Space Researel
under the \lirtistry of Air Force, promotes and
coordinates space rvse,:rclt. Tile l staban Terra(das
National Institute for Aerospace Research 0NTA) at
Torrcjom l de Ardoz is an witmtornous agency that use,
the facilities of the Ministry of Air Force but is
governed by a board that inclodes the Ministers of Air
force, ArrTm%, Navy, Industry, and Education and
Science. TI)v Ministry of Industry is responAble for the
Nuclear Energy Conunlssion, the Geological and
dining Institute in Madrid, and llte bldustrial
Cooperative Research Assoclatimm A National
Council for Agricultural Research and Development,
For diacritics nu place namws err the list of namrs uo the allum
Of the Shulman) \tap :end the trap itself in nlr C :onriln Profile
chatilcr.
i
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I i 1,,:1 6 0 :1 IM 1 6 1 0 :1 CWO] Ell a, 1 11 1 1 114 /:14 1.119
under tltc %linisin of -%grit- ohlire, ad%ist�S Ilse� mr11isln
on Ilse (I irectian and word i i is l ion of re+carvII en
agricollcrx� and fort-strl.'I'lle Ministrn of Agric�ulturc i%
responsible for the \ational Institute� for Agricolture
Investigations 11NI %1, till- Animal Biolog% Found&
l luau, still dw Imlill it- of Fore %tr% IIIscarc'k amt
I {gn�rirnen tit tion. CunsidertWv rv%vareIk reI :led la
igricIIItIIre is clone it ho
lso ill (:SIC IarIterri('% "E'hr
Iii Iistn of (:nmillercc� has under its %u penision Ilu-
Spanish Institute of Occalulgrapll%, licit the stork of
this institute i% Iirt-e�1ed IIt the 11at%. \Eilitan research
is the reslu) risiI iIih of 111v \lilitar% Researuh Itn;trd,
which :ASO provide% coordiuulion betttlen lilt- CSI('
and tilt- rest-arch facilities Of the. Millislries (if the
Arum, Xa%%. ;old Air. The Mit is(n of Arim directs
the Orduartce Precision Work%hop ill \1:ulrecl. The
\lioistr of lilt- Naii, has the Natal Iustioitc mul
Ohst-r :utur% at Sun E'en+:Indo and Iht- I:1 Pr.It10
Nydroclyntilic 1;%pe611101tul Tank. 'file (:enter for
Technical SWAPS of Spvdill \lalvrial (Cl':
Madrid, eshiblishcd under iht- Ministn of ftulustn, is
c�+ntcMIR'd with Ehe 1)[011% and project�, Ix�rlai(3iog to
wt-apenns and 11nutitions
JEN is responsible for the Spanish nuclear tn>rg}
pmgrun. It is dependent direc�tll oil the 4linisln of
Lidustr} and is gmernod by a board of directors,
inc�lading ministerial represviltlltkte% amt 1111islandiug
scientists and induslrLdisls. Its principal objet-tives am
to promote and %rrlx�F%i%c ijo,v4tig;lliorl% itlt'(3lbing
APIA IIitin of ritrclvar t-nergy for national purposes,
p;trtieutarl% as dimt�ted lmc;ird Ihe� produt�tion of
nuclear power. JEN has a %laff of about 2.100,
including 3W tntiversih gr .hales N1o%1 Spatlish
nuclear research is cl.rriv(I nut in the research center of
the JEN, partivulark [ht- Ju:m Vigon National Center
of Nuclear Energy llcar NIaclrid. Some nuclear
rt-st-arch is conducted in the olliversitie%.
The %ever�,tl rural academics t�ern%tittllt- [he institute
of Spain. The academic% do net engage ill st�ientific
rt-se1101 LheneSelveS, Since� their fuuctioo is (3311x� 10
promote srivocv in gvnvral and In encourage its
drvelopmen(. The atradvmies of imixMance to science
are the Royal Academe of Exacl, Physical, anct
Nubmil Sciences; tilt- liovaI National Academy of
Nledicioe; uOld the Royal Academy of Phartuticy, 'I'hc
Royal Academy of Exact. NINsical, and Natural
Sciences is basicaliv a government coltsuitative body.
Beyond providitlg iuformution to the govt-riutlenl
Winn it is regtiested, it take% uo papa in the fornadation
of national science policy. Adininistritirely :utt1
financially, it is cicpcndcnt upon Iht- Ministry of
Eclucalion anti Seiclim The academy awards lhrec
scholarships cacti yt-ar and supports two university
chairs ---out- for natbematival programming theory
and the other fur nuclear n ae�lor tlivon In adelitioo, it
.t"W(s e;ght Irrizt-% cac�II }cur. Although lht�;ee�;IClt-11n
has WW'Irt-b L.�r%otmd in tilt� faun of suicotifit� e%orkrrs
;ual leclutit-1.1M. most of [heal work ire oni%t-nih
I;Ihur;iloric s ul in the Iaborcllorie�s of Iht� CSI(:.
ThC total armitln0 of scientific rt'%rarcli cioderlakeu
b, industrial organizations in Spain is shall MCM
ennh0o4.V% c.6111101 %lipporl rem-ar it and fiv %oloprnerlt
(111 it Signific�:ult scale run t-xcept'ou is tilt- Madrid ITT
lallormorieN of Standard Electric tit- Espawn. Its 1970
btedgct seas 1'S$1 7 million, and [lit amount \%as
e\pvV1vd to rise to IUSS2.15 million t %hl,u its n'ts
lafroralorit�s t%ery completed- A major portion of
expenditures for intlus[rta[ research io Spain is in such
induslrivs ;t% t-lcc�trical machiner%, automobiles.
c�ht-utit-As, and phann+c'eulitals. Solou progress has
been m.ide ill t�%tablishing Inclustri:d Cooprrati%v
M- svarcb A %soc�iaHOOS. %%hied fuoe�Iion under (l it
direction of all exccuttte c�outtcil compost-] of
rvprvsc�nlati%v% of membt-r firms. Thv% :Ire� finasict up
to 50ee h} [ht- guve�nlnivid throttgh Ibe badges of the
I'll Iro31rrlo J101 T; rue !e+ Cierlro, :ua] ioclusirk %applies the
rest of lliv %rapport. Pri%ICte� industr\ supports corm'
research through conlracls with tilt- instiltites or
center', of lilt- lurfrrurarox: the Patrentatu Juan rue !n
Ctercu dvrtxes Ii %ubstantial portion of its incuuu from
such coutracts.
Several problems hart arisen in corm eliu31 aitlt Iht-
t-xp;ulsion of Spanish rem-arch and with in(egmtion of
rc�scarc�fi into the E.t�ommmic� I)t-vel)pnlent I'lan.
Scientists gerlvrallx have lint been im ited to
participaty broad[} in the planning process. Sp:ulish
sciviitific� persoont-1 criticize� Indmin for its
tumillingue%s to support reseamlt. Intluslr orl till
Otter hand, has it gunt-r lk lase regard for (lie
scientific� and lcchrlological c:tpabililies of Spanish
research and development centers and looks to foreign
countries for tt-cimoingiral itinovalioos. In actualise.
importation of foreign weignolop has placed ;nl
important role in stitlitlating thv recent spunish
economic and inclnstriaf development. 'i'he Spanish
scientific cntnmunily has deem disuppoiu[t-d ire tilt
fact that only about 15% of tit( funds requested for
scientific activities for the St-cond Dcvelupmelit Mall
were actually included in the plan. It is cxpc >t trd that
the Third Economic Develupmetlt I'htn (1972 -75) ill
inark a turning paint towilyd substruttitrlh greater
Spanish Government support for scientific� mscarcb
and deveinpmeilt, ls'ttlphasis is e�xpectccl to lit- placed
on 'qkliM6011 of mrinr :d resources and on applied
industrial, agricultural, and biomedical rese�urch.
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The total expenditure for research and drvrloptrtent
is inadequate and lean not kept pace with the growing
ce-onolnv, Subxtannal itivreast�% en funding; :err� heing
nnadc, but it is e-stirnated that in 1971 expeodiiure
for research and devclopluent was USS70 mil-
lion, or less than 0.25: of the }cross national
product A brrakdouln of guverana n! expendilun�s oil
researc�le and develuptuenl for 1967 is as follows:
agriculture, 17 4% nuclear rnrrgy. 2.3. 1 q industn
and trtining, 41 -Vi Science� division of CSIC. S.O "i
other ministries, 7 5 and higher education, S.1 c
The� total CSIC b:ulget IMS risen fnlrn 51:3.9 million in
1964 to $20.3 iniflion ill 1970, to I90S the JEN had it
i�udgel of $12 5 million, tahich u.0 distributed trS
follows 'b1 "'z for fundamental research, 46 "i for
applied research. and 3M for development work_
The nutior portion of the research an t develupulrnt
requireinrnts of Spanish industry is lne�t 1is irrt[H)rting
foreign Ieehnology through purchase of liccuses and
by paltivipation of foreign corporations in Spanish
firms. lu 196% the excess of IVeltnclogical P:eyrlleuts
over receipts by Spanish conrpame,s aniounled to
USS97,8 mill'eoo. 1 increased front USSllt9.2
million in 196h% la 513141 million in 1969 Thus the
alnounts paid In Spanish indusin for foreign
It�Anoingy ;err about J011I31e the cnuatry s total
research and developmt�tit expenditures
C. Scientific education, manpower, and
facilities (S)
Scientific edueation is readily available in SI :lirl,
prirn:erily at the 16govcroment- supported universities.
at several higher technical schiwls, and at a fesc
private universities. During lilt' past 10 year
engineering education has changed consid -ahly
.Many of the fortncr highly selective special schools
(esetrclus saperfores) for engineering have bveonle Part
of the universities. Student enrollrrlentS have increased
to the extent that there is a surplus of eilginvers in
sonic fields. The quality of scientific education is
reasonably good but not outstanding. The Spanish
universities are weak ill research amt graduate
education. The universities have little money for
research, and the professors are to engrossed with
teaching duties to devote much lime to research.
Graduals education in Inost disciplines is pi-orly
organized and poorly financed.
The educational system at all levels in 011dergoiog
reforms� but progress is slow. University professors, or
chair f holders, have great iII&POidence and exert
considerable power over their assistants. t-1 1965 law
was directed toward iulrod:iction of a departulental
systvin, b �t c�hauges have fern resisted b the
professors. Tile Item 1% established allto lli'llIMIS
universities of Barcelona .tad \4adrid have selceec�rled
io inlrod �ciog U4 0MIS more c�ffec�tively than the
traditional universities. All state universities have
faculties of science which "re divided into sections!
phtsin, chennislry, rnathcrnatics, and natural sciences
\4ost of the science faculties have been rstablisbed
during; the 20th cenha
'1�lle Percentage of students enrolling in cientific�
studies is rnuclt smaller i� Spout than in niost other
West Elrropran countries Enrolinionts in the higher
technical schoo'.S hive increased� particularly in such
fields aS Iud list rial, architectural, ,.rid e�ivil
e ngimerirtg. Onil it fen doetorl degrees arc auan
ill the sciences ht tilt- uuivcnitics Sonic of the�
institute% of the CSIC participate in postgrulu :eG
programs b} pro%iding special CQH" S and laboralon
faejlitte'\ wl��n� strtdc�ntS trill work toward their
dix.toral degrees During line 5 uvar period ending; in
lt)70. a total of 1.135 doctoral I [imcs uas completed in
tilt� centers of the patrottalns of the {SIC 'fhc
Leonardo 'I'nrros Q'IeVedo Physics Researc
\Madrid, of the Pnlronato Jrtun de fa Ciere:[r offers
courses in clec�tronics. Solid-state physics. and Plasma
physics.
There appear-, be an OVe�r :lb �ndant sn)ppk of
scientific- :nevi tec�huic�al nwnpo%%vr for the !hutted
r[�searcle and elrvclnptnent program. Onlx about 2 of
the scientists and (�ngineerS are rutph)yed full tittle in
their profesSional fields The number of personnel
ennplove(1 in research center increased only from
about +.700 ut 19(i4 to 5,000 it, 1907, an increase of
approximately V4 The ahiries of research workers
holding governtileni pusilioln are Inn. but lice salary
levels of till I% tcaelling staffs have improved ill
recent years.
Spain has about 200 official research centers hick
belong to 1.1 different ministerial departments.
Official research craters are ger�rail very small, and
only 2 of them emplo more than 250 scientists and
engineers; 7 employ between 50 and 2.30, and �17
between 10 and 50. Tile rernaining; 145 eenlers are
nearly all dedicated to the humanities and social
Scietlees. Research in industrial companies is carried
out in about 300 laboratories of various tyPes. of
which o�ly 6 employ a staff of 50 or more scientists
and engineers; each of flue reinainder has fewer titan
20 g;radtrate staff nlCIIIIWFS.
Spain has a few good research facilities.
()utstaliding is the Juan Vigon National Center of
Nuclear Energy, which is of exce design and is
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25X1

I_1 �:160 :11 Il 161:a0 MWO]ElaN1] 1111111 WINZ111IItYK4tIt1:ItItZb119
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FIGURE 2. Organization of the Notional Institute of
Aerospace Technology WJOU)
receiving s },icnr.,uplmrl I:urm�h olte�rlti:m, from Ilse�
site. "I'hr site has meteorological supporl l.ar'dilie�%.
which indittl o 100 -foul observation lower, a balloon
shelter. and radio facsimile equipment Another
facility operated by INTA is the Gaud Conan Space�
Slati13n .11 1M.L.Npalonaas. 1 ins station is cquippcd with
it ]-meter parabolic witerma That has hcen used to
track and comenanic: ate with l'.ti. spacccrtfl i4)
NASA s 'vIervtiT%, Ccmini, and Apt-flu lxq*,ram,
Although operated by I\'1'A� station w ;doleri ante is
performed by U.S. technicians.
Ground weapons research is concentrated on
shoulder weapons and racket dew-10prtte�nl rather than
on tutee artillen� wc:tPonS. Spoilt ha done research ur
rocket g a combin !nand grenade mine�, it
plastic antit mine, and does work on weight
reduction of 60, 31 and 120 -mm mortars. Ify 1
the Spanish had developed aid experimented with a
series of five surfaLe -to� surface rockets, which the%
designated models C. D. I:. R. mid S. 'I'Irree different
launcher, were constructed and rocket regiments were
armed with six hatteries of the C rocket and three
batteries each with the 11 -2 Will E -2 rockets. 'I he
Spanish have maintained an ac�live program to modify
and lrrtp: -)%�c their ;vstems and as a result have not
stockpiled it great quantity of single items for tine
armed forces. Progress in artillery rotkel system
de%el4)prtteut sill vole illtc hue the crrtteltr% is 114)1
e%pected 10 ad%am�e to rocket dmekilrnlrut 4)r
enairluy event
Allhough Spain conl;imcs to red% prinl:arih on
foreign reseawli and development lur pmt;re %s in
Modernizing lilt- :Ermy', urtnor 'nenton. ground
%%vapola pruduutiun tecluaolmzy Ila% mlproivd as a
result Of the agrecnuVnt of military cooperalinu signed
I)% Spain mid I'ruree in Jim' lf),0 'ibis agreement
prnvide% for copmduc�ti4m of the I-renelr A \IX 30
(105 tin guar tank (1.1gury 31, %Which has stimulated
some research and loolirtt, Projects for de%elopinviit of
c-apalidities and expansioe of Iacilitirs necrssttn to
carry Out this progTarv. SMI-rld pl:utt,, ontirel, or
partially owned by the g0veTrlTT6�Wt, and some
elements of private industry are participating i4) tilt�
preparations for man u fact tire and testing of
contpernevts and for LSSVIT11 of the Sptankli Artn%'%
ties main batik� lank. In addition, because of thT-
ttnticipatcd sio%% pace of AMX 30 tool prOtfuction,
the country is exp!oring interim measures, e.g
dieselization Of the arnn'% N -1-17 tanks, to modernize
the armor invevtorv.
No significant research is (10130 un etuurtermnstm
engineer, or transportation equiprncrtt. Automotive
plants have laboratories and testing farilihe- but
motor vehicle research is nTiraimal.
8
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Figure 4. The Sparkish Niielear Power Program
Station "amp
Power
Dato
Status
01 Ivc)
Zorita 1
153
1908
In operation
(dose Cabrera)
Santa Marla de
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Vandellos
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goo
11077
Do.
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No
1077
Do.
r
Almarax -2
900
1077
Do.
cmoni
900
1978
Do.
Asco -2
900
1079
Contracted
Cofrenlcx
975
1078
Do.
7.orlta- 21Biilarquo
1000
107$
Planned
%orita- 3 /Iiolarque
tow
1981
Da.
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1081
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Do.
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114
Dn,
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as Data not available.
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project would be principally a state venture. In late
1.971 Empress National del Uranio, S.A. (E'NUSA)
was established. ENUSA is into -rested in producing
enriched uranium and is [tie Spanish member of
EURODIF and ACE, which stuck the possibility of
building uranitun isotope separation, plants in Europe.
'riiv urinium thiks far has been ,novided by other
countries. crmsideribic uo .aunt of plutonium sstll be
Ilrndnccd in the� Sl'.1rtish uvJear i:rr,:, r reactors, Imt
all will be subicet to safeguards limiting its use In
pt�aceful purl_uses.
4. Electronics (C)
Spain lus a limited capability for eIVelrOrlies
research :rod development klost of the research is
directed toward improving the proclitetion capability
of Spanish indusin. The CSIC National Institute of
Eicetron'ics (INE) ct Madrid has engaged in a vsriety
Of minor research programs. One Of the primary
objectives liar been to reduce the dependence -)it
foreign technology, but Only slight progress is being
made, and Stain slit] ranks low Cotnpared with other
European countries. The institute has developed
components for infrared and visible light applications
,is well :ts amlmuniCatinn and radar equipment.
Under a .1-year econornic development plan initiated
in 197?, the Spanish Government cartuarked
electronics and telecommunications For priority
consider viv plauncil. production growth of just
tinder 25% predicates an annual increase of 23% it)
Spain's electronics markets. This wk.ulci provide 2 For
export :n d /or inventory development. Two Other
Spanish organizations that have engaged]n electronic-
related research are the observatory at Ebro, winch has
clone ionospheric studies, and the Institute of f ]rysiC'.S,
liadrid, %vhich has done some theorelical work related
to semiconductor junctions.
Spain has no domestic computer industry, and it
offers a rapidly gloving rnatkel for U.S.- and West
European- produced Computing systems. However, the
Iocal manufactutc Of peripheral Cgtiiprncnt is being
accomplished, and the government is encouraging
industry to expand its facilities for further
development and manufacture of such equipment.
5. Medical sciences (S)
Spain is limited by its modest financial resources to
a minor role in medical research. While the quality of
its senior medical research workers is excellent, tile
coutitry suffers from a shortage of scientific and
professional manpower and facilities for training. 'rite
medical schools emphasize teaching more Glum
1
research. The cnuntry. nevertheless, is presently
mAing a strong effort to expand research; judicious
planning is exercised in the use of goverrtment
Subsidies to utilize wisely the very limited funds
available laboratory work is efficiently and %ensibly
organized for its practical return. Pooling of research
equipment is practiced to make it available to
personnel with related interests. Support for medical.
biological research is obtained from the U S. National
111stitutes nl Health, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, the World Health Organization. the
National Fund fnr the Developrn.nt Of Scientific
liese:uch, unct Ov Juan ,March Foundation.
Administration of fundamental research in
medicine and hiology is assigned 10 the Santiago
Ramon y C'.alal Foundation, which is an clenicrrt of
the Science Division of the Higher Council for
Scientific Research. The Center for Biological
Research of this ioundation has an Institute of
Histology. theJainie Ferran Institute of Microhiolop}
tlec Gregorio Mutation Institute ,�i ,Metabolism and
Enzymology. and an Institute of Cea biology. The
Instilute of Histology also hears the name Santiago
Ramon y Caj:d and has a department of biophysics,
sections for cytology and comparative histology,
electron microscopy. comparative ne.arounatomy,
neurobiology, and pathological anatomy of the
nervous system. and laboratories of developmental
genetics and hisluelivinistry.
Competent microbiological research rnges in scope
from studies of plant and animal viruses to bacterial
genetics and the efficacy of bacterial ancd viral
vaccines. A new Center for virology has been
constructed at the outskirts of Madrid. The Jaime
reran Institute emph.esizes [lie study of plant and
animal pathogens. Substantial contributions ar: made
in food hygiene and In the viral etiology of cancer.
Key research persoirncl have spent time abroad in the
United SiatCS or the United Kingdoin to acquire an
understanding of the approlehCS ta to micro-
biological research in other countries. World Health
Organisation support is given to epiderniOlOgical
studies of virus disease of public health importance, to
study of methods of control and pirvention OFenturic,
respii.dory, _old Other viral discuses, and to provision
for inining facilities.
Spain does not have a tradition of research in
pharmaceuticals. Conducting research is a problem,
since Spain lacks experience, maturity, and qualified
indigenous personnel in the drug ficid. The
govehiment encourages and fosters research and
development by Spanish companies and by the
domestic- subsidiaries of foreign owned firins, This is,
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however, a long -torn policy. and returns arc slow. The
Spanish Nuclear Energy Board is producir :g
riiliopharmaLvii!iicads for research and therapy. Tile
Juan de la Cierv,t Foundation of Scientific liescarch
has raablished a Department of Applied Phar-
inaeolugy in liar elona to investigate new drugs.
Allealion is being gIMI to atmospheric con Ianliit ants,
synthesis and trial of glycosides, isolation of nahird
Plant products, and synthesis of enzyme inhibitors.
The Vlax Planck Society of West Gerola :;y assists in
this work through exchange of profe.Ssional personnel.
Biochemical investigations have been of it practical
nature. emphasizing studies of enzyme chemistry.
n1vtabolisto, preservation of fish and meal products,
and lyaphiliration of foods. The U.N. Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization has supported
the study of physical, chemical, and biological
char acteristics of the sea. Spain has become interested
in lice exploitation of yeast for the production of edible
protein, especially fodder.
Some effort is devoted to protection from
environmental hazards. The Higher Council On
Occupational health and Safely is promoting studies
on industrial health protection. Private research is
encouraged on environmental control. Good work is
done on radioccology, especially contamination by
pluloniunl and urhniuill.
Military medical research is limited by lack of funds
and qualified research personnel. The army's Military
NIcdicai School of application and its subordinate
CaPtaan Itamon y Cajal Army Institute of Preventive
Medicine are the major medical research facilities in
the armed forces. 'file school coordinates Icchnical
research for the army, conducts surgical research, and
studies the ulsplicatioi of medical research to the
military medical services, The institute: carries out
research biochemistry, epidemiology, hematology.
nutrition, radiation and radiation protection, and
toxicology. Ira the air force, the Institile of Clinical
and Aerospace Medicine is responsible for aerospace
medicine. The Spanish Navy has almost no capability
for medical research, but it hats done work in
underwater physiology at the Submarine School
Training Center in Cartagena.
0. Other sciences (S)
a. Cliernisiry and inclallear;y
Spain is making progress in chemical research but is
not considered umong the leading European countries
In chemistry. 'rile volume of published research has
increased, but it still is small compared, with that
published by France or Italy. Research in all of the
important branches of chemistry is conducted in the
research institutes of the CSIC and io several
universities. Research in analytical and organic
chemistry and in biochemistry is strnlgest. Francisco
ttennjo Martinez and associates at (lie University of
Santiago do extensive rescatch on tile.ainalytieul aise of
chelaling agents, particularly for specltaphotornetric
cdeterrninations. 'rho Juan Vigon National Center of
Nucleai Energy is can cernat with the development of
analytical lnediods useful in connection with its
nuclear research. This center is active in vatious
aspecls of nuclear technology involving Organic and
physical chemistry, including production of urauittrlt.
purification of uraniun hcxafluaride by distillation,
separation (if stable isotopes by ion exchange
techniques, and processing of reactor fuels.
A moderate amount of organic chemical research is
done at several universities. including all increasing
amount of synthetic work. The slrongLnst activity in
organic chemistry is at the CSIC National Center of
Organic Chemistry, ,Madrid. 'rile Institute of General
Organic Chemistry, a part' of this center, does research
on alkaloids, tenxti s, and pharmacologically active
syotltelic cornpaunds, including antihistamines, and
psycholropic agents. The Institute of Plastics and
Rubber, also part of this center is the ]calling
laboratory for high- polymer research, and research is
in progress on vinyl polymerizations, polya. eriration
of isocyanates, poly (phenylene oxide�), and
podyinldd,s. The University of La Laguna in the
Canary Islands specializes in the organic chcrnistry of
marine and otlwr natural products. The CSIC Antonio
Girgorio liocasolarm Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Madrid, is prominent in physical Organic chemistry in
the study of organic reaction mechanisms, molecular
orbital calcuiations, and conformational analvsis.
Spain has relativel' little capability in metallurgical
research anddevelo,-- vlent. Although the metallurgical
research effort Fos increased during [lie past few years,
the emphasis hus been directed toward developiat- a
research capability in solving production problems in
the small steel and nonferrous metals industries. The
principal facility for metallurgical research is the
National Center for Metailurgical Investigatip!is,
,Madrid, under the Parronato f'uan de la Cieriu.
Research there has been concerned with ore
enrichment, steelmaking operations, foundry 'echnol-
ogy, corrosion studies and welding, with particular
emphasis upon the development of optimum casting
conditions for the elimination of defects in aluminum
and copper alloy castings. The only higher
educational facility that significant metallurgical
research is tie Department of Metal Physics at the
13
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I ligher 'ethnical School of Industrial Engineering in
Sun Sebastian. Work here has included the continuous
casting of steel, nondestructive testing of steel
products, and the cyclic torsion testing of stainless
steels at elevated temperattires.
Very little research is doue by industry. The small
metallurgical industry is dependent oat foreign
technology, which is supplied by U-S. and West
Gcnnata firms Beat have financial interests in Spanish
industry. For example, U.S. Steel Corporation has just
entered into an agreement to e,nild a Lrge steel plant.
and U.S. Steel is to IY.tve a 255 interest in the planned
erlill which by 1980 is to have an annual capacity of
about 6 million tons.
b. Physics and rnathernatics
i
14
power levels of optically pumped sodium atoms for
their laser action. tither limited research programs are
underway in rnagnetohydrodynamics (Mill)},
plasma, and acoustics. 'rile plasma and M1ID
programs are pursued at the Science Faculty of tlae
University of Madrid, whereas tht acoustics work is
clone at the Leonardo Torres Quevedn Center.
Only a small amount of mathematical research is
perfonned in Spain. despite an apparent abundance- of
trained mathematiciaits. Malhcnlutical publications
typically treat subjects of primarily academic interest
and are often bargely expositors. Recent 2n1blications
touched several major branches of inathehnalics. but
only quite selectively; publications in algehra stressed
category theory. and tihose ill analysis stressetl measure
theory. Other branches touched upon incltrcicd
geometry, probability, operations research, and
mecbaaics of particles. There seems to be little activity
in numerical analysis and r� latively little with
differential equations. Thus, applied matbcmalics is
weak, indicating a gap between scicnc- and industry.
Little recent information is found conec:rta[ng
computes., probably because computing is still at a
Jan. level. i, %v University of Lladrid and the
University of Bilbao have beat reported to have fairly
modern electronic computers, but there is li ttle
evidence of their use.
c. Astrogeophysical sciences
(1 Astionomy and meteorology Astronomical
observatories anti orgt.raizations associated with
astronomical activity are relatively numerous, but
obsenving equipment is poor, and the research
performed is not of international significance. The
leading city ill astronomy is Barcelona. Installations
include the Fabra Astronomical, a Xleteorological, and
Seismic Obsen-atory, the observatory at tine University
of Barcelona, the principal activity of which is solar
observing, and tlae Comas Sola Observatory. An
observatory at madrid makes routine solar obser-
vations and collects and publishes summaries of the
solar data icritiired throughout Spain. It also makes
determinations of the positions and orbits of aAeroids
and comets and conducts research on doublestars and
in stellar spectroscopy.
The Naval institute and Observatory, San
Femando, works in positional astronomy, but it is
known principally fur the annual publication of
Astronomical Ephemerides, which is an a par with the
American Epheineris and tVaaical Aimanac.
Other observatories at which astronomical,
principally solar, observations arc m ade incl ude tie
Seminary Astronomy and Ceodesyof the University
Although physics research in Spain is 1......."ki in
breadth, certain areas are stressed because of their
importance to economic development of the countn.
Major emphasis is placed on the unclear sciences. and
capabilities are growing rapidly in nuclear technology.
Some progress has been made in solid -state physics.
Fundainental research is pursued primarily in lbc
u
universities, and a major portion of this research deals
i w
with high energies, becxuse it is felt that high energy
resemch provides an el.trtcut of scientific prestige.
Approximately 12% of till research efforts devoted to
the natural sciences is related to physics, and
a
approximately one -half of this deals with nuclear
physics. In the category of high- energy nuclear
physics, the subjects studied include inelastic processes
brad scattering amplittides, muon capture, hyperon
d
decays, and. ha d rOn interactions. The high- energy
research at most of the Spanish universities is
approximately 5 years behind research done by
physicists in inure advancer{ European countries.
t O
Other nuclear physics research is of an :applied nature
which supports reactor slevelopinent or contributes to
s t
the production and tapnlicatiun of radioactive isotopes
for industry, medicine, 'and agriculture. also, some
studies are made of spectroscnt:ic factors of nickel
isotopes.
f S
Solid -state plivstcs absorbs approximately unc fourth
k o
of the physics research ctfort. During the past few
years significant progress has been made in improving
capabilities for growing thin films, particularly silver
a' o
on graphite, at file coi:ardo Torres Quevedo Physics
Research Center. jEN and the Universities of Madrid
and Valladolid study thernhaluminese-cnce, interlayer
rt f
forces of graphite crystals, and ferromagnetic
materials. Some modest programs for stitclying
lasers and masers are underway.at the Compluten0an
University, Madrid, where physicists are investigating
14
power levels of optically pumped sodium atoms for
their laser action. tither limited research programs are
underway in rnagnetohydrodynamics (Mill)},
plasma, and acoustics. 'rile plasma and M1ID
programs are pursued at the Science Faculty of tlae
University of Madrid, whereas tht acoustics work is
clone at the Leonardo Torres Quevedn Center.
Only a small amount of mathematical research is
perfonned in Spain. despite an apparent abundance- of
trained mathematiciaits. Malhcnlutical publications
typically treat subjects of primarily academic interest
and are often bargely expositors. Recent 2n1blications
touched several major branches of inathehnalics. but
only quite selectively; publications in algehra stressed
category theory. and tihose ill analysis stressetl measure
theory. Other branches touched upon incltrcicd
geometry, probability, operations research, and
mecbaaics of particles. There seems to be little activity
in numerical analysis and r� latively little with
differential equations. Thus, applied matbcmalics is
weak, indicating a gap between scicnc- and industry.
Little recent information is found conec:rta[ng
computes., probably because computing is still at a
Jan. level. i, %v University of Lladrid and the
University of Bilbao have beat reported to have fairly
modern electronic computers, but there is li ttle
evidence of their use.
c. Astrogeophysical sciences
(1 Astionomy and meteorology Astronomical
observatories anti orgt.raizations associated with
astronomical activity are relatively numerous, but
obsenving equipment is poor, and the research
performed is not of international significance. The
leading city ill astronomy is Barcelona. Installations
include the Fabra Astronomical, a Xleteorological, and
Seismic Obsen-atory, the observatory at tine University
of Barcelona, the principal activity of which is solar
observing, and tlae Comas Sola Observatory. An
observatory at madrid makes routine solar obser-
vations and collects and publishes summaries of the
solar data icritiired throughout Spain. It also makes
determinations of the positions and orbits of aAeroids
and comets and conducts research on doublestars and
in stellar spectroscopy.
The Naval institute and Observatory, San
Femando, works in positional astronomy, but it is
known principally fur the annual publication of
Astronomical Ephemerides, which is an a par with the
American Epheineris and tVaaical Aimanac.
Other observatories at which astronomical,
principally solar, observations arc m ade incl ude tie
Seminary Astronomy and Ceodesyof the University

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I)[ 'Iadeid and several ohsersatories associated will)
the Patrunato Alfineso 0l Sabio
The National Meteorological Service auder the
Ministry of Air includes the `ati(llhd 111slitute of
Meteorology, the National Center for Weather
Forvuuliug and Analysis� and the Cenlrll Office of
the Spanish 'Meteorological Service. \ietenroh,gical
Research, both pure (such as theorclieal dynanlic
meteorology an(I physics of the air) and applied (such
US climatological slu(Iies, aeruhantical. and maritime
meteorology) is tile primary responsibiiit of tilt
research section of the iustilutc. It also conducts
inlensiv(� research in agr lneteor)logy. The (:enter for
Wealiier Forecasting and Analysis includes i t
conitnupes��ations facility and sec�tiorls for aerology�
a cromlplical rtleteorology. Clinudolagy. and Mild tinn�
Meteorology Spoilt is pinking progress ill developing
111 114)(1% of automating meteortologirll observations
and techniflur; for au tonlalic emlitlg transmission alld
decoding of data. Processing of data, error checking
statistical analysis, and graphical presentation of
weather information is done routinely by cfnnpptcr-
(2) Terrestrial geophysics and geology --1
Palrouato Alfonso of Sabio sponsors it National
Instilute of GC0Phys1"Ls in'Iadrid. The Observatory of
Cosmic Physics. Ebro, conducts geornagnctic and
teih)ric current research and does sonic work ill
seismology. The Malaga and Tolmlo seismic stations
are units in tits Worldwide Network of Standurd
Seismograph Stations of file U.S. Coast and Ceritletic
Survey.
The \ation;tl Commission of Geology in 'Madrid
studies the international aspects of geology. "."he
Geological and milling lustitple of Spain, also in
Madrid, is responsible for geological 'Ill(] nlinerll
resource trapping. The Lucas 'lailada Ilrstitute of
Geological Research in 1Nladrid conduets research in
geochemistry, paleontology, ;ind petrology, and it also
has a Section of Stratigrtphy at the University of
Gr dada.
Tile JE:N is aClive in geological research related to
uranium prospecting. In addition to ctimdticting
extensive ground based geological and mineralogical
research, in 1969 it begitu all airborne radiometric
survey of northern Spain, MIllile technicill capabilities
are good, they 1119 behind those of caaintries most
a(Ilv(utced in tjlese aspects of nuclear technology.
(3) Space science and aeronomy �while Spain
takes some part in tile, activitie-s of the European Spate
Research Organic rtion (ESfiO it is of significance to
international space rescarch principally in tilat it
provides sites for several key space tracking; facilities,
As parl of (lie NASA :panned ,paveflight nrtwurk,
INTA and NASA have since 1960 jointly upended :1
space tricking anti ClinlnitllitCatiol,s station located oll
the NISaspa[oinas Coast of Grand Cawary Island. INTA
ail(I NASA have also operated jointly three stations of
the NASA drop space ilel(('nrk, which arc e(ptippecl
will' 85 4001 Parabolic an(ennas. In )title 1972
conslriletion by NASA and INTA of o 210 -fool deep
Space tracking antepua was begun at it site about d0
Iniles west of \ladrid; this was to becom(� operational
in 1973.
Spaio ataly r search rocket launch facility is
located on the Manic coast. Its first use was in late
1966 for the NASA -aided Spanish i :ranching of a series
of British Skua aml U.S. Juch -Dart meteorological
rockets. Rocket [aunchings have been made In study
upper atmospheric wilh(k and temperdure and to
study lite ionospheric absorption of radio waves in
cooperaliou with the Xht\ Planck ]nslitate of West
Germany. INTA has under development it single
slagc, solid- PropellaIll sounding rocket, the INTA-
235, having it ceiling of 150 kill. Initial test flights
occurred ill 1969- A project to develop a two -stage
rocket to reach 300 km .vas to have begun ill 1971.
01) Ge0des&- 000(IetiC capabilities in Spain are less
than those of other European countries. Re_scarel) has
been tontine� and praclically no effort has hcen made
to improve geodetic methods and instruments. Tire
stress placctl on the improvement of lite basic geodetic
nets has hindered research. The cmmiry Ilan Been
fairly &Clive in triangulation and leveling, but only a
small Part of kilts t,tdivily is actual research. Current
studies afe rt1'(a of t63 instrumental observations and
methods of cei npatlgg anti of adjustment.
The Sp;ulish ;iFe active in the preparation of
programs for the electronic processing of geodetic data
as it replacement for conventional cornpittirtg
methods. Recent work has hIClu(Icd the developn,ertl
of a computer program for the free geonletric
adjusitnell of the fiat -order nets in Spain and
Portugal. Projects have been carried out oil
triangulatiolt, baseline, and precise leveling
measurenterib, fitsl -order tics will, Portugal, anti
catnP101011 of the Spanish portion of (lie United
European Leveling Net by computing adiuslecl
elevations. A revision of the geodetic tie helweerl the
French and Spanish funtlarnental nets leas also been
accomplished. Studies have beell Inade ill the fields of
geoulagnctisin, aeronomy, and for the absolute
determination of the eicfle:etion of the vertical by
gravitnctric 1110hods. Activity in geodetic astronomy
has been devoted to the determination of astronomic
15
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pasitians to C%tublish tilt- proper orie�ntatioll of tilt fint-
orlt'r triangulation nehwork.
Tile Geogr,lPllic� and Caclastral iostitutc in \latlrid
is the official civilian geodetic and carlographic�
agency It is under the goner l tec�huical supen i. ioll of
arc Soprano Geographic Coouc�il. During the past
decade, the institute modernizt'd its facility and has
bt'en ze�:dnus ill adopting Modern techniques and
itiethods for %arvv%iag atal naappiog pmgranls. 'I'hc
Army Geographic� 50ryiee in Madrid is the official
agendy furgcocivUe and rvtogt iphic work required In
the Spanish Arm%
(it 110rology and hydraulics� I Iydrologic and
h re- Warril programs continue (o expuucl null
improve_ filet are mostly of all appficd mature and arc
inallaged by well trained engineers. IIvdrulogic
research is coneenied primarily with file exploitation
of water resources. Numerous cumprcilensiwr
programs are conducted to locate ground water and
areas suitabiv for irrigation and to record stzealn
regiralc� data. 11) research is based primariiy oil
Model investigations to delerinille the best cicsigus and
locations for weirs and tar gates and spillways of dams
and to resolve j.m)l)lcnls concerning siliing and
scouring ill rivcrbcds. Thcst' experiments art
conducted prinlariN it tae Ilydratdie 1_11)oraton in
Madrid. four outher hydraulic laboratories arc in
Bilbao, %antorr, Seville, and Madrid.
Spanish hydrologists Ulld hydraulic engineers
cooperate with fnrcigtl institutions and arc active in
ir.lertlational hydraulic organivAltiorts.
{(i) Coasted research and oceanography �Tile level
of activity in coastal research has remained lower in
Spain titan in most other coantries in Wastenr Eumpe.
Tha greatest activity is conceutraled in government
agencies and officially sponsored institutes rather than
in educational institutions. Coastal research activities
are cronccrned primarily with coastal uud harbor
protection and port clesign, sedimentation, tides,
a:
seismic refraction, currents, eddies, shoreline and
estuary changes, :and fresh water for coastal
ennlmelnitics- Re %earell oil colltrll of l aeaell Cnlsiorl is
embryonic at hest as are invesligatiolls on coastal
water pollution.
Occanograpbic� activity is at it lower leve] thiw in
tilt' anaioril of the other c�ountrics of 1Veslcrn E grope
Rvevilt interest, however. indicates it ,xossihilit} of
wine growth. Oceanographic capalrilit} is approsi-
[nate]% at tilt' salnt' Ievel a% that of Portugal but far
hclow that of F-lice and tine United Kingdom The
strongest field ;s hioingiCal nee:aaagraplry 'f lu�
Spanish hope to ine�re:ase the decelopnrc�ut of fisheries,
particularly in Spanish coastal eaten and the oaten
surrounding tilt Canary Islands. but the tack of
adequate equipute�nl. funds, and rnarine science
educational ;end training facilities pfcclude% any
significant expansion in research in the foreseeable
Wolfe, The Spanish Covernawnl has shoes little
;merest in oceanographic rescare�h ]luwe�wer, the
ac(toisitiotl of tl:e n(�e 3O -rnct� r rnultipairpose
ocv;koographic ship Jose Cornitle l4e Saavedra in 19.O,
:at is cost of USSWO million, by the Merchant Marine
offler. Spanish Irt+titutc of Oeeaaograplay. and toe
instituto of Fishc�rivs Investigations increases
capability for oceaongraphic� data colle :urd
fisheries n�scarch. ThO ve-MM Was outfitted eitb
US8500 million worth of scientific cglripnarat \4os1
Spanish nnanographers arc� wolmg ant] have recei%ed
their advanced cducatiou in other West European
countries ano the United States.
\lost (if tee aeranngraphie researc!1 is carried ant b
tat Spanish Iustitu ccu
t�� of Ocuography, N noel
tilt' Institute of Fishery Investigations, Bareelou;i.
under tits juart do la C�ierva Fooridation fnr Scientific
aria 'I'eellnic;d bave%tigatinll of the Spanish 4linistry
of Educatioa and Scivilev. "1�hc Institute
Oceanography has branch laboratories at \Ialzlga.
Palma, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Vigo, and
Saul Scioastiarl, Laboratories of the institute of 1`61wry
Investigations are at Blanc Cadiz, Castellon de la
Plana, and Vigo. The Navy llydrograpbre Institu(e,
Cadiz, has established an Oceanography Section. A
SPanish Oceanographic Data (knter has been
established and has been combined with the facilities
of the Spanish Institute of Clceanograpity.
Spain siglied an :.greement with Portugal ire 1971
for oceanographic research in the Atlantic Ocean
extcndiug from the Bay of Biscay to lire Canary
Islands.
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