NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 41B; SOUTH KOREA; GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200080007-0
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
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41B IGSIGP
x.:
Mf'
f��1t�a
G
.1...
and Politics
RI- .0
South Korea
October 1973
f!
r' i
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
SECRE:
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a e 5 'a .:aM45S- ,:am ,9rk- yrarr�C r_,:.
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WARMING
The NIS is National Intelligence and may not be re-
leased or shown to representatives of any foreign govern
ment or international body except by specific authorization
of the Director of Central Intelligence in accordance with
the provisions of National Security Council Intelligence Di-
rective No. 1.
For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the
portions so marked may be Trade avoilable far official pur-
poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel
provided no attribution is made to National Intelligence cr
the National Intelligence Survey.
Subsections and graphics are individually dammed
according to content. Classification /control desigAct-
tionsare:
cr (U/OU) UndasaiFiad /FarOfficial -Use Only
(C) Confidrintial
5) Secr+rt
i'
J
e.rx -42 �.a':s!i .-c lw..�s..;r.;:^'t.df; i:.Swt!iP,ue..h v- .'UN"�
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I
South Korea
CON'TEN'TS
Thir chapter supersedes the pohacal cacti-
age to the Cencret S4rm doled Februaru 1,9 0.
A. Introduction I I
B. Structure and functioning of the government 3
I. Constitution
s
2. Execuave
4
o. Presideatial powers
4
o. State Council
5
a Other executive hpdie
5
South Korea
CON'TEN'TS
Thir chapter supersedes the pohacal cacti-
age to the Cencret S4rm doled Februaru 1,9 0.
A. Introduction I I
B. Structure and functioning of the government 3
I. Constitution
3
2. Execuave
4
o. Presideatial powers
4
o. State Council
5
a Other executive hpdie
5
3. Legisl
7
4. National Conference for Unification
7
S. Judiciary
8
8. L.ccal government I I I
9
7. Burcautracy
10
SEcner
.a..,- oxa...>.. cs. aN-'� w: t..: nv: aa.: j: J-': i:;.:; s: a:
.>rvY.'4Rn. ii.W. YY^Yn' r. Ai. .Oihi'ISCR/ M W'I4F t4i`.b `A�Z.t rl'`I
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G. Politiril tl }1nmiGs
1. Characteristics of Korean politics
2. political groallings
a. Ruling groups
b. Political puties
3. Interest groups
a. Clcctoral laws aml rrActices
D. ,tintional policies
1. I]omcatic
2.
I President Pal: Chong�hui (T)iialo)
Fig. 2 Structure of government (chart)
Fig. 3 Prime Nlinister Kim Chong -01
it
Pa ge
Page
11
E. Threats to government stability
23
11
1. Discontent and dissidence
23
12
Subversion
25
12
F. Maintenance of internal security
20
13
1 polies:
20
to
2. Cmintersubvcrsive and countcrinsur-
17
bency sncasures and capabilities
21
19 C. Selecicd bibliography 2i
19 Chronology 30
21 Clomary z2
FIGURES
Page
2 Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. a
13
Page
\atlonal :Assembly (clout) 18
President and mrs. Pal< vLsit President
and Mrs. I`ixon (piiato) 220
1 troops lelve South Vielnam
(photo)
A
i'00pTW. 'nSCP�A.f X0.
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Government and
Politics
A. Introduction (C) s(JVL sis�c goetnUnenls huyc reeled ou alplocrltie
when leadership is steak, poluird stallilil deteriorates
and goveniolent lie 'clues incffmilve.
z.
Western ides of cleniocrlcy were intmdumd la
Korea by Aniciluin 116sion11rirsin till! 1 Ms. lice ;sale
tilt, 31111 f01111deK ruler 1 C( .1F C Identified in the eyes of
Ilse :Kona% With oplxlsitioll to Jai>uutsr nrlr, the
v etinlrpt of d eitlomie) becuinu lx aatl after
liherltioa Ili 10-13 South Kown. with U.S. gul(iunee,
p;lttc:unl its glivensintent on the Westem denkrcrlcirs.
The new luslitutious were not grounded in Korean
r xw1at and llolllica) tradition, however, nod linee
funclioncd only iniperfeelly. The cxteitt 101 wiliell
and thy peranalitits mt stark at :111y given liner tlluel
on C010lit0linnxl principles.
Praha MIS 1111111 (lie slndrtlt re volution of April
1960 the Republic of Komi had it pre=sidential form of
gmCronlrnl tle by Rile(. syho floated ur
arbitrarilyaluell6d the c'onstilutioti to comolidatt tar
gnecrmsrut's aulliorily allif his political collitol.
1 1heC's SoeY MOM, in 1060 rending Ill till Ca1.Y�SSe'S of i lls
highly personalized administration. adoplrcl a
parlinIlie ltary system NI1113:rr to the Brit NII I11atld The
prrsideovy was' reduced to latgt l% re're11ioaial
junctions, and Cu'culive 1luthority w as vrsird in a
Pritrlc ,Millisler s1141 cahl110 (Slate C:ouneilI
rrstl Irks iWe to a l,iery,mcril legislature. Vildlig the 4-
:a)rlh uarviaker aclnlitikirRion (A 1111 011111; ;roll tilt
9- illonlli adininitrition of Prime %linister Chang
Mvol; 0111111 U. Chang) tile� gas�crlmCnl was olow
drlrucrltie llrelt al ally other tittle in Korean history.
Ilasecver� Ike Icadcm And people lacked tilt pulllieal.
111aluri1y awl exln:ienec Ill 131AC Iht Systeill work.
P1er� It,, ter IX-rernlial faclinrsdisnl of Kortau lift% tile)
ss�rre unahlr In :01INC the prubltn:S of cylrroplinn and
rn otultilIg Public dlsardcr. The ensuing coafosiou
anlusc'cl Ihr fear of [lie militar�--- �inili) then l.lrgtfy-
nlxllilical �llvil risitq; nrntnilist srnliinCnl rnlghl give
added Impetus to Ilse regiine's 1lolfcy of reducing Iht,
sire of file army and agaill eslxlsc the clonttry to
Cornnlouisl uggics.,ion.
\lust 54011111 KtlreajS trace=d 11a4,siyrlt ill the
bloodless coup d'etal itiitkil"I b it snvlli grolip of
ulilitary leaden led by kfaj. Cru. Pak Chrllig -hell in
May 1F161, llowever, 31 ,uoccssion of high -level
Minduls and government rdws eawwd by infighting
wllhia the fanla 54x111 marred its public inr=fie and let[
]o poptelar d1wncliall1luvnl with tilt- r4agimc. Pressured
b the Unit('O SlalcKand fac'Cd wilh growingdoineslic
pros -ows. Puk agivecl to rtlan) Ili cwnslitlition;11
government in t9Pi3 1Ie and his lhulocallfc
llepublican Party won. the eswntimlly free ej(__Ctiorls
that were held in laic =0113, ;lad oll IT DeMother he
i
T,. :;ht .rlxml h% the \1%11:1 17lert:luo [III�
Sllnr�l S fr[,Nlcdi:Illllll. .1116 Pr1a l It t elltr% tllttl tile.
lotted hate i;neu rise to Ct'litI'm to 1141th
\nfth ilul Sikutll k4aml that theif n:111leli'll 114'1'11+4%
,ill he %11lxlydlmated RI that tsl [liver prlrlttpal melillln
111 the rase ill tiomlh Kuu'le tile- leadership Ale;ill%
hnru'1 the tlmu' t%hvil all l S liowe, tell) 41.1,: left
hun�x l'lul Pak prllu:tt% pI1rI1t �r "Vile.tn to )w u%
us1' tilt' Ir111�It1�r1111Q [)erllxl Ile 11,ullse I111� Noah ill it
.nftulrutls ttlluply% re1o1110110111p u+ (flat it %4111 11411 111�
nl f' %o11r;%ilur %ttt[rre%t III Felt a iu, +tilsin% ultra l ti
fame+ are s In1r ,kIlhu11g11 Cllr uffit aiul 11f Ik1t1
I;urntnu�,1t.
IN tilt rutiml calliltt ut K61rea. ill [lot� %hurt
mill Ill�Ilht 11211' eC111 amthilm 111wr 1ha11 .111
ttcurnmtrxlssti4111 that %till lease rash 111 c %sutra1 of it,
rrNim'Cli%r urea
\e% CtIleiv,,. 11t earning mu it diaitiv will, the
yorth- Pak Ilrt w%erl) poll sal n!.L% 11u' appcarent -t-
.,f [(to ralkid itn,l;n, "Illd a1;1rtt1 the ulilitar%. It r
Id[nnalu arinlrr a� Ixilawal fx,ut,r Moreover lelt
,t�mllllll'I11 fur 1111ifR:1tilelt culelll h o.,15111c artm
:unusir t4xulret KOW11W 'rile Irtsulre of (4n1e 1140
dinlmt-d the public mviu,t% of file K011'un t0;tr. all(
dw Ill�%% gC'.4evati[111 mm ltrtln'lllk lip Is 1c%s fle"larlttl
that :1:, t a thr from tit: tiarth titil the
rri;i:rle s sharp rnlluilntvul ilf individual frrCtltlnls
interullliollnll div thalug implies All v(pullit%
he1t04r11 \urtll all[[ S(311tll that utmlrftnts Sta11i
I,),,gowiding claim to In- to 411111 Iceitillialr K omil l
goverlllmcnt Nienr of 11u'sI� difficullie is Iwwnd tilt-
A
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abillly 401 Ina� rt-Wisty to dral with mldrr immial
c+lerlsilr ti tit civil :plc) ikditival righls Inrllydt
lsrllllitians. bul the} could, vithci a)Ilecti+el% or
priV.lC+ of Ctilrn'slxal N11 fr(e(I1011) or crlil:ion.
�illgl1� serimisk mV.1lielI 1 altillh to mairllaill
ctxrc'll, lIn'.r, :ISSrmhl Mid 9L.WW'iatillrl: rKl,,:rl�lt
.tablhh i') till' 1'1 ells lilt I1:1llms +affewtl it sclbaeli
befo the lau. I'mrdrsm ftoia arbilr vi w7ml, the Fight
Ilarlicplarl). a ditswitilru in talc' rcvn[l1n+
lit elext public ofliouls;[lilt to Iltlld viuclive ufrtee; mod
rile Fight of ills AMUN(d to have Idle prompt :IVlstative
B. Structure and functioning of lite
elf iausel and a slant} trill. \o citim-n ma) Ix'
gl �'trtirrieut (U0U1
I)Tmecatell far a rrilnlual offense w1maclivel, [lilt
MAI hr Ise pl ;lcCol i(1 do:(bie jiol {)argily. hl the mw1al
7. Cll rislillll[oh
alld cit1wr4l field 114� L'allAillllitlll i!el:(T,nitt'1' the
fruedorn of wivitty aml arl. cmnpniw) and fret'
The collslitolion rum in effecl iu &)atla Borgia MUN
elenlratary elltc:cttolt. uud I%Clfum brneflts for rivisulls
.11lapted ill 19118 Ills% has uadet9lint -a numllcr(Jf Ill ;ljilr
IIII:IpablC Uf earllinl! :I Ilclll}t. 'Cite cllllstllllllllJl :dsu
re%ikimt% Tilt clrigin41 dorinneltt. t%hich tr llmled the
six cifirs [lie rigill a1 well m. 111c illlly to walk 111111
L' S. COINARUHMMI 1 +Slelll of cllec :,till balailAxr, (1111
prmidl's I'm f[l- Ldt)lll of elmitior lit omill cation and [Ile
u'+iwti lsndar 5yny;nu)n tiller ho slr the
rit,ht to hari!lein colleclic�ch- la Case of the
l)rceide +ts -yis the legislature. The M Ctlll"AA, Alf
r%junprialimi. Me, OF fUNtfiCtillll i)f l)d1�illl` l)rlllx for
llle Illim- rel!itae in IM Itol Ill clrl+lir 0110titlltianul
public pnrlmlw -s. due c(rnlpeasaliaa is 1n Ile p:dd ill
climig's that stripl)ed the prclideim of ahntnl ids
al"vuldanee will: the lit +v,
p11+i'rr and eslablished it parl�:lll eWar% Iarm oil
'flivw 1t111sm 4ititmal lilwities ,Intl fight rlrr' Sa
government wish it pr;mt minister rid a whim�t
bigh1v gaalifled. 11cJOVCer. us 11 ft� aluulst
rc'spc)rslbl to hlup lower Itaase ut a bilamerd
auraningless The canrlilisliuu empim-CrN the
legislalme. P arliameatar gcovenommit+Cils shoort�li+ cil,
ga+�CHIPUelli to set Icgal limils em lbw citirVils e\rrcisr
Iloxcccr. L�tllint; in \l;ly l!1Gl la a nlililart
nflhehril; his. arhborint 'sA.rnstlrllipofou)liaulslcUars
(or7p prompted by frustration wilb lilt- llteffec
and drinrls to prolect public morals arid ethic,, and
rihinrl s },te1r :old the failure of the glivrrajtte)lt to
subjects. Irr'elium of the press to the m1kilrelnc111+ that
S1111)rP+�i' CCY1110011C e'(11i(lltlu111, Ill the p [lK�ess of
1I1C press "+hull Ilot tlllrltlgrl the 1>1. --A) 11;11 he1nA)r OF
tninsfnnnhig their into it cdviiian admiWAraiiiia. the
rights of ire hAiyida;d, nor shall it iafriol!e ulwn
IllilitiM jlllltrl agilill rcl+rllte the W11- litlllill14 Most
1) I1bl ie mora sly. It ;dill It Li% it 11 l 1111 City to set slit l ld:l tits
reinstituted it slrnul! prrsideoliat�slyle l!overm A.
for the pltyslcalpilauofIle t+,palxrsa lit] lvire services.
The lt)miitlltiom neNt malt vilt major revisiva ill
FNAsting feK�shltion is u) 11rr;ulty drawn IIMI the
November IM2 In give tllc Nesidenl xlleepilig [lcw
gilvrratuent is able to se'Icclfvely t Ynitmi +ehal is (o
pmvkm at [lie e%IR ?me of 111e degWilli+'e ;arid Judicial
appear ill the public imidi i. The time and plain of
hr:e [ldus,
111NI )t ressemhly are subjecl l0 liar pmvisioas of the
'flu� CUP154htiun as untended in 1972 pmlvitim for it
Ins+�. Tim right lu cswit properly is (Iti aldled. by the
govrlaaleat 111at Ili 011111arities lip Ituct Cslaldlshlid lu
cunslitutiim;li retpliremenl that talc "ewreiu of
Frtsive by the Cmillist constitution of ta'l. Litt- lilt-
prolerty right. Ault co)nfann In public +l'clfanl; The
French C:orcnirncnl, Il ccullhines aspecis of Ix)lll tilt-
stale is galntrd lmnul powers to regillate and
presidential and p a diumentury systems: a ixl +eednl
eeulyd�rale economic affairs a'ilhin the "1i1)lits
Ilmsident, a Pcirnc Mislisler and cabinet. and n
iimwsslty for the public tutereA." 11 stay further t;(l:C
\'nlinJ #:(1 Assembly lira Kurra's case unic:uelcnd
over lilt- ou�arJShlp OF nuuulgc [lcut of private
Other lx)illls of sinl!Ilarity �llcludr special tilnm)ittees
enterl)riscs "ill (:mcs d dernlillel b hoar to meet as
or W1111Cids C(IlIXAVerrd to title on the com
tirgew rlec'mity tlf ll:rtlntnll defrllsr or file Jla1101111
l
lit ItJW% :111(1 lip Usi:r>�Ce hltr c011dllCt of VIOCtilnl5 Mill
elY)Illlllly'.
nuttouul refclend Sul>;hauth'ely, however, the
[ht- mgir [lc justifies late authorilnriat: C-111111-1 let of
lowers grimed to die Presideul under the Ssndh
lite revised c'catshitulinn on growlds of the rapidly
K orean colnslitutio[l um so I imad and the checks 4)11 k
thailging iateroalionat co)ndilions ill East Asia and the
4'
alillsorilr by the legislative and jndltiat hrastches to
and 1a :tehiese "laic min'udions of the Kolvan Ivopde
f:
weak ;is to nt ;ale him virtually an ;dlsllltile niter,
for peace, nnilieal�(m. and Imssp city." While lilt-
The Kon ;us c/nlslilutiou as anlCndcYl l>;lys Illy civil
curtulblteut of democralle goverumcltl is ilbhormnl to
to the lrlditi)oal sclr�al and 1>tdllira! rl);Eds nG tilt-
1111111Y Kltn':lns, prlrliculudy WcAernixc'ct ones, the
4
individual citizen ,'bleu are provided Ill tilt-
Changes arc in litre +vilh Koma's lung expeiellcoa m'ilh
l
furidarnc[llal laws of most W( democr el m vie
govenlment by mic Films ar a small grcup, The
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c oil nites als�i lclivc, tile. :Ibitity of must Kwraus t.o
A cipliesve 111 sihat tilt` rl 411daills %vilhllllt livill1I
11vrrl tnulslyd b t11e ill eorsititt' It cy bV I is eI'll
(14-Al. V.11[11 of tleraocutie p(ineill" "1141 AetllWr.11ic
pra et IC'1
a lilt- ndineuls to tilt' C3111s1itutiletl Ica) he� pn111e1441(l
bs rithcr the Prrsidrilllota:uajoinI of lit� Int`nllx�rsof
lilt, \aliunal WePilllly. In lilt- forinrr cast�. 1io�
i)roposed 3111vildnlrnt Pints[ hr submitled to it
red11u'oid11111 of it mujuttt 111 [he aulcrs 111igt11r to "Itt
for I,Ielllls� 11I tilt, Ni 4ilitinal Ami XMI must a in
111� Ipl1rus ;11 of a 11t ;$14161% ill lltlsr vutins;. Till�
n`ferelItl11n1 MIAI IK held lo, is +ern ?b 111111 (into%% after
tilt public :IIIIitilliarinclll of tilt- Inolxlsrtl mileud-
Inent
11'heu "u ainendiliviit i% prolxlsed by tilt `atinual
;Itix
Li prllte�sS is Illllrc etlrldx�rs(11nr 111t'
pnslxswl 11111%t first lie applositil b :l tmil thirds
ow;arily of tilt- nu�mlsrM of the N:slional A x111111%.
oiler which it bas too lie PIWAal by simple maiority u[
the. tiatiunol cikrat -rence. for vIIific :ltioit, u
elntslilaliou:ll Ixaly of cl1�ctors c iahlisllyd uu(11�r lire.
Itli? n�visiva iuul a +mtrullr(1 bs [he l'rrsid -111 The
Nallonal :1.x`111 tiutc Inn-,it lx� taken hrl%%vcu 211
and 6D d"y% f tons tine tinge the Pf13llei lilt 1111d111e'llt IS
made 1s11114iu. the National Gtimcil for vilific:lliuit
atucl vole .ailhin ^il clays Pit [ht- lime the anu�ndtnent
Is rofrrr11d to it b the Nalirlt1.41 Amembiy.
2. Fxccutive
a. !'rti'lrirfrni*iaf iturero
f
x�3
Tile i'resident is gtrsilted virttlallc 11tue�slrirll-d
1)tlwer to g;ove�rr1 nn his Inca wthority. IIts office Is
ilidcgxntlent fnnn and snperior to the leg ;islat11rc and
thu j111lici;ay fie is holh elder of dale ;(ltd hr:u) of
g avrrnnlanl. tie Wilrescuts the %title vin -a -sets foreign
stales 1fy soscrcdilingt, tcc�civing, and (li pAchbig;
dipinlTlatie oovoss. Willi lilt- ("n"ri"t-V of tilt-
tatioi al membly lie c�(ulclatles 1111d rttir" t"i""es
and (Irclares scar and c�(11ielude% peace. lie is
Comunmder In Ch1cf or the Arumd Forces and
01-ainlaul of tltc State Council. araabilut. thv highest
lsrslicymaklllg bexl% in lilt' cxccalive Strincit. The.
President al)po1111% a 6110 niini%tcts. uffsct' directors,
anilmsudors. heads of government og encin. jn(lKes.
Mid other senior pu111ic 0MOL111. l le hits the uulllorily
[o grint antnCKliC�s, oo11lnlatc sentetwo. utld awanl
dec(nstio,m and wt -r hunors. To fulfill hi% eri`clllivr
responsilliblies� the Vres:'ienl Is eingxlucred io i %sac
utdcom and decrc�(�s for c)ifilmvinrnt Of the lints a11(1 10
propclu legislation for cnaclment by 1110 N ;then "1
As-cetnhiv Pit, when lie deetlls it I'me Ian�. 111 Wil f(Ir
Pi"liooiai ndcrcltdl11ls%. Ile alslo p;erlicip :d(�s to lilt'
lry;islatise� pr(x�ess litfutigh ills :usi11orih io %igu or velu
bii)% 1ximwil IIC tilt ti;tw(ial ,1, enihls, sallicb lit 11M,
tilt 1llosvcx 1111111s111s'r.
1�11e. cotctitl[1Stlon gjVe�s tIx� Pn�%idc111 llrtiafl
1'111Vrg;11ltey IMIWPr% la i +sm� 'pill i lilt 11tY�s having; rhr
erred o f fan ill lime al n :d'luoal caiawit> nr grive
filiallciai or reeino(llic crisis, and when puhlie� safe
uul orticr is u'tlu(CSIc iluratc�ilr(l OF (1111tei1tntcd 111 1'
lhr ilrn((1." tined ualiu "nC. s 1114) de;d %%ill the
whole ranger 111 intenlal. himign. dul1111se, t,cllnontir.
hilislteisl :aul ludichil :Iffam. and ma? provide for [he
tviisptlrafy ioitrllsital Ilt :11] v i vil and polit ia:t) fig il[s.
The Pink Ilulitalion placrtl till lilt Prv` itirssl
e� nu�rg;rney loo l% tli :st lie ntilif% the Nafintlal
,%mvinlojy with11u[ dclac of what nit�i}%Pit- he is lilliillgt
Mid Thal lit Lnnu�di:atriy ivrmit(ate 11111111 W1101 tilt
Arced is voided lit when re�(psesl11d it, tlaso 1P ilm infili
of the n1r111I)em of 11111 tatiu11al Assrin111% lle need
nut arslplg wlilt their request. luisvrac r, if lit' dreules
that there are. ��c(11n1x�11ilig; frBxlli! tilt Pilot tilling SO.
lour art- the. n1vamin's 113� L�(ke`s subjt-rt les r(�vlew 11y till'
vourls.
�file. PFC Is rclluirctl to (lrcl :tsl� ;c slab ill
4lsatli:ll l :Pis in linty of war, at sshe11 it lxcesnns
PieeeNWn to 11u41)iliir tilt untied fprl'e% ill InahltaiIF
tnihlic stitch slut older 'I'sco Ic vrls of martial lass :(m
provid11d tut'. prevAl4lioPian tlln(It,fill"l by the
cu11st1l11tion}, and etlrmnilnars. In ilir hitter cast
slx�ci "I nlea%Itn�% r11stricl an indivi[load's fn�edom fruit
arisitmr arrest, [lie Irmloln of sI'vech, press. aswiltbb.
And ls% witliml, aw] the "rig.11b :end ix)%Vvrs Pit tilt
rxeeulive� or the jadiciu: k The a lli-Hiutiolial
requirement tltai liar Prrridt�lit 11014% Slit� Nalbitial
Asvuah v of Iii% aclinu 1% tile wnle fur 11141rtinl Iltu Sts
for a state of t,l11t-rgtelle" excep Ilsal ll:' does not have
tie tspliota of overridinV a reglte�sl 11p :t nnainnt of the
Nutimml As%cotbI% to end UINFIbi1 Lets
The constitution provides lout lilt' f're!Iticill s11 :111 Ile
not :linutell :11"1 cleetetl lov tilt- nlundwis. of tilt-
National C onfcrellm lilt v1111ficalitin- The votitlti Intro[
Ile I)v %tact 1):111"1 11111 witiuml debate. [l tits
404111dldatc on cilhcr [Ile first or %eared b;dlnt rn�oi%"
1114 retlnisitc %ample. rnajorily' of vntrs, tt,dvel.ion will
Ile rcutl:cd by it r:n1411� hctwccn the taro leading;
coulende�ra. Ill the v%unl that glow khan two
t;llidld ;ttcs lore lied 1111 the 14�47 ballot. a pli mililp of
11u�vatesoo !lie lliltd ballul soil) hrsulficfcu; (u c1rCt.
'Cle election of tfle PresitIvill must Ise held a[ Ir:ist
30 doges prior to the L-1111 or each nrP`Adruliel tcrtti.'Ile
dupttion of which 6 6 yvitm. 'I'llva is 111) 1lnli ill i�.It 1111
the n11lnk.ct oif ti l des 4113 incnntln`nt rut sucoe1-11
himself.
.7 1
s�, :..u.+ rat ::ac^..sa.�:ws.>.0 :r;'(.*a .L' ya.' e,Jr..w c .`+Y.[rrl As 1111'
E're'%ident fm.cvraeo ine:Ipacilated and is llru161(' In
1 re�%idrnl eJsief exern[ite aniclaa.. flit Prime
rwtfllrerl lli% dlllivs. Undur tiles. C' fV
Mirlisll�r .u pen i lti jfie� rLrulliYe nlinistriv%- 13411 bis
m
LYfil'12 the ofll E'l� is %;M I li f `f irlisit7 it. if fie�
11 lie t :1-17% [lie Pre's !den I h ke III at of (I I 1'r ea Ili l lrt
is 11nat'uilahle 4111� uesf raijkinit rlbin(�( n,r,nhl,r
rncmbrn- is 11dtiwrt unk
acts
Ill file Prl'si llt stead.
I'll
State Colfl1('il Ill of nalmudl ,reunl%
I'lu' PresideOl 11r .In% .%v t,ulllb li1:al Ina% lilt rtld I10 .r
bill V%un hill lmmi.il b% tilt Iegia;iturl� mw,t Ix�
pronullgalvii b% ihv l'rt�,1d1�tlt 1,i11110 15 d:e%% ur
tctnnlrcl it i I It hl% %rttl to tilt' �1 %,t,11114% foT
t4vo14,1tIvrutioil l'he Ilev%ideol tna% Lint rtlut-rl the
k%semlih 111 rc�tillnider a kill lit earl or %%1111 p0I14i,et1
.kllit�talt11t,rl[% 1 1le \atilmal A,wlllbh can i.%vrrale .I
%4'111 11% it t%%40 th1rd, vile of thou� Inl�n111rn po�,e111
prodded 0141 uunllx�r eau%tltuh�, .1 rinor%lill .1 iu
atleudalive of our Ihirl or t;iofr tnvittlx�l.e+IU s
quwilla fur tluilll: Iiu,it14. r%nytl 111a0 11.111 or molt�
arc tellillred for %41IItlg 1 1 la%, Ix�CIIII v% 4'fietilte 311
day, Lifter the d;ttr of p(mimIgmims tmlv.%c,thrr%,I%cl
,tipldaled
"1 \al o ial A1swmbl% ctinlvtim% ..nd tlecnle. lot.
Inult;l�i,_ t to tilt' r.Ilific.Inol1 of Irt�alle% .42111
vollvi:� :.1 Ilse 41MLItatic,n of Liar .1.111 the d1�p:lte'h 111
tlsr ,,ruled farce+ nwirwas t:kthmet :lit If
reyn. 11111st attvall oil% nlvdil%G, of Oil' 1 +.enlld%
itild alwiwr tilll�
Di"ollite the Indepertdt,til +t.ltll% I:r.ultrtl the
\atiuu:d A eml�1% Is% the c�IOU utiow du� lud.� a[nn�
ha. IWVO 11�(111 -x'11 it% iittiv Vlore than .1 lin:itecl
1.1e�Iatilig chill ,trill a rubber,Iarllp for tilt rt�rkilie
l."i%lali%r ttlll[ral met- tilt blall;et. pre%u40e,h .tlrcath
uvak, wu% I, Irtuall% PlinIIna Ivll h% the 1972
c-tni,tlllitioual dtatlt:e% 0111% the eltenlltr eau ticalu
up slit' 111040. mhtell the :1 \%1':11111% tan ellher actrllt
or n�lecl hill nut :Iln�r t%illuult Jill' UII%1�flllltl�111
l ernlis,lon Tltt� %swmbl% is %aplxnt'd to Is 1, rin the
bltdt;t %%itisirt :lcl da% pnnr to Iliv of the
fiA-31 %�;tT 1%%Illt 111 Sillith kurva cOrlunlxlllti, t11 lilt
ealrlidar %earl. NA if it hiils to (lit +0 tile eu�c�uto-v can
su111116 e%I)t'lnlilnn�% lilt g(Itrrnnletlt
nllcrltintl The wgirtie s imp IM the� leeisbllt%e I)netti�,s
%a, f :srllu r %trolly lltvlud ht llsv Iko%%er ac %Intred JI% l ilt
Presidem in 1973 loappaiiit orit��thinl tlf the %memllh
III vcllx�rship thmuch tilt- National Canlvr�nve for
L�aiftcalitm ItC:L' I Wiketr:u ill tilt- pa,l lie frtYlut�11l1%
IIMI to n'%orl 111 k)rilxr)� lwlliticul fa%'ori11 %Its, and
oera,iollal illiialitlation In wCltrl� tile p:es%iik;c ,f
unlxsp1llar It lie is sun% eirittal1% :l%,un�d ill
tvlllt- majorit% to du Ili-. bidding X111rrt1%rr,
eliminalian of the :nlulril review of minWrivs ht tlir
Asgmillly rentow, still winther c�hcel; till itmerilmvnl
mitlindly
d. lutiunal Coltfcrence for Unification
The \CL Was added ttl the goverslnlent sUilvitin
by the tiuceiniter 1972 rrvislan of [lit' co slltutioti. its
purlitnl� is to :l' -slur tit(- k Of a l)ulutlar
ccvx. Yacwrr- a:: vcrosaxu.':: f. vnxrnia. Hs..: a. 7x' yt: sR: z: wvr.[,os..= .r=ui:- ,s
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(A citl:lltlC I)t11%vi is vwjvi,t�tI It% [Ile \i.tka1.11
1 ,t Sillli,ll31['t lxx fill lillhl of it, h1r�,
allhunr;ll it %%a, lirirfl% bieanu�rd dtlrul>; 1I)fiil�fiG; 'l' Itr�
pre :1 %eml +l% has 219 %cat, 116 of Ill- illt ildw,
eit�rlvd for ti Liar Irrrtt� lot dirt�c�I popular %oiv :Intl 7:3
�rl[�t�lt'cl [Or 3 -tar tvrat_, b tilt- \alinr; i t (:1ltdafrnt
1ot L ndliealimi lubm a 161 of imildilhlhe ,ttlipii(.11 J
tile i're.ufent 'fill, a,h�nl c%as de%i,t d I4' hrJlt am4
ainvrimmil tn[ntrol of the Ivgi lltillr to tin�
\o%vnifher 1972 atilhStilutinnal rr%!Sit111. flit- l Ill 11
[1.111 a list al Iii ?UI I111�Illbl�FN_ 3.111 of It IIill %%eft Nell�et l�tl
b% ,1 IPIII Ill prulHlttinn:II rl t1111t�II till'
Pak t_%ime IIIttl111111 �rtl n a% to ii'MATe it of a MAJ0 i1%
in the 11-g ilturt'
Is pnlilidtYi b% she am+litulitl11. till- t�%IIUI-iuu of .1r1
�1s 1111t,tnber MU Ise rficded anh It% x to u thinls
%tile of lift Am t-lllltl% Such aelilln Cannot Ix�alifle: lit 'tI
lit the vourl% Asenddtmen me pnitt,cie'd �t% li
c'IIII frolll :Irre%t or de1011111t1 ,1'Ilr�11 tilt'
,C%%loil. etc~o�s ill it district cuurt May Iry drsig; motet]
III sit m a slunu)ary collet for putty uffrrues� ��a
procedmre patterned after the police trims in the
Unilecl States, Military Iriuisare handled by toililary
Iribuuals. hit the Snpreuw Court ha. lhr find
appellate jurisdiction.
'fhc Supreme Glnrt 111.1y llavr It �luIiruunl of IG
Justices; [lie beneh rvaelied this nunllwr in Idle 196
hot usof tnid -M it hall only 13, 7111:0lief )tislic�c is
uplytltltcd by the 1 with [INC conscmt of the
Naliotad A- swulllly Ills lerm of officer is f) yaws.
Asurcialr jusiico--s and other judgm ;;fe appoinled by
the I'm%idelit on recoil u met Mali lilt of the Chief j ustice.
All 11:cy 1)e rtapp latch. Compulsory retircmeul -age
for the Chief justicr ;Laid other juslict: +af IltuS1gtromir
C'a11art is 115. Lend for all other judges 60. Although
judge can Is< font to resign if fmind to Itave it
"encritol or p)ltysje:d" defe(�l. they ththrelically may
mot IM tlisraisscd, .nsixndccl, Isave 1 "T.111 salaries
reduced, or "suffer frnmr oilier uofavorlhk measure -a:
except by process of sus ;)raciunrnl. crirninztl
plimishanent, or disdillinary action, lit praetiCe.
11owXver, the rslcanbership of the Sullrellle Cuuft %vas
extensively reshuffled duriah the 1372 7 e3 govenunc11-
lal rcufganirllion.
Sevend factors have weakened puldle mrifidcncr in
tilt- smuts. A severe shorlage of judges has re:sulud ill
ovedoidal trial dockets ;aid in caries being derided
without sufficient titre allowetf for careful (tiuisidert-
lion. There were vidy .107 judges In 1971, ur l for
almut 80.430 persons �m voinparvd. with l judge for
sotnc 19.6110 IMOI)lc- J11 lilt Ullittd Stales ill 11170.
j mdges h ave sometin*s ddayed civil soils noun t that[
ocljmd their. ao tts Ito rn(.%ILlnti r Illigailb lu srllfe
out of cYO1rt. Also of public an(mm is Ihr foul thill the
Supreme C:tual rtfely re viemed the coustitillinnallh� of
troacicd )cgisiatliurs. svhetr It had the authority lu do ut
prior to Naveminr 1'.1*i, nur tat", it tlilmliaa lilt�
validit% of rxecotivc 0nh�n. tell thamg;h it 113-1 this
resplon0bilily_ Althmigh theoretimally lxmud to ar:
indellendeull% of other brtnehcs of governmcul.
judicial) aulhuritits sc�hforn ovcrtctrn the 1110Aain11% of
Itlu�eu &)rurmeul aget.60. The jmdici:cr% aelnafly
IIC%cs to all idol tradition of the inyoisitur� ltiat mslero
wiarmhy it C�IrtnplCIFICH s. rather than r11Ies 1111. Ihr
olxrdinrls of law- CnfUrrrtnetlt 1!gCtldty, 'fhc chart
all11ws the lilx.rtl f%.M.IJINC'e of w irtfrey�lcttlly
grmt> hail, and rawly huld% 1110 tilt- activities of low
c1110rerl11eml agrncit�s ehnfliel with dun promm, One^t.
;I %varrlul I% issued and a suslw�ct it pprel tell licit. till-If Is
little clutum. of his escaping ettnfiurllicol. Ill fall. the
prosec�utioll is aide Ur disixrw of ha of the Cases
IIIYUIVIIlg htw�er)ftlfIT dreisium. willmill eve'll
resarling to trial. Under 1111 circulustuucta. the jWople
ore reh.cc Ilt to resort lu judici process mal consider
lhr judicia it stilt of aolhuritalive Ioslilfitillu
insensitive to their iuteruas.
s
F
a
4`
r'
1i1 I
e I
I
t
I
G. Local govemmc11t
Korean governments have alwa laccit highly
4mnlydiyed. 1 ?es31itc� [INC l :ussycsincc World War 11 Of
l;l%sti calling; for grraier heal aotommmy local
g:ovenuneol is ,III[ largely 1 111 extension of the ImI Ltrill
govcnm wol. Mml South Komms live In light knit.
largely self sufficient, mmall rtlral mini mmilics where
Iowa[ activities Iruliliomilly have hrem lmomaged
llmmgh a systeitl of Iteadnicu or village elders. The
villager luemit it milted front ogabnt uutsiders and
have even tnanaged in many cases to mist crnlral
KIA77lltltelit Cllntn)k h) 11oliimal elections. Ilowrvm
their vote oiler is manipulaIed by the lx)lice it od other
rcprtseututirc. ,d c -ptrtl aolilnrily.
The C�untry is di viticd Into ,I, I,- p(IMorti- (da) cnitd
two slaccial cil ins, ;au3 I'msa11. which lulse
adrninislralive slutm clte:ol to th:11 of []It' provinces.
11 low lice puls�incial Icvel of govenimrlll me too
principal suixiivisiolac: the city (11) or chunly tgtml,
Wall the lowu (up) er township (Inprl ).'Chu towns upd
tuwusbilxs have elpaivalrmt slall". Ilec:ulse of the
lnxoiling Ixlp 1111601% n1141 the nljnid changes in lhv
indltslrlal stcocturr during the 10G0�s, tilt+ m11lrlher (If
citics� orbaee om as %villa $11,0110 or murc'pwpulaliatf�
I11enraswd Goan 25 in 19611 to ;0 in 1070. The village
j is [lie luacst foutial adinhlistralive unit of
Arveriament. t..11ilx o re -tsoa Into wards(gu)
and bineks (done); villages are orpith-rd auto groups
9
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lit
Isx:d gosernrlumis mile� stinu� fluids through local
taxes but tile cwtitrll gOVCr1111Ir3tt 1111nnully pmvillt's
most of Ilse hind, for foal lludgels la its drivv fur
Imudi'rni /�pion :Ind cfficieilcy after tilt� 1961 thrill. tilt
jurall made tilt� xtrn thr 11ri11sar% o Ittcal
adiaiuish .Ilion. du%%iig idirsg lite Imilitioaal rril All,1
MY0 It ft-Vbetl the 6701 La.t ytrltrttlW It) in)pmvt� tilt
"un a finaticinl Mattis and to iuerrax� tilt- ]xirliou of
bwd Oxlx-ndilures lurid inr frula fat :d revenue
\eserlliciess, the llutriili ;il for il2tlelwiltletlt 1tv,11
Blinn has iucrc :esetl only slightly siutrarrr half tf:c'
filnds derived yy the part 1roi.r Ili:,J taxesaresIlent on
it lit ic% deht�g :ted to t e� A by Ilie wiIIrsl goven I ae lit
7. Bureaucrac
5'11e structun� Will tilt- OIx :Milo; of 211V htireausrcley
1)it.% lx-en guilt!} ia(lueuc'c�d by [lie ]):tttrra vstabli'%hvd
thirilig the japans -se administr'ttintl of div vokitall
The government servile is Aiarucicri /eel ht relatisr
sllath and vigor in key poNitit,ns, many sraior liosts
have lxTn filled In former usilitar% oirwer. %lam
Itlliluintees have Matt limitmi lrtinhig in the fields of
Ilivir mslxtnsihilit}- lmwr'rt. and there is freyortlt
shifliag of kt-y lx noant.l, Willi a cemseyurut I4 of
c4nitinuih of olxratlions. ,Ulhotlgh this�ltiitiuF i >ltrs a
factor Lhim it ti,t�d to bt-, it culitiriut'- Ili hr a c :wise of
odnlinkin tivc nit :fiticnry
Truhiliurally, the civil service luld flit- y;rr:test
prestige at)d was ref,urelt -A as our of tilt- most
hunoeahlr [MANsiorts: it rlalxxlictl live biglu�ss social
.11111 It01iticU1 ;I Of UI indit'idllill !W1,1141se it
0.ANally i11ulrrd cults. Ixls.�er. autl tx�ial stolir". After
19.1.5 tilt- trimblilmal deferevix 11(munita1 tdfivialdollt
by flit� liceple dimilli%hi�d sullstttilGalh�. Illa in u
society such os Smith Korr.i s where Litt- gmummc�nt is
the priucillail rrq)loyer and repilatc-c and amlm.'s
eerinomle aclivily to a cinrcidertlrle d egr e e. and Where
the sn- calted k- mur /on eunjsi t oflicialdo�n esalled
Arid pecople domignlded� I attilude Is slill seer lauch It
pari of the etehtum, the civil scrvite proVidrhullcof the
11111 -1 tltsIrml. 4t1111 rsl)Cd UV17A;l1?s to lrt-stigt-.
iuHneoee. clad wruilb.
The civil .mice syNlcnl ftunilin irl tilt %%'ell u.as
i r ttrtidilm l into S1 1nth Korea ill Augmst ltl49 w h en tilt'
Suiioind Aiw- milt- enacted the Civil Scn�ive I, w. 1S
new Natioval Civil Service lAtw promulgated Ili 19M
has crudinued to olvnitc. The 60 service is made ap
of national mad local gos'Crnlnen! eulplilyres W110 ;Lie
rerouted, arlected. and appointed by executive
aKalries of Ilse 4.0111 r_:1 and Ideal xnvvmiltestt. difiehlIs
of lite central goventtncot pairrally have more
prestige that; theft liwal tx)untrgs:tsts, sls:rlll[ lireakl c
Imil officials have sullordin:ttc status is tl rlt tl tey
rxrrfvrtti functions delegated 11) them by the eviltral
goventinciil.
:.y
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A, neiglAme,o� (a IIIilies Call ell sulsviQage� trxul I. 111 Slue
ft mud purer the gmeauneltt slum%ors it varie[I of civic
llF9;l1liGdi4)ns :u)d yaulll grclillb. Which it Ulm, usch for
rltsltrolliag LINO IxY)pie :ail giving lht-rn poliiital
girid :I11CC. fbcv� :IS \I x'iahle lilt 1ni11t-t111CJ %r't� it-.
irlferint�r Ilet%%Or} for the lx)iicr� aulhuritics,
'1�hnn1g1u11)t Kort history the villaytr has been lhr
trttlitiomil ,cal of local aularwr 'I'll ht-admarl
X4v4R as I IC� ling brtu (Ti the tx�ulllo anti the np 41 Fill
r+rytn rlliris. svhoan salmritriOraplurcc of tl�rlrtitttl
gnwralli 'nt. Villagr hrathruoll, mho ate� st�Iertt-d'hy [lie
villagers ttcimclvn, ire 1101 goveMille2it Off idils Jud
14avive sill s 1larica 011trr itlflurnlial ]x.rsum in Ihr
viil;igr ul:tt ire the NCinri of till Intl. misliter)lie fandle.
:r fllmit'r villaj!% rllief, tl lr !l'111Nll p ritici p :II. teach err
1111 pk Ihv 111titnt l ak 1�Can rs ililr n- ipriranlrahs
st�rn1 ]o van from village to cillay;e. bltt y �ueadly
edli alien, lit-nuasivc ability. milrll nrlihair, and
mgacil �Ill� I:ttler regarded ;I ;lit earmark of old
mtv �arr� lilt 1 (plalifieatiolh.
Under the constitution of MIN Ilu� NL- 5illvot
aplxliated ptovincial gover2ulrs aild, through tilt-
1lillistrt ill 1l11ntr ,lffalr, crs rtrnlied lite x"igrimunt
of bulls ;3411in� and judi(tal 011icd:sl�, f.tical Aid
pf11 I jiutai CY I1trIC11N anti sn illC l l x ili ild lltl i3151 r 1L1 s't-
of6'f:2ls retre elated h%: lheii had limited
indclk11denl In isliltive And fiscal lxnuers. ,liter tilt-
ovcslhrn)y Of Syvgruan Illte�e, the 511ort�livrtl Clxtuj;
MVON) goverrllnertI cuulptctely disearllyd the
presidential al)lxiintmrnt SIMON) aad decreed that all
ltxal'fraders Scrry to IOC elected. (314.7Uite' it lMM."i011 ill
its ID62 eonstitntion fur it ssSlcln of liulitcd liWil
aatontlnn, the nlilltafy jatttm which t11rstc1l 011111g in
May 1961 n�Iarllrtl to IIIC p11eVte111% :t]1jxlli{t1l1r11l
wNtcnl. Whett the regime sultetatltiallt astsrlultd lite
etisastitutibrl ill \'avernher 19 72. it added 21 provi5ioll
furlltt�r delayhig thl' impICIIW;ttu till n of thOM'.lxtrtions
of lite @nn4littiti1111 prnvidiag fur held ailt011011l1
'Intl] the naificution of [lie fatherland has heea
tit'ilileL'Cll.
IJOCal gOVOCIMIL -11h art- SllltcrViwd directly front
SCO111. Will) 11n)4it'.ial gOl'11MoM 1111d LIM 1113vurs Of
Seoul and 1 ttlipuinted by the 1're4desst Ill, the
ret 4un eoduumi o tilt: l'rinic \finisher tlacnls Of
other cities ;Old licads of counlles itreallp ointetl by tilt
Prime Mluister ou the reconzmendalion of Ihr
Ministry of Home elffain. which also aplklilts and
cnrttrals local atlnlin'sar:llive staffs. A decision in 1972
In Irmsfer litany rrguiolury ftinehions (t.{;.. the
Ilcrnsing of hAdlf1011 from lilt- provincial to the
ideal level of governmeul, for Lite purlwse of greater
administrative efficiency. has li;id otely minhimi
imlxict Isecauu of the Kureiul tendency to Imo
tlt�CiSiORS till to lilt- acxt higher uuthuri!.
lit
Isx:d gosernrlumis mile� stinu� fluids through local
taxes but tile cwtitrll gOVCr1111Ir3tt 1111nnully pmvillt's
most of Ilse hind, for foal lludgels la its drivv fur
Imudi'rni /�pion :Ind cfficieilcy after tilt� 1961 thrill. tilt
jurall made tilt� xtrn thr 11ri11sar% o Ittcal
adiaiuish .Ilion. du%%iig idirsg lite Imilitioaal rril All,1
MY0 It ft-Vbetl the 6701 La.t ytrltrttlW It) in)pmvt� tilt
"un a finaticinl Mattis and to iuerrax� tilt- ]xirliou of
bwd Oxlx-ndilures lurid inr frula fat :d revenue
\eserlliciess, the llutriili ;il for il2tlelwiltletlt 1tv,11
Blinn has iucrc :esetl only slightly siutrarrr half tf:c'
filnds derived yy the part 1roi.r Ili:,J taxesaresIlent on
it lit ic% deht�g :ted to t e� A by Ilie wiIIrsl goven I ae lit
7. Bureaucrac
5'11e structun� Will tilt- OIx :Milo; of 211V htireausrcley
1)it.% lx-en guilt!} ia(lueuc'c�d by [lie ]):tttrra vstabli'%hvd
thirilig the japans -se administr'ttintl of div vokitall
The government servile is Aiarucicri /eel ht relatisr
sllath and vigor in key poNitit,ns, many sraior liosts
have lxTn filled In former usilitar% oirwer. %lam
Itlliluintees have Matt limitmi lrtinhig in the fields of
Ilivir mslxtnsihilit}- lmwr'rt. and there is freyortlt
shifliag of kt-y lx noant.l, Willi a cemseyurut I4 of
c4nitinuih of olxratlions. ,Ulhotlgh this�ltiitiuF i >ltrs a
factor Lhim it ti,t�d to bt-, it culitiriut'- Ili hr a c :wise of
odnlinkin tivc nit :fiticnry
Truhiliurally, the civil service luld flit- y;rr:test
prestige at)d was ref,urelt -A as our of tilt- most
hunoeahlr [MANsiorts: it rlalxxlictl live biglu�ss social
.11111 It01iticU1 ;I Of UI indit'idllill !W1,1141se it
0.ANally i11ulrrd cults. Ixls.�er. autl tx�ial stolir". After
19.1.5 tilt- trimblilmal deferevix 11(munita1 tdfivialdollt
by flit� liceple dimilli%hi�d sullstttilGalh�. Illa in u
society such os Smith Korr.i s where Litt- gmummc�nt is
the priucillail rrq)loyer and repilatc-c and amlm.'s
eerinomle aclivily to a cinrcidertlrle d egr e e. and Where
the sn- calted k- mur /on eunjsi t oflicialdo�n esalled
Arid pecople domignlded� I attilude Is slill seer lauch It
pari of the etehtum, the civil scrvite proVidrhullcof the
11111 -1 tltsIrml. 4t1111 rsl)Cd UV17A;l1?s to lrt-stigt-.
iuHneoee. clad wruilb.
The civil .mice syNlcnl ftunilin irl tilt %%'ell u.as
i r ttrtidilm l into S1 1nth Korea ill Augmst ltl49 w h en tilt'
Suiioind Aiw- milt- enacted the Civil Scn�ive I, w. 1S
new Natioval Civil Service lAtw promulgated Ili 19M
has crudinued to olvnitc. The 60 service is made ap
of national mad local gos'Crnlnen! eulplilyres W110 ;Lie
rerouted, arlected. and appointed by executive
aKalries of Ilse 4.0111 r_:1 and Ideal xnvvmiltestt. difiehlIs
of lite central goventtncot pairrally have more
prestige that; theft liwal tx)untrgs:tsts, sls:rlll[ lireakl c
Imil officials have sullordin:ttc status is tl rlt tl tey
rxrrfvrtti functions delegated 11) them by the eviltral
goventinciil.
:.y
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Promotion%. according to lllr to lional Civil Service
f .aw'. iot l ease d oil e rllillgs, c%p
merit. and efillipelitive carlthaations, The C esztrll
Ulficiak Trainiis4 Instilotr (if Ihr \finish of
Coveruallcitt Administration i.ffi:n short leriE.
intensive. [tTlitli"41 Ittsl Fact ililt to civil +maul.,
i11 And Ilog i tit lgex and 11 roscculon. Slxwiul 1rIiIIiag11IMI
is ,uavitim b the Cmtivatc srltotd of Ptdslic
Achninislration of So4pul National llnircrily to
faruill'1070 lnllllie nffictittls Willi the "liii;her arlxeets a
[Ile atln:inislritive -fetter %linistrics lheirs+elyt�s
slkr-is,ir their two training progrsins. Aplauioleca sire
ret�lircd to serve 41 prestvilsecl etsndition:d lmrilxl
Wrote axing amunird regular slatui,, A civil servant
may till[ Ix discharged l;pa,in-A his ill wiliulat tally,
as PI'Mided is the busie stataie.:lggdewd lxirtirs
have rektinrrse lit it llo:ud of Aplst-ab,
Deslsile the cell Illlasii plaevd ley Ilse law on 1610 merit
systent, nepotism and (:lnlily inf -intee play an
lusptlrluUl n13e Ill [Ile dvit wrvice. In a sociely still
dninittatcd by the C.Finfatc'lan emphasis 4111 the fattlily.
officials often pill faillily LolIsiderations ahegd of the
pnbiic interrsl vhcu narking apisololumills. Also in
%tldt it sncicty it Is frcgncn'ly 41111y pn14en1 for it
bweaticatt tFo stetniond hiniself with llaaplc wlalrse
llcrstmal ltiyallly Is assurud.
The Swilli Kuwait cidl service ix youthful, and
despite stnnlg; emphasis oo college tilticqtitr11 fur the
higher grolcs, the overall etltrrn ;1'11111 level is richer
lacy. A relilively small inattlier of the civil servants
bold college drKreK No single purilentior gnlnp
dominates the civil st:rvice. ultwagh gridualcs fr+art
Sn arl NiIII llnal linivctaiir s J AW scfunll alelaily tinn
of the high�ntetkllig IX01 in the veolr:d rnin;siries. All
5 -40. dlk4ft Alec rclmn enled.
C. Political' dynamics (C)
^x
Y
1, Characteristics of Kurt-an pulilics
scmlh Kow s, lladillcal sinlelorc is sonoplrx and
i116emntly onstabic. Many of Its forrus; aiad objrclivty
sullerficially mscrnide [hose of Wasirrrt i �ditical
syMenls, htet fundalncalnl Imlitloll:cttiludes are nroted
Ill tin Folder hedtage tllut enlpbaisIV,, personal :tall
horsily lies over Ilse nalIwt;ti irtterc +t. Much of lilt-
fnslabilily lutlf corruption in Korean lwlilical lift..
stems from the contrulictions inherent Ira Illcsc
cvmtentling furuts This sit ualior.. `ui Iecn aggriyated
Ilk. istiPulation prmon, by the ulunalural division of
lUr Iwo :eland brlwec11 two hostile and cvltnpeting
rrgillltw, ant[ by ille neA ill iehuild and ntlrclenliZe a
war sheltered vmriorny.
Tim key elenacnl 411 llir ixllitic:d ,F%lenl is 1 ?c
rnm[ol-lM at for lxtrer, w7r411111,'19111 prestige threaogll
ntaneu and intrigue liv lrrtders who Ilil'r built ap
prrunlid followings for this purpose.. Wilhin This
syslern lx n-to)% tend Ire he Inal fee ttidividnak and
f:letiow �nn[ to ideals nr to jwrlic au the basis of
Immil lido violt-s. As It reYUl1. SiIIitIt Kureini I pool ilic-N ure
a volistant interplay between tarions glo llis will
gloulrs within- grolps. c11111leoging the government's
:althu �ily and siraggiilig anrotgt Cheer selves. [Ureter At
strong leader Ilk(: Ilresideal Na& Cbo ig�bui,
goycrnrtient lends to lieconie authorilarian so Owl
lleslilical stahillly earn Ire rnainioined. Doting tinles of
acak leatfenhip tsoliticad stability deledoralcs ood
govenaucnl lseco mes ineffective.
\alioual awakcuing during till- lmritial ref J:lllarasr
rile, vItImptead litenlcy, atul yci:rs of isrliitleal
etarulc[iliult 'with C' .elmnmoist Xorlh Kowa has IHfllt a cl
frientl and at relative by avirriave of Kiitk Chtaig �r'il.
Tlot--C liter� Usyellicr With a llij'li u�jlotatiun antua)y hiti
fellow officers for and jxrsenial
huneslq. made it IxlM�lilt� for Pak lu appeal to :trid
ret�civ'e lite Ix,lflical lopaftp of it vesp %vide welion of
the Solid; Korean officer corps.
Pak in lij(i3. after t� iimiderable awnrlsvviijig unit
.Inolg pressure fnm U.S. nullturities� natored civili,ul
adrniiiWndiou mud molts wheat %;;s an essentially freq.
elcrlitilt hl 196.1411 Nil ajtaiII is 1967. f it I'}fi'.l he� bell the
constihilion charIgM lu remove the iiinliutiesii O31 the
Presidenl -4�n Inn marts llsan t.sa (cans, atld he was
aR:lin rMecled in 1371- its part of -I sjttYjrirri;
retsrKan�zaliuA of the gotrrnaa'ul the folttrswing prut,
I'u1; lad hiulsclf elret"d for it G veuir lenu b a
llaodpieked WilMe of 2,3i9 rleeton. The ucu�
ctiIrislitillion invorlx,raliug these ch:itagcs glyes 1'ak
virittally sutlirrifte-�d power.
Pa k'. p olititaI vieus tried ar; alo alj;ant U 1 1i% citrls
fai>:iFIVW trtinirtg atsel tralilivaal K eurar; valtu�s
llrllikc� his civilian pled anesxsrs. itt� Isas nevol b een
direelly inflncnec-tl by "u-sleni politic concvpls
While lie publitl% pays lijssenict' 101 dernncrutiv
wineiptes. ink. it rtither austere lxrsun- toed
aalhoriturian in ulstlesuk. i% euncer icd priniarilti n�ill,
the Julies atoll rcwlx �itics of tilizcnahi pool iL.
right, and priciicges. Hecealir;glp. lie Ill n lxiwt l;is
el &11 rule us Prttiidcpot la t'tat of a lllstsici;tu Who uia
leng NIL rctilt 1141 we to rest rib i his (r:itirsit 'for Iltrxikc of
corriplute can� and we"wrp. itad week tattle I;irn (o
>alonit to p ;Iinfol surKrr% rlllhougli intc.t Korean
ha"14 filacl th is txlitat of rice. navel or evell distigaw
witli it. ]ben' i% the danger that pn,lorited and rigid
arse- 13s:ut role Will %tifle Lhe arsrrtsal vealiiag t Ixslitieal
tensionn and frusirutiun., thus rLdlreing the prposlx�cl
for u !xarchsl lattcsfer of piwcr a lcn Pak gixs.
Under Pak's sirong Icadvrship much of the tllrraoil
assttviated with Sonlh KoiFea early pear- has been
arrrivlue Public orrice and Ixlliticuf %taltflils Irate�
1w.en strengthened, helping to laq tilt� fuondizlian far
the xottulrp inlpn'ssite ccuuonlic drerlopuu'ut
during lite 1�16(1 The pricy of pulitictl a:lbilit..
however, h ;is been u furilter meakrrinti; of
rr�ilvewrt lit litic goveru pill lit,
MINA Salatll Kelreaits itplxotr to hate areaystttl till.
It of ixlilleal fne�tl.tirn as nrvvssar} la retain the
elnnorriic pra}(ms. a;:d ntilit4r) %scant. Ih:ti P41k has
drmpoti+lritetl he rm lzn,vitlr. The reginle �s quits�
Isespnlar %i(fi the Militan, who provide f nitittuitr
%oq ill. of ;ntthuril} fl Is least to lhr
iatell._rlwdf anti studeuls. %--ho ury crilleml of i6
n;iiilan orie latioo and vondctpo:; wild Ill,.) laclievr
W lie WidcsIxtad affici;d eurniptftai a l it t1'r use of
1olice %fate luelica.
L, Palifivallurrfirs
SrntlSs K(;M11)1 have had Mlle- sucYess dt'velupilig
Ll'cstrni -style palilic7111 Is:crtirs. Fluept for the
Colitsnunists� u�lus ha btv(I sapjlo�s -.ed since lhc'
early I gYys Ixiriies have Ixtrt unable to build strong
iratitutional true �ifiuus nr juspofar luyallies. None of
the Inljor parlivs l;c% afferec1 t ilt. t'lectarale u real
pulitiru[ cllaicr, since all ]tare IWVFI klsi! -IIIV
ec,riscrealivr. Stralfl;ly aationu 6tic. Mid cetnualittcd to
tile reunification of Korea oil uors�Cnnaoltutiil terreu-
In their jsrograala t �le tuirtit�s loivc aclvcx Itec�
evoinoniic decr1opincut and elt.e lies "Alt till� Unitcx(
States, while renluininx j;enerlllp skcl,lird uljap :al's
intentions lam'urd tIl it ctuuitrp- Thin Itolitical
C l kit's I I oitt have Centered meat fa llp on (bc isslw of ale
"unls" versus late irks:* neither than an policles
of
Iariiirlplc%.
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FIGURE 3. Prime M�njster On Clone -p'll (Cl

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i
Undrr Japanese title. Ixililical p ;nies 4srre h:utntKl.
After liherdinis In 19.13 zif'iic7tl I;mlrrn
prolifeasUxl, but their role i11 nM0011411 life w;is al l thl
Holy itilivrfectly Hnderst(x)d by Iht -5out1 Koreans. liv
Inld -1917 there %vex srurle 40 rccilgiliruble Imlitit 11
urgnni'rutious of VILmiot; 11;rsuasions :Ind sizeh,
Joel dieig I I Ic Si lutII Kore 11 1.41bol (Col nnurs1sl)1'aety
(SKLM �a desecn(l;In1 of the pro- 1915 Korean
C0n1111tmist Pati;�and the Korean Der ltknllic Part}
o foreruurur of the preseilt i\etr IJcoHicrdic Prrls',
Will) III(" natulpic emrption of thr. SK 1_I r1111st of lbcs0
9 anuiunttil Ito little more than pollticsl chills of
provincial 1xililidans, each with Ifl in0gnil{msol
immbtr of F whip were atimeled by regi,lnill,
kinship, or ulhor jwrm oai Iles. In 16. 1t6 National
Asx�rnhly eIMU011s, for example. 6Vf of aII ca Fit IidaIvs
r_at us indepl -ri ants; they Heroouted far user half tic
101 ;41 rnitlllMr o eleeled representatives,
President ithev in December 1051 vi-lablislied ilia
Uliersl Party as a st;stiurwid0 urganirdion t0linlvitie
a ;xlpulur hasp fat the mginsc, Tllis rnovC bll Ihegretfl
tlsaJorilyof 1111W x Ix1 !itit :Ill oppn0ents Ill f o1n tngclhrr
l0 forth the Derimmlie Parly. Any trend lowani fewer
and more 11npadly Iwsed IMlilical ]1Mriie$. however.
wars more apparcnl thu!t re-11, The outolper of inhmr
panics Mull Iodrivildeot iwlitiduns did continue to
drellnc dkring ilia 1950'5, hilt the Iv:a major parties
Ifietnse'.vo failed (0 achieve Imling unity. The Li'
tollolntd when RIlee lust rxlwer fn IWO, In Ilse
cnsoill)l 0hrlivas lite Democrats loon control of ilia
goverHertcnt. hill ilia party s(x1n &ail prey 10 Cl,.tionul
feudisig over Ilse division of slkolls and splil into two
cYtrnlMisii; grumps. A tlurriber of nibior padlvS ;11w
M nx!ry;vd, Ittehl-1irig sev0nd that were leftist orireHed.
After the military coup le 1061, 1mrlics were lkirstmA
until Jarman' Ift3, when the military govcmrrlent
ixnstidnl iltslilic:Il :Ictivily to Imam prcpurNon� iu
the rcYSluhlishnlrnt of dviliarl gutensnsenl.
One of Ilia principal a1)JLLeIivm of Ilse new
government WINS 141 develop a c arid tvva- Ixerl syMcm.
Sleirlgent crmstitistlonal and' legal reeiuisiles were sal
fur Pillitie:d Rallies. To pirvcnl the rnultipiivAlon of
ullrsar parllc5 and xpfinter groups, N nl10111ll
Asseruhlyrncss were ilisuyniragetl fra01 switching patty
allegiants or IKVpIII11t9 iudePelidelils, on pain of
linirig their Aswinbly seal. Anoliter nile dcsigried to
prnnnle iuirly diselliliue specrified 11tat it candidate fir
the National Assembly bud to he a putty Inelidiet
Although thm regulations land lire dcsiQ effeet. of
rrdsi6slg Ilse member of Imitim- -hy 1969 only line
were irgislrred vv1111 the governinvol. anal of these orrly
tun were octively involved irrlx,lltit it conlloelitiori�
party IxdiUts ennlin0eKt Ill f(eux an narrow 1116M.:In
eorarrns rithet ihitn un melional issues
A nvw i'viilieal Party Lilo', enaele d ort29 Derember
IM2. revems d the Km-ILTI lneni's lx)liev of cncour.Iging
till- kdlwtlt of ststalg il;lrlies. ht an effurl to Further
redmv the imoirvai talc of the Aswotbly :Ind Ills
civfli;ln Ix4liticiuns. tl:c Iegal rcg0iramcnts [lot
eslablishing a lxililiml P:irty have lxcn sulislautioliv
eviaxed. To qualify us it lmtty, it grpnp now trust have
load chapters wJlh a illininitigl of 30 tncrnlxrs
041011- -let e4111v aoc -Third esf the c4ulotry% 73 deeltnn
dis:riets. 'file old low Millired a p:1rty to July at IL %SJ
100 ttlamllers each in over half of the t3I electron
el islnets. The new law aIstuIx t in* rule depriving
it leghla(nr of his seal in 11te Assembly if lie ieave.% his
Party- TIM greatcxt blow 1n Cite pariies vile in the
pulttic :d ls"K'05, il0u'evVr, is lire ncsv 0r1rtsiilisti011 :11
provisivil glviag look the power. 03mugh lilt
instilulinn of Ilse 0FIlslitiliiullid (:0nutliltce, la
Ilif'S &C ally Ilarly ;II will.
(1) Mmucratic (Ir.Jlubtlema Party (1)11P) South
K are:t s two twi for ImAie -ii, Pmzidrnt Paks DAP aunt
resembles it imodertl.1xllitival orgonimlinn, 'I'hc I)IIP
wts.urgu0irccl
it] laic 196 by fait's Emig- tithe Ix,litical
t:cttoply of
Tina cial arnl bureanemtie rest)uracs available to file
gWCrnilent Not trlcction tin)c, (;oosmitientiy, talc
\'DP's cllauct�s of gainfiag crasltrol of the goycrm it
are MA goexl. Kim Tae chung. :lee ,INDP s dy iamic
voti ng vaodidate lit .1 lie Fri I presidential mee, Ilan lust
that was popularly cenitesird. cattle chsaesi to
ch:dlrnging Pak's control. Kim Iwllwl 43.3`i or the
vote compawd l(s ii1.1 for Pak. lit the National
Asse)ably eltviioni Ihesame seat, the Demo als seen
Sa of the np 1 seats. When elections for lite Awinbly
were field iu Febman' 1975 tinder [lie new nifcK
establhlied by Pak, hiivewr, lilt- NDP got (silly 52 of
219 w-als pal the rcorgauired Msembly, and fewer luau
one -lhini (if 1iw 1.16 wab filled by ditect Imirular vole.
The NDl', like the gliP, has been plagued by
hilcim factiniial distoutrx, will Ilinver within [lie party
is divider(! :along often Iittcrly congtrtitlyr fraction
ellicls. 1 n the Ulrencr of unity, party policy has hem
sINlonlinatccl to slrugglv5 over pulrNinage and the
stabling of individuals w'ithiu Ilse Marty. It Is not
nnlvunram sit rlecliou time for cauditlatiK of one
faction ti accept the secret ImAing of the gimminwid
in reitim for their inderculting the caudiduey (sf tivstls
particularly :ebfenrrrail to tali regime. For example,
K1111 Tae- (:tacit- did woo. have late Full supixed of lire
patty In IT L-. other influential NDP leaden uLre
cYoucerued Ihal if Kim made a very stmrig showing,
their owlt slandisig within the party es'ould INC
dimittished.
Ile the 1073 Nal!rrnal Asx�mlily clectiias, net NDP
sl)litilea' gniult le(l by YMIg 11- lutag, a arniur faction
cltief, broke from the party to rill its ou tt trLmI elates.
Codling; itaclf [lie Dvinucmlic Unificulimi NtTly
(Mincliu Tong!! Dung) the gmip rlrcled (Filly two
assemhlyui n but cut sIK!iifiml1ldV iota lilt- N'1311''s
untinally Armor supat)rt fit eirhan ureas, u the re-sult
shat pniguvernmenl candidates wort in those urcas,
Snch actluits liver lilt' years have contributed to aM
erosiutt of public rtni`ddcucr ii ills Nor is u viahle
alternative to Puk's government. Of llmse who
cotillime to vote for the \DV. nuirly appear to do so
largely as a grStum. of prow but would have stroni;
sec otid tbougilts abut sulastilulirig its discorehitt
Icadcahill for Pa k's pnie�en roliallilities its a national
leader.
Shin the 197n -73 grvemmeut reorganization, the
NDP's alilily tea ilUdIflain even it se'mhlmum of
in d el)endt -Me has ireeo iw highly doubtful. Under tine
new system if expanded presidential powers Pak
tmiloteltiedly inIeWs for the Now Dentoetats li serve
roily as it loken oplxisit'ron in order to preun'e the
appeartum of rrjmwittativi: prFiecsscs, Tills role is nil
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.l
1G
The mirelr panics, like the two major ones are
predominantly aouscryutive. Their atcrnbership
consists largely of ansucccssful politicians whn for one
Tcasou or another have fuiled to nKike it into either the
DAP or the NDP. Some of these parties and Avir
leaders have the support of lite regime, w hich tries to
s plit rise opllasitiarl vote at elcetiou little. For this
reason they ore frot�tendy realigned by 11w INDP and
have next to no public support, The DUP, the only
rninor p:srly that look hart in the 1973 Assembly
eleciio:ks, received just over 10% of the popular vole
(tend iwu scats), mimp lresl to aloout' r received by the
twv minor panics that partielpated in the �1971
elkctlous.
Before the 1961 military atop there were sevend
minor leftwiM parties, lint onlj� [lie litegrrsmve Party,
led by ex�Cunanunist Chu Pong�am, attr sled enough
popular support to offer any real alternative to the
ruling aucservativew. Tito Procrrssive Part cham-
pioned a kind of "democratic socialism." while
rejecting both communism, and capitalism; it :al tei
proposed lrcaccful unification of North utid Soulh
Korea. Daring IWf the Progressive Party apluaved to
lie gaining antsideesble support, particularly arnemg
studenl5 and urban intellectuals, hot in early ID758
Cho and sevart) Miter party leaders .mere arrested and
charged with violation of line National evority Act.
The lwrty s n1istratims was c:mccled, and Chu was
exectned at lite order of Praxident Rhere.
Following the 11161 mililary camp, the Wowing
patties were broken up, and most of their leaders wvm
jgiled. After the icestuli,lishment of civilian
government in lute 190� tEtes-u adherents who had
esc-rpp.d imprisonment or had been released resoined
polIlical ;tetivitics- The two nr(lst durable of the leftist
groups art'- So Mitl�hcis ;Stases Pertly (Taechuny,
Duttg) and Kim rh'ni's United Sociulixl Party (Tongsa
Pang),
3. Intemt groups
01ganixed premsiri.gnaups have played a relatively
unimprrtarit role in Smith Korean l/olitics. LINIM)r
ustioOS and loosinrw, a+suciatlhts are plentiful lint are
primarily conecrned with winning iollitenm or
kormnlent favor, and um iaftcu directly or;tdirectly
controlled by the government. For crumple, lice bulk
of union mcmisenhip Is controlled by the Fedemiinn
of Koreun Tmde Unim s (FKTU), w�ttm a nificers
support the regime and urc under its direction. The
network of up;rtcedturul voopewtives and ussociutuns
of Cite farmers and fishermen um gas- eninient
operated. The various vMerun gnaups, includitsg 0
mamiye Korean Veterans Assoclution, arc uil subira to
.W t.
It lor
i
'r
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ahlsnrmnt to many 1'cw Drm(eru;ic asse ablymen
however: party thairtnan Yn ChNi-san and his
soptoorlen, for example, are generally thought to
tes to governinent nwnilsulatiun. T he material
rewards cars be substantial for opposilinn iss-
semhlrmcn willing la caper to with the regime, as
']tr are then in a posilion to enjny infloencr awl other
prerogatives of public olficr, and esp ccinlly the
oppunin}ly for personal aggrandizement that is
present in a ,miely where aImost every public servim
has a price.
Tile 11.1.6011111 converitiOn is theoretically the
sutucme llulicyutai.itig organ of !hp tiDP, but in
practice the ctnlrtl shading cimnlitle'c, which is
teaadc op of the ynrioies faction chiefs and their
liculcurants, is the real dcisinurnaking laiady. The
a�
degree of control and influence exercised lay the party
chainnaa detx'ads largely nn itis Iser-wnal following
svntbin the ))tiny. A powerful factiOra leader like I'll
Chin -van, who hct�:anle Partyc in l i te spring of
I973, is able In cxcrc'ise muds greater control in�cr
lsirly affairs than slid his ptedcecssor Kim Ilang�il.
Kira, it contproniis< choice for Fite Job. had bLen
r
tsle'ketf by 11 10 lla ftL' 1HmV.`S t >feClSely lX"e lie Euekocl
t%
an independent power base.
t�
Al the itical Ievcl, the NDP, like the DHP, has it
chapter in each elecllors district� but necvuse of the
sparsity of funds av;sdable to the nppnsitinn niauy
6
chaptem exist It name Only betweett elections. The
\Di' has ilrpaended sal donations from wealthy
supporters, membership fees front the party's
avwnifilymen, sand money misud by ils local chapters,
Many of those seiarces have 11cen en eff or
suloslantially rcdu"I by Pat's security 111011412
through intimidation and other means, and the puny
Is becoming increasingly dependent on moneyallotled
it through scab rasa channek by the regime.
(3) i norp arks� President Pok's nusgani7ration o
the poliiieal system has nunle the outlook uncertain
For it number of splinter groups that legally qualify its
parties but Lek true national standing. These range
z
front the cvaserviative. IA)ez al Pa rty �a remnant of
#)bees unce�pxwerfal urganixation. �to the mildly
l+i
leftist Xlasscs Party. The acw�e5t of the group) is the
ihmocrutic Unification Party (DUI'), which split off
.l
front the A1DP to cvntcit the 1973 Assembly elections
as an indepritdent part k. Sri me gmups,.like the DU P.
natty he encrnsraged by the wgisne to llcemne more
h, s
nWve as a result of Pok's desire to undercut cite
i
Influence of the major parties. Oihers may vanish
i
completely, if Fur naother wawa than Iheageof their
i
6 aders.
.l
1G
The mirelr panics, like the two major ones are
predominantly aouscryutive. Their atcrnbership
consists largely of ansucccssful politicians whn for one
Tcasou or another have fuiled to nKike it into either the
DAP or the NDP. Some of these parties and Avir
leaders have the support of lite regime, w hich tries to
s plit rise opllasitiarl vote at elcetiou little. For this
reason they ore frot�tendy realigned by 11w INDP and
have next to no public support, The DUP, the only
rninor p:srly that look hart in the 1973 Assembly
eleciio:ks, received just over 10% of the popular vole
(tend iwu scats), mimp lresl to aloout' r received by the
twv minor panics that partielpated in the �1971
elkctlous.
Before the 1961 military atop there were sevend
minor leftwiM parties, lint onlj� [lie litegrrsmve Party,
led by ex�Cunanunist Chu Pong�am, attr sled enough
popular support to offer any real alternative to the
ruling aucservativew. Tito Procrrssive Part cham-
pioned a kind of "democratic socialism." while
rejecting both communism, and capitalism; it :al tei
proposed lrcaccful unification of North utid Soulh
Korea. Daring IWf the Progressive Party apluaved to
lie gaining antsideesble support, particularly arnemg
studenl5 and urban intellectuals, hot in early ID758
Cho and sevart) Miter party leaders .mere arrested and
charged with violation of line National evority Act.
The lwrty s n1istratims was c:mccled, and Chu was
exectned at lite order of Praxident Rhere.
Following the 11161 mililary camp, the Wowing
patties were broken up, and most of their leaders wvm
jgiled. After the icestuli,lishment of civilian
government in lute 190� tEtes-u adherents who had
esc-rpp.d imprisonment or had been released resoined
polIlical ;tetivitics- The two nr(lst durable of the leftist
groups art'- So Mitl�hcis ;Stases Pertly (Taechuny,
Duttg) and Kim rh'ni's United Sociulixl Party (Tongsa
Pang),
3. Intemt groups
01ganixed premsiri.gnaups have played a relatively
unimprrtarit role in Smith Korean l/olitics. LINIM)r
ustioOS and loosinrw, a+suciatlhts are plentiful lint are
primarily conecrned with winning iollitenm or
kormnlent favor, and um iaftcu directly or;tdirectly
controlled by the government. For crumple, lice bulk
of union mcmisenhip Is controlled by the Fedemiinn
of Koreun Tmde Unim s (FKTU), w�ttm a nificers
support the regime and urc under its direction. The
network of up;rtcedturul voopewtives and ussociutuns
of Cite farmers and fishermen um gas- eninient
operated. The various vMerun gnaups, includitsg 0
mamiye Korean Veterans Assoclution, arc uil subira to
.W t.
It lor
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some dcgrei of government domio:+iivn, 11auy such
orgoniuiliom rccrive sorne budgetary suplx)it frill,,
the
rrginlc, Will llocy are often rnanipuhtcaE for
ltulilical purplisest none has played u major tole in
lxilitical life.
'Cite sUulenls ore the Major curpton to the usual
lsaitern of government doenivalion. Willi a pruud
ir.Idition of oplx �iltnu to Japanese rule, attd r>:adly as
a result of the tradilion it[ respect for the c4hwalcd
lkfmill. South Korean students toad lit w. divinselvcs
as the rtatio. s political rtnncience, Students
detuomlrtted lheir lteoarr In 1%. 0 Miele sltonlattcous
deenonslrttions ley thouc:iuds of Iligll school and
arllvgc youths sr>arkc�tl the ouster of the lallering Mee
regime. Volaliie, and torten salliicVt to diverse lwlitital
munipulalion. lite students lnavc ixxn a source of
concern and irrilalion Ito eachsuctirctlinggtivereanieett.
'rile erttacrlllrttian of some f15 cYtlleles and other
iuslitulitms of higher Ieanling in Seoul makos the
Capital it rtilliti"I rtouder keg, A few of th ine schools
are operated by the government. and all art- subject ter
saute dcgrrc of official control. bat alnust all Ituve it
la,d�lion of politital opriosillou and citt ieiim �the
}rrc+liglnus 3ceml 'uliu:uif 13ttiycrsih being it csc ill
pninl. Thu stutfcnl lh,tdles of the elite private
univemilles in Sruul� Run;a. Yonse (Yousei), Sugiing.
and Kvvha (the lust u tvtstrl^ti sinstitutiun? atoll tukeie
ktren Intrust rat national affuim Although Ihcre is no
all- crubracing Korean student organirutlun, there is
aonununirotiou wad liaison bel.weert groults on the
different c;rinptrses,
The ptrofesusn arid ratellrctuals, hanllr less Critical
of government titan the �ludents, tsuikr up another
loose 1rmitrc group. Their loflurttce acid senlintcists
extend to students, neuslturtcr readers, and radio
audiencct:. The formally organivvit editealrnnal
a.utciatious, houvver, have fur the truiat lxrn
discreet- and have avoided involvement in lmilitics.
Front time to time kite gavenimew has suspected
that differenl religious groups have ]veto involved lit
Nilitlex. Buddhist effuits to innut -mv flu gavettlmenh
have Ix-en limited 14) seeking preference in the
setliement of pntleerty dispti;rs, Tlae Gltrisltaas are a
l.`. more lxdilit city rxrtent force, but set far any political
action assoclaled with. the Churches has largely lxril
conducted by lite leaders us individuuls not by tits
membership of church gtineps us a.whule.
4. Electoral laws and practices
Tine Soulli Koreans �Bloat u. high role of voter
pltrlitilm6no In ctectotts. Ira lite first gencrsl elections
a11er indepettdcttee. Q% of 11su a eligible registered,
Mid 904 of abuse wlift registered voted. Although the
voting rile has decreased somewhat in haaore rccrnl
elections. A hits aniltailed to lie generally high. Viler
Itarlicilmliote In Lite 19+1 presidential clectiou �the
last title let wthicli the President was popularly
elc'rlL41- �-1,11;ts Itno +1 80rr. The large Inittnut of valets,
91.05 for the I972 WilituMl rcfcrcltal111tt charlging the
cioiWitisti In glvc the PreMdent vitUutlly unlimited
pullers vcas on l y partially [die result of govenowen}
premurc to dclnunstrale popular suplxtrt for the
:uarutlencrit. Toting rates in the countryside arc
gencriliy higher di:ut those ill lite cities, and mall
voters are ,,sore likely to suppnri lite group he lxtu�er.
fn the 1973 tialiomd Amennhly election hold
under stew rules eslahllshrd follnwing lire 1972
revision of the roastilotiort� rih.9% of 13,690,131)
eligible voters elml leallols, cianpared to 72.8`1 in the
1971 Asscnihly elections. Lex:d voting r les itt 1913
tiller tcndell ko folios� the 197 r }uhtrcm. lit 5iYOU1, a�hrre
lxolitical intcnxt stns high lint the governineut's
ability lit get oul' the vote is linn�ted, the rile was 6M.
the sumc as in 1971. The greatest change oKvioud al
Pus:ui, the nations second Inrgrst city, whet. the rule
W us'i0.3So down alrnsst 2 from 1 971. In the rural
areas the IM3 vuling rule also icudcd to adhere Ito
established p:ittertts. Kangwon -do," vllcre lite large
military vote is easitF ntauuged by the govcmnuval,
hall the highest note of volcr paificipaliim- 80.751 t
the lowest was Kyouggi du, u�laerr 7.1.4% voted.
Under [lie rcvisLiui wrlfure program Isus been developed. formers
20
and Flshernun have horn granted govenaacnt loads to
liclilidute their usurious delils, and a wtirkrrleh'b
arrnlicnsalion law lists hee cnacttrl, None of these
3twasures has proved witiple[ely saeerasful, however.
Iscti:tuse of the Ia of adequate financiul resoiirres.
711e gUrernrraera[ -c ards econo develupaivitt a
high priorit and is tinderi;t iuclustrial nandemixa-
tion and leade liberalization on [lie Isasis of funr3 -year
plans cuvedng till! period 1962 -81. isa:luding tilt
current Third rive Year Plan litat etids lit 1976. 'rise
first Plao cnierntrticd on strrngthcning lite c(Ml as,d
clectricul iadusttics. lrunspurtntinn, lalrrnnuutenicvi-
lions, and sviec[Ld lit rl till riCS such its oil, cmateut, and
steel whose dtrlprovemenl would mmilt in lmjxort
s;tvirKs. and agricnitisre and fisheries. 'Huse goals
vs t re largely achieved. distille a naaactary stahiliv i-
lion .prognim that tcrnlwruily slowed tiuwn economic
gnssvlh, The Second Five Year Plan raltvd for it
;MoLlier of rnuftipurptise dams, deyefnliuornt of the
1 011 alai Petnmliesaical Industries, a simlonnl
develapmrnt progmrir, it lnug�terin electric lxrsvct
reffill -l's development program. and :art Incre,tw- in
104 priduction tender a 7-year agriculluse and
fortslry prograiu that l wgan in lw). go;els of the
Snvmd hive year Mail Aso were achieved, and scrrne
sere overfulfilled. Faved with a slowdown in
rcrisoaaic gmsvlls in the Cady 1974's. the 'Third Five
Year Plan sets more incxlcxl goali, lent the cimshlemble
iteiprivernent in the agricultitral secinr and the
ctintimied industrial develujuncit cnvimiged in the
111au appear to be acas�evahlc.
The govemuteitf s cicienoimltinn to pmnsutccxtsorts
is all Imixadant elcnseut in econoanic poli This is
tufts has led [o Ilse adoptisia of u Routing exchange
rite cedifieate s }31crn. it trade lib ei;nUmlion progrirn,
and a reformaticna of the credit structure, white
asnluining prices and limiting %peculullon,
Despite dto cxisi of an extensive private secdor,
the govcruincnt Is idtr decisive Influence in [lie
cnunouny; with grratcst control exercised through
complete uwnerslotp q majority prsutlons lit fimtntiul
Iistilutions, The Ruycrnsnctit also Owns Utilities and
many ritttiprises producing Ixlsic gotiih. In many
cases Ilse ownership is lumed over la private interests
when :air Indu =is well eslatslished. Foreign
ias,esllntnt is enasrrraged by tax conceminns,
unrestricted equity participation, rcjsatriallon of
profits, and mow.lury slubitity.
At first lite ose7dl perforrel4jisee Of Il,e ccossoiny v
uneven, but sitiee IM the rate of gmwlb has been
inipressivenut enly In industrial production but also in
CNP, exports, and imports.
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2. Famign
The ulliaurte objective of the ygoverm11enl's foreign
11001I M' is the :(vhievemet(t of a united Korea under
Scott]'% asnlnd, secure from any lhrrat of seizure tit
dumilnation try Ili larger lieighltnr to the north or
JUIMU lu the rant. [a pursuit of This ge11enrl objective.
SO UIll Kurran govcmnecuts Bove fur over hvo 410V s
nlainlaiaed a strong unti- Conuntrmist lutsture,
s(gtl>tirttil 111t U.N. furnuda for Korean'uaifiL:ction,
soaFhl admission to [lie United Nations. Islaved a
Itrendunr on (-lose and fricudly ties with the Unitc-d
States. L ,t South Korrantf, rrgardfcss of dommtie Ixrlitical
d i f fm mm".
Thr hintilit dirt hax exlsteel betwevit Sriuth and
itiurtlr Ko Ie11 tl i rou gh roul the 110111war en( h:LS Iseen lilt'
central factor in alt ;ytiFlg, Se ouhe foreign rrlatiaas, Fear
of North Korrau aggrr;.)iun has 1wen the majur masam
fur yieexd to ru;tintain a large defeersr tsiablishnicai.
aith n)nrc thin WX),000 Inert ander arms, and for
virluully all of the arttidarnummist and unlisulver-
sion hims on lilt l000ks, All cYtulucts by prevule cilimm
with North Koreans are forlridde11; 11(ew lmpu a n ao
direct movement of uutil, rnmeucscr. or persons
I)ehvern the two halves (at tilt ceuntrt. Until m- ently
communieallutu have Deem limited almost ext p5lvely
In lite oreltestnitiun of rival propaganda vampaignc
as:crliug their msliec[ive claims to lie the rightful
govcrnu(tnt of all Xorea while tlenigraling the
legitimacy of Ilse tither. lnlenlaliouulle, the twit lt:tvc
engaged In till endless bultle of ont upnurns!(ip for
international romognition, a uornlxlition In Which
Scuul's itlul is,_witlily Illimm'iag.
These policies arc now undergoing eonsiderrble
mo tlifiealion as loth Srend and P'yang }zing respirnd to
the developing detente in Fast-West mhstions. In
August 1971. Scald prtIwstLd talks betwcrr( lire R(A
CTass orgunilatiuns of the two rouutrim Fur the
pitrpxsxe of bringing loge ber families that had Omen
separated by lite Koreain war. 1
aceeptrl. The subsetintut naeeIlli gs provided out
opp artreni[ for confidential d1wUmian that led to the
tctaltlislrment in July 1972 of u MAli -levci joint
eetutmitive to work for the reunilk-0ion of Numa.
The willingness to rater a dialog hiis not carne easily
for .titcr &Ltiul or P'y and it is unlikely that
cllher foresees uny litndbilily of meaningful pntgmss
toward unification except in such mlutivcly
uncrrlrovcrsial areas a(s lrumalrl[uriuu, cultural, uud
ccouti nit: cooper lion. ,Nouctlidess. Imlh ,files
prolmloly 1nlicst lilt have a ecslc'el irderest ill
Iurpetcratiny the dialog as it rmeau-, of furthering
pxditita: uhjeclives that are frmdnmcrttally eu7rlwti-
live ur:tl incnml>lible.
President Puk miiagnbx that the North Koreans.
ufler 20 vcars of failure to make any arppfed (11-111
In &owl's I-.(alilic:d araaor 1st vinicnt means, :u(�
iHii -WVd in using tilt di ;rlog priruarily ;(sun alternate
avenue for achieving a united KOFra uuder
Communist rite. Pak ltrlievc-s, however, 11440 it Is of
pgrenter concern that Seoul involve P yortgyzeng In it
-.veil of rel:ilinushitts lla(l -.vill srn'c us I t elettsrenl In
mieaed North Komin agym- inn n�:rinsl lilt' South
oucr the Americans have le ft Komi. E-lits in nxxal
scan �the Nixon Doctrine, the Sint U.S. (Iclente, and
pekirt s 1-ntry into lire United Nutinus�have
ciinviamd Pak mid atany other Koreans that Seoul
cannot indefinite rualiu(ee lu count as the United
Slates for its winity and the defense Of Ns other
interests. F urlhenunrc,:dl Kan;urs north and south lire
ne:alcly aware of their aaaalry's tragic lfislon of
sulterrdiaallaa to huger and mar(� lser(ycaful etc ighlim rs,
and it is likely that bolh Smul and P'yugg }zing have
clause ter,-ex direct line of exauaunie:etiuu;es one V%A%
Of foreslallil ;g mu great power effort tit dMi(le
Kole i s future.
%Ylljle tlic South KOrton-. IIn(-.� f0feMY' the day when
U.S. fare. in Komi s +ill he withdrawn, lire
Ina�uleuance of close ftendly relations with
WiLdiingtou continues In lee the keystone of S s ials
Koff .6. foreign liolie_ -v (Figure 5). Since the division of
the Kuwait Pcssinsnlu at the ednw of Wafl(l War 11,
Seoul has relied heavily an li te Uniled St;sles for
mjtjtairy security uud Ct011Mnic axsistaaKr. U.S.
mmornic alai Is being gridwelly phaWd uud us the
Korean mmomy lteccomes stronger. but uim-'s tat
Arstcrican; markets and insc%trnent capital remains
vital (u the nation's anilinued mrnomic growth.
Sanrth Korean policymakers alit sec rill ameptable
altemulive to court ilmd r0imice On tite United Stales
for the military aid which the South nrfcsl have to
nudritaits military parity with tier North. Tile Isasle
U.S. cool"Illoteul 11) the tlefense of South Korea is
a11ta�11e41 All ilea Mutnul Defense I'maty, wiliche
beca tffectwt tin 17 Novemher IVA. Usher
bilaierd agnentients include tilt Stales of forces
Agreement Agned till 9 july Mi; the Treaty of
Friendship, Cumni mv, and Navigation: signal 28
November 195(�: and urnengmiwitts for the else of
uloinit energy for peuceful purposes.
The dechiOn of the ROK Owen) ment to disputell a
Form tit wine 50.(0[1 "ream 111 Victnuu (vas
21
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FIGURE 5. Pak Chonp�twi and wile visit
Presidlmt oad Mrs. Mixon in Catilando
M 1969 (U /CU)
t
3
1
a�
f:
Y-
i.
snpinlslt'd llm n larks m :l jurity OF SM111) Knreall 'l'IIV
IWJiVVv(l Illis :ac'liuo would Math .ilPfigllli'll tilt- U-S,
csiminitllsetit lac Snuck Kowa Will IIFIlVitIt' lift
opl>tlrtu:Iit} (al Ix'nefil from Ilse "ar.
The 1 of the .t� faro' +In i t retn if keel U S ill Kowa Is}
\t ;trrlt 197.3 after mxr i vtarn sc'n�ier in SOtllis
IctII rj II :ii;uIf- 61,
fire cnle'rgt -IIc of jap;let ill n -CV11l ream Ws (Illy of III"
�tlrt'Ignsl rttiuuunir lltamer. ill Ills- swild has Ivil St�nal
Ilk actnrtl high priuril tip nannalirint; rVIIIH1111s tt'illl
1'410. Thv v.smbli +Intuit of fall dirbln:ltir relations
in 1867) olient�a! lily sad fur lrWlk injtti'limn Of
jalkllll�a'retllllllllir;titl- %lipteover. ill 11tvvivtl I11 m)llly
J.
FIGURE h ROK troops tayvo South Vlernosn (IJjOUI
Sautka Knrvan l)1WUIw1% lilt.� jalulnem. t�trslieuny Im-A
rrachrd it lsllhll u't tli va lupuirut that Mill rNatllr Sotltll
lianr:l to takt' Over thr mil slltall-
,vale miumiut�r ti1111d% iudll} tries. With J alklll N11111 ping
Snlllll Knrc c the utcteusn ImpiRd 111w%tnlenl aad
l)lanle A cnutinuing 11ni11t of volllvnlion i% the
intImIlkl cr in liudr Ise'twet'II till' tMU c�Ilnntri(.N. ashiclt
WOUl i. Iry9ag to alla�el h' urKitlg J-1 111 rrlus
fvyllictlons lll:lt limit tilt nmrl ct for Smltle Korvaii
-)rr>:im- lssre.11tu +lsl and 111141
lies ;Iry 1111mitc)"I. Will Jaluilltse htoiuc -slncn 114m.
Ix�t'st tiubjrckti in onres,. 1 ;lscs. 'Ells yutrnunv is
parlicltlnrly c�Ilstuermied over Japans rebliornhill m 111
Mirth Korea. Although tilvlul is ptt%k%"l that 'l�(Fkyi)
�harn they lend to
identify as another divided MoPle Los u sytnlrol of
geogmphy have teldsol the lioscuus info u tight uuold
of one ruce� language, and colturc. Thus Koren has
S,>+etb Kaieu's camltlg of age inlcrnutionully.
SM )III- lilts in 'lie P+csl cseherrc rrlatirnts With
largely --Ptd trite racial, lint;ciislie, and Miginus
conflicl that fmcli,eutly a ffiict
G m"I' ntlist rt'uaIdes ilcretofrire, the 506111 ekes
more c ll verse socicties.
In South Komtt a Confucian network of close family
refused to mailtiain diplentatle relations with
lies still Provides the luisis for to degrvc of sc ,cia l
governnkenls shut rcelog due 111c North Korean ginle.
altitnugh _xceptions for
stability, despite the great ,..�h;i Iges iu mK`icty during
'!'fits
s
Were made comulur relatiuns
will'" liic adsnlntages seemed ove rridin g.
recent deeades. rigid %truclum of traditional
se>L$ely. however, has aim) ehanucled the Kurc,1113
Seoul's utlilude hay gn>wn ernsiderably snore
fiexibile, hnwcltcr, rcflecticg the clamping imliti:ul
notbolrul olati]il Ir111+ Irebavior Pu!lenss that are
OAPrmwd lint only by otlti>nrFt5
r
silunligrl iu East Asia, to a mujor'foreign pnlich`
of Un ge r. re bellisu, s-
ncss, and cruelly hut' also by vinlent upPosirion 'o
stuter"C" in June 1573, President Pak b>mal v
Ihose in you or,
opener) the dex>r to reiutioric with all muntries, 6011ing
Politicrl.stubilk' Is affected In olh wa ys b the
ill Funicular for Cntnmunisl nations to reciprocate,
Scnul's leudersate now
ccunlry's Confucian herftap,.. The ctncepl of a loyal
ea;cr toestui>Ilsh dlpinmalleas
well as economic and cu, r iurl n +lulinrks with
+>Pru+iliorl is dlffic'uh for Koreans to aexcPt, given the
traditional view of s,xiety us an extended Family noted
;z
governments, that rer+grtim P'yong`ung. Tnivard'thN
end: Se is also seeking. Privately to
over by u beltevolent lrslriamh. 711- is u decided
u�:,dvantage in
establish u
Political dialog will, both Mm-) itnd Peking, ant' is
a nation undergoing the stresses of
axial, Politictll, and ccorromieAunge.
i
seck(ng the stipporl of its uilles in itiltiating crintacts,
National issues
lent! to loo resolved by lets of force rather than on
As lsltN of this cltungc in fomigu Policy. S