(ESTIMATED PUB DATE) OUT OF THE SOVIET LABORATORIES -- BRAINWASHING

• Document Type: SPECIALCOLLECTION
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 00146095
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 17, 2024
• Document Release Date: January 15, 1983
• Publication Date: January 1, 1955

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� N DECEMBER 26, 194S, Joszef Cardinal Mindszenty, 56, Prince-
Primate of Hungary, told the Hungarian people and the world:
"I have partaken of no conspiracy whatsoever [against the
communist regime]. I shall not. resign my episcopal see. I shall not
make any confession.. If, however, despite this, you shall read that I
confessed or that. I resigned, and even see it authenticated by my signa-
ture thereto, regard that as merely the consequence of human frailty;
and in advance I declare such acts null and void."
Less than a half hour later,' Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested by the
Hungarian communist government. �
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THIRTY-NINE DAYS LATER ON FEBRUARY 9, 1949 CARDINAL
MINDSZENTY WAS BROUGHT TO PUBLIC TRIAL. HE WAS
ACCUSED BY THE COMMUNIST REGIME OF SPYING, TREASON,
BLACK MARKETING AND PLOTTING TO RESTORE THE HAPSBURG
MONARCHY TO HUNGARY THRONE.
ON THE FIRST DAY HE CONFESSED I AM GUILTY IN PRINCIPLE
� AND IN DETAIL OF MOST OF THE ACCUSATIONS MADE. ON THE
SECOND DAY OF THE TRIAL THE CARDINAL OFFERED TO RESIGN
FROM HIS HOLY OFFICE REPUDIATING HIS COURAGEOUS STATEMENT
OF DECEMBER 26.
ON FEBRUARY 8, 1949 THE COMMUNIST PEOPLE'S COURT
SENTENCED CARDINAL MINDSZENTY TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT.
IN 1955 SIX AND ONE HALF LONG YEARS LATER THE HARSH
DECREE WAS SUDDENLY SUSPENDED BY THE REGIME BECAUSE OF HIS
BAD HEALTH CONDITION AND HIS AGE.
BUT THE FREE WORLD HAS BEEN LEFT TO WONDER WHAT
� HAPPENED TO CARDINAL MINDSZENTY IN THE 39 DAYS LEADING
UP TO HIS CONFESSION. WHY DID THIS OUTSTANDING MAN
.CONFESS TO ACTS AND BELIEFS WHICH WERE SO COMPLETELY
ALIEN TO HIS LIFE. WHAT HAD HAPPENED TO HIS COURAGE AND
SPIRIT AND CONVICTION. WHAT HAD WROUGHT THE GREAT
TRANSFORMATION IN HIS APPEARANCE SO EVIDENT IN THIS
PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN DURING THE TRIAL.'
THE ANSWER LIES IN A NEW TORTURE PERFEDTED BY THE
COMMUNIST - A TORTURE THAT ATTACKS NOT ONLY A MAN'S
body but also the mind and soul. IT IS CALLED BRAIN
WASHING A TERM FIRST USED BY THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS (
_ _ _
Po-2 � ...-
BUT A WEAPON DEVELOPED BY THE SOVIET UNION TO CONQUER
THE MINDS OF MEN AS WELL AS THEIR BODIES. UNTIL
RECENTLY THE FREE WORLD KNEW LITTLE ABOUT THE COMMUNIST
TECHNIQUE FOR ENSLAVING MEN'S MINDS.. BUT AS KNOWLEDGE
INCREASED MEN RECOGNIZED THAT THE WEAPON IS A GRAVE THREAT
TO THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF ALL PEOPLE EVERYWHERE.
ALREADY IN THE COMMUNIST CONTROLLED COUNTRIES HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF INNOCENT VICTIMS HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED
TO THE BRAINWASHING PROCESS. AND WHEN COMMUNISH THREATENS
A NEW NATIONS THE SHADOW OF THIS EVIL MENACES NEW MEN.
IF MAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT ARE TO REMAIN FREE,. IF HE IS
TO RESIST THIS COMMUNIST TECHNIQUE SUCCESSFULLY HE MUST
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF THE THREAT. THIS IS WHAT
BRAINWASHING MEANS THIS IS HOW IT BEGAN THIS IS WHAT IT.
HAS DONE.
�
)) A:�111..t, the communist lechnique.of p:yeliologically con-
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2)(11t11,11111:; 11WICS 11611(15 � st:irled with the idea:,tiid eXperillIelltti of a
brilliant DU; century scientist, nained Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
This famous man grew up III Czarist Russia during the years when many.
Russian pvopk, dreaniol or political and social reform. Pavlov believed the
tey to social progress lay in the field of science. Ile felt that Well must first
know themselves ---undestand the forces that make them think and act as
they do- --before they could hope to live in peace vith their fellow men. Only
when armed with such self-knowledge would men be able to build a better
world in which the rights of all men would be equally honored and protected.
In 1922, with the communists already in power in Russia, Pavlov said:
"Only science, exact science about human nature itself, and the most sincere
'approach to it by the aid of the omnipotent scientific method, will deliver
man from his present gloom, and will purge him of his contemporary shame in
the sphere of interhuman relations."
The communists v.-ho seized pcP.ver in Russia in 191.7 fuli: appreciated
the experimental work underway in Pavlov's laboratories; but for reasons
other than those which motivated the humanitarian man of science.
The secret of how a man's mind operates�what makes him think and
react as he does to the conditions of every day a priceless potential
weapon for. good or for evil. Such knowledge in the hands of a physician, a
psychologist, or an educator can be used for a good purpose. It can help in
tlw cure of mental iilnesses. and in the education of people- toward better citizen-
ship. But the same knowledge in the hands of unprincipled men can be dis-
torted and used for inhuman purposes._ In the hands. of such men. the secret
of how .a 111;111's mind functions can be usecl to pervert�mid destroy his ability
to reason -- to distinguish I Je..ween good and bad, truth and lies:
The new Soviet rulers ralized very early that the knowledge Pavlov
sought for the hoeerment or '1""1';',,I Could :LIS� be a powerful weapon in
controlling, men's minds. TO .them, Pavlov's theories anci experimental
findings offered a scientific method for attacking and destroying mental and
spiritual freedom�an individual's last stronghold of 1,.sistance to any form
of totalitarianism. UsitT, Pavlov's methods. they hoped to mold the Russian
citizen into an unthinking, totally subservient "New Soviet. Man."
� Accordingly, every step possible was taken to encourage the development
of his work. Lenin, the new head of state, issued a decree (1.921) acknowledg-
ing ". . . the very exceptional scientific services cif Academician I. P. Pavlov;
which have enormous significance for the workers of the whole world." The
decree provided special food rations and the "perpetual use" of an apartment
for the scientist; for the furnishing of his "laboratory with the maximum con-
yeniences;" and for immediate establishment of "the most favorable condition
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ft'rl'`74(1:11;t1.41i11-:th worl; of . . . Pavlov and his collaborators."
Ddcmitt� the unlimited financial and material aid placed at. his.disposal by
Lenin, and later greatly inere:,ed by Stalin, Pavlov was openly hostile to the
political doctrines of communism. Shortly after the corninuniNt coup d'elat
in 1.917, Pavlov, at great risk to his own personal safety, stated in a public
lecture: "If that which the Bolsheviks are doing with Russia is an experiment,
for such an exphiment I should regret giving eveti a frog."
� In 1923, following .a trip abroad, he told his students: "Nowhere are
people living under such poor conditions as in the U. S. S. R., and in no country
is freedom of thought so restricted. as in Russia." In 1924 Pavlov resigned
his professorship at the Military-Medical Academy in protest over a communist
eqict banning higher education for children of -the clergy.
Pavlov was dedicated to the same search for truth that inspires all true
scientists. In 1929, when Stalin reorganized the renowned Russian Academy
of Science to include, ;en noted for loyalty. to the Party rather than for
scientific achic.e.-ement. Pavlov remarked: ". . . If we admit such scientists
to our Academy it will not be a .scientific institution but Cod knows what it
will be. The Academy has been reorganized by people who do not understand
anything about st-qence and do not realize what the .Academy should stand for."
One of Pavlov's most distinguished pupils, Academician I,. A. Orbeli,
wrote in 19-10 that his great teacher had viewed the communist experiment in
Russia with "repeated fits of alarm for the fate of his country, apprehension
for the fading role; as it were, Of the Russian people, dread of cultural and
political degeneracy, and so on."
� * One Wonders Whether Pavlov would not again have "repeated fits of
alarm"�not only for his own people, but for every man in every 'country where
communism threatens to seize pov.-er�if he could see today how his theories
and scientific findings have been twisted and used by the communists to
"brainwt-ish" those who stand in their Way.
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Anyone %elm has been to the zoo Or to a circus or has seen a trained bear
or monkey perform ifi. the streets, has seen examples of Pavlov's famous
theory of "conditioning" in action.
� . These captive animals have "learned," or in Pavlovian terms have been
"conditioned," to perforrii certain tricks previously unknown to them in their
natural state and surroundings. They do these tricks in anticipation of
receiving food. Every time the trained seal balances a.ball on the tip of his
nose to the satisfaction of his trainer and the- audience, he is rewarded with a
fish. Thus, the promise of food is used to train or condition the animal to
react in thoway the trainer desires.
Man's behavior, Pavlov claimed, can be "conditioned" in the same way.
The basic forces contrelling the actions of men and higher animals like the dog,
lie said, arc hunger, fear, sex, survival (self-defense), and the urge for freedom.
These forces can he controlled and netinipulateci so as to makeinen and animals
behave automatically in ways that are normally alien to them. - Such forces
are manipulated by changes that are. made in a map's or animal's environ-
ment�that is, in his living conditions. . .
Pavlov believed that everything a man or animal does�every thought
that he has or movement that he makes�is the result of some part of his
environment or surroundings actin upon his brain through his nervous system.
For example, when a man accidentally touches fire or a hot stove (the
fire or stove is a part. of his environment), he jerks his hand _away almost
iesiantly. According to Pavlov., this is because the heat of the fire or stove
affects the nerves in his hand, which in .turn signal his brain through his
central nervous system. His basic impulse toward self-derense is called into
play and his brain transmits the impression to motor nerves which jerk the
hand away. - �
The important thing here, Pavlov said, is that the fire or hot stove�
and not the man's brain�determined what his reaction would be. The brain
acted only to relay the impression or signal, not to initiate or change. it in
any way.. Pavlov maintained that. this is the primary duty of the brain.
De denied that. man possesses a "free will," or that he is able to make
independent decisions or initiate actions on his own.
All the thousands of things in a man's or animal's environment that act
upon him to form his behavior, Pavlov called "stimuli." Stimuli that are
common to all men, for instance, are: sunshine, wind, rain, snow, food, and
other human beings.
Man's behavior or reactions to stimuli (like withdrawing his hand from
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Food is uscd as bait to train or "comfit' " tue
of inany a, b i aaa atr. seals alms,. 11,c tn,nl:rs. '.:�
has leamcsi to !i( tn trap door of..., box to i;ct
the fire or hot stove in the case cited above), Pavlov said, are actions which
he "learns" or "forms" from birth on. To these learned reactions or behavior
Pavlov gave the name "conditioned reflexes." But, he said, "we recognize
them in ourselves and in other people or animals under such names as
'education,' 'habits,: and 'training'. . . ."
An animal, Pavlov said, can come into direct contact with his environ-
ment only through his senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste�and
stimuli can onlv. act upon him through these senses. Compared with the
thousands of environmental factors that affect Man, there are only a limited
number and variety of stimuli that act upon animals. �
In man's case, just as in the animal's, the real world acts upon him
through his senses. But in addition, man possesses a unique and purely
human facility through which the real world also reaches him�the facility
of speech and words.
This facility of man's. Pavlov claimed, is of the utmost importance.
Through the medium of words, pictures, slogans, and symbols, man receives
'impressions of a real world far greater in extent than any with which he could
ever come into direct. physical contact. Yet Lho:;:e impressions which are con-
veyed to him through the medium of speech and words are just as real as
though he were experiencing the actual stimuli. Thus, while the dog.thust
actually see, hear, smell, or taste food in order lb react to it., man can see the
word "food' in print or hear the word or even think about the word himself,
and have an immediate reaction in the form of sudden lunazer and desire for,
or rejection of, the part ktilar food. Words and speech, Pavlov asserted, play
a dominant role in 'conditioning man's behavior.,
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-.4. (nod, can lic used to ��condition" its behavior. The
ocve) is made to perf3rns tricks by his trainer's whip.
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Far from his jungle home. this leopard is being "concli.tioned"
to perform a complicated act. tie is Icarning ho .r to turn the
. wheel its order to move the banners up a ncl down the pole.
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The ideas then that Pavlov advanced are essentially these:
1. The basic forces that move men and animals are hunger, fear, sex,- -
survival (self-defense), and the urge for freedom. .
2. External conditions Or "stimuli," acting upon these basic forces through
a man's or an animal's nervous system and brain, determine that man's or
annual's behavior.
3. Man differs from animals in that speech and words also act upon him
to determine his behavior. These "symbols" of reality are far more important
in detcTinining his behavior tium t he real world itself.
4. A man's or an animal's "learned" behavior is called in Pavlovian
terms "conditioned reflexes." �
s. During their lifetime, animals and especially men form hundreds of -
such conditioned ref2..exe.:.
G. By controlling a man's or an animal's environment, one can also
control and direct what his resulting behavior will be.
7 . Neither men nor animals posses any such thing as a "free will" w:iich
they can exert to direct and control their behavior in any way.
Many scientists today do not agree 10.11 or accept all of Pavlov's ideas of
how a man's mind functions and how his behavior is conditioned and controlled
by his surroundings. But in the Soviet Union and the communist bloc
countries, it. is mandatory for scientists to accept these views and to continue
line of experimentation.
To the communists, who demand total conformity and subservience from
their subjugated people:;, scientific proof that ipan's behavior can be condi-
tioned and directed along predetermined lines, would be of prime usefulness.
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Pavlov experimented on Ilw brains or Eying animals. Never beNwe had
a technique been perfected that would permit man to peer inside a living brain,
and stx; what wa.f.; vain;: on, without causing major damage or loss of life to
the animal. For this remarkable feat alone, in creating a new method of
experimentation, Pavlov has secured for himself a lasting place among the
world's great scientists. . .
Pavlov called his new technique of investigation the "conditioned reflex"
method. If the primary job of .the brain is to form mechanical-like condi-
tioned reflexes, he reasoned, why could not. man learn what the brain is and
bow it works. by scientifically studying how a conditioned reflex is formed?
For ethical, religious, and political reasons. not all people approve of
scientifie attempts to probe the brain. This is because the brain is generally
. considered to be the site of all "psychic activity" in humans and animals�
what men of different cultures call the soul, spirit, consciousness, mind, intellect,
or thought process.
Pavlov vehemently denied that he had any intention of trying to investi-
gate this "psychic activity." The question still remainS, however, whether
any scientific study of the brain does not necessarily involve. prying into these
same unknown forces.. This is the very aspect of Pavlov's work that has been
of most interest to the rulers of the Soviet Union in their search for a quick
means of creating a regimented human society. �
Pavlov began his investigation of how. the brain works and how behavior
is formed by studying the dog. The dog was especially suited to his purposes
because structurally an-:1 functionally, it is relatively similar to man. Con-
ceivably, what held true for the dog might also apply to man.
On each dog that he used in his experiments Pavlov first performed a
simple surgical operation. The end of the salivary gland duct (through which
saliva flows into the mouth to aid in the digestion of food) was cut loose from
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iismirroundile: li,tii and lii (meld. throtieli :;lit in the fare to tho (Aikido �r (ht.
doics cfieek. There-it wa:; fixed anw.vi..d to tfii:;,,,,ition.
I mov than put each doe in a .1iieetype harries:: ona main! in :111 otbrrwiso
empty, soundpri,ofed cell. A buffilike container (see sequence of official Soviet
pictures of dog below), fastened over the end of Ulu duci. Odic:: 1111111111g to a.
regislerine apparatus in an adj, 'Mine room. This device accurai:ely recorded
. the amount of saliva tha't was secreted by the dog from time to time.
From a peephole in this adjoining room Pavlov and his assistants watched
the dog, 'hour after hour, day after day, month after month under varied con-
trolled. conditions which they introduced into the dog's cell.
Test after test pointed to the same condo:44)ns:
� The dog's mental state and physical behavior were definitely affected
by its environment, and
� The dog's mental state and physical behavior could be markedly
conditioned and controlled liv regulating the factor.; of its environment.
For example, in one si,,,!)le tci. no one went near a dog in hiF. cell except a
man who brought him food at regular intervals.. Pavlov and his assistants.
_noted that at each appearance of the man with food, the dog would salivate
profusely in anticipation of feeding: After a few days of this procedure, the
man failed to appcar at the usual time. Nevertheless, the dog began to
salivate. He had become "conditioned" to expect food at a definite time!
In a more decisive test (see below actual Soviet pictures of .this experi-
ment in proerce,$) a metronome, a ticking device with a swinging pendulum
used in music to mark exact *time, was placed to the right of a dog. In front
c,�1 the dc,,g Pavlov placed a box with a hole sufficiently large for the dog to
insert its head. For several days, each time food was put into the box for
the dog, the metronome was simultaneously set in motion'. AL t Saint: time
the amount of saliva which flowed into. the dog's mouth at the sight of the food
was carefully measured.
Then one day Pavlov set the metronome into motion�but no food was
put into the box. The clog became extremely agitated, straining at its harness
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and vainly looking for food in the box. A glance at the registering apparatus
showed that the dog's mouth vas watering vs much as it had earlier at the
actual sight of food.
� Pavlov had proved that by closely associating the sound of the metronome
with the sight of food in the beginning, the dog had been slowly "conditioned.'
to react to the fa/se timidus of the metronome in the same way it had previously
reacted to the real stimulus of the food. The dog could no longer distinguish
between reality and illusion! In a manner of speaking. its mind had been
altered to make it accept and act positively toward an environmental condition
which previously it would have rejected or completely ignored.
in other tests, Pavlov proved that one basic motivating force, like hunger,
could be played against another. like the vital force for self-preservation, to
"condition" the dog to accept situations that would normally be intolerable.
A dog's normal reaction to a strong electric shock is defensive in nature--
it draws away almost automatically from the source of the pain. But in one
test, one of Pavlov's ttsistants fed a dog immediately after each shock appli-
cation. After several repetitions of this procedure, when the electric shock
WAS applied the dog began to salivate and lick. its chops in anticipation of
being fed. Only when the shock was so severe as to seriously threaten the
dog's very existence, would it draw away.
10
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' at ient i�t peerf. Itp.eie,IA .1 peep-
"le et tiff it wr:tf�-:,�11 slot:
ft the asiji l ,, i , siiini,I;ir�i��red cell.
'rpm his control ro�-�eft lit carriallly
oh-
crve rind rei:i�ters the cher'� reaction.%
o the t�pe ,�nt intro-
ore(' into the cell. V. i It nushintt-
ons ot his lintertitis the scientist can
teetrieolly shock the do; or ctiritulate
hn with herb.. hustlers, blinking: li;hts,
� otos and other devices. The
rn.riratus on the cinifs cheek :end the
leatiint: from it to the control rooms
-:urately measure the iist.�:'s saliva flow.
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None of Pavlov's remarkable findings were lost on Stalin and the men
about him. Some two decades later, several incidents in communist countries
involving religious leaders, refugee children, and prisoners-of-war were to
attract. \vorld-wide attention. .The basic principles involved in these cases
were to bear striking -resemblance to the principles Pavlov applied so success-
fully in condilioning the behavior of dogs. �
3)uring his experiments with dogs, Pavlov noticed something that even-
tually was to briol; him to the study of human behavior probiems. He ob-
served that.each dog adjusted to changes in its living conditions at a different
rate of .speed and with varying degrees of success. This, Pavlov said, was
because dogs possess different types of temperament as do human beings.
Like people everyone has known, some dogs were quickly and easily
excited; some were slow and dull; and still others we.Te neither excitable nor
dull but exhibited a temperament balanced between the two extremes.
The clogs in this latter group. Pavlov found, were better able to withstand
the conditioning experiments that. he imposed upon diem, �vithout becoming
distraught and unbalanced, than could either of the two extreme groups.
-But even they could not resist all pressures. "By applying extremely strong
and excessive measures," Pavlov said, "it is possible to disturb even the equi-
librium of animals belonging to the strong and %vell-balanced type."
������� ft � e� � ����r���� f������������������������� .""
ob:,,,,���ati,�, ii.,, ,,p,����.,1�1
difrovnec:; III now Icd liiiii
from tin' mudy of normal hehavior iii animak to the.p!'oblem of abnormal
-
behavior. 711�: lino that divide.; a balanced from an unbalanced 'personality
is a :lender one. III several of hi.; lahoratory experiments Pavlov succeeded
in driving dogs over that line when the conditions he fore,ed upon them caused
too grea 1. a nervous stra in.
Pavlov first ;succeeded in changing a normal dog "into a morbid, patho-
logical state" with an experiment which forced the dog to distinguish between
a perfectly round disk and an egg-shaped one. Every tune a round disk was
placed before the dog he was then ,given food. But when an egg-shaped disk
was displayed, the dog was not fed. The dog was soon able to recognize that.
the round disk meant he was to be fed.
'Now each successive time that the egg-shaped disk was placed before the
dog, it was rounded oil slightly. Finally its form was almost identical with
that. of the round disk. - As the experiment. cootinued, the dog's prohlemifl
distinguishing the trif,:: round disk from the other became more and more
difficult. And the dog became more and more upset.
Then suddenly the dog-seemed to lose all ability to tell one symbol from
the other. His whole behavior changed radically. Be lost, his appetite for
food ancl showed no interest in life. He had become mentally and physically
from the great strain put upon his nervous system.
The disturbances he created in dogs. Pavlov found, were usually relatively
permanent, affecting an animal for months or even years. In some cases, the
mental health of the animal was restored, but. only after months of rest and
treatment �vith drugs. �
Pavlov had always placed his hopes for a better world upon the accomplish-
ments of science. As he, _experimented with dogs having nervous systems or
temperaments that were weak and highly. sensitive to breakdowns and dis-
orders, he �'.-ondered:
� Whether their undesirable traits could be eradicated and replaced
with desirable ones, and
� Whether these new traits could be inherited by future generations.
Porlor'6 work now took two direetifths:
� He began to classify types of temperaments in dogs with Life intention
of scientifically breeding offspring with stable personalities from selected,
dependable parentzd stoek, and
� lk concentrated upon the study of disorders in human beings who
were in clinics for the mentally ill.
- The new turn taken by Pavlov's investigation was of intense interest to
32
���������������� ��� irr�-�-� �4":�-� "MP �t r -r.������? � �
the ::ovict. rolel.s. If Pavlov could ploy,. that rerhia "learned" or acquired
behavior ti;tit: i1 foes could he transmitted to their off::pring, why then could
not the reeinie instill such habits in the Soviet people that they %multi bear
future eenerat ions %via> from birth e.-otild lie dolica tett eo tilt' coololonu
Every i:trilicy, evury rovans of aid to fill tlo:l lii.worl;, was prkezall upon
Pavlov bY .1),Ychiatric ciiiiirs, lahoral-orit%i, ft:lids�an-were
placed at his dispo.:al in uniimited quantity. Pavlov had no reason to question
the political motives behind the' regime's generosity. Ile accepted the
assistance at face vlite - as aid which would. advance science.
Pavlov became convinced that ". . . the basic principles underlying
. . . (brain] activity are the same for both the human being and the higher
animals [dogs]. . . ." He saw close connections between the mental dis--
orders he had caused in ey.parimental dogs arid the eases of hysteria, obsessions,
and paranbia which he observed in mental clinics.
But Pavlov approached the study of man with extreme caution. "Obvi-
ously," he warned his co-workers; ". . . caution must be used in attempting
. . to apply our recently acquired knowled;ze conceraing . . the dog--
the more so, since the incoaaanably greauT developeieat of the ibrainj in
man is pre-eminently that factor which has raised man to his dominant posi-
tion in the animal world. It would be the height of presumption to regard
these first steps . . . as solving the intricate problems of . ... man, when
in fact at the present stage of our work no detailed application of its results
to man is yet permissible. . . ." Even so, he had great hopes that die knowl-
edge gained from his experimentation with animals- would be of use in the
analysis and treatment of mental illness in human patients.
While still on the threshold of this vastly important venture, time ran
out for the great experimenter. Only six days before his death in 193G,
Pavlov had enthusiastically told associates: . 7
� "Now we can and must go forward. . . . All of You physiologists should
be acquainted with genetics in order to create an ideal type of ibrainl of the
dog--the strong, balanced, alert type�in order that we may use all of the
experimental material for the investigation of tile human being, striving to
perfect the human race of the future."
Bus: unknown to. Pavlov, the communist regime had other plans. Once
his students had reached a point where they could engage in independent
YesearCh, they were transferred out of his laboratories anti established in others.
.There, despite Pavlov's previous warnings, they were forced by Soviet leaders
to eSperinlent on human beings--- but not �vith the intention of "striving to
perfect the human race."
33
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jfl[E P IR V 1E, S 0
'These are facts of some o� f the Cove::
their families and homes after six years' cap
of Eastern Europe.
The 195-1 returnees were only a small
ranging from two-year-olds to tcen-z,!�(-r;-41;;
munist guerrillas during their unsuceesf.i:d
meat in 1943. Forced to march acrosf. Cr,
Yugoslavia, the children were disperse:: th:-:
into Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania. an,
and Poland.
Over the year; since the revolt
families have pleaded for the retutn of :he.
to secure the release of the children have
Cross and the United Nations. But
regarded by the communist bloc countri,
� Oscar Thorsing of Sweden, chairman of
on "the Repatriation of Greek Children, Ttp.
November 1952, that. "the humanizariar-,
with their families has met with obstaels-,---;:it-
Why were these, young children abLcte
land?. Why were they held so long in .
Why' were they suddenly returned years E:
The answers to these questions have
laboratories of Pavlov, in the Hungariaq
in the Chinese communist prisoner-of-v.-LT ca
daily lives of the people of the commun:st cot:
the same pattern, the same story of
"brainwash"--the minds of men as Pavlov di:-
A broadcast from communist TI.aZ
revealed the communists' purpose in al -
broadcast that. "the children Ekidnappud -
groups express their enthusiasm for the
are preparing for the struggle and their
Creek officials are appalled that so
deliberately and systematically "preparcd-;.-r
is evidence that many of the repatriate :::V'
in the communist way of life and have e � �
,� �
Undergr Mid communist party nucleus in
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N OF C N C
pvith who ill 1951 returned to
captivity in the communist I.:atelliles
portion of some 2S,000 childrca
who were kidnapped by Greek dbm-
ul revolt again?;t the Greek Govern-
Greece into Mbania. Bulgaria, and
throuhout iunisl vorld
and even to distant East Germany
suppressed, thousands of grieving
:heir children. IZepeated attempts
. en macle by th,: International R�2(1
til late in 155.I, all pieas were dis-
,.
1 of the U. N. Standing Committee
reported to the United Nations in
I work of reuniting Greek children
\vhich have proved insurmountable."
ucted from their homes and native -
the communist satellite countries?
been found in many places�in the
prison ceil of Cardinal .?tlindszenty,
.1: camps, and in every facet of the
countries. All of these are part of
nunism's attempts to "condition"�
�� did those of animals.
in January 19-19, unwittingly
..,Jucting the children. The radio
_:.-eci�is; enrolled in communist youth
-.-ork of the groups and declare they
z-turn to the liberated motherland."'
ny of the abducted children had been
for their return to Greece. There
have been thoroughly indoctrinated
commissioned to serve as a new
C:recce. These men (after six and
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lieven years a ereat many Of the yout h are in their late teens and early twentiesy
have ben mihjected to I he mo::t rigorous education and.training ittconummist..
theory and practice. They have been totally isolated from the moderating
influence of any ot her ideas durney, youth's most impressionable' years. They
remember little of demoeratic Acays and processes.
Most of thetv were housed. fed. and treated, in general, far better than
the native satellite children., :quell of their training was supervised by fellow
Greeks�members of the outlawed Creek Communist Party, who direct sub-
versive activities egainst the Greek .Government from satellite bases.
A 17-year-old .,Creek girl, forcihly detained for seven years by the com-
munists and only released in April 1935. reported to Greek oflicitds that when
Stalin died all the children in her class were lined up and ordered to cry. She
alsc) said that their teachers told them not to believe "all that. silly stuff about
God. There is only one God," the teachers said, "and his name is Lenin; and
Stalin was his prophet."
Behind communist efforts to indoctrinate and train a new generation of
Greeks in the philosophy of communism are long years of Pavlovian-type
experimentation--first upon the peoples of the Soviet Union, and later, upon
the once-free peoples of Eastern Europe and China.
Shortly after the death of Pavlov in 1936, Stalin began exerting increasing
pressure upon the men trained in Pavlovian techniques to experiment upon
human beings. The scientists protested strongly.* They remembered Pavlov's
warning against a hasty transfer of preliminary findings about animals to the
intricate mechanism that is man.
But Stalin disregaeded their protests, and set aside even greater sums for
the experimental work of the Pavlovian laboratories. According to official
Soviet records, in 193G, the year of Pavlov's death, Stalin had allocated
1,000,000 rubles for this work. In 1937, the sum .was increased to 1,500,000
rubles, and in 1933, the last year in which such statistics were published by
�the Soviet Government., to 2,400,000 rubles. The same records show that at
Koltushy, the "city" of experhnental Pavlovian laboratories, the number of
scientific \vorkers-inereased from 172 in 1937 to 337 by 1933. The reason for
Stalin's action is not hard to find.'
The regime had begun to collectivize farms and expand heavy industry.
at a ruthless tempo in the 19:30'S. The new Five Year Plan called for long
hours of work and sacrifice on the part of the Soviet people; even fewer con-
sumer goods and necessities of life would be available. Every facet of Soviet
life became increasingly disciplined; terror and fear were struck into the minds.
of the people by the mass arrests and purges that. Stalin loosed upon the
countryside.
36
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llut fear, terror, purge:;, and :.tern discipline were not enough for the
Kremlin ruler. Stalin knew that unless he could reinale man's spiritual being�
hr; mind theri".vould alv..ays be hatred and resistance to COlillill1111:A.
Tiff! Ill'OL; V.lirld Cu Il Whtfl called for the immediate creation of a
"New Soviet :11an"��-a man embodying only connnunist ideas, motives,
character, and sense of duty.
St:din visualized such a man rising behind the harnessed animals in the
Pavlovian laboraltinies. If an animal could be "conditioned" to act in a
certain predetermined way merely by controlling, his environment, the Soviet
dictator reasoned. �vhy then could not the Soviet citizen be "conditioned" to
behave in any imaner the state. desired, merely by controlling what he could
see, bear, and do? -
� If it was true that an animal was a helpless pawn in the hands of the
experimenter, with no "free will- or its own, as Pavlov's experiments seemed
to indicate, could not a race of men be created who would move likc puppets
at. the bidding of the hands that manipulated them?
To Stalin and his cohorts, Pavlov's experimentation proved such a thing
was possible. His findings, they believed, established that man was devoid of
. soul and spirit, with a mental mechanism triggered by his baser nature. Just
as seals can be made to perform in the circus by rewarding them with food, so
men, these communists believed, could be made to do what was required of
them for the promise of food. And in the same manner their other basic
instincts�fear, sex, survival, and the urge for 11:eedom----could be so played
upon and regulated as to leave them at the complete mercy of the state.
� Little is known in the free world today about the exact nature of the
scientific research being performed on human beings in the Soviet 'Union and
the "people's democracies," for such information is a closely guarded secret
behind the Iron Curtain. Only rarely is the barrier inadvertently dropped to
let the free world have a look. What people do see and hear, lills them. with
foreboding for man's future.
Such a rare opportunity came in 1950 when the Communist Party of the
U. S. S. R. called a conference of Soviet scientists. At this meeting scientists
working in every field or study were severely upbraided by Stalin' spokesmen
for neglecting to incorporate Pavlov's theories and findings in their work.
They were told by Prarch-t, the official Communist Party newspaper:
"The Soviet people are building a communist society based on scientific
principles. The building of comtnwiistn means not only the creation of the
necessary material and technological base but also the reconstruction. of all
aspects of human life." Pavlov's findings, Pravda continued; have "tremen-
dous significance . . . for our people, for the workers of the entire world."
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easily manipulated and cont.' Ilere a Soviet experimenter . . .
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led the Soviet regime to undertake ereStion_of the "New Soviet Man."
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At tin:, confeo�oce. the :,rienti,o; %%ere particulaily criticized by the
regime for overlool.ine the vital role that. IIlif: itiil :pecch play in condi-
tioning hi.h:tvi�r. 'Hwy wore told tJ incorporote Pavlov's teachings
into the of "practical mullein,. IviY-
choloey, p.sychiatry" and ridated lfils. ignili6n1ly, all of these field:; are
concerned with the fin illation. training, and treating of man's mind and body.
At the Fame time that ino-4. Soviet �vere being chastised. the
regi ne Sin;',10oh L LWO for praise. These men, the Communist Party
reported, had achieved considerable s UCCCSS in conditioning children's behavior
in experiments they had conducted on orphans and mentally retarded children.
� .While an intensified search continues in the Soviet Union for ,a scientific
.
way of creating a new race of "Socialist Men," the communist rulers have
mobiliz(vi every possible instrument of public persuasion� the schools, press,
radio, television, cinema, the theater, arts--to retrain and condition the minds
of the present generation. They have accepted as fact Pavlov's theory that for
man, words and speech take the place of the real world about him and in this
way play a dominant role in forming his Lehavior.
The conditions for the communists' undertaking are ideal. The people
behind the Iron Curtain are a vast captive audience, shut off almost completely
from any .source of information not controlled by communism. Through
constant repetition of the same ideas on every page of everymewspaper and
book, over every radio, in every classroom, on every cinema screen, the com-
munists hope to indoctrinate the people so thoroughly that eventually they
will accept everything the regime says as being the trpth.
� Orodoi Nercics, a magazine for kindeiTarten teachers in communist Hun-
gary, explains the role of the school in these Nvords: "The Soviet school cannot
be satisfied to rear merely educated persons. Basing itself on the facts and de-
ductions of progressive science, it; should instill the, ideology of communism in
the minds of the youm_z. generation. shape a Marxist-Leninist world outlook and
inculcate the spirit of Soviet patriotism and Bokhevik ideas in them
"According to. Pavlov's doctrine a child's every step must be watched.
We must strive to build up reflexes and impressions in children which will form
the basis for positive charztcmistics. . . . By systematically exposing chil-
dren to certain stimuli, certain chances can be brought about in their nervous
systems and these changes may be directed toward the desired goals."
How this works in the communist. classroom is revealed by an excerpt from
a ..u..s,:aya, a book published for students' use by the &ink 1? Young Communist
League: "Stalin! Always we hear in our souls his dear name. And here, in the
Kremlin, his presence [ouches us at. every step. We walk on stones which he
may have trod. . . . Let us fall on our knees and kiss those holy :footsteps."
, . �
23
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The of io I hi. (1)111illl1111,1. lila' 111(1111in!
(If ((IiiIt1ltlILk�:l "I. til'AlOYUII C11111�L'1l(ii)lial tie.; :Ind memories. The tuf-
f:writ! prai:�e of Stalin ;ti.icifIlei if) rcr norinal affections for
home awl family to the ilietator aml the Nt:ite..
J low effective huve the communii:L; hcen in their effort to use Pavlov's
theories to remake men's
The record is both frightt�ning and reassuring.
Wherever the communists have been able to isolate a man from all con-
tact. with the outside free world, wherever they have coupled physical brutality
with overwhelming p52.-ch0logieal pressure, they have had some success in
changing.�"brainwashine---a man's mind. Whenever the fear, the inhuman
treatment, the humiliation, the thirst anti hunger have become overwhelming,
the cdmmunists have captured another victim.
Not. all men will succumb to the same pressures�nor with the same
facility. Moreover, only a few of those who are broken remain indoctrinated
communists if thcy .:�scape. to the fri?e world.�
And there are many that the pt��ople of the communist world are
resisting the "conditioniiqr," experts in every way possible. Thousands of
Soviet soldiers defected to the Nazi armies during World War II. The tom-
munist press continually complains about work stoppages, shortcomings in the
�vork of the collective farms, and sabotage in the factories. There is a steady
stream of refugees who risk certain death escaping to the free world.
Today, Stalin's successors are intensifying their efforts to perfect tech-
niques for the enslavement of men's minds. But, unlike the dogs in Pavlov's
laboratories, man possesses a powerful weapon to resist their experiments�
his unconquerable spirit The struggle is not easy but it is being won.
24
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An idea of what it is like to be an expeilmental animal in communist
bands was disclosed in a documented report given to the United Nations
General Assembly in October 1953, by the world-famous American scientist,
Charles W. Mayo.
Dr. Mayo revealed .bov.� American soldiers, serving with the United
Nations Command and captured during the Korean War by Chinese and
North Korean communist forces, were forced to confess to all manner of
"crimes." This is what he said:
. "It. is not a pretty story that confronts us. It is a story of terrible physical
and moral degradation. It concerns men shaken loose from their foundations
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Chinese communists perfvt led Soviet t echniques of physical and !tient al torture to"l�rairtwash"
POWs. To gain Pt �COlifeS1.10111" ihiS COnitsiUniSt has forced a POW to dig and lie in his own crave
�
26
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Of moral valor rocli beaten down by the eonditienine �vhich the m�ienee
PaViOV IV:;erV.C.: for doe., and ran,� all in a vicious atteMpt IA) Make them
:ICCOMplieeS to zi frightful lie.
"In an even (14:eper see: the %ee have to .tell reflects a communist
system vddell dolil,craie;y i!,itil.�;reery pril;eipk. Of 111(111::: and (Stith, duvolint;
itself to one oi,ject, the pro.J.re...: 4): eommunisin by any effective nutols,
no flintier how i..
. At the ouitset we should notice that the Lortures used in these
cases, ai427,-.)u;d: they include many brutal physical 'injuries. are. not like the
medieval tortt.re:; rack and the thumbscrew. They more
prolonged, and �1)%.�u. terrible in their effect. � They:are calcu-
lated to disintegra:e the mind of an to,diStort,his sense of
values, to a point where he will not simply. cry :e.!tel did itr-but will become
a seeminly �vitling accomplice to the complete destruction of h'.3 ino�erity
and the production of an elaborate fiction.
"The testimony in our hands, from. American prisoners, reveals the use
of a detnikel method designed to mold pri.,:oners into the desired condition
where they can be exploited to the maximum. It is a method obviously
calculated by the communists to bring a man to the point where a dry crust
of bread or a few hours' uninterrupted sleep is a great event in his life. All
the prisoners victimized were subjected to the same pattern of �intimidation,
deprivation of basic physical needs. isolation, and physical and mental
torture. The techniques varied only in detail, except that the extent of their
use depended on the degree of resistance shown by the 'individual prisoners.
The total picture presented is one of human beings reduced to ..-: status lower
than that of animals; filthy, full of lice, festered wounds full of maggot:- their
sichness regulated to a point just short of death; unshaven, without ilairelaz.
or baths for as much as a year: men in rags exposed to the elements; fed with
carefully measured minimum qunntities and lo,.vest quality of food and unsani-
tary water, served often in rusty cans; isolated, faced with squads of trainect
interrogators, bunied incessantly, deprived of sleep and browbeaten into
mental anguish. �
"imagine a human being in this condition. It. is a tragic picture but it is.
true, and supported by hundreds of eyewitness reports. Many other indi-
viduals died in this process and cannot add to the testimony. We must
remember that all this was, not done as mere senseless brutality; it. was done
for one single purpose; to melke fire men sure commtinisl ambitions.
"All this testimony on communist MO-110(k of extorting 'confessions' in
Korea suggests a frightening pattern.
"It suggests .that the communists were deliberately perverting to their
27
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i !:; (*:.'11 tIly th:.:1111C Ce %%111(11 the f:tlnut 1:; S( IV le I 111010;. Pa V 10 V
it eXpil n 311 dug:: and rats. This teelodouo, as you all know, is
called the 'conditioned reflex'. When a rat goes through the wrong door, he
geb; :in electric shock. When be 1;0!...-; through .the rizli1 door, he gets a bit of
cheese. Bt...fore long, you can dispense with the shock and the cheese, because
the rat has been conditioned to enter the door you %vant him to enter. The
Soviet re',,,ime has used this same technique against its Own people in efforts
to dislodge thetnfrom their traditional reverence for the Almighty and. from
their aspirations toward freedom; and to force then.) willy-nilly into the com-
munist slave pattern.
"This is the very technique which the communists appear to have used
on their intended-, `germ warfare' victims. Resistance was punished with
kicks and slaps in the face, with worsened living conditions, with food rations
lowered still further, with threats of death. This tightened grip was sometimes
relaxed briefly when the unyielding victim seemed in danger of dying. Signs
of cooperation, on the .other hand. were �rewarded with slight increases in ra-
tions, with protni.i.e::, of better treatment soon. No wonder that some of our
prisoners, miserably weakened with weeks and months of mi.strezament, were
brought down to that animal level of response where resistance was associated
with death, where yielding was associated w'ith survival, and where survival
on any terms seemed more important than the moral principles that distinguish
men from beasts. If anything is surprising to me, it is that so many of our
soldiers�both those who confessed ancl those who did not�although for
months they �vere treated like animals or worse, somehow continued through-
out to act like men.
"Consider the evidence on those who did not yield. A prisoner whom
.the communists assume is already acting like an animal is offered in sharp
terms a pu.-ely animal stimulus: food or death. The obvious animal response is
'expected. Yet in one case, a man was sentenced to death 12 times, and he
refused to yield. Another man was made to dig his own grave, was taken before
a firing squad, heard the command to fire, and heard the pistols click on empty
chambers; and he refused to yield.
�
"Such testimony as this seems to teach us that the spirit of man can run
deeper than the reflexes of Pavlov. . .
28
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