PROGRESS REPORT ON THE NATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFORT FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1952, THROUGHT SEPTEMBER 30, 1952

• Document Type: FOIA
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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 02119060
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• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: March 9, 2023
• Document Release Date: May 17, 2021
• Case Number: F-2020-01878
• Publication Date: October 30, 1952

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DOC. NO. PSB D-34
DATE October 30, 1952
COPY NO, 47
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY BOARD
Washington
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE NkTIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFORT
FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1952 TOUGH SEPTINBFR 30, 1952
Submitted to the President and the National Security Council
by the Psychological Strategy Board
This document contains information affecting the national defense of the
United States, within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18. Sec.
tions 793 and 794, U.S.C., the transmission or revelation of which in
any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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3 November 1952.
Mr. James Lay, Jr,
Executive Secretary
The National Security Council
Washington 251 D, C.
Dear hr. Lays
have the honor to transmit herewith to the
President and the National Security Council a Progress
Report on the National Psychological Effort for the
period July 1, 1952 through September 30, 1952?
This is submitted in accordance with your
"Memorandum to the Director of the Psychological Strategy
Board- Status of United States Programs for National
Security," dated hay 29, 1952.
This Report was approved at the Sixteenth meeting
of the Psychological Strategy Board held October 30, 1952.
Sincerely yours,
Alan G, Kirk
Director
Enclosures;
P613 D-34 Copies 6 and 7
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PSB D.-34
potober '0, 1952
paceus REPORT ON TNE NATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFORT
FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1952) THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 192
Submitted to the Prasident and the Nat*Pnal Security Council
by the Psychological Strategy Board
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Evaluative Summary of Significant Psychological Activities." 2
The Work of PSB.. 6
III, Summaries of Reports:
Department of State 15
Department of Defense.. 129
*Central Intelligence Agency !, 24
Field Representatives of Mutual Security Agency.........� 38
Text of Report of Department of State ANNEX A
Text of Report of Department of Defense,.,. ANNEX B
.�,
1161�1111.0.411�11.41ou
* The Summary of the Report of the Central Intelligence Agency is
specially claseitied,!
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PSB D..34
October X), 1952
SIGNIFICANT PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD UNDER REVIEW
1. The Board presents below a brief evaluative summary of psycho-
logical activities during the reporting period on the part of the de-
partments and agencies responsible for psychological operations.
Capabilities by,Area
2. Some progress toward our psychological goals has been achieved
in certain areas. Wide geographical gaps remain, however, in our capa-
bilities for making an immediately effective psychological centribUtion
to the reduction and retraction of Soviet power and influenCe. These
gaps include the USSR itself, Communist China and most of the European
iatellites. In other areas there has been progress, especially in
balding capabilities for future development.
.3. Radio broadcasting currently is the major active element being
employed in the psychological field against the USSR. The Russian
Itja1mingfl continues to be a serious obstacle, and poses a problem in the
whole field Of communications: Insofar as Communist China ie concerned,
the situation is about the same but probably with less receptivity due
to shortages of receiving facilities among the masses.
Anti-American Attitudes
�������"...4
4. In the free world and especially in Western Europe, specific
grievances and generalized discnntents continue to find expression in
anti-American sentiMente and resentments of overt United States propa-
ganda and pressure During the reporting period a substantial increase
was made
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October 30, 1952
was made in the volume of guidance and support material for indirect
and non-attributable propaganda, Howeverp�the above trend makes Clear
the importance of still further increaSing our efforts to develop in-
direct and non-attributable information activities,
1:e stern Europe
5. The benefactor-beneficiary relationship in this area continues
to cause difficulty for our psychological efforts to develop attitudes
,favorable to the position-of-strength strategy. European enthusiasm
continues to lag for institutions looked on as specifically military,
i.e., NATO and EDC. However, U. S. psychological action has contributed
to an increasing awareness of the communist danger in some countries,
notably France and Sweden; to the development of pro-integration atti-
tudes in Western Germany; and to progress toward European functional
and political unity. All these gains, taken together with the growth
Of military strength in Europe, contributed to counteracting the spread
of neutralist sentiments.
Middle East
6. The political crisis in Iran has materially reduced U. S.
capabilities to influence the present trend of events in that country,
though some limited results of non-attributable activities are reported.
The danger of further deterioration in Iranlemphasizes the importance of
rapid preparation of psychological activities in neighboring countries,
where repercussions of such deterioration would be felt. /n Egypt,
the political crisis similarly reduced current capabilities, but the
present
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October 30, 1952
present situation contains both favorable and unfavorable elements
that make the future uncertain. In the area as a whole, little
progress in the psychological field can be reported for the quarter
toward the achievement of national policy objectives. A notable
contribution to the national psychological effort in the area, how-
ever, was the airlift by the United States Air Force of some 3,800
Moslem pilgrims from Beirut to Jidda.
Par East
7. In Southeast Asia, awareness of United States aid was in-
creased appreciably during the reporting period by the psychological
impact of TCA and NSA agricultural, public health, and other aid
programs. Psychological capabilities in Southeast Asia have been
expanded, especially in the non-attributable field, but little in-
crease in current effectiveness is reported. The tendency in the
area to identify the United States with European colonial. powers,
and with indigenous leadership groups which are opposed by revolu-
tionary nationalist movements, continues to present a psychological
obstacle.
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
Korea
8. Aside from direct psychological warfare in support of
hostilities, the psychological effort in Korea has exerted pressure
on the ocmmunists for an armistice and has stressed the principle of
voluntary repatriation of prisoners of war, - This principle has gained.
widespread acceptance in the non-communist world.
"Hate America" Propaganda
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October X), 1952
"Hate American Propaganda
9. All the reporting departments and agencies have been con-
cerned with combatting the Soviet-Communist "Hate America" propa-
ganda campaign. A large volume of guidance and support material on
this subject was provided for both overt and non-attributable propa,
ganda channels. Emphasis was placed on the absurdity and evil
purposeof the hate campaign. Special steps were taken to coordinate
the release by the Department of Defense and its components of in..
formation on biological and chemical warfare f The effectiveness of
these activities cannot be gauged in isolation from other United
States operations.
Military Assets for the 'Told Warn
-------
10. A number of actions and programs of the Department of Defense
and the military services during the reporting period, particularly in
Western Europe and the Middle East, illustrate the type of contribu-
tion these services can make to the national psychological effort.
However, it is noted that there remains an unexploited potential for
the use of military psychological warfare assets in support of ap-
proved national peacetime programs; but that considerable difficulty
is encountered in exploiting this potential in the absence of specific
authority and missions upon which military psychological activities in
peacetime may be based. The feasibility of making such a delineation
is under study.
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October 30, 1952
IL THE WORK OF PSB
Oeperal Activitps
llf A paper dealing with the problem of a strategiO concept with
special reference to cold war operations Under NW 10/5 Was completed
and submitted to the Board.. Pending development of Capabilities and
situations which may make-it possible to envisage a final solution of
the cold war it proposed continued effort in the direction Of building
capabilities and effeCting cumilative retraction of Soviet power,
12. A revised text of a statement was approved by the Board with
the understanding that it might be "worked into an early speech" in
order to provide current psychological operations in Eastern Europe with
needed support without implying anY more ambitious programs there.
134. The Board decided that intra-agency and inter-departmental
coordination for social science research in support of psychological
operations should be further developed and agreed to continued PSB
association with this study.'
jaamiag
14. During the period under review, the first comprehensive area
plan to be undertaken by FSB was completed and submitted to the Board for
approval. This paper, entitled "A National Psychological Strategy with
Respect to Germany", lays down basic guidance for U. Si psychological
operations aimed at furthering the integration of the German Federal
Republic into the Western EUropean Community, and other national objectives.
15. A similar basic plan for another =Meal eold war area --
Japan WAS Completed in draft form during the Quarter and circulated
to the departments and agencies concerned for final comment0 bef0e
submission to the Board in the coming quartet...
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October 30, /952
U. Apart from their immediate importance in providing guidance
for national psychological operations in two vital areas, these two
plans proved valuable in developing and clarifying the novel concept
Of national psychological strategy planning. On the basis. of the lesson
derived from them4 the 4irector's staff began a study aimed at improving
the P$B planning process as 4 whole.
02.0r41rW0/1
17. During the Quarter, the Board's coordination function with
respect to field implementation of the approved plans for France and
Italy was furthered in two ways. The U. S. AMbassadors to these countries
took advantage of a meeting in London to discuss fully mutual problems
in connection with the plan, thereby assuring an interchange of their
experiences on the subject; and a comprehensive re-study of the two plans
was initiated both in the field and in Washington, with a view to deter-
mining the main lines of approved action to be stressed in the near future.
18, In anticipation of Board approval of the German plan, the
Office of the High Commissioner for Germany organized a coordinating
panel for implementation of the plan in the field.
PV1 WW1
19. Some progress was made during the Quarter in meeting the Board's
responsibility for "evaluation of the national psychological effort".
At the Board's direction, the Director's staff, in aollaboratiOn with
the departments and agencies concerned, has undertaken an evaluation of
the national psychological effort directed at Italy. The staff has also
undertaken, as part of a Larger government-wide economic policy study,
an evaluation of the psychological impact of U. S. foreign economic
policies in the
. These projects should
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contribute
additionally
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October 30, 1952
additionally to the establishment of valid criteria and workable
approaches for future evaluation activity?
204 following is a detailed report on m planning activities for
the Quarter:
210 p4ang Covpleted and BeIng_EI:racuted
(a) Psychological Operations Plan for the
' Reduction Of Communist Power in France
(M) ,P-14/O), and 0
(b) Psychological Iperations Plan. tor the
Reduction Of Communist FoWer In Italy
(P$B p-15A)
!During the. Quarter under review1 the Waohingtort inter-
(1)
departmental comPittee and Its counterparts in Paris and Rome con-
tinued tOpoordinate U. 5, activities under these plans,
(2) According to Ehhassies Paris and Rome the French and
Italian governments have in recent months shown a disposition to
take vigorous action to reduce communist power in their respective
countries, Therefore, our Ambassadors are agreed that the United
States should oontinue to remain in the background, while making
known to both governments our concern that vigorous anti-communist
action be pursued. They are also agreed that principal liaison
should remain at the prime ministerial level,
(3) The Quarter paw what may prove to be a basic shift in com-
munist tactics, reflected 14 both France and Italy? i.e,, away
from a policy of militancy and non-cooperation with non-communist
groups and toward a policy of "respectability and 000peration with
ron-communigts. If such a shift persists, the willingness and
ability of the French and Italian governments to take vigorous anti,
communist action might be impaired, In turn, the UT 4! would find
it more dlfficult to iz41w490 these governments and their people
474 taking
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October 30, 1952
in taking a strong anti-communist position..
(c). Psychological Operations Plan for
Soviet Ortit,Eacapeeshase so
(PSB D-18/a)
(1) Organization under this plan, which is administered by the
Department of State, was completed during the period under review.
Figures for eligible escapees have been revised slightly, and now
total 20,995 in the countries .of reception, plus estimated arrivals
of 429 per month. Propcts authorized or underway include language
and vocational training courses, a visa opportunity search, and
registration and documentation of escapees, in addition to care
for their urgent immediate needs.
(2) Resettlement is now in progress. Voluntary agencies have,
requested transportation for 860 escapees under the program. Actual
departures number 295, while 508 are awaiting departure for overseas.
(W(1)
Propaganda utilization has been made of individual cases of re- (b)(3)
settled escapees, both by the Votes of America and domestic news
media. The Department of State has under development a propaganda
(W(1)
plan for exploiting the escapee program as such. (b)(3)
(3) FUnds obligated to the program through fiscal year 1953
now total
This includes an initial authorization of
in dollars and
in counterpart funds..
(4) Accomplishment of other purposes of the program has been.
slight. The Department of Defense reports, inplementation of the
Lodge Amendment as follows: applications for recruitment, 6008;
rejections, 4847; acceptances,.395; scheduled for processing, 108;
under review by CC,' 655. The Department of the Army does not con-
template any further liberalization or the conditions under which
excapees may be recruited..-.,
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(d) Staff Study
81.11R9(
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
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0) $taff Study--Preliminary Analyse
of the Communist BW Propaganda
Campaign with Recommendations
(PSB D-2b)
This study, which is connected with the current �Hate America"
.communist propaganda campaign, was approved by the Board on
August 7, Responsibility for undertaking and coordinating opera-T
tional planning. to deal with the Problems raised in the study was
assigned to the Psychological Operations Coordinating Committee,
At PCC direction, a Working Group on Hate America Propaganda has
been assigned to the, problem.
221. lqaPq.,-C..TER3744P4 )3,14:16.;7� xP.47,7�:ba1191.-18/,'Plap
(a) Psychological Operations Plan Incident
to Korean Cease-Fire Negotiations '
� (Pa D-7/0), and
(b) Emergency Plan for Break-off of Korean
Armistice Negotiations (PSB J-19,4)
The first of these plans is designed to establish special
psychological objectives with respect to our allies as well as to
our adversaries, to be implemented in the event of successful cease.,
fire negotiations, The second plan endeavors to establish for
government departments and agencies engaged in psychological opera-
tions,courses of action in preparation for, and in the event of, a
breakdown in the Korean armistice negotiations. Overt operational
planning under both plans is substantially complete, Covert
operational planning is currently being revised.
(0) Plan for Conducting Psychological
Operations During General Restilities
(PSB D4/b), and
(4) National Overt Propaganda Policy
Nidame for General War (Pe D-U/)
Both the plan and the guidance have been distributed to the
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Oetober'30, 1952
various departments and agencies for their user and have been
integrated by the military services with their war planning.
Planning on interdepartmental problems relating to psychological
policies and operations in the event of war is currently being
accomplished by an X7pay Committee under the Psychological Opera-
tions Coerdihating Ooaittee.
23. flap.4_4thorlged And In Process OfDevel,ppment
_ (a) Psyhological Operations Plan for
' Soviet Orbit Escapeet--Phase "IM
(psp D-71$a/i)
This phase of the plan is concerned with the psychological and
subsidiary military advantages which would result from the stimu-
lation of defection together with the proper utilization of such
espapees. Progress in drafting the final plan Will be largely
dependent on 4 decisien ap to what use will be made of the funds
available 111149r Section 101 (a)(1) of the NUtual Security A,C.
Phase 'V concerned :with the care, resettlement and possible utili-
zation of current escapees, is reported on a boys (see paragraph 21-c).
(b) A National Psychological Strategy
With Respect to Germany (PSB p,21)
This plan will prescribe pertain desirable psychological ceurses
of action in respect to; (1) supporting the achievement of German
unity; (2) the role of a unified Germany tn the unification of
Europe; (3) actions designed to reduce Soviet capabilities in
*stern Ceripany�
(c) Psychological Strategy planning fOr
the Middle East (PM P-22)
(l) This plan will provide a national psychological strategy,
designed to prevent the extension of Soviet influence and at the same
time to strengthen Western influence in the Middle E4st, and to insure
(that ti&liL8(j (
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October 30, 1952
that the resources of the area are available to the United States
and its allies for use in strengthening the free world, It will
seek to accomplish these objectives by psychological measures aimed
at overcoming instability within these countries, strengthening the
will and ability of these countries to resist aggression, and estab-
lishing a new relationship with these states which will recognize
their desire to achieve status and respect for their sovereign
equality.
(2) Annexes covering the basic factors and considerations are
now being developed in order to aid in crystallization of the psy-
cholotical strategy concept and selection of the psychological
Objectives and tasks.
(d) Psychological Strategy Planning for
Southeast Asia (PSB D-23)
This plan is designed to assist by means of coordinated
psychological operations in preventing the free countries of South-
east Asia from passing into the Communist orbit and in developing
in these countries the will and ability to resist Communism from
within and without, Difficulties in policy interpretation are being
resolved and Board approval is expected during the nekt cuarter,
(0) Program of Psychological Preparation�
for Stalin's Passing from Power (FSB D-24)
The participating agencies are now in the process of clearing
a Revised Draft,
(f) Psychological Strategy Plan for the
Pro-U.S, Orientation of Japan (PSB D-27)
Following the adoption by the National Security Council of
NSC 12/2 "United States Objectives and Courses of Action with
Respect ta
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Optober 30; 1952
Respect to Japan the Panel agreed to a draft of a plan whiPh
designed effectively to assist
in carrying out the objectives of NSC 225/2 necessary to
,
maximize, Japan's contribution to the attainment of 14 4. oajeotivOX1)
(b)(3)
in Asia
(g) Psyehological Strategy for Zconomic
Security Vis -a -Vie the Soviet Orbit
(PSB
,
The plan 10 designed to provide 4 national PsYchological.
Strategy and specific 00!Irees Of action with respect to the psyChc-
N . .
logioal aspects of U. Sp economic security programs concerned with (b)(1)
-
the Soviet orbit by increasing the degree of acceptance in the Free
World of 11, 3, economic security objectives vis-a-vis the Soviet
orbit! Suggested courses of action to be developed will be governed
by the Economic Lefense Advisory Committeets decision as to what
should be Uf $i policY in informational statements to foreign
governments with respect to trade in goods which are not covered
by the Battle Act and other Security Lists!,
(h) Doctrinal (Ideolegical) Warfare
Against the USSR (PSB D733)
The Beard has accepted a recommendation that a panel be
created to examine the field of ideologieal warfare sPe�14�847
directed against Soviet doctrine, and to make recommendations as to
how the United States can gain superiority in this field.,
(i) Western arope
In consultation with me0Sr agencies; Farticn1sr17 the
Department of 4atel S preliminary study is being undertaken to
determine the most fruitful approach to a psychological strategy
plan for Western Europe..
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(j) East German Youth
On instructions from the Board, an inquiry was carried out by
the Directorls statf w41.oh concluded that 4 program for utilization
of young East German escapees would be of definite psychological
value, However, it was impossible without answers to specific
questions to weigh the psychological desirability against the cost
of overcoming physical obstacles to such a program in Germany. At
the suggestion of the Director the Department of State has under-
taken a survey in Germany to determine the advantages and disad-
vantages which would result if such a program were inaugurated.
24, 13,1a00,ng frocedtFe
An 4nalysis was made of the difficulties which have been
encoUntered in developing PSB plans. Recommendations were developed
for an improved format for national psychological strategy plans.
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III, tAJ., IIILS 02 D.21 hT i-ITAL A D ACIZ 'CY EiPahTS Fah r N4 itiou
U 'D h hrvio
�
Suinrn,ezyoftheheport a the Department of ftate on the
cin iiorination Pro-ram*
Daring the Period under review the tasks of tne Foreign
InformEtion and ,ducational Lxchsnc,e Programs of the Department
of state continued to be those set forth in eiSC 110, namely,
te multiply and intensify psychological deterreats to aggression
by Soviet Communism; to intensify and accelerate tile growth of
confidence in and among the peoples and governments of the free
world; to cpmbat extremism and neutralism; to maintain among
the peoples held caTtive by oviet Communism the hope of ultimate
liberation; and to maintain particularly among the peoples and
governments of Latin Am6rica continued recognition of mutual
interdependence.
The l'teport lists the Principal actions taken by the
Department of ,,tate in endeavoring to carry out these tasks.
They ineludet
1, ilropcting to the peoples and governments of
nations dominated by ,Soviet Communism the grouing
strength And unity of the free world. This involved
exploiting in the programs of the International Informa-
, tion Administration such policies, activities and events
as "OP iari3kiAOLop joint ATO maneuvers on the
Luropean continent, the 114(J5 Conference, the developvient
of tactical atomic weapons, and exposure 9f the deceitful
nature QC the proposals .or the 0S5-ii conccmrr4ng the unifi.,
cation of Oerwany,
Projecting
T
* The full text a the Department of State report is appended as
ANNEX f
PEC421.
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Qotober Al 1952
Ps Projecting tie peaceful intentions of the U.
through exploitation of our disarmament efforts, of our
patient attempts to reach an armistice in 4orea, and of
the justice of the UM Command's refusal forcibly to
renatriate prisoners of war* Particular emphasis was put
on exposing the manifest absurdity and evil purpose of the
Eoviet hate campaign, including the bacteriological war-
fare charges.
3. In its continuing attempts to aggravate internal
weaknesses of Soviet Communism, the Information Program
endeavored to exploit such itema as the strengthening of
the tyranny of the ,:remlin over the peoples of tae
irrlied in plans for the Communist Party Con,ress; the
purees of Communist Party leaders in the satellites and
in France and Italy, and the implications of the refusal
or large numbers of Chinese captured in 4oroa to return
to China.
4. Convincing peoples and governments ef the free
world of tle need and the possibility of building up
adequate military strength as a deterrent to war* This
involved exploitation of "0t4lAaI0N 1 and other
maneuvers in E'Iroael it included also encouragement of
moves toward :European integration, including the exploita-
tion, largely through indigenous means, of tie establish-
ment of the European Coal and steel Authority, of develop-
ments within the Council of Europe, and of progress toward
the PAlropean Defense Community,
54 ilaintenance of confidence ih the Peaceful
intentions and reliable leadership Pf the U, included
Special
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October 30# 1952
special efforts to give a balanced understanding of develop-
ments, especially those affecting foreign policy,
growing out of the Presidential election. Opecial
efforts were made in the Information Program to explain
the motives of the u, b� when differing with the United
Aingdom in the Iranian crisis and with France on the
unrth African problem, The program also placed speoial
emphasis on projecting a greater understanding of the
cultural maturity of the United ..tates, Lxm,ples of
this were the Earppean tour of 'orgy and viessn, the
participation of American artists in the Venice ul.,SOO
Conference, and presentations of typical artistic
creations at the Congress for Cultural Freedom in larist
6, Combatting neutralism through exposing its
dangers as a means of safeguarding individual liberty
and freedom and as a sutversive device of E,oviet
Communism,
7, Combatting instability and extreme nationalist
tendencies, particularly in the Near and i,iddle East.
The iteport notes that exploitation of the USA IP airlift
of pilgrims from 3eirut to hem was left largely to
indigenous caannels, but was the subject of a pictorial
Pamphlet produced by the U, O. Information Lervices in
3eirut, of a film, and of a aeries of statements by
member of the crews of the planes involved,
81 ilaintaining hope of ultimate liberation among
the peoples held captive by Soviet Communism, Largely
through the Voice of America and by RIAr, in Herlin,
efforts were made to explain statements in the Presiden,
tial carpsiga concerning U, S. Policy towards the
814-!C:i
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Satellites; to interpret the significance for the sate1,-
lites of the Nineteenth covuomist Party Congress; to
expose the "Hate 44aerica" campaign; to portray the Sino-
Soviet meeting in 4ioscow in la light calculated to raise
doubts in the minds of Chinese as to the motive of the
Peiping regime in dealing with the UF,Shi
9, Fostering American solidarity through exploitation
of such Actions as the visit of tne 5ccrGtary of state to 3razil*
the convers4on of Puerto hie() to Commonweelth statues and
through efforts to expose the tnreat to Lathe A erican countries
inherent in �oviYt Communism.
10, Operational activities listed in the report include
approval of a project for the establishment of an IIA
iLefional Service Center in Beirut; inauguration of a new
series Of Information Policy Guidances known as "Infornia-
tiOn Guidance 3ulletinslo initiation or radio programs in
nine languk,es by the ship-borne transmitter "The Courier*"
stationed at ithodes; production and distribution of 4 film
showing participation of the individual American voter in
the process of choosing presidential candidates* and
scheduling of another film showing the voterts narticipation
in the election of the President.
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nn,ramarY of thetteport of the Department of Defense*
During the reportin� period the Department of Defense and
the military services have continued to make noteworthy contribu..
tions, incident to their primary Ailitary mission, to the national
psycholoical effort. Hcriever, one of tie considerable difficulties
noted within the Department of Defense in envi,ing in cold war
activities (except in a supporting role) continues to be the fact
that the 0e)artmentis role in such activities is principally implied.
There exists no s ecific delineation of authority and responsibility
upon which military psychological operations in l'eace.time may be
based, r.-ome such specification for the Department of Defense t:old
Contribute to Mere effective participation of the military services
in the national psychological effort, This observation applies both
to operations designed to attain an independeot psichologieal effect,
and to operations in which, altnowh their nrimary purpose is military,
Political or economic, psychological factors Aust be considered,
During the )criod under review, military aid naval maneuvers
and statements of high military officials have served osycholojcal
ends, primarily in 'estern Lqrope, Although the potential psycholo.
jcal impact of maneuvers at home and abroad is not yet wholly inte-
gr,ted into operational plans, continuing atteution is being devoted
to this wItter,
The Jenartment of Defense has joined in combatting anti,
American seatiments, particularly in uurope� by various means within
its area of responsibility. The ,)elartinent of Defense feels, however,
that we are still on the defensive in regard to the "Hate America"
campaign generally,
In the
* The :ull text 9f the Denartmelt pf )efease report is aPpendea. asi
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In the alldblle Last, the Beirut7Jidda airlift and several
other operatiOns involving the Department of Defense have contributed
materially to the creation of a psychological climate more favorable.
to the lest In 4erea, notable actions include the North 4Orea target
warning operations and continuous and effective leaflet drops
4esearch and ,forward planning in the psyohological field eon..
directed for the most part tp the contingency of general war.
aferts are continuing to define the specific rele of the jenartment
of 4efense as an active participant in the cold war.
Onerations by Areas
I. In the European area, contributions to reduction of
neutralism and anti-4 (ricanism include Participation in u.E,..rench
military maneuvers east of the ithine and b.S,-Aritish-French ground
and air maneuvers in Germany; alert drills of the U.S. garrison in
Berlin; the largescale arm naval maneuvers in the orth Sea and
the iialtic; fleet visits to Yugoslavia and else-where; and state.
Ments by
eneral nidgway and other senior U.S. comManderP rP-
emphasizing the need for) and practicality orp an unremitting col-
lective effort to build a position of strength against aggression.
In thc�, fiel4 0 troop-civilian relations, 4 marked degree of closer
cooperation and collaboration between 1J.S
commanders and local gov7
ernment officials has been achieved and. mill be pressed rorward. A
trend toward greater acceptance of U.S. militarY PersDnnel pan be
noted throughput Western Ilrope, The continued policy of offshore
Ooeurement, or supplies from L4ropean sources contributes indirect/Y
to these ends PY' Stimulating the European economy and fostering
landerstandjng among Jortn Atlantic defelVe forces.
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In the dieast two operations &rim) the reporting
period, involving Defense Department actien, have contributed to the
psychological effort. These were the airlift of 3,854 pilgrims from
Beirut to Jidda, and the airlift of 4 tons of hybrid seed corn to
Lebanon, In additions new evidence has emerged of the favorable
impact ebtained from the good-wil3. tour of Lebanese-born v.L, jet
ace 4ia. or Jabara (previously reported). These actions, undertaken
specifically for their psychological effects have made a significant
contrib4ion to the v 'S, cold war effort in the area.
3 In Latin America the Department of Defense continued to
assist in the training and equipping of national military forces,
thus contributing to the support of O.S. national pelicy and to t4e
stability of existing governments,
4, In 0 rea the conduct of a program to warn civilians residing
in 73 North Korean cities of tie impending bombing by the United
Nations Comiland expresses the intent to save non-combatant lives,'
and at the same time is designed to increase the pressure on the
covaiunist negotiators at Panmunjom. The continued refusal of the
Un5ted ,iations Cowand to use force in repatriation of prisoners of
war has gained wide a-,pport in the free world, Leaflet, radio, and
leudsoeaker operations, directed at North Korean soldiers and civilians
and Chinese cemmunist soldiers, were continued at a high level,
heports continue to indicate wide readership of the leaflets (of
which nearly 3 billion have been dropped to date) despite harsh
reprisals and scare propaganda used by communist authorities against
the individuals involved, In the radio field, a series was initiated
eXploiting
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exploiting the statements of Chinese communist prisoners who oppose
forcible repatriation. On the debit side, pUblicity on agitation
in prisoner-of.war camps has provided the communists with additional
effective propaganda material, despite i1,S, attempts te present a
contrary interpretation,
Ottwr Pctivitiee
1, Psychological exploitation of military power,- Certain
atothic weapons tests have been exploited psycholegicelly in conjunction
with the Department ef state and the Atomic Ener4 Comi4s4on. The
Department of Defense has promulgated a comprehensive policy on the
release or public information regarding atomic weapons, guided missiles,
and new weapons. Shows of military force have continued, primarily in
Europe (as noted above).
In addition te various activities indirectly countering
the cemmunist liate 4merican campaign, the Department or Defense has
cooperated. closely with the Department of State and ether agencies
concerned to Coordinate the release of inferma:tion on biological and
chemical warfare by the Department and its components; and has joined
in the interdepartmental planning task. concerned with countering the
IP charges and other "Hate America" propaganda.
Forward Planning and Jlesearch
The Department of Defense continues to conduet a bread
program of research and development in strategic intelligence and
psychological warfare operations,
2.
Joint Chi
To further the wartime national psychological effort, the
e of staff approved a psychological warfare plan to
aupport
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spot the "joint Emergency War Plan," using as guidance for this
purpose the "Aational ()Vert Propaganda. Policy Guidance for General
tar" approved by the Psychological tirategy Board4 The Military
Oetvices and major subordinate commands are currently developing or
modifying existing plans accordingly. Planning is progressing on a
- -
"Transfer Plan" to facilitate the vartime transfer of 14. foreign
informetiOn. 044pment and personnel to military control.
)k 4 psyCholocical plan to support the U.S. forces in Japan
is being developed..
14 The joint Chiefs of Staff have under study a paper setting
forth the Views of the Supreme Allied Commander., urope, on his
wartime psychological warfare responsibilitieS.
5* Initial plans for the wartime conduct of psychological
opertions in Alaska, developed by the Commander in Chief, Alaskan
Foroes4 have been submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Aaff.
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D. Sumatar of Reports* Field Staff Representatives of the
Mutual Security Agency*
Western Europe
The defense build-up and its attendant problems continued to
dominate the psychological climate in Western Europe during the period
Under review. Although the period closed with a short-term upswing
in optimism) new and aggravated psychological factors were among the
major obstacles to the attainment 0 U. S. policy objeCtives in the
area.
Following are the significant psychological factors noted;
1, Renewal of the Mutual Aseostance Program by the U. S.
Congress served to reassure Europe as to the stability and con-
tinuity of U. S, policy. However, the relationship of rich bene-
factor to needy beneficiary) inherent in the "foreign aid" concept)
remained the most important single obstacle to favorable psycholog-
ical exploitation of U. S. programs in Europe. A new concept)
geared to the partnership approach, would provide a much healthier
climate for psychological operations.
2. The defense build-up was accompanied by further swings in
the pendulum of popular attitudes. By mid-summer the noticeable
lift in European confidence and morale which had followed the
Lisbon Conference had sagged badly. Late in the quarter there
were signs that progress in the placing of offshore procurement
contracts, change in political leadership in Germany) and the
Pioay Government's euccess in holding the price line had contributed
to some alleviation of the earlier pessimism. However, the fear of
war,
* This summary is based on reports of aeld representatives reviewed by
the Information Division of MSA.
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war, Soviet pressures and the economic burdens of defense con-
tinued to bode, trouble for the rearmament
3, Progress toward ratification and realization of the
European Defense Community, particularly in France ran afoul of
diminished public enthusiasm.
4. NATQ, while maintaining general support as a defensive
alliance continued to lose its grasp on the popular imagination*
It is now viewed as A Military alliance and nothine more. The
NATO Information Service has remained ineffective*
5, The impression is spreading in Europe that the economic
situation is net getting any better. As the quarter ended, em-
ployment was high and inflationary pressures had been checked in
eome placea. On the other hand, preseeres on liying standards
and general economic development, growing out of the defense pro-
grain, were causing visible restlessness, Some oregress was achieved
by NSA programs for economic education, particularly in the field
of productivity and technical assistance* But U, S, tariff and
trade restrictions remained a definite. paychological drawback to
our general efforts abroad.
6* Neutralism, in its "third force', context, continued to
give ground in the face of Europeis growing military strength,
the developingYsense of unity and possibly the Soviet peace
offensive* At the same time, opposition to the defense build-up
from the Bevanites and other European Socialists remained a very
Serious problem, for which a better substantiated and deeumented
rebuttal needs te be made.
7. Anti-Americanism remained on the increase
Pontributing
factors were he inevitable problems arising out of the growing number
Of S.
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of U. S, troops abroa4, the current U. S election campaign,
Congressional cutbacks in aid) the growing impression abroad
that American officials tended to be more blunt and insistent
in their relations with European governments. Economic pressures
of the defense program, the generalized European unhappiness with
the state of the world, and the feeling in some Quarters abroad
that America is taking too strong a line against Russia have also
been contributory causes of anti-Americanism*
In assesaing the effectiveness of the NSA information program in
dealing with the foregoing psychological problems, the report points
to further progress during the quarter in the integration of NSA and
State information operations, and to increasing acceptance of the idea
within the U. S. government that our information operations 41ould be
somewhat decentralized* At the same time, the report draws attention
to serious shortcomings in organization, procedure and direction'
1. NSA has relied almost entirely on the Mutual Security Act
for guidance as to "national objectives."
2, There is increasing need for improved liaison and policy
and operations coordination between military and civilian informa-
tion elements* This is evident in such programs as offshore pro-
curement and the delivery of military end-items to Europe
36 The NATO information services have not developed an effective
positive program, and remain weak.
4, Recent exterience has underlined the effectiveness of in-
direct propaganda techniques and suggests the need for further
development in this field,
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In view
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5. In view of the great size and psychological impact of the
annual influx of American tourists in Europe, mote should be
done to study and influence this particular movemait.
Southeast Apia (Philippines, Thailand Indo-China, Formosa, Malaya)
, 4
Favorable psychological resulbs accrued during the quarter from
MSA programs in the fields of agriculture and public health. The use
of DDT in anti-malaria campaigns and of aureomycin in treating
trachoma helped greatly to increase awareness of American aid.
Distribution of fertilizer and other agricultural programs made a
noticeable impact in the area. Installation of community radio re-
ceivers widened the audience available for inrormation programs
At the same time, it was repotted, attempts to achieve the
maximum psychological impact from U. S. programs in the area were
impeded by conflicting policy interests. The U. S. position, in the
belief of peoples of this area, continued to suffer from too close an
identification with Western colonial interests and indigenous ruling
groups, in the face of a rising tide of revolutionary nationalism.
The report concluded with the following suggestions:
1. Local personnel should be trained to take over from
American personnel as quickly as possible in our various in-
formation, economic and social programs.
2. A special effort should be made to influence and support
intellectuals, professional people and upper inccme groups, since
their influence is disproportionately large throughout the area.
Possibly a team of American specialists could be assigned to es-
tablish close liaison with these individuals#
3# A strenuous effort should be made to recruit the highest
caliber of U.S. personnel for assignment to Southeast Asia.
8 Li 1 r;(3)1
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