NUCLEAR PROGRAMS OF EASTERN EUROPE

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• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2022
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• Case Number: F-2016-01084
• Publication Date: July 1, 1979

National
Foreign
Assessment
Center
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-Iftreivinveeeptribtev�
Nuclear Programs
of Eastern Europe
An Intelligence Assessment
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July 1979
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National
Foreign
Assessment
Center
Nuclear Programs
of Eastern Europe
An Intelligence Assessment
Information available as of! March 1979 has been used
in the preparation of this report.
The author of this paper is
Nuclear Energy Division, Office orScientific
Intelligence. Comments and queries are welcome
and should be directed to the author on
This paper has been coordinated with owi, OCR, OSR,
OPA, DDO, OGCR, and 01A.
The supporting references are identified in a list
published separately, are available to authorized
persons, and may be obtained from the originating
office through regular channels
Requests for the references showa inciune tne
publication number and date of this report.
.;
s*..;SesktI.
SI 79-10050
July 1979
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NOIVRIY NOCONTRA
Table 1
Summary of East European
Nuclear Program Elements and Policies
Number, purpose,
and status of reac-
tors (OP, oper-
ational; UC, under
construction; P.
planned)
Albania Bulgaria
1 suspected 1 research,
research re- 5 power (4
actor OP, 1 UC)
Czecho-
slovakia
East.
Germany
Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia
4 research,
2 research,
9 research,
6 research,
3 research,
3 research, 3
19 power (2
13 power (5
(6 zero-
3 power (2
5 power (all
power (1 UC,
OP, 6 UC,
lop, I shut
down)
� OP, 8 UC)
power), 6
power (4
UC, 2 P)
UC, I P)
P)
2P)
11
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'or RN RN 1VOCONTRACT-
Nuclear Programs
of Eastern Europe
Key Judgments
Status of Technology
The elements of nuclear technology in Eastern Europe range from the
modest research reactor suspected to be in Albania to the nuclear
components manufactured in the other.countries. Czechoslovakia has the
Most highly developed program; by 1980 it will be able to build entire
reactors without Soviet assistance and will begin providing technical
assistance to other East European countries. (Table 1 summarizes the status
of East European nuclear programs.)
Power Generation
All the East European countries except Albania have received major nuclear
technology from the USSR and have nuclear power plants in operation,
under construction, or planned. Yugoslavia and Romania also have acquired
significant Western technology and appear interested in using more in their
current programs.
The East European countries have set several goals under agreements signed
in 1978 as members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(cEmA). One goal is rapid construction of nuclear power stations. Another is
production of specialized reactor components to support development of the
new Soviet-designed reactor (the VVER-1000) for the East European
countries and possibly for Soviet export. Each signatory will have specified
obligations supporting the VVER-1000 program.
East Europeans see nuclear energy as the long-term solution to their energy
problems�for example, the blackouts caused by infrequent but serious
shortages. Unlike some Western areas, Eastern Europe shows no evidence of
reexamining or changing its nuclear goals. By the end of 1979, nuclear
power will produce 3 to 4 percent of the electricity in Eastern Europe from
an installed capacity of 4,470 megawatts (MW).
All spent fuel from East European reactors will be sent to the Soviet Union,
except for the Yugoslav Krsco fuel (to be stored at Krsco) and the CANDU
fuel from Romanian reactors.
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-70111111tN NOCONTR.1CT
(b)(3)
Contents
Page
KEY JUDGMENTS
SUMMARY
1
Albanian Nuclear Program
5
Bulgarian Nuclear Program
5
5
(b)(1)
Power
5
6
(b)(1)
6
Czechoslovak Nuclear Program
6
7
(b)(1)
Power
8
10
(b)(1)
11
East German Nuclear Program
11
11
(b)(1)
Power
12
12
(b)(1)
13
Hungarian Nuclear Program
13
14
(b)(1)
Power
14
15
(b)(1)
16
Polish Nuclear Program
16
16
(b)(1)
Power
17
17
(b)(1)
17
Romanian Nuclear Program
18
18
(b)(1)
Power
19
20
(b)(1)
20
21
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(b)(3)
(b)(1)
(b)(1)
(b)(1)
(b)(1)
NOFORN-NOCONTRACT
Yugoslav
Nuclear Program
21
Power
22
23
24
Figures
Figure 1. The Czechoslovak Nuclear Organization 7
Figure 2. The East German Nuclear Organization 12
Tables
Table 1. Summary of East European Nuclear Program Elements and
Policies
Table 2. Nuclear Reactors in Bulgaria 6
Table 3. Nuclear Reactors in Czechoslovakia. 9
Table 4. 10
Table 5. Nuclear Reactors in East Germany 13
Table 6. 14
Table 7. Nuclear Reactors in Hungary 15
Table 8. Nuclear Reactors in Poland 18
Table 9. Nuclear Reactors in Romania 21
Table 10. Nuclear Reactors in Yugoslvia 24
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NUtuKtv-ivOCONTRACT-
(b)(3)
Nuclear Programs
of Eastern Europe
Summary
All of the nuclear energy programs of the East
European countries were developed with Soviet assis-
tance. This assistance began in 1949 with the creation
of the Council for Mutual and Economic Assistance,
which was formed to foster economic development
among the member countries (Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, and the Soviet Union). Albania subse-
quently dropped out and has not participated in the
work since 1961. Yugoslavia is not a full member of
CEMA, but it does belong to the two open organizations,
INTERATOMINSTRUMENT and INTERATOMENERGO. In
1955 and 1956 a series of bilateral agreements were
signed with the USSR in which the Soviets pledged
assistance in nuclear research to Czechoslovakia,
Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, and
Bulgaria. The principal facilities provided by the
Soviets were two light water�moderated research
reactors (VVR-S and IRT-1000), the VVER-440
reactor (a 440�megawatt electrical [MWe] pressur-
ized-water reactor [pwR]), and the enriched uranium
fuel for these reactors
At its annual meeting in 1978, CEMA indicated that the
main goal of its energy programs would be the rapid
construction of nuclear power stations and the produc-
tion of specialized reactor components. There is to be
special emphasis on the, design and construction of the
VVER-1000, a Soviet-designed 1,000-MWe PWR that
is to replace the VVER-440 as the standard Soviet
reactor for export to the CEMA members about the mid-
1980s.
In addition to the participation in research on the
VVER-1000 reactor, each CEMA member has the
responsibility of specializing in the production of
certain components and auxiliary equipment for cur-
rent reactors: Czechoslovakia is responsible for the
production of VVER-440 reactors, steam generators,
pressurizers, and turbines. Hungary is responsible for
the production of water-treatment equipment, pumps,
generator armatures, repair and mounting machines,
1
cranes, and Videoton R-10 minicomputers.' Bulgaria is
responsible for the production of hermetic doors,
Poland for the production of steam generators and
accumulators, and East Germany for the production of
radiation detectors. instruments, and voltage regula-
tors.
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
To coordinate research efforts in the various CEMA
countries, three organizations have been formed�
INTERATOMINSTRUMENT, INTERATOMENERGO, and the
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (.11NR).
INTERATOMINSTRUMENT was formed in Warsaw for
standardization of measuring equipment and instru-
ments. INTERATOMENERGO was formed in Moscow for
coordination of the specialized production of nuclear
components; it is the ordering contractor for nuclear
power plants to be built in the CEMA countries after
1980. JINR was established in 1955 at Dubna in the
USSR to provide advanced trainin2 and research
facilities for the CEMA countries. (b)(3)
All the East European countries except Albania have
an interest in nuclear power and have nuclear power
stations either in operation, under construction, or
planned. Yugoslavia and Romania appear to be
interested in developing their nuclear programs using
Western technology. The other East European coun-
tries (except Albania) appear dedicated to Soviet
technology for their nuclear programs
Albania has the least developed nuclear energy pro-
gram in Eastern Europe. Albania has not decided to
develop nuclear power and will continue to depend on
petroleum for'a large part of its energy requirements.
The Albanian nuclear research program emphasizes
the use of radioisotopes in support of oil drilling and
exploitation.
'These computers have been used for control at reactor sites, mass
spectrography, software development, automated plasma measure-
ments, high-energy research, and isotopeanalysis.
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The Bulgarian nuclear program is also very small and,
is heavily dependent on the Soviets. Bulgaria has only a
modest nuclear research program, based on a single
Soviet-supplied research reactor. Bulgaria's first nu-
clear power station, on the Danube River near
Kozloduy, will contain four VVER-440 reactors and a
VVER-I000 when it is completed in the mid-1980s.
4Theltst Iwo reactors.began43peratingin 1974 and
1975. � . :��
Czechoslovakia- has the most. highly. developed nuclear
program in Eastern.Europe; including a broad-based
research program in reactor and fuel-cycle technology,
a large nuclear power program, and a well-developed
nuclear industry..Czechoslovakias first .nuclear power
reactor�the 1-50,MWe, heavy water-moderated A-1
at Jaslovske Bohunice,--began operating in 1973. It
believed that this reactorhas.been shat:down as a
consequence Of several nuclear incidents at the reactor
between :1.975 and.,197.7.-,Atone time Czechoslovakia
planned.:to baseits nuclear power program on such
heavy;witer,reactors.,but-beCaue of significant
problems with the Ai-.1; Czechoslovakia currently is
basing its nuclearprogram on Soviet-,designed PWRS.
The Czechosloyaks:plan. to haVe,I3.V.VER-440 reac-
tors and.four VVER4000areactots.operating by 1990,
with the first two VVER-400 reactors,Coming into
operation in 1979. if the reactors now under construc-
tion and in the planning stage are completed on �
sefiedule,4.(lee'hOMOvalcia will have 6,270 MW of
nuclear'7ele.etrie.iendia'fing.citY b'1 990
By.1.980, when:newland expanded,industrial facilities
are completed;.Cze.choslovakia willtbe:able to build
PWRs:without Soviet help:and.willista:tt,to supplement
the USSR in supplying cEmA,countries;..and possibly
Yugoslavia, with nuclear reactors and other compo-
nents Furthermore, dietlidslOvaida ddeyelopini: its
oVn.fuel 6ic1e�capabil0
East Germany-hasian4iitipreSsive-nhc1earprokram that
is only slightly less developed than Czechoslovakia's.
Also, East Germany was the first country in Eastern
Europe outside the USSR to operate a nuclear power
station. When the Lubrnin nuclear power station is
completed in about 1985, it will be one of the largest in
Eastern Europe, consisting of eight reactors with a
total electrical capacity between 3,520 and 4,640 MW.
Hungary has a small nuclear research program based
on six zero-power reactors. and two other small
research reactors. The-former/are used ito:support....:�
research on the VVER-440 and VVER-1000 reactors,
and the latterare devoted mainly to the production of
radioisotopes for use in research, medicine, and indus-
try. Nuclear power will not become a part of the
Hungarian energy program until about 1980; when the
first VVER-440 unit at the Palcs nuclear power station
is expected to become operational. The Paks nuclear
power station originally was planned for' operation in
1975, but because of economic conditions in the
country, the government decided to delay it for five
years.
Poland has a modest nuclear program that, like
Albania's,is devoted mostly to the production of
radioisotopes. Because of Poland's abundant cheap
fossil fuels, it did not decide to build a nuclear power
station until 1974, when it ordered a station from the
USSR. Construction of this station has not yet begun.
This station ultimately will comprise two VVER-440s
and a VVER-1000 reactor. It is doubtful that any of
these reactors will be operational before. the mid-
1980s. Although there is no evidence of a nuclear
weapons program, there is evidence of research and
development in high explosives. The explosives are
used in Polish fusion experiments to generate neutrons.
� Romania was the first East. European country that
appeared to be interested in utilizing Western technol-
ogy for its nuclear energy program. However, because
of Soviet pressure, the Romanians reached anlagree-.
ment in 1970 for the construction of two Soviet VVER-
440 reactors. near Pitesti to be-operational by.theaearly
1980s. Romanian. plans- subsequently. called for .the' �
construction of only.oneSpvietreactor. The,Roma,.. -
nians were insisting that the Soviet' reacto
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NL
More recently, Romania and Canada have come to an
agreement. Several years of negotiations were re-
warded in March 1978 when the two countries agreed
to include both fixed and escalated clauses in a
contract for four CANDU reactors. In December 1978,
Canadian and Romanian banks agreed on a $1 billion
loan to finance the reactors. The Romanians are
hoping construction of the first CANDU can start by
1980, with an expected operational date about 1986 for
that reactor and about 1988 or 1989 for the second
Yugoslavia is the second East European country to be
interested in acquiring Western technology for its
nuclear power program. Yugoslavia has purchased a
632-MWe Westinghouse pressurized water reactor.
This nuclear power station is near Krsko and is
expected to become operational in mid-1980
The Yugoslays have encountered several construction
problems at the Krsko nuclear power station and
consider the pace of construction to be too slow. As a
result, they have indicated that they will give greater
consideration to French, Japanese, and West German
bids for Yugoslavia's second nuclear power station.
The Yugoslays have attempted to pressure Westing-
house to speed up construction at Krsko by mentioning
that they were close to negotiating a deal to purchase
nine CANDU reactors. Although this may have been a
move only to pressure Westinghouse, Yugoslavia's
uranium deposits would make CANDU reactors a logical
choice to achieve nuclear independence
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Nuclear Programs
of Eastern Europe
Albanian Nuclear Program
Albania's nuclear energy program is the least devel-
oped in Eastern Europe and deals solely with basic
nuclear research. The Albanian Academy of Sciences
is responsible for nuclear research in Albania.
Bulgarian Nuclear Program
In 1970 the Nuclear Radiation Laboratory at Tirana
State University was established with the assistance of
the People's Republic of China and inaugurated on 1
October 1970.
About May 1971 the Nuclear Radiation Laboratory
became the Institute of Nuclear Physics (1NP)r The
INP is concerned mostly with the application o nuclear
technology in medicine, agriculture, hydrology, and
industry. The !NP supplies radioactive materials to
other institutions and is also responsible for monitoring
the level of radioactivity in the air, water, and certain
foodstuffs.
No nuclear power plants are now contemplated, and
Albania will continue to depend on petroleum as its
major source of energy. Consequently, a large part of
the Albanian nuclear research program supports the
petroleum industry in such areas as radioactive tracers
and activation analysis in the oil-drilling and exploita-
tion industry.
Albania has not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Albania has no capability to develop nuclear weapons,
however, and has not shown a desire to do so.
5
Power
The first Bulgarian nuclear power station is on the
Danube River near Kozloduy. This station will consist
of four VVER-440 reactors and a VVER-1000, for a
total installed capacity of 2,760 megawatts electrical,
when the station is completed in the mid-1980s. The
first two reactors became operational in 1975 and
1976, respectively. The third and fourth reactors are
expected to become operational during 1979 and the
fifth about 1987-90
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Table 2
Nuclear Reactors in Bulgaria
" to-cation
_
type
Power
Level
Type of Fuel Date -
Criticality
�� . Achieved or
Scheduled
Research reactors
IRT-1000
Nuclear Research and
Power Institute
2 MWt
10%-enriched UO,
1961
Power reactors
Kozloduy-1
Kozloduy-2
Kozloduy-3
Kozloduy-4
Kozloduy-5
Kozloduy
Kozloduy
Kozloduy
Kozloduy
Kozloduy
PWR
PWR
PWR
PWR
PWR
While this program is small compared with programs
of other countries, it is very important to the economy
of Bulgaria. The Kozloduy power station is now
producing about 20 percent of the total electric power
produced in Bulgaria. By 1990, nuclear power is
expected to account for half of the country's power
output. The fuel for those reactors is being supplied by
the USSR.
The Bulgarians have indicated that reactors in the
future will be built on the Danube River near Ruse and
on the Black Sea near Varna. These are the only rivers
in Bulgaria with an adequate cooling capacity for the
large reactors being built. A summary of research and
power reactors in Bulgaria is presented in table 2.
440 MWe 3.3%-enriche4 UO, 1975
440 MWe 3.3%-enriched UO, 1976
440 MWe
440 MWe
1000 MWe
3.3%-enriched:UO2 1979
3.3%-enriched UO2 1979
4.4%-enriched UO, 1987-90
At one time the Bulgarians were interested in buying
US reactors, but it now appears that they will continue
to build reactors based on Soviet technology
Czechoslovak Nuclear Program,
The Czechoslovak nuclear program was initiated in
April 1955 follbiring a bilateril.agreement:Aith� th
Soviets kir. cooperation in th03eaceful. uses of nuclear
energy. Under this agreement The-Soviets provided
technical training, personnel, and scientific equip-
ment�consisting mainly of a small research reactor
and a cyclotron. Since that time, the Czechoslovaks
have established an impressive nuclear energy pro-
gram.
6
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Thedirectionof the nuclear program is determined by
three.CiethosIOVak ministries and the Atomic Energy
CommisSior The Ministry for Fuels and
Power is responsible for managing:industrial applica-
tion of nuclear power, developing energy supply
programs; and carrying out construction of nuclear �
power-plantSnThe�Miniitry of Metallurgy and
HeaVyiEngineering.directs and supervises production
orCornponents..andatutiliary. equipment .for"the Tcon-
struction
of tniielealr plant facilities he Ministry
foiTeOhnologicaf arid investment Devei t
opment sets
guidelines fdr investnientpolicy in the soientific sector
and directs research andddvelopMeritnThe .�
CzedhOiloVik Atomic Efieto Commission was cstab- �
fished itauly�1955 tsti dire-crand'Coordinate. nuclear �
energydeVeloprrientS. ThroUghitS "Council for Nit-
clear;Setiltity,!? the CommiSsiotrestablishes and super-
vises the location, layout4-arid operation of nuclear. � �
facilities. The actual nuclear program is carried out by
a number of scientific, governmental, and industrial
organizations
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Power
The first nuclear power station to begin operation in
Czechoslovakia was the A-1 plant at Jaslovske
Bohunice. The A-1 is a 150-MWe, natural-uranium-
fueled, heavy-water-moderated, gas-cooled reactor
that began operation in 1973. Construction of the A-1
plant began in 1958 but suffered 14 years of delays.
The delays were due to inadequate Soviet assistance
(apparently an attempt to impede independent
Czechoslovak reactor development) and two Czecho-
slovak rejections of Soviet preliminary designs. The
Soviets submitted the preliminary designs for the
reactor in 1961. The Czechoslovaks rejected the
designs because of problems related to fuel rod
stability and carbon dioxide coolant pumps. Revised
Soviet designs were rejected again, and eventually the
Czechoslovaks had to complete the project almost on
their own.
The A-1 has also had numerous problems since
operation began. It has been reported that nuclear-
related accidents occurred at the A-1 plant between
1975 and 1977.
With
the problems the Czechoslovaks have had with the A-1
reactor, they are probably in no hurry to get it
operational again
Czechoslovakia had assumed that their A-1 program
would be a success and had planned an extensive
nuclear power program based on the A-1 type reactor.
In 1966 the Czechoslovaks announced plans for 2,000
MWe of nuclear capacity by 1980, to include a 300-
MWe A-2 and a 500-MWe A-3, both based upon the
A-1 design. The A-2 was designed by the�Skoda
Works, but plans for construction of the A-2 were
Canceled some time between 1967 and 1970; the A-3
was never designed. The problems that had arisen .
finally caused the Czechoslovaks to abandon the A-1
type reactor technology and instead to utilize Soviet
PWRS for ,their nuclear program
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Table 3
Nuclear Reactors in Czechoslovakia
Location
Type
Power Level
Type of Fuel
Date
Criticality
Achieved or
Scheduled
Research reactors
VVR-S
Institute of Nuclear
Research (INR)
5 MWt
10%-enriched uranium
1957
TR-0
INR
0
Natural uranium, DO
moderated
1972
SR-OA
Plzen
1970
SR-I
Skoda Works
10%-enriched uranium
Power reactors
A-1
Jaslovske Bohunice
HWR
150 MWe
Natural uranium, gas
cooled
1973
V-1 (Unit I)
Jaslovske Bohunice
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1978
V-2 (Unit 2)
Jaslovske Bohunice
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1979
V-2 (Unit 3)
Jaslovske Bohunice
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1982
V-2 (Unit 4)
Jaslovske Bohunice
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1983
V-3 (Unit 1)
Dukovany
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO:
1982
V-3 (Unit 2)
Dukovany
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1983
V-4 (Unit 3)
Dukovany
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1983
V-4 (Unit 4)
Dukovany
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1984
JEOT I (Unit 1)
Prague North
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1984
JEOT I (Unit 2)
Prague North
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1985
JEOT II
Brno
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1985
JEOT III (Unit 1)
Bratislava
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1986
JEOT 111 (Unit 2)
Bratislava
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1987
V-5 (Unit 1)
Slovakia
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4% UO2
1986
V-5 (Unit 2)
Slovakia
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4% UO2
1987
V-6 (Unit 1)
Bohemia
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4% UO,
1988
V-6 (Unit 2)
Bohemia
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4% UO,
1989
V-7
Unknown
LMFBR I
1,000 MWe
After 1990
'Liquid metal fast breeder reactor.
In April 1970, an agreement was concluded between
Czechoslovakia and the USSR for Soviet assistance in
the construction of two nuclear power stations�the
V-1 adjacent to the A-1 at Jaslovske Bohunice, and the
V-2 at Dukovany. The first reactor at the V-1 site
probably underwent startup testing in late 1978, the
second reactor will probably become operational in late
1979. [13, 14] The fuel for the entire life of the
reactors will be provided by the USSR, and the s ent
fuel elements will be returned to the USSR.
9
Current Czechoslovak nuclear power plans call for the
construction of 10 nuclear reactors between 1980 and
1990, with a cumulative installed electric power
capacity of 5,000 to 7,500 MWe by 1985 and 12,000
MWe by 1990. Those ranges depend upon the intro-
duction of a larger pressurized-water 'reactor after
1980 having an installed electric power capacity of
1,000 MWe. These nuclear power reactors and others
that are planned are summarized in table 3.
--"SearkL,
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The April 1970 agreement also provided for Czecho-
slovakia to cooperate in the Soviet fast breeder reactor
(Falk) development program, although the Czechoslo-
vaks do not envisage an FBR for themselves until after
1990. They have contributed to the Soviet FBR
program, however, by providing a steam generator for
the Soviet BN-350 LMFBR at Shevchenko. This steam
generator has been tested in the Soviet BOR-60 test
reactor
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carries out nuclear power Plant constitittidn'throukh,
the VEB (state-owned) power plant construction cOrri-
bine, which is subordinate to it. The Ministry for
Construction of Heavy Machiner-9 and EqUiptrient
plans and supervises the production of components and
auxiliary equipment. [19] The State Office for Atomic
Safety and Radiation Protection also exerts great � !
influence on the nuclear program through its function
as radiation protection and approval authority
East German Nuclear Program
The East.German nuclear program was initiated in
1955 with the conclusion of a .bilateral agreement witli
the USSR for cooperation in the peaceful uses of .
atomic energy. The GDR's nuclear energy program is
carried out by three ministries (see figure 2). The .
Ministry. for Science and Technology establishes
scientific policy and directs applied research and
development. [19] The Ministry for Coal and Energy
plans the industrial application of nuclear technology,.
develops programs to, build nuclear power, plants, and
11
The Central Institute for isotope and Radiation
Research was established in 1969 at Leipzig. This
institute conducts basic research in, the:areas of �
radioactive decay, the use of isotopes:in biology.and ...7
medicine, and the application of tracer elements.
Thtitve
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Power
East Germany was the first CEMA country outside the
USSR to operate a nuclear power station. This station,
located at Rheinsberg, began operating in 1966 with a
Soviet-supplied, 70-MWe pressurized water reactor.
In 1974 and 1975 two Soviet VVER-440 PWRS at
Lubmin, out of a total of eight reactors planned, were
started up
The third VVER-
440 reactor began operation some time between late
1977 and mid-1978. [22] The fourth is externally
complete and is expected to begin operation during
1979. The remaining four reactors will probably
become operational at yearly intervals after 1982.
The first six reactors at Lubmin will be VVER-440s,
and the final two will possibly be VVER-1000s. When
his station is completed, in about 1985, it will have an
installed electric power capacity of between 3,520 and
4,640 MWe. The third East German nuclear power
station is under construction at Niedlergorne near
Magdelburg. Reportedly this station will utilize four
VVER-440 reactors. However, it is now in such an
early stage of construction that neither the type nor the
number of reactors can be confirmed
East German plans for construction and operation of
future nuclear reactors call for 5,500 MW of installed
power by 1985. It appears that installed nuclear
capacity will be about 1,830 MW by 1980, or about
8 percent of total generating capacity. The East
Germans should have no trouble in meeting their 1985
goal. A summary of East German research and power
reactors is presented in table 5.
12
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Table 5
Nuclear Reactors in East Germany
Location
Type
Power Level
Type of Fuel
Date
Criticality
Achieved or
Scheduled
Research reactors
VVR-S
Central Institute for
Nuclear Research
� 5 MWt
10%-enriched uranium
1957
SEG
Central Institute for
Nuclear Research
Argonaut
10 kWt
20%-enriched uranium
1962
Power reactors
Rheinsberg
Rheinsberg
PWR
70 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1966
Lubmin-I
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1974
Lubmin-2
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1975
Lubmin-3
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3:3%-enriched UO,
1978
Lubmin-4
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched U01
1979
Lubmin-5
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1982
Lubmin-6
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1983
Lubmin-7
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1984
Lubmin-8
Lubmin
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1985
Niedlergorne-1
Magdeburg
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1984
N iedlergorne- 2
Magdeburg
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1985
Niedlergorne-3
Magdeburg
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1986
Niedlergorne-4
Magdeburg
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1987
produced by radiochemical laboratories and reactors
are being stored in an old salt mine near Bartensleden.
[23]
Hungarian Nuclear Program
The Hungarian nuclear program started in 1955
following the conclusion of a bilateral agreement with
the USSR for cooperation in the peaceful uses of
atomic energy. Since that time, the Hungarian pro-
gram has concentrated on isotope production for
agricultural, medical, and industrial applications.
Hungary has a small nuclear research program,
directed by the Hungarian Atomic Energy Commis-
13
'Sestet__
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sion, with research activities performed, for the most
.part; under the auspices of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences. Current Hungarian emphasis is on the use of
radioactive isotopes for.research, medicine,-and indus-
try.and,for research in cooperation with other CEMA
members on.the VVER-1000 reactor. Hungary will
not have a nuclear power plant operational before
1980.
Power
The first Hungarian nuclear power station is under
construction near Paks on the Danube River. Con-
struction was started in 1969, and the station originally
was planned to be in operation by 1975. The Hungar-
ians decided, however, that economic conditions in
their-country did not warrant introducing nuclear
power before 1980, and the station was temporarily
delayed. This site will contain four VVER-440 reactors
14
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Table 7
Nuclear Reactors in Hungary
Location
Type
Power Level
Type of Fuel
Date
Criticality
Achieved or
Scheduled
Research Reactors
ZR-1-ZR=6
Central Physics
Research Institute
Less than
100 kWt
Slightly enriched UO,
1959-72
Budapest
Budapest Technical
University
10 kWt
1971
VVR-S
Central Physics Research
Institute
3.3 MWt
33%-enriched UO2
1959
Debrecen
Debrecen Research Institute
1 MWt
Power Reactors
Paks-1
Paks
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1980
Paks-2
Paks
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1981
Paks-3
Paks
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO,
1982
Paks-4
Paks
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched U01
1983
Paks-'5
Paks
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4%-enriched UO,
1987-90
Paks-6
Paks
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4%-enriched UO,
1987-90
and two VVER-1000 reactors for a total capacity of
3,760 MWe. The VVER-440 reactors will come on line
at the rate of one per year between 1980 and 1983, and
the two VVER-1000 reactors will be constructed after
1985. When the Paks station is complete, in about
1990, it will supply 25 to 30 percent of the country's
electric power requirements. [75] A summary of
Hungarian research and power reactors is presented in
table 7.
15
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Polish Nuclear Program
The Polish nuclear energy program began on 23 April
1955 with the conclusion of a bilateral agreement with
the USSR for Soviet assistance in the construction of a
research reactor and a cyclotron and in the training of
personnel. In June 1955 the Polish Government
established the Institute of Nuclear Research under
the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).
The Polish nuclear program is devoted mostly to the
application of radioactive isotopes for scientific, indus-
trial, and medical uses.
3esc 16
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Power
Thus far, because of Poland's heavy reliance on the
country's abundant coal resources, there has not been
much of a program to develop nuclear power. Because
of the rising cost of developing coal sources, however,
nuclear energy will play a very important part in the
future. Poland's plans are for nuclear to account for 13
percent of installed power by 1990. A VVER-440
reactor is expected to be operational by 1984 on Lake
Zarnowiec near Gdansk. Poland now plans to con-
struct another VVER-440 reactor at the site, with
operation expected about 1985, and a VVER-1000 is
to begin operation about 1987. Fast breeder reactors
are expected to be introduced into the program after
1990. A summary of Poland's research and power
reactors is presented in table 8.
The Polish nuclear power program is controlled by the
Soviet Union. The program will utilize Soviet reactors
and other Soviet specialized equipment. It is doubtful
that Poland could make any significant ste s in the
nuclear field without Soviet assistance.
17
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Table 8
Nuclear Reactors in Poland
Location
Type
Power Level
Type of Fuel
Date
Criticality
Achieved or
Scheduled
Research reactors
EWA
Institute of Nuclear
Research (tai)
10 MWt
10%-enriched uranium
1958
Helena
IBJ
0
Anna
IBJ
100 WI
Maryla
IBJ
10 kWt
Maria
IBJ
60 MWt
80%-enriched uranium
1974
UR-100
Irstitute.of Physics and
Nuclear Technology.
100 kWt
1980
Power reactors
ZARNOWIEC-1
Gdansk
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1984
ZARNOWIEC-2
Gdansk
PWR
440 MWe
3.3%-enriched UO2
1985
ZARNOWIEC-3
Gdansk
PWR
1,000 MWe
4.4%-enriched UO2
1987
'Presently at 40 MWe but being upgraded to 60 MWt.
Romanian Nuclear Program
The Romanian nuclear program was initiated in 1955
following the conclusion of the Romanian-Soviet
bilateral agreement for cooperation in the peaceful
uses of nuclear energy. The State Commission on
Nuclear Energy (csNE) coordinates and directs all
aspects of nuclear research, but the actual nuclear
program is carried out under the auspices of the
Romanian Academy of Science
L. 18
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Nuclear research is being carried out in a wide variety
of areas at the IFA. One of the more iW�ti_area.sis_l
lacer icntnne cenaratinn (i IR)
Power
In the future, Romania is planning to have the
capability to build nuclear power reactors. Romania
has been considering nuclear power since 1965 and has
solicited assistance for a nuclear power program from
the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Sweden,
and Canada. Over the years Romania has maintained
a strong leaning toward Western rather than Soviet
nuclear technology and has continually attempted to
acquire Western equipment. Romania has been reluc-
tant to request assistance from the USSR to avoid
becoming dependent upon the Soviets for enrichment
services. The Romanians also have shown displeasure
with Soviet reactors because of the lack of secondar
containment and emergency core-cooling systems
In March 1970, however, because of Soviet pressure, it
was announced that the USSR and Romania had
concluded an agreement for the USSR to build a
nuclear power station in Romania. The station was to
be located at Pitesti on the Danube River and contain
one Soviet VVER-440 reactor, to become operational
about 1985. Romania's intention to purchase only one
reactor, instead of the customary two or more reactoi(b)(1)
for a station, is an indication that Romania still is not(b)(3)
happy with Soviet safety practice. Since that time, in
fact, Romanian officials have indicated that the Soviet
agreement was in principle only and that construction
of the power station would not start until necessary
safety features were incorporated. Soviet reluctance to
incorporate the safety features may have led to the
reported demise of the deal. [44] Romania held
detailed discussions with Westinghouse and with a
Finnish firm for the purchase of an ice-condensor
containment system for the Soviet reactor. [45] The
Romanians seemed very pleased with systems from
both vendors and appeared certain to buy from at least
one of them Since thediscussions, however, nothing
has happened.
19
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
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It now appears that the Romanians have decided on
the CANDU for their nuclear program. They have
finally concluded an agreement with Canada under
which at least four CANDU reactors will be supplied. It
had been reported at one time that Romania was
interested in as many as 16 CANDUS, but detailed
negotiations in March 1978,and an agreement in
December 1978 resulted in contracts for only the four
reactors with an option to purchase more CANDUS at a
later date
The main problem in reaching an agreement had been
pricing and warranties. In previous negotiations, Ro-
mania had requested a fixed-price contract, but
because Canada had lost several million dollars in a
similar fixed-price contract with Argentina, Canada
wanted an escalated-cost contract. The settlement
reached in March was a compromise. The part of the
contract pertaining to Romanian input will be con-
ducted on a fixed-price basis, while escalation terms
will cover components to be purchased from Canada.
[46] A consortium of Canadian banks signed an
agreement with the Romanian Bank of Foreign Trade,
giving Romania a loan of $1 billion to finance the
construction of the reactors. [47] The first reactor will
not be operational before 1985. Cernavoda has been
decided as the location for the power station.
Romania envisages nuclear power supplying 20
percent (6,000 MWe) of installed electric generating
capacity by the year 2000. It is very doubtful that the
Romanians could reach this long-term goal, even if
construction on the CANDU reactors were started in
1979. A summary of Romania's research and power
reactors is presented in table 9.
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-Table 9
Nuclear Reactors in Romania
Location
� Type Power Level , Type, of Fuel Date..
Criticality
� ,
Achieved or "
� Scheduled.
Research reactors
Triga Institute for Nuclear 14 MWt 93%-enriched UO, 1980
Technology
Institute for Nuclear 0
Technology
VVR-S
Institute of Atomic Physics 3.5 MWt
Instiiute Of Atomic Physics 0
1957
1962
Power reactors
Pitesti
Cernovada
Pitesti
Cernovada
PWR 440 MWe 3.3%-enriched UQ, 1985
CANDU 600 MWe Natural u92
1986
nuclear energy agency in research and the develop-
ment on heavy water reactor technology, but there has
been no evidence of such cooperation. [53]
Yugoslav Nuclear Program
-The Yugoslav nuclear prograni began in 1956.follo�k-
ing the conclusion of the Soviet-Ytigoslay.bilateral
agreerrient for cooPeration in the Peaceful Uses of
atomic energy on -28 january'1956�: The Federal. �
ComMiSsion for Nuclear Eiiergy was established to
direct and coordinate thesYugoslaV Program: Under
this commission there are five institutes and a center
engaged in: bothIundamental and applied researeh.
(b)(3)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
21
(b)(3)
(b)(1)
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Power
The first Yugoslav nuclear power station is under
construction at Krsko on the SlOveno-Croatian border.
A 632-MWe PWR is being built there by US Westing-
house: and is scheduled to start operating in middle to
late 1980. Originally the.reactor was to start operating
in 1978, but a variety of problems have pushed it
several years behind schedulerThhe Yugoslays
have announced plans for two more nuclear power
stations. One, with 4 capacity of 800 to 1,000 MWe, is
planned for the island of Vir. This station will begin
operating about the mid-1980s. The other is planned .
for the Zagreb area, with operation planned for 1990.
The Yugoslays have encountered several problems
trying to complete the Krsko plant and have shown
considerable displeasure with US construction. The
most.difficult problem was obtaining the US reactor
export license. This was the only reactor license
application to come up under provisions solely for IAEA
safeguards. The United States wanted to arrange a
bilateral agreement, in addition to the !AEA safeguards,
to give the United States more control. The Yugoslays
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finally.convinced the United States that no US produce uranium, and they are considering the possi-
technology or equipment would be transferred without bility of joint ventures in uranium exploration in �
US approval, and the license was issued on 20 May Africa
1977
Other problems have resulted from changes in scope,
such as upgrading the seismic design of the facility
from 0.2 G to 0.3 G. Also, the Save River was found
to be inadequate as a cooling source for the reactor,
and a number of cooling towers had to be added. These
changes reportedly will cost Yugoslavia about an
additional 3 percent of the original contract price
There have been other problems as well. On 11
September 1977 the carrier transporting the second
.317-ton steam generator for the reactor tipped over.
Damage to the steam generator was reported to be
enormous. About the same time, the reactor vessel for
the plant was left stranded near the Victor Lenac
Shipyard in Rjeka because of a mechanical failure to
the transporter carrying it There has also been a
constant shortage of housing or project workers
In an effort to install nuclear power plants more
expeditiously in energy-poor areas, the Yugoslays have
inquired among several other countries (including
France, Japan, and West Germany) about building �
� their. second and third nuclear power plants. [69] The
Soviets have been mentioned, but it is unlikely that the
:Yugoslays will turn to the USSR to build either of
� these power stations. The Yugoslays are almost com-
pletely independent of Soviet influence over their
nuclear power programs and would like to retain that
independence. Furthermore, the Yugoslays. are con-
cerned about the Soviet failure to incorporate West-
ern-style safety features into' their power reactors. ,A
summary, of Yugoslavia's research and 'power reactors
is presented in table 10.
' Uranium for Yugoslav reactors probably will come
from the Zirovski Vrh mine in Slovenia. The mine is
projected to produce 300,000 tons of uranium ore per
year, enough for about 300 tons of uranium oxide. The
enrichment of the fuel will be arranged by Westing-
house ugoslavia's uranium oxide reserves are
estimalid at about 3,000 tons. The Yugoslays also are
considering ajoint venture with a US company to
' Acceleration of gravity.
23
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Table 10
Nuclear Reactors in Yugoslavia
�
Location
Reactor Power Level Type of Fuel.
Type
Date Criticality -
Achieved or
Scheduled .
Research reactors
RB
�Botis Kidric Institute 0 � Natural Uranium D20 1958
'mbderatea �
RA
Boris Kidric Institute
� 10 MWt 2%-enriched uranium D20 .1959
moderated
�
Power Reactors
Josef Stefan Institute
250 kWt
1966
Ktsko
.4adar
Krko �
Island of Vir
PWR
632 MWe
.800-1,000 MWe
- 1980
Planned
Zagreb .
'�.egkL
Zagreb
1,000 MWe �
24
Planned .
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