COMMUNIST CHINESE CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH

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• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2022
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• Publication Date: February 1, 1969

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DIRECTORATE OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Scientific and Technical
Intelligence Report
Communist Chinese Cloud Physics and Weather
Modification Research
. �
OSI-STIR/69-3
February 1969
Copy N2
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national
defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title
18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended.
Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re-
ceipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
GROUP I
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and declassification
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Scientific and Technical Intelligence Report
COMMUNIST CHINESE CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER
MODIFICATION RESEARCH
Project Officers
OSI-STIR/69-3
February 1969
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
CON IIDENTIAL
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PREFACE
Cloud physics and weather modification research is being con-
ducted on an increasingly large scale in at least 15 countries in addition
to the United States and the USSR. Some ultimate objectives are to
improve man's ability to augment precipitation in areas of little or no
rainfall, to dissipate fog and low clouds, to prevent or reduce hail
formation, and to control or dissipate large storm systems such as hurri-
canes and typhoons. In addition, weather modification experimentation
has potential military applications.
This report is an evaluation of Communist Chinese research in
cloud physics and weather modification, with special emphasis on basic
theoretical research and cloud seeding programs. The effects of the
Cultural Revolution upon Chinese research in these fields are unknown,
but their programs probably have been affected to some degree. Little
information on basic research has been received since the cessation
of publication of the major scientific journals in mid-1966.
The present report updates an earlier report on the same subject,
and supplements a recent gen-
eral study on Chinese meteorology. It was prepared by the Office of
Scientific Intelligence and coordinated with the Directorate of Intelli-
gence. It is based mainly on a study conducted for OSI
\ Information received through October
1968 is included.
_CabbLEM kITI AL
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CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii
PROBLEM
CONCLUSIONS 1
SUMMARY
DISCUSSION 2
Background 2
Basic theoretical research 3
Laboratory experiments 4
Instrumentation development 4
Field activities 5
Weather modification 5
Data collection 10
UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES 13
APPENDIX
Selected list of organizations and key personnel publishing papers
on cloud physics and weather modification between 1958
and 1966 11
TABLES
1. A summary of Chinese sampling techniques 5
2. Listing of selected field cloud seeding experiments 7
FIGURES
1. Hail prevention rockets used in China for hail-cloud control 8
2. Chinese "National Guns" utilized in the modification of hail
clouds 9
3. Cartridge with silver iodide and red phosphorus, delivered
to the cloud by pilot balloon 9
4. Generator for sublimating a mixture of silver iodide with ace-
tone in the nozzle of a jet plane 9
PC-3-03C
( 686/22 )
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CHINESE CLOUD PHYSICS AND
WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH
PROBLEM
To evaluate Chinese research in cloud physics and weather modification.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The Chinese are substantially behind the lead-
ing nations, whose work they have followed closely,
in cloud physics and weather modification research.
Organization of these efforts on a national scale is
not apparent and no orderly, long-range program
appears to be in progress. The Chinese have demon-
strated little improvement in their weather modi-
fication experiments since the late 1950s. They have
decreased the number of field experiments and have
reported few quantitative measurements.
2. From the early 1960s to mid-1966, the Chinese
emphasized basic theoretical studies in cloud phys-
ics in an effort to explain cloud dynamics and pre-
cipitation processes. Although this research exhibits
a wide range of quality, only a limited number of
investigators and organizations appear to be capable
of producing high-quality theoretical analyses. The
Chinese are strongest in the mathematical and
analytical aspects of cloud physics and weakest in
data collection techniques. This emphasis on a
theoretical approach may eventually lead to more
significant results than their hapazard experimental
work.
3. Few Chinese laboratory experiments in cloud
physics have been noted. Of those reported, most
were crude and the concepts and instrumentation
used were quite similar to those of earlier foreign
experiments.
4. Chinese cloud physics and weather modifica-
tion instrumentation development is far below the
quality and quantity of that of the leading nations.
The majority of instruments are of low quality or
are prototypes, a major handicap to the Chinese.
Ground-sampling techniques predominate. There is
little indication that aircraft sampling techniques
are used.
SUMMARY
Communist China has been conducting weather
modification experiments since at least 1958. The
initial activity, which was prompted by a major
drought, consisted of several cloud seeding experi-
ments to produce rain. The early experiments, as
well as those noted since the late 1950s, were crude,
with little or no apparent scientific control. In addi-
tion, little basic research was evident in the early
stages of this effort.
CONrIDENTIAL
In the early 1960s fewer experiments were noted
and more emphasis was placed on theoretical re-
search. Chinese literature at this time consisted
mainly of reviews of the work being performed by
foreign countries. Typical work of this period was
a series of monographs published in 1965 which
presented the state-of-the-art and results of Chi-
nese studies. These were also intended to serve
meteorological workers and educators as reference
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texts and several were concerned with such aspects
of physical meteorology as cloud structure, ice
nuclei, and cloud and rain droplet size spectra.
Papers were authored by relatively high-level
meteorologists, such as Chao Chi-p'ing of the In-
stitute of Geophysics and Meteorology, who re-
ported in 1963 on the progress of research on cloud
current dynamics.
Chinese scientific literature up to mid-1966 is
characterized by a steady increase in papers on
cloud physics research while the number of articles
on experimentation has decreased. Most of the Chi-
nese cloud physics research, conducted at the Insti-
tute of Geophysics and Meteorology by several of
their leading meteorologists such as Ku Chen-ch'ao,
has been published in Acta Meteorologica Sinica.
The published papers show that the Chinese have
improved somewhat their theoretical cloud physics
research, but most of their work consists of repeti-
tions or extensions of previous foreign experiments
and has produced nothing outstanding. While their
mathematical and analytical work is strong, par-
ticularly in stochastic treatment of warm cloud proc-
esses, the Chinese have not developed or made good
use of radars, computers, aircraft samplers, and
other instrumentation. However, some unsophisti-
cated cloud physics instruments which are adequate
for measurements not requiring high precision have
been developed. The improvement in Chinese theo-
retical research in cloud physics will probably con-
tinue and may lead to more significant achievements
in weather modification than the unorganized ex-
perimental approach of the early years.
There is no evidence of a well coordinated large-
scale program in either weather modification or
observation systems capable of greatly improving
their understanding of the physical processes of
clouds. Observational and other hardware limita-
tions severely limit Chinese abilities to conduct
effective field programs. More recent weather modi-
fication attempts also have shown the lack of sci-
entific control that was evident in early experiments.
Most of the experiments were conducted on a local
scale by commune members, usually with the as-
sistance of aircraft of the People's Liberation Army.
In all cases noted, these activities were in support
of local agricultural programs by attempting arti-
ficially to produce rain or disperse hail clouds.
These experiments reportedly produced good results
but their verification techniques have been ques-
tionable. Their true success, therefore, is doubtful.
This is especially true in their use of "sky-high fire-
works" to combat hail.
There is a possibility of a chance discovery due
to their freedom to seed or otherwise modify clouds
at will. They appear to be unaffected by the various
political, sociological, and legal restrictions that
often exist in other countries.
DISCUSSION
BACKGROUND
Weather modification studies in Communist
China began in the late 1950s with a number of
crude attempts to modify cloud and precipitation
processes, mainly for the purpose of increasing
precipitation in agricultural areas. Although these
attempts were widespread, no quantitative meas-
urements were reported and few attempts at con-
trolling the experiments or of measuring their re-
sults were noted. Experimentation began because
of a severe drought in northeast China. The Twelve
Year Plan for Meteorology ( formulated in 1956)
included cloud physics research and weather modi-
fication. These programs were later affected by the
Great Leap Forward, the Soviet withdrawal, and
probably the Cultural Revolution.'
Through the early 1960s modification attempts
diminished and more emphasis was placed on theo-
retical studies to examine and explain the basic
cloud dynamics and precipitation processes. Rela-
tively high-level personnel, such as Ku Chen-ch'ao
( 7457/7261/3390 ) and Chao Chi-p'ing ( 1560/
4764/1627) were reported to be leading such atmos-
pheric physics studies, illustrating their importance
to the Chinese.23 A selected list of organizations
and key personnel is included as an appendix.
Work in the early 1960s centered around the
collection of papers relating to Chinese cloud phys-
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ics studies which resulted in a series of monographs
published in 1965.4 5 These monographs presented
the results of selected Chinese studies and were
intended to serve as a reference text for meteorolo-
gists and educators. While the overall quality of
these papers was not high, their significance was in
their value as a single-source reference for an in-
troduction to some of the problems in cloud physics
under investigation.
BASIC THEORETICAL RESEARCH
The main Chinese effort in cloud physics, subse-
quent to the diminished widespread modification
experiments of the late 1950s, has been in basic
theoretical research. Published Chinese literature
on cloud physics research increased after 1959
while the number of articles on weather modifica-
tion experiments declined. They rapidly increased
their theoretical cloud physics research and this
trend may have continued. Although no outstand-
ing achievements have thus far resulted, their
studies follow closely those of the USSR and the
West, and their theoretical approach may lead to
more significant achievements in weather modifica-
tion than the earlier, more haphazard, field experi-
ments. Their mathematical and analytical work is
strong, particularly in stochastic treatment of warm
cloud processes.� Three of a total of six cloud
physics articles published in Acta Meteorologica
Sinica in 1966 may be classified as theoretical or
basic research. This proportion is roughly indica-
tive of their interests and activity during 1963-1965
and is also typical of a series of monographs pub-
lished in 1965.
One of these articles is related to the coalescence
processes occurring in a large scale vertical motion
field.1 The second article is a mathematical treat-
ment of the earth's electrical field potential and
makes computations of the distribution of electrical
potential in a vertical cross section of a thunder-
storm and at the earth's surface in the vicinity of a
thunderstorm.� The results are claimed to be better
than those of Wilson ( England) or of Frenkel
( USSR) whose previous work is referenced. This
claim, however, is not supported by the paper.
The last of the three articles is the latest in a
long series of theoretical papers concerning the
growth of cloud drops under conditions of small
scale fluctuations. This subject and the Chinese
emphasis upon warm cumulus cloud growth caused
by "fluctuations" were first introduced in a paper
by Ku Chen-ch'ao published in 1962. This paper
was the first article relating to cloud physics to be
published in Acta Meteorologica Sinica. Ku pub-
lished four additional articles relating to this effect
in Acta Meteorologica Sinica in 1962 and 1963. In
his 1963 article he suggested that the concept of
gravitational coalescence, which takes into account
eddy fluctuations in the vertical currents, repre-
sented a more reasonable explanation of rain in
warm clouds than other theories do.� Similar ideas
had been suggested as early as 1947 in the litera-
ture of other nations to explain precipitation from
nonfreezing clouds. The Chinese press, however,
promoted this idea as a "new precipitation theory ad-
vanced by China's 'Young Weather Workers'." 10 11
Other Chinese meteorologists adopted Ku's concept
of the effects of fluctuating environments of mois-
ture and turbulence, resulting in the appearance
of more articles on this topic than any other be-
tween 1964-1966. Ku's influence is clearly evident
in Chinese investigations and published articles in
the cloud physics area. While this would be ex-
pected owing to his position as head of the Atmos-
pherics Physics Laboratory of the Institute of Geo-
physics and Meteorology, the extent of this follow-
the-leader attitude is striking and may indicate a
reluctance of other Chinese meteorologists to strike
out on their own.
The latest example of the continuing Chinese
interest in warm cloud precipitation theory is a
mathematical treatment of the probability of con-
tinuous growth of cloud drops published in June
1966.12 The authors' conclusions were that, while
vertical motion fluctuations were dominant in con-
densation processes to about the 20 micron size,
fluctuations in moisture content plays the principal
role in stochastic growth of droplets beyond 20
microns by continuous coalescence. Ku Chen-ch'ao's
guidance and encouragement are acknowledged.12
The complexity of the mathematical treatment of
the problem is more impressive than the conclu-
sions which are simply more refined explanations
of Ku's earlier conclusions.
An earlier article deserves mention because of its
further indication that the Chinese have at least a
few scientists working in the Institute of Geophysics
under Ku who are capable of performing high-level
theoretical research. This article, published in
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1964, is excellent and concerns the development
of a three-dimensional model for cumulus cloud
growth.13 It is noteworthy that calculations for the
model were reportedly carried out on an unidenti-
fied computer. Computers available to Chinese me-
teorologists prior to this time appear to have been
almost exclusively reserved for numerical weather
prediction work. Although published Chinese work
indicates a wide range of scientific quality, only a
limited number of personnel and organizations ap-
pear capable of producing high-quality theoretical
analyses.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Few Chinese laboratory experiments in cloud
physics have been reported. Perhaps the most
notable work reported recently (1966) was con-
ducted at the Lan-chou Institute of Geophysics on
the investigation of the growth of frost needles on
the surface of frozen water drops in an electric
field.14 The instrument setup was relatively simple
and utilized easily accessible items. The experiment
was well conceived but the author admitted that
it was an extension of a Soviet experiment con-
ducted in 1962. The Soviet experiment showed that
the growth of frost needles by deposition of super-
cooled fog droplets in the presence of an electric
field is accompanied by electrification of the drop-
lets, but quantitative measurements were not
made." The Chinese measurements of this elec-
trification resulted in values an order of magnitude
higher than those of British investigators published
in 1963. The Chinese investigators suggest their
results may offer a clue to a better understanding
of the electrification mechanism in thunderstorms.
The work would have been more significant if the
concept and the instrumentation were original
rather than similar to those used in previous foreign
experiments.
A second article on laboratory experimentation
published in 1966 was a report on chloride particle
detection studies by Yeh Chia-tung ( 0673/1367/
2639) of the Department of Meteorology, Nanking
University.16 Yeh discussed microscopic investiga-
tions of the reaction halo enlargement of chloride
particles collected on gelatin films. These investiga-
tions resulted in an empirical relationship between
the enlargement factor and the diameter of the
chloride particle. Results of this experiment ap-
parently were intended to correct size distributions
of chloride particles collected via the film processes.
The chloride particles were probably selected for
study because of the use of salt or salt water in
several Chinese cloud-seeding experiments and be-
cause of their importance as naturally occurring
condensation nuclei.
INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT
Chinese cloud physics instrumentation is con-
siderably inferior in quality and quantity to that of
the United States, the USSR, and several other
countries. The Chinese can make some relatively
simple measurements, but their lack of sufficient
quantities of sophisticated instruments is a major
handicap in improving their knowledge of cloud
physics processes and weather modification work.
Minimal use has been made of radars, computers,
airborne instrumentation or of other observation
systems which could greatly improve their under-
standing.�
None of the articles in the last issues of Acta
Meteorologica Sinica (first two volumes of 1966)
pertain to cloud physics or weather modification
instrumentation development. During 1965, how-
ever, four articles were noted, three of which de-
scribed actual Chinese developments. In the other,
Ku Chen-ch'ao discussed the problems associated
with determining the location of "thunder-lightning"
utilizing a single-station detector, but offered no
solution to these problems.17 No implication of
actual instrument design or development activities
in this general area can be inferred, but a review by
Ku indicates the kind of high-level interest which
sometimes precedes Chinese development.
One of the 1965 articles included a discussion
on an improvement in the Chinese cloud-droplet
sampler for utilization at ground level that extends
the sampling period from 2 seconds to 2 minutes
and has an adjustable exposure. In addition, the
drums containing the sampling tapes are motor-
driven rather than hand-driven. A prototype of this
still rather crude instrument was built for field
data collection in 1964.18 This is typical of Chinese
attempts to improve crude instruments. Admitted
shortcomings of operational inconvenience, lack of
a dehumidifying mechanism, and bulkiness probably
have prevented its quantity production. The em-
phasis on ground observation equipment for cloud
sampling in this and other articles probably indi-
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cates only limited use of aircraft for sampling pro-
grams.
Another paper was concerned with the develop-
ment of a special radiosonde for probing electric
fields in thunderclouds." The advantages over air-
craft soundings, however, seem hardly worthwhile
unless such measurements are to be made on a
routine, high-density basis, and this again may illus-
trate aircraft restrictions for atmospheric research.
In any event, only five soundings were reported,
and this development as recently as 1965 appeared
to be of a prototype nature.
The third cloud physics instrumentation develop-
ment reported in 1965 is that of an atmospheric ice
nuclei counter consisting of a cloud chamber. The
chamber was reported to perform satisfactorily and
to be under experimental production at the Shang-
hai Refrigerator Plant;2� however, none of the field
investigations described in Chinese articles are re-
ported to have utilized this instrument.
An earlier ( 1964) development of a laboratory
instrument for determining the electric charge of
cloud droplets relied on the deposition of charged
cloud droplets on a sampling plate and a subse-
quent determination of their deflection in an electric
field.21 The instrument was tested using a spray of
water in a laboratory and is not suitable for field
use. No subsequent mention of the instrument has
been found.
A summary of known Chinese sampling tech-
niques for determining size and/or concentration
of precipitation elements and atmospheric nuclei
appears in table 1.
FIELD ACTIVITIES
Weather modification
Weather modification in China began in the late
1950s with a number of crude attempts to modify
clouds and precipitation. Through the early 1960s,
modification attempts decreased and theoretical
studies were given more attention. While some
modification attempts have continued, they are
usually isolated activities connected with agricul-
tural activities. There is no evidence of any large-
scale well-controlled field program. Although a large
number of Chinese who are familiar with Western
and Soviet modification techniques have been in-
volved in the work, they have a limited ability to
operate effective field programs.�
Table 1
A Summary of Chinese Sampling Techniques
TECHNIQUE
ELEMENT MEASURED
WHERE MEASURED
REFERENCE
Spot (Halo)
Chloride
particles
Probably
ground
AMS,* 36(2),
1966
Filter paper
Raindrops
Ground
CPIG,* * 10,
1965
Blotting paper
Raindrops
Ground
CPIG, 10,
1965
Sugar solution
Atmospheric
nuclei
Ground
AMS, 35(4),
1965
Aluminum foil
Ice and snow
crystals
Aircraft
AMS, 35(4),
1965
Aluminum foil
Ice and snow
crystals
Aircraft
AMS, 35(3),
1965
,Aluminum oxide or soot film on
movie film
Ice nuclei
Ground
AMS, 35(2),
1965
Photographic paper
Small
raindrops
Probably
ground
AMS, 33(4),
1965
* Acta Meteorologica Sinica
** Collected Papers of the Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology
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The earliest attempts at producing rain from
clouds were prompted by extreme periods of
drought and took place mainly in Kirin and Kansu
Provinces. Routine methods were employed in
which various materials such as carbon dioxide,
salt, quicklime water, salt solution, silver iodide, and
sodium iodide were used as seeding materials. Mili-
tary aircraft and ground-based and balloon-borne
generators were utilized to dispense the materials.
Positive results were reported but no scientific con-
trol of the experiments was indicated.' 22
Infrequent reports were noted during the 1960-
1964 period. These included reviews of foreign
weather modification attempts with different tech-
niques and materials and contained several refer-
ences to Chinese experiments in cloud seeding to
produce rain. One activity in the Shanghai area in
1964 reportedly produced heavy rains.23-26 The seed-
ing of summer cumulus clouds in Hunan Province
reportedly took place in 1963. A total of 62 attempts
were made in which powdered salt was injected
into thick cumulus clouds. Of these tests, 11 re-
sulted in precipitation in the thick cumulus state,
25 in the incus ( anvil shaped), six in only virga
( evaporating rain), and six in cloud dispersal.
Three tests showed no effects and the results in
the rest could not be observed. These results, com-
pared with earlier Chinese data, were claimed to
be in agreement with US data.27 The Nationalist
Chinese reported in 1964 that rainmaking experi-
ments had taken place over Hainan Island and sev-
eral other areas but no details were given.28
The most recent reports of field weather modifica-
tion were noted in widely separated publications.
One, a New China News Agency article of Sep-
tember 1967, indicated that "man-made rain" had
recently fallen on farming districts around Shang-
hai. The seeding was reported to have been ac-
complished by People's Liberation Army (PLA)
aircraft in response to a threat to crops due to a dry
spe11.29 No mention of seeding material, techniques,
or numerical results was made, and it is important
to note that the crew "worked around the clock to
equip the plane with artificial precipitation devices."
This indicates that planes equipped with such de-
vices were not available on a standby, or opera-
tional, basis, but the implication of operational
utilization of cloud seeding to produce precipita-
tion is inherent.
On 28 December 1967 the Peking New China
News Agency also reported on artificial seeding of
rain clouds in Chekiang Province. Wen-chou, Li-
shin and other areas in the hilly region of southern
Chekiang suffered a 150-day drought and artificial
seeding operations were carried out in the areas
by the PLA Air Force for more than 20 days. Al-
though no results of the experiment were reported,
the report implied that a bumper harvest, achieved
despite the worst drought in 100 years, was at least
partially due to the cloud seeding activity.30
The next mention of cloud modification attempts
was included in recent press accounts of a new Chi-
nese hero, Men Ho. Men was publicized throughout
China as a true supporter of Mao and a "brilliant
example for all revolutionary cadres in the party,
the country, and the Army to follow." Men was a
deputy political instructor of an Army unit in
Tsinghai Province. He reportedly lost his life while
assisting in the preparation of explosives for rockets
to be used for dispersing clouds to prevent the for-
mation of crop-destroying hail. No other details
of this experiment were reported except that native
rockets were being readied for launch.31-33
Two earlier news releases from the Chengchow
Domestic Service, 18 November 1966, reported on
two rainmaking experiments in Honan.34 These so-
called experiments also appear to have an opera-
tional overtone since they were conducted to relieve
drought in specific areas, in October and Novem-
ber of 1966, and since none of the detailed measure-
ments normally associated with scientific experiment
were mentioned. These operations, plus those pre-
viously mentioned, indicate that the Chinese experi-
ments are mainly carried out in areas that are
undergoing drought conditions. This attitude is in
contrast to that of the US practice wherein broad
experimentation is underway but with a slower,
more scientific approach to operational utilization.
It should be noted, however, that private concerns
in the United States are operationally active in
rainmaking activities on a much larger scale than
the total of the reported Chinese activities. A list-
ing of selected Chinese cloud seeding experiments
is included in table 2.
A field operation similar to that in which Men
Ho was involved was reported in a news release of
1966, and while apparently occurring in the sum-
mer of 1965, it is probably representative of 83 hail-
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Table 2
Listing of Selected Field Cloud Seeding Experiments
WHERE-WHEN
Nanking area,
Nov 58
Various areas
in China, 58
Peking area,
58
Lesser We-tai
Mountain, 58
Kansu Province
Kirin Province,
Aug-Sep 58
Wu-han region
58
Hunan Province,
Summer 63
Near Shanghai,
Winter 63-64
Hainan Island,
64
Shanghai, 64( ?)
Shang-chin and other
cities, Honan Province
Chi County,
Honan Province,
12 Nov 66
Near Shanghai,
Sep 67
Southern
Chekiang
Province, 67
* Acta Meteorologica Sinica
REPORTED BY
Anhwei Province Arti-
ficial Precipitation
Working Group
Central Meteorological
Observatory, Meteorological
Bureau
Hopeh Province
Hopeh Provincial
Weather Bureau
Kansu Provincial Arti-
ficial Precipitation
Working Group
Kirin Province
Artificial Precipitation
Working Group
Wu-han
Investigators of Central
Meteorological Bureau
and Hunan Provincial
Weather Bureau
Yeh Chia-tung
Nationalist Chinese
Liu Tzu-chi
Chengchow Domestic
( News ) Service
Chengchow Domestic
( News ) Service
NCNA, Peking
NCNA, Peking
WHERE REPORTED
AMS,* 30 (1),
Feb 59
AMS, 30 (3),
Aug 59
AMS, 30 ( 1),
Feb 59
AMS, 30 (1),
Feb 59
AMS, 30 (1),
Feb 59
AMS, 30 (1),
Feb 59
AMS, 30 (1),
Feb 59
AMS, 35 (3),
Aug 65
Science Pictorial,
No 3, Mar 64
Classified report
Aeronautical Knowl-
edge, No 12, Dec 64
FBIS, 22 Nov 66
FBIS, 22 Nov 66
FBIS, 8 Sep 67
FBIS, Dec 67
REMAIUCS
Dry-ice at 5,600
meters to form
clouds
Summary report
Dry-ice and salt
solution (dis-
persal study)
Silver iodide
(fog dispersal)'
Artificial pre-
cipitation and
cloud dispersal
20 Aerial, dry-ice
seedings to produce
precipitation
Salt solution dry-ice
to produce precipitation
Salt-powder seeding
of cumulus
Seeding to produce
artificial snow
No details
By PLA Air Force, resulted
in heavy rain
By PLA Air Force,
to produce rain
in drought area
By PLA Air Force,
to produce rain in
drought areas
By PLA Air Force to
produce rain in drought
area
By PLA Air Force for
more than 20 days to
produce rain in drought
area
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dispersal operations conducted from 1960 to 1965
in Mien-fling County, Szechwan Province. The use
of locally-made rockets ( actually fireworks) was
noted to have been ineffective prior to 1959. Im-
proved multistage "sky-high fireworks" capable of
achieving heights of 2,000 meters ( 6,500 feet) be-
fore explosion have been in use since then. These
improved rockets were reported to have dispersed
hailclouds without hail formation in 78 of 83 at-
tempts. A firing network was organized to launch
a thousand rockets whenever a hailstorm was re-
ported to be imminent.35 Based on similar Western
and Soviet work, such experiments have little effect
on a hail-producing cloud. A similar, possibly re-
lated report appeared in a Hong Kong publication
in 1966. The author discussed rockets used to com-
bat hail in Wan-ning County, Szechwan Province.
These were single and two-stage rockets weighing
a little over an ounce and slightly over a pound
respectively. The propellant chamber was made of
strawboard and the launching pad of wood. The
rocket reportedly produced a strong pulse wave
upon exploding at altitudes of 1 to 2 km ( see fig-
ure 1).36 No mention of similar activities in other
areas has been reported. Evaluation of the claims
for this form of hail suppression is difficult to make,
but the reported results are exceedingly doubtful
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Figure 1. Hail prevention rockets used in
China for hail-cloud control.
75142 12-68
since the rockets could not reach the freezing levels.
The Chinese claimed, however, that dispersal was
caused by the sound waves resulting from the ex-
plosions.
The firing of so-called "National Guns" for mod-
ifying hail clouds also has been reported and evi-
dently has been in use for some time. These guns
consisted of iron tubes which were filled with black
powder and packed with felt wadding. They were
mounted on wooden supports, aimed in the di-
rection of a cloud, and fired. The Chinese attributed
control of a cloud by this means to the sound waves
produced by the explosion ( see figure 2).36
Other countries, such as the USSR, Italy, and
other European countries, have tried explosive sup-
pression, and some success has been claimed. The
Soviet attempts, which utilize artillery firings of
ice-producing nuclei into specified portions of
a potential hailcloud, are reasonably well docu-
mented with data. In comparison, the Chinese
techniques are crude, and their claims appear to
be exaggerated. Furthermore, reported Chinese ef-
forts in hail prevention are minor in comparison
with those of the USSR."
Other Chinese attempts at hail prevention more
scientific in nature include the aircraft dispersal
of silver iodide, pilot-balloon-lofted cartridges con-
taining silver iodide, and jet aircraft burning silver
and acetone. In the latter, the silver iodide and
acetone are mixed in an airborne generator and
the mixture fed into the aircraft's nozzle where
it is sublimated ( see figures 3 and 4).36 It is not pos-
sible to evaluate the significance of this technique
because of insufficient information.
No other recent Chinese field experiments have
been noted. The final volume of Acta Meteorologica
Sinica was largely devoted to cloud physics articles,
and no mention was made of either an experimental
or operational weather modification study or proj-
ect. The last published deeding experiments which
reported cloud measurements occurred during the
winter of 1963-1964 near Shanghai. The objective
of that experiment was to produce snow from strat-
iform clouds and it was reported to be successful
on a small scale.37
The almost compete lack of scientific articles
subsequent to the summer of 1966 makes a current
evaluation of Chinese field operations and experi-
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75143 12-68
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Figure 2. Chinese "National Guns" utilized in the modification of hail clouds.
1. Ignition fuse
2. Case
3. Incendiary mixture
4. Cartridge primer
Figure 3. Cartridge with silver iodide and red phos-
phorus, delivered to the cloud by pilot balloon.
75144 12-68
ments difficult. It appears unlikely that the re-
cently reported attempts to operationally increase
rainfall in local areas are the only experiments
conducted during the past few years. Despite the
continuance of this type of activity, it is doubtful
that the Chinese have made much improvement
in their relatively low standing in field activities
as compared with other nations. However, due to
their ability to test without regard to the political,
legal, and sociological constraints imposed in other
countries, such as the United States, the possibility
of a chance breakthrough does exist. Until their
experimentation measurements are improved, it ap-
(b)(3)
(b)(3)
1. Compressed air
2. Jet plane nozzle
3. Atomization chamber
Figure 4. Generator for sublimating a mix-
ture of silver iodide with acetone in the
nozzle of a jet plane.
75145 12-68
pears that only a major change in cloud and/or
precipitation patterns resulting from their experi-
ments would be detected by the Chinese.
No recent reports have been noted which would
reflect Chinese work on the dispersal of clouds
and fog. Some tests were indicated, however, by
reports presented at the 1962 annual meeting of
the Chinese Meteorological Society. Although no
progress in this area is known, the Chinese
would have little difficulty applying well-known
techniques to supercooled clouds and fogs with
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results similar to those achieved by other coun-
tries.28
Data Collection
The Chinese have concentrated their efforts in
cloud physics data collection in the field on cloud
and precipitation droplet size measurements, nuclei
measurements, thunderstorm electrical fields data,
and, to a very limited degree, radar analyses of
hailstorms. Some cloud temperature and turbulence
data have also been collected in conjunction with
the above measurements.
Overall, the number of field data collection ac-
tivities reported in the Chinese literature is small,
and these data collections generally lack the scope
and complexity typical of the programs in other
countries. The lack of, or failure to assign, aircraft,
sophisticated measurement devices, and computers
for use in these activities to any significant degree
is obvious in their efforts. This deficiency prevents
the Chinese from being able to adequately verify
their more extensive theoretical models or to
properly evaluate their weather modification efforts.
While this might be taken to indicate a low priority
for the activities, it is more probably due to the
lack of necessary equipment.
One reasonably complete field collection of cloud
data utilizing aircraft occurred in the Kirin area
of northeast China in the late spring and early
summer of 1963. Fifteen flights were conducted
to observe ice and snow crystals in precipitating
cold stratus using an aluminum foil sampling de-
vice. The aircraft could not reach altitudes with
temperatures lower than �150C.38 For the latitude
of Kirin, 45�N, this temperature would result in
an altitude limitation of approximately 15,000 feet
during the late spring and early summer. Whether
this limitation was due to aircraft ceiling, personnel
limitation (lack of oxygen devices), or other causes
is not known, but earlier seeding flights have men-
tioned the lack of oxygen supply for personnel.
Two other examples of field data collection re-
ported in 1966 consisted of ground observations
of electric field variations near thunderstorm clouds
and analyses of radar echoes from hailstorms.3940
The electric field observations were taken in
the summer of 1963 in Kansu Province, and the
radar echo analyses and associated surface ob-
servations were for ten hailstorms near Peking in
1964. Studies of radar echoes from thunderstorms
in the Tai-shan area in the summer of 1962 were
published in 1965.41 Additional collections dur-
ing this time period involved ground observations
of nuclei42 43 and cloud-fog droplets or crystals."
Neither the instrumentation used nor the reported
results would contribute significantly to a better
understanding of cloud or precipitation processes.
The majority of the Chinese data collection opera-
tions have been small in scope and duration, and
very minor when compared to similar activities in
the advanced nations.
10 -eetifeENT4,61_
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APPENDIX
Selected list of organizations and key personnel publishing papers on cloud
physics and weather modification between 1958 and 1966.2-5 41
Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, Academy of Sciences, Peking
Ch'an Li-shan (6124/7787/3790)
Chang Kuang-lcun (?)
Chao Chi-ping (1560/4764/1627)
Chao Yen-ts'eng (6392/3601/2582)
Ch'en Jul-jung (7115/3843/2837)
Chen Shui-yung (?)
Ch'en Wan-kuei (?)
Ch'en Yen-chuan (7115/3508/3197)
Cheng Ta-chou (6774/6671/1558)
Chiang Pen-t'ang (?)
Chou Hsiao-ping (0719/2556/1627)
Chou Hsiu-chi (0719/4423/7535)
Chou Shih-chien (0719/6108/1696)
Chu Chen-hua* (?)
Ho Chen-chen (0149(3791/3791)
* Affiliation not definitely established
** Foreign educated
Hsueh Wei-kuang (6200/1218/0342)
Hsu Ching-fang* (1776/5478/5391)
Hu Kuang-hsing (5170/1684/5281)
Huan Chung-chia (?)
Huang Mei-yuan** (7806/5019/0337)
Hung Chung-hsiang (3163/6945/4382)
Jen Li-hsin (0117/7787/2450)
Ku Chen-ch'ao** (7357/7201/3390)
Kuei P'ei-lan (2981/0160/5695)
Kung Chili-pen (7895/4249/2609)
Li Cheng-hung (?)
Li Hsing-sheng (2621/5281/3932)
Li Kuei-ch'en* ** (?)
Shih K'o-chao (?)
T'ao Li-chun (7118/7787/0689)
Wen Ching-sung (3306/2529/1529)
Yuan Chen* (?)
Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, Lan-chou Branch, Academy of Sciences
Chang Mi (1728/3055/1378)
Chao Chien-p'ing (6392/0494/1627)
Ch'en Ch'ien (7115/5541)
Ch'en Tsai-hua (7115/0961/5478)
Cheng Hsiao-p'ing (4453/4607/1627)
Fan Ts'ung-yuan* (5400/1783/3293)
* Affiliation not definitely established
Hsiao Yu-jen (1115/7183/0086)
Hsu Chia-liu (1776/1367/7511)
Huang Meng-jung (7806/1322/1369)
Kuo Ch'ang-ming (6753/2490/2494)
Lai Te-chin (6351/1795/3160)
Liu Chung-lin (0491/6945/7227)
T'ang Shu-fen* (3282/2885/5358)
Wang Wan-chung (3769/5502/6945)
Wang Yu-hsi (3782/3768/3886)
Institute of Meteorological Research, Central Meteorological Bureau
Cheng Ch'un-shu (4453/4783/2873)
Observatory, Central Meteorological Bureau
Fang Ta-hsiung (2455/1129/7160)
Hsiung Kuang-ying (3574/0342/1041)
Hsu Huan-pin (6079/3562/2430)
Kao Ming-jen (7559/2494/1804)
Ma Pei-ming (7456/1014/3046)
Sun I-min (1327/1150/2404)
Yu Lai-kuang (1429/0171/0342)
Provincial Weather Bureau, Central Meteorological Bureau
Kirin
Chang Wan-chun* (1728/8001/6874)
Hsiung Shang-ch'ing* (3574/1424/3237)
(also noted at University of Science and Technology)
* Also noted at Kirin Provincial Meteorological Research
Institute
Wang Hsueh-lin* (3076/1331/2651)
Hunan
Chao Jui-hua (6392/3843/5478)
Hsueh Fan-ping (5641/5603/3521)
Lou Fu-cheng (1236/4395/2052)
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ENTIAL
Kinin Province Institute of Meteorological Research, Central Meteorological Bureau
Sun K'o-fu (1327/0668/1381)
Institute of Calculation (Computer) Technology, Academy of Sciences
Chang Yao-k'o (1728/5069/4430)
Kung Tseng-chin (7895/1073/6930)
The University of Science and Technology of China
Ch'en Hsi-ming (7115/6932/2494)
Ch'en Ying-i (7115/5391/0308)
Chin Jen-ch'ung (4440/0088/1813)
* Affiliation not definitely established
Chao Po-lin** (6392/2672/2651)
Feng Chih-hsien ( ?)
** Foreign educated
Hu Yin-ch'iao (5170/5593/2884)
Jung Pei-ying ( ?)
* Affiliation not definitely established
Hsiung Shang-ch'ing ( 3574/1424/3237)
Kuo Yu-fu (6753/5940/1381)
Lin Hai (2651/3189)
Shih Wai-lcuang* ( ?)
Wu Chin-yo (?)
Department of Geophysics, Peking University
Hsieh Fan-ping ( ?)
Hsueh Fan-ping (5641/0416/3521)
Department of Geophysics, Peking University
Li Ch'i-ch'en (2621/0366/3819)
Lin Chi-tsang* ( ?)
Mao Chieh-t'ai (3029/4634/3141)
Ting Jung-hang (0002/2837/5328)
12 CONFIDENTIAL
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�CONF-1�60ENT-tAr
UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES
The abbreviations AMS and CRL are used in
this reference list for the Chinese journal Acta
Meteorologica Sinica (Chi-hsiang Hsueh-pao) and
Cambridge Research Laboratory.
1. National Science Foundation. Weather Modification,
NSF 62-27, 1962
2. Commerce. ESSA, EDS, Yao, A.Y.M., Bibliography on
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3. Air. CRL, Research Monograph, EMM-67-167, Dec 67
4. Air. CRL, EMM-66-102( a ), Monograph No 10, 1965,
Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, Academy of Sci-
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5. Air. CRL, EMM-66-101( a ), Monograph No 11, 1965,
Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, Academy of Sci-
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7. JPRS: 38,772, 23 Nov 66, p 10 Wen Ching-sung,
"The Random Growth of Cloud Droplets Under the Con-
ditions of Large-Scale Vertical Currents," AMS, v 36, no
2, Jun 66, p 280-282
8. Air. CRL, EMM-67-165, Sep 67. Li Chi-chen and
Lin Chi-tsang, "Problems on the Geographical Distribution
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9. Air. CRL, EMM-67-167, Dec 67, p 47-48. Hsu Hua-
ying and Ku Chen-ch'ao, "Precipitation Produced by Gravi-
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10. Peoples Daily (Jen-min Jih-pao), Peking. "China's
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19 Aug 65 p 2
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"A New Theory on How Cloud Becomes Rain," Science
Pictorial (K'o-hsueh Hua-pao), no 10, Oct 65, p 329-330
12. Air. CRL, EMM-67-155, Jun 67. Hsu Ch'ing-fang,
Li Kuei-ch'en, Wen Ching-sung, "Markov Process in the
Continuous Growth of Cloud Drops under Conditions of
Small-Scale Fluctuations and its Effect on the Develop-
ment of Cumulonimbus," AMS, v 36, no 2, Jun 66, p 243-248
13. Chou Hsiao-p'ing, Li Hsing-shang, Chang Yao-k'o,
and Kung Tseng-chin, "A Numerical Experiment of Cumu-
lus Development," AMS, v 34, no 4, Nov 64, p 475-484
14. Air. CRL, EMM-67-163. Cheng Hsiao-ping, Chen
Hsien, and Hsia Yu-jen, "An experiment on the Electrifica-
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66, p 231-236
15. Muchnik, V. M., et al. "Formation of Hoarfrost on
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16. JPRS: 38,772, 23 Nov 66, p 5. Yeh Chia-tung. "Prob-
lem of Enlargement Regarding the Spot ( or Halo) Method
of Detecting Airborne Chloride Particles," AMS, v 36, no
2, Jun 66, p 223-230
17. JPRS: 233,759, 17 Jan 66, p 64-73. Ku Chen-ch'ao.
"Problem of Single Weather Station to Report Location
of Thunder Lightening Activities," Scientia (K'o-hsueh
T'ung-pao), no 11, Nov 65 p 923-925
18. Air. CRL, EMM-67-154, Jun 67. Huang Mei-yuan,
et al. "A Cloud Droplet Sampler for Continuous Operation
at Ground Level," AMS, v 35, no 2, May 1965, p 257-262
19. Air. CRL, EMM-67-167, Dec 67, p 191. Yuan Chen,
et al. "A Special Radiosonde For Probing Strong Electric
Fields and an Analysis of Electric Field Soundings in
Thunderclouds," AMS, v 35, no 4, Nov 65, p 440-448
20. Chang Mi, Kuo Chang-ming, et al. "Atmospheric Ice-
Nuclei Counter," Scientific Instruments (K'o-hsueh I-ch'i),
Peking, v 3, no 10, 1965, p 467-471
21. Air. CRL, EMM-66-129, Feb 67, p 21. Chao Yen-
tseng, et al. "An Instrument for Determining the Spectra
of the Electric Charge of Cloud Droplets," AMS, v 34, no 4,
Nov 64, p 531-538
22. Kuang Chili-pen. "Some Problems for the Deter-
mination of Atmospheric Integrated Absorption Functions
from Laboratory Absorption Measurements," Acta Geo-
physica Sinica (Ti-chiu Wu-li Hsueh-pao), v 14, no 1,
1965, p 1-13
23. JPRS: 42,669, 19 Sep 67. Popular Science (K'o-
hsueh Ta-chung), no 2, Feb 61, p 87, 88
24. JPRS: 44,189, 30 Jan 68. Science Pictorial (K'o-
hsueh Hua-pao), no 4, Apr 61, p 88, 99
25. JPRS: 44,513, 27 Feb 68. Science Pictorial (K'o-
hsueh Hua-pao), no 3, Mar 62, p 89
26. Aeronautical Knowledge (Hang-kung Chih-shih),
Peking, no 12, Dec 64, p 22, 23
27. Air. CRL, EMM-67-167, Dec 67. Ma Pei-min, et al.
"Analysis of Experiments Of Cumulus-Congestus Cloud
Seeding with Salt Powder in Hunan Province During the
Summer of 1963," AMS, v 35, no 3, Aug 65, p 280-291
29. FBIS. Communist China, "PLA Brings Rain to
Drought Plagued Districts," Peking, NCNA, 8 Sep 67
31. Peking Review, no 23, 7 Jun 68
32. FBIS. Communist China, 31 May 68. Peking, NCNA,
29 May 68
33. FBIS. Communist China, 4 Jun 68. Peking, NCNA,
31 May 68
34. FBIS. FE, 22 Nov 66. "Honan Conducts Two Rain-
making Experiments," Chengchow Domestic Service, 18
Nov 66
35. FBIS. FE, 13 Jan 66. "Szechwan Peasants Combat
Hail with Rockets," Peking, NCNA, 12 Jan 66
CONFIDWIAI
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CONFInENTIAL
36. Library of Congress. Aerospace Technology Division,
Michaels, D. W., "Hail Prevention Research," ATD-68-26-
101-1, 8 Dec 67
37. JPRS: 43,872, 4 Jan 68, p 10-14. Yeh Chia-tung,
"Cloud Seeding for Snow," Science Pictorial (K'o-hsueh
Hua-pao ), no 3, Shanghai, March 64, p 102, 103
38. JPRS: 39,684, 27 Jan 67. Sun K'o-fu and Yu Lai-
kuang, "Ice and Snow Crystals in Precipitation Cold Stratus
of Kirin Area from April through June 1963," AMS, v 35,
no 3, Aug 65, p 265-272
39. JPRS: 38,772, 23 Nov 66, p 6. Fan Ts'ung-yuan,
et al. "Electric Field Variations of Thunderstorm Cloud
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AMS, v 36, no 2, Jun 66, p 237-242
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Analysis of the Hail of Peking in 1964," AMS, v 36, no 2,
Jun 66, p 213-222
41. JPRS: 34,725, 25 Mar 66. T'ao Li-chun and Kuei
P'ei-lan, "Preliminary Analysis of the Radar Echoes of Sev-
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gust, 1962," Monograph no 11, 1965, Institute of Geo-
physics and Meteorology, Academy of Sciences, Peking
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et al. "Ice Nuclei over the Pai-cheng Area in Spring," AMS,
v 35, no 3, Aug 65, p 273-279
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et al. "An Analysis of samples of Atmospheric Nuclei over
China," AMS, v 35, no 4, Nov 65, p 416-422
44. Air. CRL, EMM-67-167, Dec 67. Hsu Huan-pin,
"A Preliminary Study of the Fluctuations of the Micro-
physical Structure of Clouds and Fog in Heng Shan," AMS,
v 34, no 4, Nov 64, p 539-547
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DISTRIBUTION
No. OF COPIES RECIPIENT
1 Special Assistant to The President for Science and Technology
10 Department of State
165 Defense Intelligence Agency
2 Atomic Energy Commission
10 National Security Agency
1 U.S. Information Agency
1 National Science Foundation
2 DCI Area
51 DDS&T Area
41 DDI Area
5 DDS Area
6 DDP Area
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