NEW EDITION OF DIRECTORS AND DEPUTY DIRECTORS OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06123688
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: January 30, 2024
• Document Release Date: October 13, 2023
• Case Number: F-2018-02674
• Publication Date: August 3, 1989

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DD/A ToKistry
3 August 1989
MEMORANDUM FOR: Associate Deputy Director for Administration
FROM:
SUBJECT:
J. Kenneth McDonald'
Chief, DCI History Staff
New Edition of Directors and Deputy
Directors of Central Intelligence
I'll attach a copy of our new edition ofJjTrectors,-and
Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence.
additional copies, please call us on
If you would like
J. Kenneth McDonald
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Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
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Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
History Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
1989
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Questions concerning this handbook or corrections
to it should be addressed to the History Staff.
Additional copies may be ordered from the Public
Affairs Office (telephone [phone]).
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CONTENTS
Preface
Coordinator of Information and Director of Strategic Services
William Joseph Donovan
1
Directors of Central Intelligence
Sidney William Souers
5
Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg
7
Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter
9
Walter Bedell Smith
11
Allen Welsh Dulles
13
John Alex McCone
15
William Francis Raborn, Jr.
17
Richard McGarrah Helms
19
James Rodney Schlesinger
21
William Egan Colby
23
George Herbert Walker Bush
25
Stansfield Turner
27
William Joseph Casey
29
William Hedgcock Webster
31
Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
Kingman Douglass
34
Edwin Kennedy Wright
3.5
William Harding Jackson
36
Allen Welsh Dulles
37
Charles Pearre Cabe11
38
Marshall Sylvester Carter
39
Richard McGarrah Helms
40
Rufus Lackland Taylor
41
Robert Everton Cushman, Jr.
42
Vernon Anthony Walters
43
Enno Henry Knoche
44
Frank Charles Carlucci, III
45
Bobby Ray Inman
46
John Norman McMahon
47
Robert Michael Gates
48
Richard James Kerr
49
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PREFACE
The Central Intelligence Agency's History Staff has prepared this biographical
handbook on the Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence principally as a
reference aid for CIA, the Intelligence Community, and other offices of the U.S.
Government. It is a revision of the History Staff's 1983 publication, Directors and Deputy
Directors of Central Intelligence: Dates and Data 1946-1983, which it supersedes.
This edition includes General William J. Donovan, who headed the United States' first
independent intelligence organization during the Second World War. This forerunner of CIA
was first formed as the Office of the Coordinator of Information by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt's directive of 11 July 1941, and then reorganized and renamed the Office of
Strategic Services by a presidential directive of 13 June 1942. As Coordinator of Information
General Donovan reported directly to the President, and as Director of Strategic Services he
served under the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, until President Harry S. Truman
disbanded the OSS just after the end of the war. At CIA's Headquarters, General Donovan's
portrait hangs with those of the former Directors of Central Intelligence, and it is these
portraits that are reproduced in this book.
Having disbanded OSS on 1 October 1945, President Truman established the Central
Intelligence Group (CIG) on 22 January 1946. Although drawing its budget and staff from
the several departments that maintained intelligence services, this new organization was
headed by a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), who was appointed by the President to
serve under the supervision of a National Intelligence Authority, made up of the Secretaries
of State, War and Navy, and the President's personal representative. Thus, there was a
Director of Central Intelligence almost two years before there was a Central Intelligence
Agency.
The CIA was established by the National Security Act of 26 July 1947. This Act went
into effect 18 September 1947, a birthday CIA shares with the U.S. Air Force and the
National Security Council, both also created by this Act. Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter,
whose tenure as third DCI spanned both CIG and CIA, was reappointed by the President
with the advice and consent of the Senate, as the new Act required. The Director of Central
Intelligence now became the primary adviser to the President and the National Security
Council on national foreign intelligence matters. Today the DCI is the head of the Central
Intelligence Agency and of such other staff elements as are required for the discharge of his
Intelligence Community responsibilities. Executive Order 12333 of 4 December 1981 gives
the DCI authority to develop and implement the National Foreign Intelligence Program
budget, and to coordinate the tasking of all Intelligence Community collection elements.
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The office of Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) evolved gradually under
CIG and CIA. Until 1953 Deputy Directors were appointed by the Director. The first
Deputy, Kingman Douglass, served only in an acting status for less than five months in 1947,
and for long periods CIG had no Deputy Director. It was General Walter Bedell Smith, the
fourth DCI, who established the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence in the role he has
since played in CIA. Congress recognized the importance of the position in April 1953 by
amending the National Security Act of 1947 to provide for the appointment of the Deputy
Director of Central Intelligence by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate;
General Charles Pearre Cabe11, USAF, DDCI from 1953 to 1962, was the first to be so
appointed. The 1953 amendment also provided that commissioned officers of the armed
forces, whether active or retired, could not occupy both DCI and DDCI positions at the same
time. This provision made it mandatory that Lieutenant General Marshall Carter, USA,
resign as DDCI when President Johnson appointed Vice Admiral William Raborn, USN
(Ret.) to succeed Mr. John McCone as DCI. The DDCI assists the Director by performing
such functions as the DCI assigns or delegates. He acts for and exercises the powers of the
Director during his absence or disability, or in the event of a vacancy in the position of the
Director. Four DDCIs have served as Acting Directors of Central Intelligence when the
Director's position was vacant: Allen Dulles, Vernon Walters, Henry Knoche, and Robert
Gates.
J. Kenneth McDonald
Chief Historian
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Coordinator of Information
1941-1942
and
Director of Strategic Services
1942-1945
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(Portrait by Thomas E. Stephens, 1957)
WILLIAM JOSEPH DONOVAN
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WILLIAM JOSEPH DONOVAN
Major General, U.S. Army
Tenure
Coordinator of Information, 11 July 1941-13 June 1942;
Director of Strategic Services, 13 June 1942-1 October
1945
Birth 1 January 1883, Buffalo, New York
Education Attended Niagara College; Columbia University, A.B.,
1905; Columbia University Law School, LL.B., 1907
Appointment
Appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Coordina-
tor of Information, 11 July 1941, and as Director of
Strategic Services, 13 June 1942
Placed on active duty and appointed Brigadier General in
U.S. Army, 24 March 1943
Promoted to Major General, 10 November 1944
Relieved On dissolution of the Office of Strategic Services,
1 October 1945; released from Army, 12 January 1946
Earlier Career
Later Career
Served with New York National Guard on Mexican Bor-
der, 1916, and with 165th Infantry (69th New York)
Regiment in World War I; awarded Congressional Medal
of Honor in 1922 for bravery in 1918 Meuse-Argonne
Offensive
Assistant Attorney General, 1924-1929
Practiced law in New York, 1929-1941
Republican nominee for Governor of New York, 1932
Practiced law in New York
Ambassador to Thailand, 1953-1954
Died 8 February 1959
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Directors of Central Intelligence
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(Portrait by Clarence Lamont MacNelly)
SIDNEY WILIAM SOUERS
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SIDNEY WILLIAM SOUERS DC I- 1
Rear Admiral, U.S. Naval Reserve
Tenure as DCI 23 January 1946-10 June 1946
Birth 30 March 1892, Dayton, Ohio
Education Attended Purdue University; Miami University (Ohio),
B.A., 1914
Appointment
Appointed by President Harry S. Truman and sworn in on
23 January 1946'
Relieved Resigned, effective 10 June 1946
Deputy Director Kingman Douglass (Acting)
Earlier Career Private business
Commissioned Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Naval
Reserve, 1929
Volunteered for active duty, July 1940
Later Career
Promoted to Rear Admiral and made Deputy Chief of
Naval Intelligence, 1945
Executive Secretary of the National Security Council,
26 September 1947-15 January 1950
Returned to private business
Died 14 January 1973
' Before the National Security Act of 26 July 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency on 18 September
1947� the Director of Central Intelligence served as a member of the National Intelligence Authority and head of
the Central Intelligence Group by authority of a presidential directive of 22 January 1946.
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HOYT SANFORD VANDENBERG
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HOYT SANFORD VANDENBERG DCI-2
Lieutenant General, U.S. Army (Army Air Forces)
Tenure as DCI
Birth
Education
Appointment
Relieved
Deputy Director
10 June 1946-1 May 1947
24 January 1899, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Graduated U.S. Military Academy, 1923; Army War
College, 1936
Appointed by President Harry S. Truman, 7 June 1946;
sworn in 10 June 1946'
Reassigned as Deputy Commander, U.S. Army Air Forces,
1 May 1947
Kingman Douglass (Acting) until 11 July 1946; Brigadier
General Edwin Kennedy Wright, U.S. Army, from
20 January 1947 for remainder of tenure
Earlier Career Commanded 9th Air Force in Europe during World War II
Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department General
Staff, January�June 1946
Later Career Appointed Vice Chief of Staff of U.S. Air Force with rank
of General, U.S. Air Force, effective 1 October 1947
'See footnote on page 5.
Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, 1948-1953
Retired from Air Force and Joint Chiefs of Staff,
30 June 1953
Died 2 April 1954
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ROSCOE HENRY HILLENKOETTER
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ROSCOE HENRY HILLENKOETTER DCI-3
Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy
Tenure as DCI 1 May 1947-7 October 1950
Birth 8 May 1897, St. Louis, Missouri
Education Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1919 (Class of 1920)
Appointment Appointed by President Harry S. Truman, 30 April 1947;
sworn in 1 May 1947
Recess appointment under new law,' 29 August 1947;
sworn in 26 September 1947
Reappointed under new law by President Harry S.
Truman, 24 November 1947 and confirmed by U.S.
Senate, 8 December 1947
Relieved Returned to Navy sea command, 7 October 1950
Deputy Director Brigadier General Edwin Kennedy Wright until 9 March
1949 2
Earlier Career
Several tours as Assistant Naval Attach�r Naval Attach�
France, 1933-1935, 1938-1940, 1940-1941 (Vichy), and
1946-1947
Officer in Charge of Intelligence, on the staff of Com-
mander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Area (Admiral Chester W.
Nimitz), September 1942�March 1943
Promoted to Rear Admiral, 29 November 1946
Later Career Commander, Navy Task Force in the Korean War,
November 1950�September 1951
Promoted to Vice Admiral, 9 April 1956
Inspector General of the Navy, 1 August 1956
Retired from Navy, 1 May 1957
Private business
Died 18 June 1982
'The National Security Act of 26 July 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency, which replaced the Cen-
tral Intelligence Group on 18 September 1947.
2 There was no Deputy Director from 10 March 1949 to 7 October 1950.
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WALTER BEDELL SMITH
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WALTER BEDELL SMITH DCI-4
General, U.S. Army
Tenure as DCI 7 October 1950-9 February 1953
Birth 5 October 1895, Indianapolis, Indiana
Education Attended Butler University briefly
Appointment Appointed by President Harry S. Truman, 21 August 1950
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 28 August 1950
Sworn in, 7 October 1950
Promoted to General, U.S. Army, effective 1 July 1951
Relieved
Deputy Director
Earlier Career
Later Career
Resigned to become Under Secretary of State, 9 February
1953
William H. Jackson October 1950�August 1951; Allen W.
Dulles for remainder of tenure
Commissioned into U.S. Army, 27 November 1917; served
in France in World War I; received regular commission
July 1920
During World War II served as Chief of Staff of the Allied
Forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean, and then as
Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower, Supreme Headquar-
ters, Allied Expeditionary Forces
Promoted to Lieutenant General, 13 January 1944
Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1946-1949
Commanding General of the First Army, 1949-1950
Retired from Army, 9 February 1953
Under Secretary of State, 1953-1954
Private business
Died 6 August 1961
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ALLEN WELSH DULLES
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ALLEN WELSH DULLES
Tenure as DCI 26 February 1953-29 November 1961
Birth 7 April 1893, Watertown, New York
DCI-5
Education Princeton University, B.A., 1914, M.A., 1916; George
Washington University, LL.B., 1926
Appointment Appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 10 February
1953 (served as Acting Director pending confirmation)
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 23 February 1953
Sworn in, 26 February 1953
Requested by President-elect John F. Kennedy to continue
as Director of Central Intelligence, 10 November 1960
Relieved Resigned, 29 November 1961
Deputy Director General Charles Pearre Cabe11, U.S. Air Force
Earlier Career U.S. Diplomatic Service, Department of State, 1916-1926
Practiced law in New York, 1926-1942 and 1946-1950
Head of Office of Strategic Services' office in Berne,
Switzerland, 1942-1945
Previous service in CIA as Deputy Director for Plans,
4 January 1951-23 August 1951, and Deputy Director
of Central Intelligence, 23 August 1951-26 February
1953
Later Career Retired to private life and writing
Served on President's Commission on the Assassination of
President Kennedy, 1963-1964
Died 28 January 1969
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JOHN ALEX McCONE
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JOHN ALEX McCONE DCI-6
Tenure as DCI 29 November 1961-28 April 1965
Birth 4 January 1902, San Francisco, California
Education University of California, Berkeley, B.S., 1922
Appointment Appointed by President John F. Kennedy, 27 September
1961
Relieved
Deputy Director
Sworn in as recess appointee, 29 November 1961
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 31 January 1962
Sworn in, 13 February 1962
Resigned, 28 April 1965
General Charles Pearre Cabe11, U.S. Air Force, 29 November
1961-31 January 1962; Lieutenant General Marshall A.
Carter, U.S. Army, 3 April 1962 for remainder of tenure
Earlier Career Private business
Member of President's Air Policy Commission, 1947-1948
Deputy to the Secretary of Defense, March�November
1948
Under Secretary of the Air. Force, 1950-1951
Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, 1958-1960
Later Career Private business
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WILLIAM FRANCIS RABORN, Jr.
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WILLIAM FRANCIS RABORN, Jr. DCI-7
Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Tenure as DCI 28 April 1965-30 June 1966
Birth 8 June 1905, Decatur, Texas
Education Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1928; Naval War
College, 1952
Appointment Appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, 11 April 1965
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 22 April 1965
Sworn in, 28 April 1965
Relieved Resigned, 30 June 1966
Deputy Director Richard M. Helms
Earlier Career Director, Special Projects Office, U.S. Navy (developed
Polaris missile for Fleet Ballistic Missile System)
1955-1962
Later Career
Promoted to Vice Admiral, 1960
Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Development),
1962-1963
Retired from Navy, 1 September 1963
Private industry, 1963-1965
Private business
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RICHARD McGARRAH HELMS
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RICHARD McGARRAH HELMS DCI-8
Tenure as DCI 30 June 1966-2 February 1973
Birth 30 March 1913, St. Davids, Pennsylvania
Education Williams College, B.A., 1935
Appointment Appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, 18 June 1966
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 28 June 1966
Sworn in, 30 June 1966
Relieved Retired, 2 February 1973
Deputy Director
Vice Admiral Rufus L. Taylor, U.S. Navy, 13 October 1966-
31 January 1969; Lieutenant General Robert E. Cushman,
Jr., U.S. Marine Corps, 7 May 1969-31 December 1971;
Lieutenant General Vernon A. Walters, U.S. Army, 2 May
1972 for remainder of tenure
Earlier Career Journalist
Commissioned into U.S. Naval Reserve, 1942
Served with Office of Strategic Services and its successors,
1943-1947
Career in CIA
Deputy Director for Plans, 1962-1965
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, 28 April 1965-
30 June 1966
Later Career Ambassador to Iran, March 1973�January 1977
Private consultant since 1977
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JAMES RODNEY SCHLESINGER
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Tenure as DCI
Birth
Education
Appointment
Relieved
Deputy Director
Earlier Career
Later Career
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JAMES RODNEY SCHLESINGER
2 February 1973-2 July 1973
15 February 1929, New York, New York
DCI-9
Harvard University, A.B., 1950, A.M., 1952 and Ph.D.,
1956
Appointed by President Richard M. Nixon, 21 December
1972
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 23 January 1973
Sworn in, 2 February 1973
Resigned, 2 July 1973, to become Secretary of Defense
Lieutenant General Vernon A. Walters, U.S. Army'
Assistant and Associate Professor of Economics, University
of Virginia, 1955-1963
Rand Corporation, Senior Staff Member, 1963-1967;
Director of Strategic Studies, 1967-1969
Assistant Director and Acting Deputy Director, Bureau of
the Budget, 1969-1970
Assistant Director, Office of Management and Budget,
1970-1971
Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, 1971-1973
Secretary of Defense, 1973-1975
Secretary of Energy, 1977-1979
Private consultant since 1979
' General Walters served as Acting Director from Mr. Schlesinger's departure, 2 July 1973, until Mr. William E.
Colby was sworn in, 4 September 1973.
21
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WILLIAM EGAN COLBY
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WILLIAM EGAN COLBY
Tenure as DCI 4 September 1973-30 January 1976
Birth 4 January 1920, St. Paul, Minnesota
DCI-10
Education Princeton University, B.A., 1940; Columbia University,
LL.B., 1947
Appointment Appointed by President Richard M. Nixon, 10 May 1973
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 1 August 1973
Sworn in, 4 September 1973
Relieved Retired, 30 January 1976
Deputy Director Lieutenant General Vernon A. Walters, U.S. Army
Earlier Career Commissioned into U.S. Army, August 1941
Served with Office of Strategic Services, 1943-1945
Later Career
Attorney in private practice, New York, 1947-1949; with
National Labor Relations Board, Washington, D.C.,
1949-1950
Career in CIA
Chief, Far East Division, 1962-1967
On leave from CIA, assigned to Agency for International
Development as Director of Civil Operations and Rural
Development Support, Saigon (with rank of Ambassador),
1968-1971
Executive Director-Comptroller, 1972-1973
Deputy Director for Operations, 2 March-24 August 1973
Private law practice, consultant, and author
23
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GEORGE HERBERT WALKER BUSH
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GEORGE HERBERT WALKER BUSH DCI-11
Tenure as DCI 30 January 1976-20 January 1977
Birth 12 June 1924, Milton, Massachusetts
Education Yale University, B.A., 1948
Appointment Appointed by President Gerald R. Ford, 3 November 1975
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 27 January 1976
Sworn in, 30 January 1976
Relieved Resigned, 20 January 1977
Deputy Director
Earlier Career
Lieutenant General Vernon A. Walters, U.S. Army, until
2 July 1976; E. Henry Knoche, 3 July 1976 for remainder
of tenure'
Served in World War II as naval aviator in the Pacific
Member of Congress, 7th District, Texas, 1967-1971
Ambassador to the United Nations, 1971-1972
Chairman, Republican National Committee, 1973-1974
Chief, U.S. Liaison Office, People's Republic of China,
1974-1975
Later Career Private business and politics
Sworn in as Vice President of the United States,
20 January 1981
Sworn in as President of the United States, 20 January
1989
' Mr. Knoche served as Acting Director from Mr. Bush's departure, 20 January 1977, until Admiral Stansfield
Turner was sworn in, 9 March 1977.
25
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STANSFIELD TURNER
,.
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STANSFIELD TURNER DCI-12
Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Tenure as DCI
Birth
Education
9 March 1977-20 January 1981
1 December 1923, Highland Park, Illinois
Attended Amherst College, 1941-1943; graduated U.S.
Naval Academy, 1946 (Class of 1947); Rhodes Scholar,
Oxford University, B.A., 1950, M.A., 1954
Appointment Appointed by President Jimmy Carter, 8 February 1977
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 24 February 1977
Sworn in, 9 March 1977
Retired from active duty in U.S. Navy, 31 December 1978
Relieved Resigned, 20 January 1981
Deputy Director E. Henry Knoche, until 1 August 1977; Frank C. Carlucci,
10 February 1978 for remainder of tenure
Earlier Career Director, Systems Analysis Division, Office of the Chief of
Naval Operations, 1971-1972
Promoted to Vice Admiral, 1972
President, U.S. Naval War College, 1972-1974
Commander, U.S. Second Fleet, 1974-1975
Promoted to Admiral, 1975
Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe
(NATO), 19751977
Later Career Private consultant, writer, and lecturer
27 '
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WILLIAM JOSEPH CASEY
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WILLIAM JOSEPH CASEY DCI-13
Tenure as DCI 28 January 1981-29 January 1987
Birth 13 March 1913, New York, New York
Education Fordham University, B.S., 1934; St. John's University,
LL.B., 1937
Appointment Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, 13 January 1981
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 27 January 1981
Sworn in, 28 January 1981
Relieved Resigned, 29 January 1987
Deputy Director
Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, U.S. Navy, 12 February
1981-10 June 1982; John N. McMahon, 10 June 1982-
29 March 1986; and Robert M. Gates, 18 April 1986-
29 January 1987 '
Earlier Career Lawyer and businessman
Commissioned into U.S. Naval Reserve, 1943
Served with Office of Strategic Services from 1943; Chief
of the Special Intelligence Branch in European Theater of
Operations, 1944-1945
Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission,
1971-1973
Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, 1973-1974
President and Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the
United States, 1974-1976
Member, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board,
1976-1977
Campaign Manager for Ronald Reagan, 1980
Later Career Died, 6 May 1987
' Mr. Gates served as Acting Director from 18 December 1986 until Judge William H. Webster was sworn in,
26 May 1987.
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WILLIAM HEDGCOCK WEBSTER
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WILLIAM HEDGCOCK WEBSTER DCI-14
Tenure as DCI Since 26 May 1987
Birth 6 March 1924, St. Louis, Missouri
Education Amherst College, A.B., 1947; Washington University Law
School, J.D., 1949
Appointment Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, 3 March 1987
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 19 May 1987
Sworn in, 26 May 1987
Requested by President-elect George Bush to continue as
Director of Central Intelligence, 6 December 1988
Deputy Director
Earlier Career
Robert M. Gates, 26 May 1987-20 March 1989;
Richard J. Kerr, from 20 March 1989
Served as Lieutenant in United States Navy, World War II
(1943-1946) and Korean War (1951-52)
Private law practice, 1949-59
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri,
1960-61
Private law practice, 1961-1970
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of
Missouri, 1970-1973
Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit,
1973-1978
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1978-1987
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Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence
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KINGMAN DOUGLASS DDCI-1
Tenure as DDCI 2 March 1946-11 July 1946'
Birth 16 April 1896, Oak Park, Illinois
Education Yale University, B.A., 1918
Appointment Appointed Assistant Director and Acting Deputy Director
by Director of Central Intelligence, Admiral Sidney W.
Souers, 2 March 1946
Relieved Transferred to Office of Special Operations, 11 July 1946
Resigned from Central Intelligence Group, September
1946
Earlier Career Investment banking
Military service in World War II: Senior U.S. Army Air
Force intelligence liaison officer in the British Air Minis-
try; Allied Intelligence Group in Pacific Theater
Later Career Returned to CIA as Assistant Director, Current Intelli-
gence, 4 January 1951-11 July 1952
Private business
Died 8 October 1971
',There was no Deputy Director from 11 July 1946 to 20 January 1947.
34
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EDWIN KENNEDY WRIGHT DDCI-2
Brigadier General, U.S. Army
Tenure as DDCI 20 January 1947-9 March 1949 '
Birth 28 December 1898, Portland, Oregon
Education Attended Oregon State College
Appointment Appointed by Director of Central Intelligence, General
Hoyt S. Vandenberg, effective 20 January 1947
Promoted to Brigadier General, U.S. Army, 3 February
1947
Relieved Returned to Army, 9 March 1949
Earlier Career Received regular commission in the U.S. Army, 3 July
1923
Served with General Bradley's 12th Army Group during
World War II
Executive Director of the Intelligence Division, War
Department General Staff, February�June 1946
Executive to the Director of Central Intelligence (Central
Intelligence Group), 26 June 1946-20 January 1947
Later Career
Assigned to the Far East Command, U.S. Army
1949-1952
Promoted to Major General, U.S. Army, 8 March 1952
Commander, Military District of Washington, 1952-1954
Commanding General, 6th Infantry Division, Fort Ord,
California, 1954-1955
Retired from Army, 30 September 1955
Died 3 September 1983
' From 10 March 1949 to 7 October 1950, there was no Deputy Director. Second in the Agency's command line
was the Executive: Captain Walter C. Ford, U.S. Navy, to 1 June 1949; Captain Clarence L. Winecoff, U.S.
Navy, to 7 June 1950; and Lyle T. Shannon (Acting) to 7 October 1950.
35
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Tenure as DDCI
Birth
Education
Appointment
Relieved
Earlier Career
Later Career
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WILLIAM HARDING JACKSON
7 October 1950-3 August 1951
25 March 1901, Nashville, Tennessee
DDCI-3
Princeton University, B.A., 1924; Harvard University,
LL.B., 1928
Appointment announced
gence-designate, General
1950
by Director of Central Intelli-
Walter Bedell Smith, 18 August
Sworn in, 7 October 1950
Resigned, 3 August 1951
Lawyer and investment banker in New York
Served with the U.S. Army, 1942-1945
Served on intelligence (G-2) staff of General Omar Bradley,
1944
Law and private business
Part-time Special Assistant and Senior Consultant to the
Director of Central Intelligence, 23 August 1951-18 Feb-
ruary 1956
Special Assistant to President Eisenhower with various
assignments in national security field, 1956-1957
Died 28 September 1971
36
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Tenure as DDCI
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ALLEN WELSH DULLES '
23 August 1951-26 February 1953
DDCI-4
Served as Acting Director of Central Intelligence,
9-26 February 1953
Appointment Appointed by Director of Central Intelligence, General
Walter Bedell Smith, 23 August 1951
' For further information, see page 13.
Elevated to Director of Central Intelligence, 26 February
1953
37
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CHARLES PEARRE CABELL DDCI-5
General, U.S. Air Force
Tenure as DDCI 23 April 1953-31 January 1962
Birth 11 October 1903, Dallas, Texas
Education Graduated U.S. Military Academy, 1925
Appointment Appointment announced 24 January 1953 by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Nominated under new law by President Eisenhower,
10 April 1953 '
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 20 April 1953
Sworn in, 23 April 1953
Promoted to General, U.S. Air Force, 11 July 1958
Relieved Resigned as Deputy Director and retired from Air Force,
effective 31 January 1962
Earlier Career Director of Intelligence for U.S. Air Force, 1948-1951
Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1951-1953
Appointed Special Consultant to CIA, 1 February 1952
Later Career Private consultant
Died 25 May 1971
' On 4 April 1953 Congress amended the National Security Act of 1947 to establish the position of Deputy Direc-
tor of Central Intelligence to "act for, and exercise the powers of, the Director during his absence or disability."
This amendment also prohibited both Director and Deputy Director positions from being occupied simultaneously
by commissioned officers of the armed services, whether in active or retired status. The Deputy Director would
henceforth be appointed by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
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MARSHALL SYLVESTER CARTER DDCI-6
Lieutenant General, U.S. Army
Tenure as DDCI 3 April 1962-28 April 1965
Birth 16 September 1909, Fort Monroe, Virginia
Education Graduated U.S. Military Academy, 1931; Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, M.S., 1936; National War
College, 1950
Appointment
Relieved
Earlier Career
Appointed by President John F. Kennedy, 9 March 1962
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 2 April 1962
Sworn in, 3 April 1962
Resigned to become Director, National Security Agency,
28 April 1965
Special Assistant to Secretary of State George C. Marshall,
1947-1949
Director, Executive Office of Secretary of Defense George C.
Marshall, 1950-1951
Chief of Staff, North American Air Defense Command,
1957-1959
Chief of Staff, U.S. Eighth Army, Korea, 1959-1960
Commanding General, Army Air Defense Center,
1961-1962
Promoted to Lieutenant General, U.S. Army, 1 April 1962
Later Career Director, National Security Agency, 1965-1969
Resigned as Director, National Security Agency, and
retired from Army, 28 March 1969
Foundation Executive
39
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Tenure as DDCI
Appointment
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RICHARD McGARRAH HELMS'
28 April 1965-30 June 1966
' For further information, see page 19.
DDCI-7
Appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, 11 April 1965
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 22 April 1965
Sworn in, 28 April 1965
Elevated to Director of Central Intelligence, 30 June 1966
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RUFUS LACKLAND TAYLOR DDCI-8
Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy
Tenure as DDCI 13 October 1966-1 February 1969
Birth 6 January 1910, St. Louis, Missouri
Education Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1933
Appointment Appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, 20 September
1966
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 7 October 1966
Sworn in, 13 October 1966
Relieved Resigned as Deputy Director and retired from Navy,
1 February 1969
Earlier Career Director of Naval Intelligence, 1963-1966
Promoted to Vice Admiral and made Deputy Director,
Defense Intelligence Agency, June 1966
Later Career Retired to private life
Died 14 September 1978
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ROBERT EVERTON CUSHMAN, Jr. DDCI-9
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Tenure as DDCI 7 May 1969-31 December 1971
Birth 24 December 1914, St. Paul, Minnesota
Education Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1935
Appointment Appointed by President Richard M. Nixon, 6 March 1969
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 22 April 1969
Sworn in, 7 May 1969
Relieved Resigned to become Commandant of the Marine Corps,
31 December 1971
Earlier Career Assistant for National Security Affairs to Vice President
Richard M. Nixon, 1957-1961
Commanding General, 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa,
1961-1962
Assistant Chief of Staff (G-2 and G-3), U.S. Marine Corps,
1962-1964
Commanding General, Marine Corps Base and 4th Marine
Division, Camp Pendleton, California, 1964-1967
Promoted to Lieutenant General, June 1967
Commander, III Marine Amphibious Force, Vietnam,
1967-1969
Later Career Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1 January 1972 until
retirement, 30 June 1975
Died 2 January 1985
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VERNON ANTHONY WALTERS DDCI-10
Lieutenant General, U.S. Army
Tenure as DDCI 2 May 1972-2 July 1976
Served as Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 2 July-
4 September 1973
Birth 3 January 1917, New York, New York
Education Attended Stonyhurst College, England
Appointment Appointed by President Richard M. Nixon, 2 March 1972
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 10 April 1972
Sworn in, 2 May 1972
Relieved Resigned as Deputy Director, effective 2 July 1976, and
retired from Army, 31 July 1976
Earlier Career Entered U.S. Army 2 May 1941
Member, NATO Standing Group, Washington, 1955-1960
(with additional duties as Staff Assistant to President
Eisenhower and Interpreter to the President, Vice President
and high officials of the Department of State and the
Department of Defense)
Later Career
Army Attach�Italy, 1960-1962; Brazil, 1962-1967; and
Defense Attach�France, 1967-1972
Promoted to Lieutenant General, March 1972
Private consultant and lecturer, 1977-81
Ambassador-at-Large, 1981-1985
Ambassador to the United Nations, 1985-1988
Ambassador to Federal Republic of Germany, since 1989
43
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Tenure as DDCI
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ENNO HENRY KNOCHE '
7 July 1976-1 August 1977
DDCI- 1 1
Served as Acting Director of Central Intelligence,
20 January-9 March 1977
Birth 14 January 1925, Charleston, West Virginia
Education Washington and Jefferson College, A.B., 1946
Appointment Appointed by President Gerald R. Ford, 22 April 1976
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 30 June 1976
Sworn in, 7 July 1976
Relieved Resigned, 1 August 1977'
Earlier Career Served as naval officer in World War II and Korean War
Career in CIA
Director, Foreign Broadcast Information Service,
1972-1973
Director, Office of Strategic Research, 1973-1975
Assistant Deputy to the Director of Central Intelligence for
the Intelligence Community, 1975-1976
Later Career Private business
' Usually styled E. Henry Knoche.
'John F. Blake served as Acting Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, 1 August 1977-10 February 1978.
44
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Tenure as DDCI
Birth
Education
Appointment
Relieved
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FRANK CHARLES CARLUCCI, HI
10 February 1978-20 January 1981
18 October 1930, Scranton, Pennsylvania
DDCI-12
Princeton University, B.A., 1952; Harvard Graduate
School of Business, 1954-1955
Appointed by President Jimmy Carter, 22 December 1977
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 9 February 1978
Sworn in, 10 February 1978
Resigned to become Deputy Secretary of Defense,
20 January 1981
Earlier Career Naval Officer, 1952-1954
Foreign Service Officer, Department of State, 1956-1971
Director, Office of Economic Opportunity, January�
September 1971
Associate and Deputy Director of the Office of Manage-
ment and Budget, 1971-1972
Under Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare,
1972-1974
Ambassador to Portugal, 1974-1977
Later Career Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1981-1982
Private business, 1983-1986
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs,
January�November 1987
Secretary of Defense, 5 November 1987-20 January 1989
Private business
45
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BOBBY RAY INMAN DDCI-13
Admiral, U.S. Navy
Tenure as DDCI 12 February 1981-10 June 1982
Birth 4 April 1931, Rhonesboro, Texas
Education University of Texas, B.A., 1950; National War College,
1972
Appointment Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, 1 February 1981
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 5 February 1981
Sworn in, 12 February 1981
Relieved Resigned as Deputy Director, 10 June 1982, and retired
from Navy, 1 July 1982
Earlier Career Commissioned Ensign, U.S. Navy, 1952
Director of Naval Intelligence, 1974-1976
Promoted to Vice Admiral, 1976
Vice Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, 1976-1977
Director, National Security Agency, 1977-1981
Promoted to Admiral, 1981
Later Career Private business
46
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JOHN NORMAN McMAHON DDCI-14
Tenure as DDCI 10 June 1982-29 March 1986
Birth 3 July 1929, East Norwalk, Connecticut
Education Holy Cross College, B.A., 1951
Appointment Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, 26 April 1982
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 9 June 1982
Sworn in, 10 June 1982
Relieved Resigned, 29 March 1986
Earlier Career Career in CIA
Associate Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for the
Intelligence Community, 1976-1977
Acting Deputy to the Director of Central Intelligence for
the Intelligence Community, 1977-1978
Deputy Director for Operations, 1978-1981
Deputy Director for National Foreign Assessment,
1981-1982
Executive Director of the Central Intelligence Agency,
4 January-10 June 1982
Later Career Private Business
47
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Tenure as DDCI
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ROBERT MICHAEL GATES
18 April 1986-20 March 1989
Served as Acting Director of Central Intelligence,
18 December 1986-26 May 1987
Birth 25 September 1943, Wichita, Kansas
Education
Appointment
Relieved
DDCI-15
College of William and Mary, B.A., 1965; Indiana
University, M.A., 1966; Georgetown University, Ph.D.,
1974
Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, 4 March 1986
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 15 April 1986
Sworn in, 18 April 1986
Resigned to become Deputy Assistant to the President
for National Security Affairs, 20 March 1989
Earlier Career Career in CIA
Intelligence analyst, 1966-1974
Assigned to National Security Council Staff, 1974-1979
Returned to CIA in late 1979
Director, DCl/DDCI Executive Staff, March 1981�
January 1982
Deputy Director for Intelligence, January 1982�April 1986
Chairman, National Intelligence Council, September
1983�April 1986
Later Career Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs, since 1989
48
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RICHARD JAMES KERR DDCI-16
Tenure as DDCI Since 20 March 1989
Birth 4 October 1935, Fort Smith, Arkansas
Education University of Oregon, B.A., 1959; graduate study, 1959-
1960
Appointment Appointed by President-elect George Bush, 28 December
1988
Confirmed by U.S. Senate, 16 March 1989
Sworn in, 20 March 1989
Earlier Career Career in CIA
Intelligence analyst, 1960-1976
Served as Director or Deputy Director of offices dealing
with analysis and production of intelligence, 1976-1982
Associate Deputy Director for Intelligence, July 1982�
December 1985
Deputy Director for Administration, January�April 1986
Deputy Director for Intelligence, April 1986�March 1989
49
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