(BEST AVAILABLE COPY) - HUMAN RESOURCE EXPLOITATION TRAINING MANUAL-1983

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 00107398
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 124
• Document Creation Date: October 23, 2023
• Document Release Date: August 21, 2023
• Case Number: F-2022-01265
• Publication Date: June 8, 1983

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S � #E T
8 June 1988
The following Interrogation HRE training was provided by SAS/SOG/GB
officers to countries in Latin America:
16-27 March 1987
March 1987
16 Apr-4 May 84
3-11 Nov 83
10-26 Oct 84
25 Jul - 12 Aug 83
Nov 82
two GB officers provided
trainin to a multi-co ntry team
and possibly
two GB officers (HRE)
two GB officers (HRE)
one GB officer (as part of
the HRF program)
three GB officers (HRE)
three GB officers (HRE)
two GB officers completed a
site survey for HRE as part
of the HRF program
DECL OADR
DRV HUM 4-82
CL BY 11111.1111.
ALL SECRET
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ouiy IVO 41
�
INTERROGATION TEXT REVISIONS
Page Revision/Change
A-2 Under D, last line, add the following:
"We will discuss coercive techniques
that have been used by many, and the
reasons why we are against the use of
these techniques".
A-6 Bottom of page: L. Change Bonaf ides
to read "Verification";
B-3 Top of page: Ensure that the Instructor
defines Liaison;
1-8 Bottom of page: Delete 7) Physical Violence;
K-1 Include in the introduction to Coercive
Techniques:
We will discuss some of those coercive
techniques that have been used by many, and
the reasons why we are against the use of
these techniques.
We do not use these techniques, nor do
we condone the use of them.
Add the attached disclaimer, "Prohibition Against the Use
of-Force", to the introduction. Reiterate when discussing
Non-Coercive and Coercive techniques. Ensure that the students
understand our position.
-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT SECTION/PAGE
Introduction A-1
Liaison Relationships 6-1
Advantages of Working with Liaison 6-3
Disadvantages of Working with Liaison 6-4
Interpreters C-1
Selection C-3
Sources C-5
Training. C-7
Use of Interpreters C-8
Selection of Personnel at Interrogators 0-1
Personality Characteristics 0-1
Special Skills & Abilities 0-4
Design and Management of a Facility E-1
Security Considerations E-2
Cell Block Planning E-3
The Interrogation Room E-4
Training of Facility Personnel E-9
Training of Internal Guards E-10
Arrest and Handling of Subjects F-1
Screening of Subjects G-1
Priorities G-2
Intelligence Categories G-3
Personality Categories G-5
Planning the Interrogation H-1
Conducting the Interrogation I-1
Non-Coercive Techniques J-1
Coercive Techniques K-1
� - Checklist for the Interrogation L-1 No slides
Reporting M-1 No slides
MOTE:
Letter and digit(s) in left margin are slide numbers
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PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF FORCE
The use of force, mental torture, threats, insults, or
exposure to unpleasant and inhumane treatment of any kind as
an aid to interrogation is prohibited by law, both international
and domestic; it is neither authorized nor condoned. The
interrogator must never take advantage of the source's weaknesses
to the extent that the interrogation involves threats, insults,
torture or exposure to unpleasant or inhumane treatment of any
kind. Experience indicates that the use of force is not necessary
to gain cooperation of sources. Use of force is a poor technique,
yields unreliable results, may damage subsequent collection
efforts, and can induce the source to say what he thinks the
interrogator wants to hear. Additionally, the use of force will
probably result in adverse publicity and/or legal action agiinst
the interrogator (et. al) when the source is released. However,
the use of force is not lo be confused with psychological ploys,
verbal trickery, or other nonviolent and non-coercive ruses
40%
employed by the interrogator in the successful interrogation of
reticent or uncooperative sources.
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INTRODUCTION
I. OPENING REMARKS
A. THERE IS NOTHING MYSTERIOUS ABOUT "QUESTIONING".
IT IS NO MORE THAN OBTAINING NEEDED INFORMATION FROM
SUBJECTS. THESE MAY BE PRISONERS OF WAR. DEFECTORS.
REFUGEES. ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS, AGENTS OR SUSPECTED
INTELLIGENCE AGENTS ATTEMPTING TO OPERATE IN YOUR
COUNTRY.
B. THE ART OF "QUESTIONING" HAS BECOME CONTROVERSIAL
IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD. THIS IS BECAUSE IN MANY
COUNTRIES. THE TERM "QUESTIONING" HAS SEEN IDENTIFIED
WITH THE USE OF TORTURE TO OBTAIN INFORMATION.
EVERY MANUAL I HAVE READ ON "QUESTIONING" STATES THAT
INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM A SUBJECT UNDER TORTURE IS
NOT RELIABLE. THAT THE SUBJECT WILL SAY WHATEVER HE
THINKS YOU WANT TO HEAR JUST TO AVOID FURTHER
PUNISHMENT.
DURING THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. THE FRENCH ARMY USED
TORTURE TO NEUTRALIZE A TERRORIST GROUP WITHIN A
MATTER OF MONTHS. UNFORTUNATELY. ALONG WITH THE
HUNDREDS OF TERRORISTS THAT WERE ARRESTED AND
�TORTURED. SO WERE HUNDREDS OF INNOCENT CIVILIANS.
SOCIETY SIMPLY WILL NOT CONDONE THIS.
A�I
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C. THE ROUTINE USE OF TORTURE LOWERS THE MORAL
CALIBER OF THE ORGANIZATION THAT USES IT AND CORRUPTS
THOSE THAT RELY ON IT AS THE QUICK AND EASY WAY OUT.
WE STRONGLY DISAGREE WITH THIS APPROACH AND INSTEAD
EMPHASIZE THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES DESIGNED
TO PERSUADE THE SUBJECT TO WANT TO FURNISH US WITH THE
INFORMATION WE DESIRE.
D. SUCCESSFUL "QUESTIONING" IS BASED UPON A
KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND UPON THE USE OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES WHICH ARE NOT DIFFICULT TO
UNDERSTAND. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING TWO TYPES OF
TECHNIQUES, COERCIVE AND NON-COERCIVE. WHILE WE I=
r)e_PI-OR E .
. r;e6g3==344 THE USE OF COERCIVE TECHNIQUES, WE DO WANT
SO ---Fi-AT NR,tk_ Nely 4-Vo 1 1."'..-
�
TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF THEM SE
THEM.
E. PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE CONDUCTED CONSIDERABLE
RESEARCH IN MANY AREAS THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED 30
COERCIVE "QUESTIONING". DURING THIS COURSE WE 'I'LL
DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING TOPICS AS THEY RELATE TO
"QUESTIONING":
1. REACTIONS. TO PAIN AND FEAR.
2. THE EFFECTS OF DEBILITY AND ISOLATION.
3. HYPNOSIS AND NARCOSIS
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keep in mind "turn around" here!
F. WHAT WE ARE EMPHASIZING THROUGHOUT THIS COURSE IS
THAT "QUESTIONING" IS A COMPLICATED PROCESS INVOLVING
THE INTERACTION OF TWO PERSONALITIES � THAT OF THE
QUESTIONER AND THAT OF THE SUBJECT. IT MUST BE WELL
PLANNED � FROM THE TIME THE SUBJECT IS ARRESTED
THROUGH THE QUESTIONING PROCESS TO THE FINAL
DISPOSITION OF THE SUBJECT.
II. ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
A. SCHEDULE AND. HOURS
1. TWO WEEKS OF LECTURES IN THE CLASSROOM
2. ONE OR TWO WEEKS OF PRACTICAL WORK WITH
PRISONERS, AT WHICH TIME THE CLASS WILL BE
DIVIDED INTO 3 OR 4 MAN TEAMS.
B. SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION
1. THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
2. LIAISON RELATIONSHIPS
3. USE OF INTERPRETERS
4. SELECTION OF "QUESTIONERS"
5. DESIGN t MANAGEMENT OF A FACILITY
6. ARREST & HANDLING OF SUBJECTS
7: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESMENT OF SUBJECTS
8. PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING & CONDUCTING THE
"QUESTIONING"
9. NON�COERCIVE "QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES
10. COERCIVE "QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES "it)
y SNCtvL PloT cZ (AS b.
11. REPORT WRITING
�
A-3
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-
C. STUDENT QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS
FEEL FREE TO MAKE COMMENTS, RELATE PERSONAL
�
EXPERIENCES, OR ASK QUESTIONS AT ANY TIME DURING
THE COURSE. OCCASIONALLY WE MAY ONLY GIVE YOU A
BRIEF ANSWER BECAUSE SOME TOPICS WILL BE MORE
FULLY COVERED DURING A LATER CLASS.
D. USE OF VIDEO CAMERA
WE WILL BE VIDEO RECORDING PORTIONS OF YOUR
PRACTICAL EXCERCISES. THE VIDEO NOT ONLY ALLOWS
YOU TO REVIEW YOUR QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES BUT
ALSO TO STUDY THE REACTIONS OF THE SUBJECTS
DURING THE QUESTIONING.
III. DEFINITIONS
TO INSURE THAT WE ALL UNDERSTAND THE TERMS WHICH WE
WILL BE USING THROUGHOUT THE COURSE HERE ARE A FEW
DEFINITIONS:
A-1
A. INFORMATION � RAW DATA
VARIETY OF SOURCES: RUMORS,
ETC. IT MAY BE ACCURATE OR
WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM A
INFORMANTS. PRISONERS.
INACCURATE.
A-2 B. INTELLIGENCE � THE RESULT OF AN ANALYSIS OF ALL
THE INFORMATION OBTAINED CONCERNING A GIVEN SUBJECT.
A-4
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3
C. "QUESTIONING" - OBTAINING INFORMATION BY DIRECT
QUESTIONING OF A PERSON UNDER CONDITIONS FULLY OR
PARTIALLY CONTROLLED BY THE "QUESTIONER". OR BELIEVED
BY THAT PERSON TO BE UNDER THE "QUESTIONER'S" CONTROL.
"QUESTIONING" IS USUALLY RESERVED FOR SUBJECTS WHO ARE
SUSPECT, RESISTANT OR BOTH.
A-4 D. "QUESTIONER" - A PERSON TRAINED AND EXPERIENCED
IN THE ART OF EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM A SUBJECT IN
RESPONSE TO EXPLICIT REQUIREMENTS. THE SUBJECT MAY BE
EITHER COOPERATIVE OR RESISTANT.
A-5 E. "QUESTIONING" FACILITY - A BUILDING OR SERIES OF
BUILDINGS DESIGNED TO ENHANCE DETENTION AND
"QUESTIONING" OF SUBJECTS WITH A VIEW TOWARD OBTAINING
MAXIMUM COOPERATION. THIS WILL INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL.
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTROLS.
A-6 F. INTERVIEW - OBTAINING INFORMATION. NOT USUALLY
UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. BY QUESTIONING A PERSON
WHO IS AWARE OF THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS
A-7
.16
ANSWERS BUT NOT AWARE OF THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF THE
INTERVIEWER.
G. DEBRIEFING - OBTAINING INFORMATION BY QUESTIONING
A CONTROLLED. AND SOMETIMES WITTING. SUBJECT WHO IS
NORMALLY WILLING TO PROVIDE THE DESIRED INFORMATION.
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A-8 H. ELICITATION - OBTAINING INFORMATION WITHOUT
REVEALING THE INTENT OR EXCEPTIONAL INTEREST OF THE
QUESTIONER., THROUGH A VERBAL OR WRITTEN EXCHANGE WITH
A SUBJECT WHO MAY OR MAY NOT BE WILLING TO PROVIDE IT
IF HE KNEW THE TRUE PURPOSE.
A-9 I. CONTROL - THE CAPACITY TO CAUSE OR CHANGE CERTAIN
TYPES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY IMPLYING OR USING PHYSICAL
OR PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANS TO INDUCE COMPLIANCE.
COMPLIANCE MAY BE VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY.
CONTROL CAN RARELY BE ESTABLISHED WITHOUT CONTROL OF
THE ENVIRONMENT. BY CONTROLLING THE SUBJECT'S
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, WE WILL BE ABLE TO CONTROL HIS
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF MIND.
A-10 J. REQUIREMENTS - THE WRITTEN DETAILED DEMAND FROM
VARIOUS CUSTOMER AGENCIES FOR SPECIFIC INORMATION OR
FOR SPOTTING OF POTENTIAL ASSETS.
A-11 K. SUBJECT - A PERSON BELIEVED TO POSSESS
INFORMATION OF VALUE TO THE SERVICE QUESTIONING HIM..
A-12 L. BONAFIDES - EVIDENCE OR RELIABLE INFORMATION
REGARDING A SUBJECT'S IDENTITY. PERSONAL HISTORY, AND
INTENTIONS OF GOOD FAITH.
A-13 M. SCREENING - THE PRELIMINARY INTERVIEWING OF A
SUBJECT TO OBTAIN BIOGRAPHIC AND OTHER BACKGROUND
INFORMATION.
A -6
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A-14 N. ASSESSMENT � THE ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ABOUT A SUBJECT FOR THE PURPOSE
-OF MAKING AN APPRAISAL. THE SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES WHICH
WILL BE USED DURING THE "QUESTIONING" WILL DEPEND UPON
THE ASSESSMENT.
A-15 IV. THE CYCLE OF INTELLIGENCE
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE CONSISTS OF FOUR PHASES AND CAN
BE REPRESENTED AS A CIRCLE BECAUSE IT HAS NO BEGINNING
OR END.
A-16
A. REQUIREMENTS
THE DEMAND FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF INFORMATION
ESTABLISHES PURPOSE AND DIRECTION FOR CONDUCTING
THE "QUESTIONING". THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
REQUIREMENTS:
A-16 1. STANDING REQUIREMENTS � e.g. INFORMATION
CONCERNING THREATS AGAINST GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS,
SUBVERSIVE GROUPS. TERRORIST ACTIONS. ARMED
ATTACK.
A-1.6
AM,
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS � e.g. INFORMATION
CONCERNING A TOPIC ABOUT WHICH A SUBJECT HAS
SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE. SUCH AS SCIENTIFIC OR
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE.
A-7
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A-17
B. COLLECTION
THIS IS WHERE "QUESTIONING" FITS INTO THE CYCLE.
A-18 COLLECTION ALSO INCLUDES OTHER SOURCES SUCH AS:
RESEARCH, BOOKS AND MAGAZINES. PICTURES,
NEWSPAPERS, ETC. COLLECTION ONLY PRODUCES
INFORMATION, NOT INTELLIGENCE.
A-19,
C. PROCESSING
IN ORDER TO BE PROCESSED, THE INFORMATION MUST BE
A-20 ACCURATELY RECORDED. THEN IT MUST BE EVALUATED
AS TO ITS RELEVANCE TO THE REQUIREMENTS AND THE
RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE. LASTLY IT MUST BE
ANALYZED TO DETERMINE ITS SIGNIFICANCE WITH
RESPECT TO OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE SAME TOPIC.
A-21
A-22
D. DISSEMINATION
���1
THE PROCESSED INFORMATION IS NOW INTELLIGENCE AND
MUST BE DISSEMINATED IN A TIMELY mANER TO SOMEONE
WHO CAN ACT UPON IT. THE INTELLIGENCE REPORT
WHICH IS DISSEMINATED WILL THEN GENERATE
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND THE
CYCLE BEGINS ALL OVER AGAIN.
A-8
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LIAISON RELATIONSHIPS
=====================
I. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
THE LEGALITY OF DETAINING AND "QUESTIONING" A SUBJECT,
AND OF THE METHODS EMPLOYED. IS DETERMINED BY THE LAWS
OF THE COUNTRY IN WHICH IT IS DONE. IT IS THEREFORE
IMPORTANT THAT ALL "QUESTIONERS" AND THEIR SUPERVISORS
BE FULLY AND ACCURATELY INFORMED ABOUT THE APPLICABLE
LOCAL LAWS.
DO NOT ASSUME THAT ALL MEMBERS OF A LIAISON SERVICE
KNOW THE PERTINENT STATUTES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT
COPIES OR LEGAL EXTRACTS OF ALL APPLICABLE LAWS BE
KEPT IN A SEPARATE FILE AND THAT ALL "QUESTIONERS"
REREAD. THE FILE PERIODICALLY.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE -QUESTIONER" TO BE
SURE THAT THE -QUESTIONING" IS LEGAL. WHETHER IT IS
CONDUCTED UNILATERALLY OR JOINTLY. A JOINT ILLEGAL
"QUESTIONING" MAY LATER EMBARRASS BOTH SERVICES AND
LEAD TO RECRIMINATIONS AND STRAINED RELATIONS BETWEEN
THEM.
����
B-1
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I..
DETENTION POSES THE MOST COMMON OF THE LEGAL PROBLEMS.
DETENTION IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT AND PERHAPS FOR
A LENGTHY PERIOD IS FREQUENTLY ESSENTIAL TO A
SUCCESSFUL "QUESTIONING" OF A RESISTANT SUBJECT. SOME
SECURITY SERVICES MAY WORK AT THEIR LEISURE, RELYING
UPON TIME AS WELL AS METHODS TO MELT RESISTANCE. THE
CHOICE OF METHODS DEPENDS IN LARGE PART UPON HOW LONG
THE SUBJECT CAN BE LEGALLY DETAINED.
FACTORS RELATING TO THE LEGALITY OF THE "QUESTIONINGm:
B-1 A. DOES SERVICE HAVE LAW ENFORCEMENT POWERS?
B. DOES SERVICE HAVE AUTHORITY TO OPERATE IN HOME
B-2
COUNTRY?
B-3 C. DOES "QUESTIONING" OF CITIZENS REQUIRE SPECIAL
APPROVAL?
3-4 D. ILLEGAL DETENTION ALWAYS REQUIRES PRIOR HQS
APPROVAL.
B-5 E. COERCIVE TECHNIQUES
421:2E5L.--1 CoNS�TcrckTE_. AN liniVG2RIZ:r
VIoL eou
8-2
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8-6
II. ADVANTAGES OF WORKING WITH LIAISON
8-6 A. HAS THE LEGAL ATHORITY TO DETAIN AND "QUESTION".
8-7 B. CAN PROVIDE NECESSARY DETENTION FACILITIES.
8-8 C. HAS THE ABILITY TO FOLLOW UP ON OPERATIONAL LEADS.
8-9 D. CAN PROVIDE SUPPORT PERSONNEL SUCH AS: GUARDS,
DRIVERS, INTERPRETERS, MEDICAL AND HOUSEKEEPING
PERSONNEL.
B�la E. CAN PROVIDE EASY ACCESS TO LIAISON FILES.
� TO VERIFY INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE SUBJECT.
� TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION YOU MAY NOT
HAVE (e.g. GIVE US A NAME AND 0.0.8. AND WE CAN
PROVIDE YOU WITH A COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL HISTORY
OF THE SUBJECT).
IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO MAINTAIN LIAISON WITH OTHER
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES WITHIN YOUR OWN COUNTRY. FOR
EXAMPLE. IN THE *U.S. EACH STATE AND FEDERAL LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY HAS ITS OWN COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE.
EACH AGENCY SHARES ITS INFORMATION WITH ALL THE OTHERS
BY CONNECTING TO A CENTRALIZED COMPUTER. FROM ONE
TERMINAL IN OUR OFFICE WE CAN ACCESS N.C.I.C.,
T.C.I.C., N.L.E.T.S.. ETC.
����
B-5
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8-11 .III. DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING WITH LIAISON
B-11 A. LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF THE VALUE OF
"QUESTIONING" IN THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE.
3-12 B. LACK OF TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE IN "QUESTIONING"
B-13
8-14
B-15
B-16
B-17
TECHNIQUES.
C. OSS/13/LI7Y OF /MY / NG To TygitifivA 'Ts fISSirrit9A/c-r--
� -To Li4i_Seg
TORTURE AND COERCIVE TECHNIQUES. eigtarn0q/k�
F /7- is
L./.../4e/V.4)
D. CORRUPTION WITHIN THE LIAISON SERVICE. -TWAT
LJA sCo N
E. HOSTILE PENEWATION OF THE LIAISON SERVICE.
F. TENDENCY TO WITHHOLD INFORMATION OR SOURCES.
G. LIMITATIONS IMPOSED ON COOPERATION. FOR POLITICAL
Z'ASWArt
bCT eA 7. 3 4
iN IJAISON 1731,1_2_S-1-7 OA) PT (Jr-7-H P/-" c.'
ONE CAUTION ABOUT WORKING WITH ANOTHER SERVICE: BE H IG
SURE THAT THE OTHER SERVICE WILL MAINTAIN YOUR fti s
ret;',: (.4 L
SECURITY AND THAT OF THE SUBJECT.
8-4
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c-o
INTERPRETERS
I. INTRODUCTION
THERE WILL BE MANY OCCASIONS WHEN BORDER CROSSERS,
REFUGEES. PRISONERS OF WAR, SUSPECTED AGENTS, OR OTHER
POTENTIAL SUBJECTS FOR "QUESTIONING" WILL NOT SPEAK
YOUR NATIVE LANGUAGE. THEREFORE. THE USE OF AN
INTERPRETER MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE
AN EXPLOITATION.
WHEN USED PROPERLY. AN INTERPRETER CAN BE YOUR KEY
ASSISTANT IN PERFORMING YOUR DUTIES AND A CONTROL TO
HELP YOU AVOID VIOLATING CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS.
HOWEVER. PLEASE KEEP IN MIND THAT THE USEOF AN
INTERPRETER MUST NEVER BE CONSIDERED A SATISFACTORY
SUBSTITUTE FOR DIRECT CONMUNICATION BETWEEN YOU AND
THE SUBJECT.
U. DIFFICULTIES tc LIMITATIONS
C-1 A: THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED TO CONDUCT THE
"QUESTIONING" WILL MORE THAN DOUBLE.
C-2 B. YOU WILL EXPERIENCE CONSIDERABLE DIFFICULTY IN
TRYING TO ESTABLISH RAPPORT WITH THE SUBJECT BECAUSE
OF THE LACK OF PERSONAL CONTACT. THAT IS. NOT BEING
ABLE TO SPEAK DIRECTLY TO THE INDIVIDUAL.
C-1
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c-3 C. IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO USE CERTAIN
"QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES. SUCH AS RAPID FIRE
QUESTIONING. WHEN USING AN INTERPRETER.
C-4 D. CERTAIN MEANINGS, TONAL INFLECTIONS, AND
EXPRESSIONS ARE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO CONVEY TO THE
SUBJECT THROUGH AN INTERPRETER. THIS INCREASES THE
POSSIBILITY OF MISUNDERSTANDINGS.
C-5 E. THE PRESENCE OF AN INTERPRETER MAY CAUSE AN
OTHERWISE COOPERATIVE SUBJECT TO WITHHOLD INFORMATION
DURING THE "QUESTIONING". SOME SUBJECTS ARE WILLING
TO GIVE INFORMATION ONLY IF THEY CAN BE SURE THAT
THEIR OWN FORCES WILL NOT FIND OUT THAT� THEY TALKED,
THAT THERE WILL BE NO RETRIBUTION. THE PRESENCE OF
ANY THIRD PARTY AT THE "QUESTIONING", EVEN AN
INTERPRETER. MAY CAUSE THE SUBJECT TO DOUBT THIS
ASSURANCE.
C-6 F. THERE IS A SECURITY RISK POSED BECAUSE THE
INTERPRETER IS JUST ONE MORE INDIVIDUAL TO BECOME .
AWARE OF INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS, AND HE WILL OBTAIN
CONSIDERABLE INFORMATION OF A CLASSIFIED NATURE DURING
THE COURSE OF THE "QUESTIONING".
V� C-2
).
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III. SELECTION OF INTERPRETERS
FROM A SECURITY STANDPOINT, INTERPRETERS SHOULD BE
SELECTED FROM YOUR OWN SERVICES, OR AT LEAST YOUR
NATIONALITY, IF AT ALL POSSIBLE. IN SOME INSTANCES,
HOWEVER, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO HIRE OR USE
FOREIGNERS FOR THIS PURPOSE. LET'S DISCUSS SOME OF
THE FACTORS WHICH MUST BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING AN
INTERPRETER.
C-7 A. SECURITY CLEARANCE
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AN INTERPRETER HAVE A
SECURITY CLEARANCE BECAUSE OF THE OPPOSITION'S
CONTINUED EFFORTS TO PENETRATE YOUR ORGANIZATION
AND LEARN YOUR INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS.
C-8 B. LANGUAGE CAPABILITY
HE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY FLUENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE
AS WELL AS THE LANGUAGE OF THE SUBJECT. THIS IS
VERY IMPORTANT IN BOTH SPEAKING THESE LANGUAGES
AND WRITING THEM.
C-9 C. PERSONALITY
.1111.
WHENEVER POSSIBLE. THE PERSONALITY OF THE
INTERPRSTER SHOULD BE THE SAME OR NEARLY THE SAME
AS YOURS. THIS WILL OFTEN COME ABOUT AS THE TWO
OF YOU WORK TOGETHER MORE AND MORE OFTEN. IF
THERE ARE SERIOUS PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE TWO OF YOU. YOU SHOULD GET ANOTHER
INTERPRETER.
-
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�THE INTERPRETER SHOULD BE ABLE TO ADJUST HIS
PERSONALITY TO THAT OF THE SUBJECT, AND TO THE
"QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES BEING USED.
C-10 D. SOCIAL STATUS
THIS IS ALWAYS A CONSIDERATION IN THOSE COUNTRIES
IN WHICH SOCIAL STATUS EXISTS. IN A LIAISON
SITUATION BE SURE THE INTERPRETER HAS THE SOCIAL
STATURE FOR CONTACT WITH THE OFFICIALS WITH WHOM
HE WILL BE TALKING.
DURING THE "QUESTIONING" OF A SUBJECT IN WHICH A
DIFFERENCE OF CLASSES MAY EXIST BETWEEN THE
SUBJECT AND THE INTERPRETER, YOU MUST MAKE IT
CLEAR TO THE SUBJECT THAT THE CONVERSATION IS
STRICTLY BETWEEN THE TWO OF YOU, THAT THE
INTERPRETER IS SIMPLY A DEVICE FOR CONVERTING THE
LANGUAGE.
IN CERTAIN SOCIETIES WOMEN ARE OFTEN VIEWED AS
HAVING INFERIOR SOCIAL STATUS AND USING A. FEMALE
INTERPRETER MAY NOT BE ADVISABLE IN CASES WHERE A
MAN IS BEING "QUESTIONED".
THE CHANGE IN TONAL INFLECTIONS AS A FEMALE
INTERPRETS THE QUESTIONS OF A MALE "QUESTIONER"
CAUSES THE EFFECT TO BE LOSS DURING TRANSLATION.
ACCORDING TO PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS, MEN AND WOMEN
BOTH RESPOND BETTER TO QUESTIONING BY A MALE.
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C-11 E. SOURCES OF INTERPRETERS
I. mOST SECURITY SERVICES ALREADY HAVE EXISTING
C-12 INTERPRETER POOLS FROM WHICH YOU CAN SELECT
SOMEONE WHO MEETS YOUR REQUIREMENTS.
%.1L1 1.
2. asimonsummr�almimmowelW
I
� ��� � I 1. � �
C-12 imembommemommiPTIP0WwWHO NO LONGER HAS A NEED FOR
� / I, � -
Slide
C-15
HIM.
Lt
- VEallelengerbTHAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND WHY THE
OTHER OFFICER IS WILLING TO RELEASE HIM.
I :)
- emimmftwil&HE AND THE OTHER OFFICER UNDERSTAND
THAT THERE ARE TO BE NO RESIDUAL RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THEM.
�
- -
- fl'EPIrrieTwohTHAT NO TWO OFFICERS WILL USE AN
INTERPRETER IN EXACTLY THE SAME FASHION. aramacifiliiim
; I , �1
Iiirmiliii0AMOWOONINImscHAT YOU PLAN TO CHANGE ANY OF HIS
HABITS WHICH YOU CONSIDER UNDESIREABLE.
C-12 3. IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO USE AN INTERPRETER
401.14
FROM A SOURCE OUTSIDE YOUR OWN SERVICE.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ARE AN EXCELLENT SOURCE
FOR NEW TALENT.
C-5
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.������
c-13
C-14
F. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS
1. WAIT UNTIL YOU HAVE SEVERAL LEADS BEFORE
INTERVIEWING ANY CANDIDATES.
C-14 2. INTERVIEW ALL SERIOUS CANDIDATES.
C-14 3. RUN TRACES ON ALL CANDIDATES, THROUGH BOTH
YOUR OWN AND LIAISON SERVICES.
C-14 4. REVIEW ALL PERSONNEL FILES THOROUGHLY ON
C-14
C-14
C-IA
EACH CANDIDATE, INCLUDING ANY PERFORMANCE REPORTS.
LAY OUT ALL GROUND RULES AT THE TIME OF
RECRUITMENT. BE SURE HE UNDERSTANDS ALL
CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT, SUCH AS SALARY AND
BENEFITS, AND WHAT HE WILL OR WILL NOT BE
ENTITLED TO.
6. INSOFAR AS POSSIBLE. HAVE ALL UNDERSTANDINGS
IN WRITING.
7. BE ESPECIALLY WATCHFUL FOR ATTEMPTS TO
PENETRATE YOUR OFFICE.
C-15 Return to E. 2., p. C-5
mak
C-6
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C-16 IV. TRAINING OF INTERPRETERS
C-16 A. ESTABLISH YOUR AUTHORITY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AND
BE SURE THE INTERPRETER UNDERSTANDS THE LIMITS OF HIS
AUTHORITY. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTRUCTING THE
INTERPRETER IN HIS DUTIES. THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT
EXPECTED FROM HIM, THE TECHNIQUES TO BE USED DURING
"QUESTIONING", AND ANY OTHER REQUIREMENTS WHICH YOU
CONSIDER NECESSARY.
C-17 B. DETERMINE HIS CURRENT LEVEL OF TRAINING AND
EXPERIENCE, NOTING ANY. UNDESIREABLE CHARACTERISTICS OR
HABITS. NOTIFY HIM FIRMLY OF ANY CHARACTERISTICS YOU
WANT CHANGED AND HOW TO DO IT.
IF POSSIBLE, HAVE A NEW INTERPRETER UNDERSTUDY
ONE WHO IS ALREADY PROFICIENT, OR AT LEAST: AFFORD HIM
THE OPPORTUNITY TO PRACTICE SKILLS LEARNED UNDER
SUPERVISION.
C-18 C. ACCURACY OF TRANSLATIONS SHOULD BE STRESSED. HE
MUST REALIZE THAT IF HE DOES NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU
ARE TRYING TO SAY, HE SHOULD NOT TRY TO FAKE IT. BUT
SHOULD FIRST DISCUSS IT WITH YOU BEFORE INTERPRETING.
HE SHOULD BE MADE TO UNDERSTAND THAT HE IS YOUR
"RIGHT HAND" OR "MOUTHPIECE" AND IS INDISPENSIBLE TO
THE "QUESTIONING". HOWEVER. HE MUST BE CAUTIONED NOT
- TO INTERJECT HIS OWN IDEAS INTO THE "QUESTIONING". HE
SHOULD TRANSLATE DIRECTLY ANY STATEMENTS MADE BY YOU
THE SUBJECT.
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HE SHOULD AVOID SUCH EXPRESSIONS AS HE WANTS TO
KNOW IF YOU...." OR -HE SAID TO TELL YOU THAT....",
ETC.
C-19 D. PERIODIC TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE
INTERPRETER SHOULD BE CONDUCTED THROUGH TAPES oR
WRITING. THIS SHOULD BE DONE WITHOUT HIS KNOWING THAT
HE IS BEING EVALUATED.
C-20 E. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN THE TECHNICAL
FIELDS IN WHICH THE INTERPRETER WILL BE USED. THE USE
OF TECHNICAL TERMS WILL GREATLY INCREASE THE
COMPLEXITY OF THE QUESTIONS ASKED AND ANSWERS GIVEN.
THEREFORE. THE INTERPRETER MUST UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT
MATTER ALMOST AS WELL AS YOU DO.
C-21 F. MAKE IT CLEAR TO THE INTERPRETER THAT THE
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING
THE "QUESTIONING" WILL DEPEND UPON HIS ABILITY AS AN
INTERPRETER.
C-22 V. USE OF INTERPRETERS
THE PROCEDURES TO BE USED DURING "QUESTIONING" MUST BE
ADAPTED TO THE USE OF AN INTERPRETER. SOME OF THESE
ADAPTATIONS NEED ONLY BE CONSIDERED THE FIRST TIME YOU
USE A PARTICULAR INTERPRETER. THEY DO NOT NEED TO BE
RECONSIDERED IF THE TWO OF YOU CONSTANTLY WORK
TOGETHER AS A TEAM.
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C-22 A. PLANNING AND PREPARATION
ALWAYS THOROUGHLY BRIEF THE INTERPRETER ON ANY
AND ALL INFORMATION AVAILABLE REGARDING THE
SUBJECT AND THE OBJECTIVES OF THE "QUESTIONING".
PRIOR TO THE START OF THE "QUESTIONING", THE
INTERPRETER SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO
CONDUCT ANY NECESSARY RESEARCk CONCERNING
TECHNICAL OR PROFESSIONAL TERMS TO BE USED DURING
THE "QUESTIONING". . IN SOME CASES IT WILL BE
NECESSARY FOR YOU TO PROVIDE HIM WITH A PRECISE
DEFINITION OF THE TERMS YOU PLAN TO USE TO ENSURE
A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING BY THE INTERPRETER.
C-23 B. PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS
6-
INSTRUCT THE INTERPRETER ON THE PHYSICAL
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE "QUESTIONING". HE SHOULD
SEE THE ACTUAL FACILITIES TO BE USED AND SHOULD
KNOW EXACTLY WHERE HIS PHYSICAL POSITION WILL BE
IN RELATION TO YOU AND THE SUBJECT. THE MOST
DESIREABLE ARRANGEMENT IS FOR YOU AND THE SUBJECT
TO FACE EACH OTHER ACROSS OPPOSITE SIDES OF A
TABLE WITH THE INTERPRETER LOCATED AT ONE END OF
THE TABLE.
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C-24 C. METHOD OF INTERPRETATION
SELECT THE METHOD OF INTERPRETATION TO BE USED
DURING THE "QUESTIONING", THAT IS, EITHER THE
ALTERNATE OR THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD. THIS
CHOICE SHOULD BE BASED UPON YOUR EVALUATION OF
THE INTERPRETER'S ABILITY AND PERSONAL
CHARACTERISTICS. EACH METHOD HAS CERTAIN
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WHICH YOU SHOULD
BE AWARE.
C-24 ALTERNATE METHOD
IN THIS METHOD, YOU SPEAK ENTIRE THOUGHTS,
SENTENCES, AND SOMETIMES EVEN PARAGRAPHS, AND
THEN WAIT FOR THE INTERPRETER TO TRANSLATE ALL
THAT HAS BEEN SAID. THIS REQUIRES THE
INTERPRETER TO HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD NEMORY,-*
BUT DOES ALLOW HIM TO REPHRASE STATEMENTS TO
ENSURE BETTER UNDERSTANDING IN THE SECOND
LANGUAGE. THIS IS IMPORTANT WHEN THE SENTENCE
STRUCTURE OF THE SUBJECT'S LANGUAGE DIFFERS. FROM
THAT OF YOUR OWN LANGUAGE.
THE ALTERNATE METHOD HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF
MAKING THE INTERPRETER'S PRESENCE MORE EVIDENT OR
OBVIOUS. THIS TENDS TO BREAK DOWN THE EYE-TO-EYE.
CONTACT THAT IS DESIRED BETWEEN YOU AND THE
SUBJECT.
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C-24 SIMULTANEOUS METHOD
IN THIS METHOD. THE INTERPRETER TRANSLATES YOUR
WORDS AS YOU ARE SPEAKING, KEEPING UP WITH YOU AS
CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE, USUALLY ONLY A FEW WORDS OR
A PHRASE BEHIND. THIS ALLOWS HIM TO MORE
ACCURATELY CONVEY THE EXACT MENTAL ATTITUDE AND
FINE SHADES OF MEANING WHICH YOU OR THE SUBJECT
ARE TRYING TO EXPRESS. BECAUSE THERE ARE NO LONG
PAUSES DURING WHICH YOU OR THE SUBJECT ARE NOT
INVOLVED, THIS METHOD PROMOTES ATTENTIVE
LISTENING AND INCREASES THE RAPPORT BETWEEN YOU
AND THE SUBJECT.
THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF
GREATER CHANCE OF ERROR DURING INTERPRETING,
ESPECIALLY WHERE THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN
SENTENCE STRUCTURE BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES. IT
ALSO REQUIRES A VERY HIGH DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY
IN BOTH LANGUAGES.
-0�
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C-25 O. TECHNIQUES TO BE USED
INSTRUCT THE INTERPRETER ON THE MANNER IN WHICH
THE "QUESTIONING" IS TO TAKE PLACE AND TECHNIQUES
TO BE USED. IF POSSIBLE, YOU SHOULD PRACTICE
WITH HIM UNDER CONDITIONS AS CLOSE TO THE REAL
CONDITIONS WHICH WILL EXIST DURING THE ACTUAL
QUESTIONING.
DURING YOUR INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE SUBJECT, YOU
SHOULD INFORM HIM AS TO THE ROLE THE INTERPRETER
WILL PLAY DURING THE "QUESTIONING", WHICH IS
SIMPLY TO GIVE AN ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF
EVERYTHING SAID BETWEEN YOU AND THE SUBJECT.
AT THIS TIME, INSTRUCT THE SUBJECT TO SPEAK
-DIRECTLY TO YOU � NOT TO THE INTERPRETER, AND
WHILE SPEAKING. TO LOOK DIRECTLY AT YOU � NOT AT
THE INTERPRETER.
INSTRUCT THE SUBJECT TO USE SIMPLE DIRECT
LANGUAGE AND TO AVOID USING PHRASES SUCH AS "TELL
HIM THAT.... OR "I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE YOU SAY
THAT......
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c-26
E.
RECORDING AND REPORTING
THE INTERPRETER SHOULD ASSIST YOU IN PREPARING
THE RECORD AND REPORT OF THE "QUESTIONING": THIS
WILL INSURE THAT THERE ARE NO MISUNDERSTANDINGS
OF WHAT THE SUBJECT HAS SAID AND THAT YOU HAVE
ACCURATELY ASSESSED HIS PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF
MIND. IF THERE ARE TO BE ADDITIONAL
"QUESTIONING" SESSIONS, YOU CAN NOW PROPERLY
TAILOR YOUR TECHNIQUE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE
SUBJECT'S PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE.
VI. SUMMARY
REMEMBER, YOUR INTERPRETER CAN SPELL THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SUCCESS AND FAILURE. IF YOU MUST USE AN
INTERPRETER. USE HIM PROPERLY. CONSIDER THE
REQUIREMENTS. TAKE CARE IN SELECTION, TRAIN HIM WELL,
AND USE THE CORRECT TECHNIQUES.
WHEN USING AN INTERPRETER IN A CLASSROOM SITUATION, IF
THERE ARE TWO INSTRUCTORS, THE INTERPRETER MUST WORK
TWICE AS HARD. IF THERE ARE THREE INSTRUCTORS. THE
INTERPRETER MUST WORK THREE TIMES AS HARD.
NO MATTER HO 9 BADLY THE INSTRUCTOR EXPRESSES HIMSELF.
THE INTERPRETER ALWAYS MAKES HIM SOUND GOOD.
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0-0 _ SELECTION OF "QUESTIONERS"
==========================
I. GENERAL
*NM
THE USE OF PROPERLY QUALIFIED AND THOROUGHLY TRAINED
"QUESTIONERS" IS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE
EFFICIENT EXPLOITATION OF SUBJECTS WHO ARE POTENTIAL
SOURCES OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION.
II. QUALIFICATIONS OF CHIEF IMPORTANCE TO A "QUESTIONER"
A. ENOUGH OPERATIONAL TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE TO
0-1 PERMIT QUICK RECOGNITION OF LEADS.
0-2 B. FAMILIARITY WITH THE LANGUAGE'TO BE USED.
0-3 C. EXTENSIVE BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE
SUBJECT'S NATIVE COUNTRY (AND INTELLIGENCE SERVICE, IF
EMPLOYED BY ONE)
0-4 D. A GENUINE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SOURCE AS A PERSON.
OF THE FOUR TRAITS LISTED, A GENUINE INSIGHT INTO THE
SUBJECT'S CHARACTER AND MOTIVES IS PERHAPS THE MOST
.11
IMPORTANT.
III. PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF A "QUESTIONER"
.111.
THE "QUESTIONER" SHOULD-POSSESS SUITABLE PERSONALITY
CHARACTERISTICS WHICH WILL ENABLE HIM TO GAIN THE
COOPERATION OF THE SUBJECT, SOME OF WHICH ARE LISTED
BELOW:
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D-5
MOTIVATION: THE DEGREE OF A "QUESTIONER'S"
SUCCESS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO HIS DEGREE OF
c7 . _
MOTIVATION. TiA/IIIIMNIM1==2-!niaiiiTI
C
HIS MENTAL ATTITUDE TO DO A
GOOD JOS IS FELT BY THE SUBJECT AND INCREASES CHANCES
OF COOPERATION.
0-6 ee.41- ALERTNESS: A "QUESTIONER" MUST WATCH FOR ANY
INDICATON THAT THE SUBJECT IS WITHHOLDING ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION, FOR ANY TENDENCY TO RESIST FURTHER
QUESTIONING, FOR DIMINISHING RESISTANCE, FOR
CONTRADICTIONS, ETC.
$X"QUESTIONER" MUST BE CONSTANTLY AWARE OF THE.
SHIFTING ATTITUDES WHICH NORMALLY CHARACTERIZE A
SUBJECT'S REACTION TO "QUESTIONING". HE MUST NOTE THE
SUBJECT'S EVERY GESTURE. WORD. AND VOICE INFLECTION
AND BE ABLE TO DETERMINE WHY THE SUBJECT IS IN A
_Tr
CERTAIN MOOD OR WHY HIS MOOD SUDDENLY CHANGED. ANNUM:kb
_ � t - � � - � : . <
-7Ut ..1** 71! �� �
0-7 Y.AL. PATIENCE AND TACT: A "QUESTIONER" DISPLAYING
PATIENCE AND TACT WILL BE ABLE TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN
A FAVORABLE ATMOSPHERE BETWEEN HIMSELF AND THE
SUBJECT. THE DISPLAY OF IMPATIENCE WILL ENCOURAGE THE
RESISTANT SUBJECT TO REMAIN UNRESPONSIVE EVEN LONGER.
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D-8 4-4r. CREDIBILITY: A "QUESTIONER" MUST MAINTAIN
CREDIBILITY WITH THE SUBJECT. FAILURE TO PRODUCE
MATERIAL REWARDS WHEN PROMISED MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT
FUTURE INTERVIEWS.
0-9 4.e It OBJECTIVITY: A "QUESTIONER" MUST HAVE THE
ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A DISPASSIONATE MENTAL ATTITUDE
REGARDLESS OF THE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS HE MAY ACTUALLY
EXPERIENCE OR MAY SIMULATE DURING THE "QUESTIONING".
D-10 �4, SELF CONTROL: A "QUESTIONER" MUST HAVE AN
EXCEPTIONAL DEGREE OF SELF CONTROL TO AVOID DISPLAYS
OF GENUINE ANGER. IRRITATION, SYMPATHY, OR WEARINESS
WHICH MAY CAUSE HIM TO LOSE THE INITIATIVE DURING THE
"QUESTIONING".
D-11
ADAPTABILITY: A "QUESTIONER" MUST BE ABLE TO
ADAPT HIMSELF TO THE MANY AND VARIED PERSONALITIES
WHICH HE MAY ENCOUNTER, TO SMOOTHLY SHIFT HIS
TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES DURING INTERVIEWS. HE MUST
ALSO BE ABLE TO ADAPT HIMSELF TO THE OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT WHICH OFTEN WILL REQUIRE HIM TO FUNCTION
UNDER A VARIETY OF UNFAVORABLE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.
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0-12 Qr. PERSERVERANCE: PERSERVERANCE MAKES THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A "QUESTIONER- WHO IS MERELY GOOD
AND ONE WHO IS SUPERIOR. A "QUESTIONER � WHO BECOMES
EASILY DISCOURAGED BY OPPOSITION, NONCOOPERATION, AND
OTHER DIFFICULTIES. WILL NEITHER AGGRESSIVELY PURSUE
THE OBJECTIVE TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION NOR SEEK
LEADS TO OTHER VALUABLE INFORMATION.
0-13. pfr APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOR: A NEAT, ORGANIZED, AND
PROFESSIONAL APPEARANCE WILL FAVORABLY INFLUENCE THE
SUBJECT. A FIRM, DELIBERATE, AND BUSINESSLIKE MANNER
OF SPEECH AND ATTITUDE WILL CREATE THE PROPER
ENVIRONMENT FOR A SUCCESSFUL "QUESTIONING". IF A
"QUESTIONER'S" PERSONAL MANNER REFLECTS FAIRNESS,
STRENGTH. AND EFFICIENCY, THE SUBJECT MAY PROVE MORE
COOPERATIVE AND RECEPTIVE TO QUESTIONING.
III. SPECIAL SKILLS AND ABILITIES
A -QUESTIONER" MUST POSSESS. OR ACQUIRE THROUGH
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE, A NUMBER OF SPECIAL SKILLS
AND KNOWLEDGE.
0-14 A. WRITING AND SPEAKING ABILITY: "QUESTIONING" IS
NOT AN END IN ITSELF. ITS FULL VALUE CAN ONLY BE
. . r
REALIZED WITH THE TIMELY DISSEMINATION OF THE
INFORMATION OBTAINED. IN A FORM USABLE TO THE
�
APPROPRIATE AGENCIES. THEREFORE, A "QUESTIONER" MUST
BE ABLE TO PREPARE AND PRESENT WRITTEN/ORAL REPORTS IN
A CLEAR. COMPLETE. CONCISE. AND ACCURATE MANNER.
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0-15 S. LINGUISTIC SKILL: ALTHOUGH A TRAINED
"QUESTIONER" CAN SUCCESSFULLY WORK THROUGH AN
INTERPRETER. THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY A "QUESTIONER"
WHO IS FLUENT IN THE SUBJECT'S NATIVE LANGUAGE WILL BE
MORE TIMELY AND COMPREHENSIVE. PROFICIENCY IN A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE SHOULD INCLUDE A KNOWLEDGE OF
MILITARY TERMS. IDIOMS. ABBREVIATIONS. SLANG AND LOCAL
DIALECTS.
0-16 C. SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE: THE NATURE OF
EXPLOITATION REQUIRES THAT A "QUESTIONER" HAVE
SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE:
0-17 1. KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORGANIZATION, METHODS OF
OPERATION. AND MISSION OF HIS OWN ESTABLISHMENT
AS WELL AS THOSE OF THE SUBJECT.
D-17
� Mb
KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHY. HISTORY, AND
CULTURE OF THE AREA IN WHICH HE IS OPERATING AND
OF THE SUBJECT'S HOME COUNTRY. EVEN A RESISTANT
SUBJECT WILL SOMETIMES DISCUSS NON�TACTICAL .
TOPICS. AND A KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHY,
ECONOMICS OR POLITICS OF HIS HOME COUNTRY MAY BE
USED TO INDUCE HIM TO TALK. ONCE HE HAS STARTED
TO TALI. THE "QUESTIONER" NAY THEN GRADUALLY
INTRODUCE SIGNIFICANT TOPICS INTO THE DISCUSSION..
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0-18 0. TRAINING IN "QUESTIONING" TECHNIQUES. THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF A TECHNIQUE DEPENDS ON THE PROPER
SELECTION AND MATCHING OF THE TECHNIQUE TO THE
PERSONALITY OF THE SUBJECT.
D-I9 E. UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC PSYCHOLOGY. A
"QUESTIONER" CAN BEST ADAPT HIMSELF TO THE PERSONALITY
OF THE SUBJECT IF HE HAS AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. MOTIVATIONS, INHIBITIONS, AND
ATTITUDES.
IV. CONCLUSION
A "QUESTIONER" SHOULD REMEMBER THAT HE AND THE'SUBJECT
ARE OFTEN WORKING AT CROSS PURPOSES NOT BECAUSE THE
SUBJECT IS MALEVOLENTLY WITHHOLDING OR MISLEADING BUT
SIMPLY BECAUSE WHAT HE WANTS FROM THE SITUATION IS NOT
WHAT THE "QUESTIONER" WANTS.
A "QUESTIONER'S" GOAL IS TO OBTAIN FACTS CONCERNING
SOMETHING ABOUT WHICH HE FEELS THE SUBJECT HAS
ACQUIRED INFORMATION. BUT THE SUBJECT IS NOT
CONCERNED WITH COMMUNICATING THIS INFORMAION-TO HIS
"QUESTIONER": HE IS CONCERNED WITH "WHAT SORT OF
IMPRESSION AM I MAKING?" AND "WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN
TO ME NOW'"
:���k
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THE SKILLED "QUESTIONER" CAN SAVE A GREAT DEAL OF TIME
BY UDERSTANOING THE EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF THE SUBJECT AND
RELIEVING THE FEAR WHICH HE FEELS WHEN HE IS SUBJECTED
TO "QUESTIONING". SO SIMPLE A MATTER AS GREETING A
SUBJECT BY HIS NAME AT THE OPENING OF A SESSION
ESTABLISHES IN HIS MIND THE COMFORTING AWARENESS THAT
HE IS CONSIDERED AS A PERSON, NOT A SQUEEZABLE SPONGE.
WITH THIS UNDERSTANDING ESTABLISHED, THE QUESTIONING
CAN MOVE ON TO IMPERSONAL MATTERS AND WILL NOT LATER
BE INTERRUPTED BY IRRELEVANT ANSWERS DESIGNED NOT TO
PROVIDE FACTS BUT TO PROVE THAT THE SUBJECT IS A
RESPECTABLE MEMBER OF THE HUMAN RACE.
:
ALTHOUGH IT IS OFTEN NECESSARY TO TRICK A SUBJECT INTO
TELLING WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, ESPECIALLY IN COUNTER
INTECLIGENCE "QUESTIONING", THE INITIAL QUESTION WHICH
A "QUESTIONER- ASKS HIMSELF SHOULD BE, "HOW CAN I MAKE
HIM WANT TO TELL ME WHAT HE KNOWS?" RATHER THAN -HOW
CAN I TRAP HIM INTO TELLING WHAT HE KNOWS?"
IF THE SUBJECT IS GENUINELY HOSTILE FOR IDEOCOGICAL
REASONS, TECHNIQUES FOR MANIPULATION ARE IN ORDER.
BUT THE ASSUMPTION OF HOSTILITY. OR THE USE OF
PRESSURE TACTICS AT THE FIRST ENCOUNTER, MAY MAKE A
SUBJECT RESISTANT WHO WOULD HAVE RESPONDED TO
RECOGNITION OF INDIVIDUALITY AND AN INITIAL ASSUMPTION
OF G000 WILL.
0-7
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E-0 DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF A FACILITY
--------------------- -------------
I. ADMINISTRATIVE/DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
THE FACILITY SHOULD BE DESIGNED FOR EXPECTED CAPACITY.
THE NUMBER OF "QUESTIONING" ROOMS AND DETENTION CELLS
REQUIRED IS-DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE FLOW OF
PRISONERS AND THE AVAILABILITY OF "QUESTIONERS". IF
POSSIBLE. ALL ACTIVITIES SHOULD BE UNDER ONE ROOF, TO
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
E-1 A. CENTRAL RECEPTION ENTRYWAY FOR ADMITTING ALL
PERSONNEL.
E-2 B. SUPERVISORS' OFFICES.
E-3 C. OPERATIONS ROOM.
E-4 D. STAFF OFFICE FOR PLANNING AND REPORTS PREPARATION.
E-5 E. SLEEPING QUARTERS FOR OFF DUTY GUARDS TO REST,
E-6 F. FILE ROOM.
E-7 G. PROCESSING ROOM FOR PRISONERS WITH A STORAGE AREA
FOR PERSONAL EFFECTS.
E-8 H. MEDICAL TREATMENT ROOM WITH A SHOWER FOR
EXAMINING AND TREATING PRISONERS.
E-9 I. KITCHEN FACILITY FOR PREPARING ALL MEALS FOR
PRISONERS.
�����
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II. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
E-10 A. SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED IN A REASONABLY SECURE
AREA. SECURE FROM DEMONSTRATIONS, RIOTS, ETC.
E-11 B. SHOULD NOT BE EASILY OBSERVED FROM OUTSIDE BY
UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL.
E-12 C. SHOULD BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND AN ATTACK.
E-13 D. BACK-UP UTILITIES, ELECTRICITY, WATER, ETC.
E-14 E. OVERHEAD AND BUNKER PROTECTION FROM SHELLING.
E-15 F. BUNKERS OUTSIDE THE FACILITY WITH GOOD FIELDS OF
FIRE.
E-16 G. FIRING PORTS IN THE OUTSIDE WALL OF THE FACILITY.
H. EXTERNAL FENCING OF DENSE MATERIAL TO DETONATE
ROCKETS.
E-L8 I. ENTRY AND EXIT OF ALL PERSONNEL MUST BE STRICTLY
CONTROLLED BY A SYSTEM OF BADGES. WITH PHOTOS,
IDENTIFYING PERSONNEL AND INDICATING AREAS OF. ACCESS
(e.g. DIFFERENT COLOR BACKGROUNDS). BADGES NEVER
LEAVE THE FACILITY. THEY ARE PICKED UP AND TURNED AT
RECEPTION.
E-19 J. VEHICLE ENTRY SHOULD BE LIMITED TO OFFICIAL
-VEHICLES AND CONTROLLED BY A DOUBLE GATE BARRIER.
E-20 K. PARKING AREAS SHOULD EE LOCATED OUTSIDE THE
FACILITY AND awAY FROM THE OUTSIDE WALL.
E-2
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III. CELL BLOCK PLANNING
E-21 A. COLS SHOULD BE ABOUT 3 METERS LONG AND 2 METERS
WIDE.
E-22 B. CEILING SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF 3 METERS HIGH WITH
SCREENED PROTECTION FOR THE LIGHT.
E-23 C. CELL DOORS SHOULD BE OF HEAVY STEEL WITH JUDAS
PORT FOR VIEWING AND SEPARATE PORT FOR PUTTING FOOD
AND WATER INTO THE CELL. (THE SLAMMING OF A HEAVY
STEEL DOOR IMPRESSES UPON THE SUBJCT THAT HE IS CUT
OFF FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD.)
5-24
E-25
D. WINDOW SHOULD BE SET HIGH IN THE WALL WITH THE
CAPABILITY OF BLOCKING OUT LIGHT. (THIS ALLOWS THE
"QUESTIONER" TO BE ABLE TO DISRUPT THE *SUBJECT'S SENSE
OF LINE. DAY AND NIGHT.)
Ai A y
E. HEAT AIR AND LIGHT g44044L-43 BE EXTERNALLY
T 11.1 T TO c ec F
CONTROLLED, �---
E-26 F. BEDDING SHOULD SE MINIMAL - COT AND BLANKET - NO
MATTRESS. (THE IDEA IS TO PREVENT THE SUBJECT FROM
RELAXING 4148--ReClattE-R-f-NG=F-ROMK-. )
i---- (.7
E-27 G. THE-Ecf--IfE NO BUILT-IN TOILET FACILITIES)
THE=SUSJECT-SHGUL4)--HiWE-Itr-ASK-TO-RELIEVE:LEtIOCCLF,
'THEN HE SHOULD EITHER BE GIVEN A BUCKET OR ESCORTED BY
- A GUARD TO THE LATRINE. THE GUARD STAYS AT HIS SIDE
THE ENTIRE TINE HE IS IN THE LATRINE.
E-3
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E-28 H. CELLS SHOULD BE SOUNDPROOFED OR INSULATED FROM
EACH OTHER.
E-29 I. THERE SHOULD BE ONE OR TWO PLUSH CELLS FOR
COOPERATIVE PRISONERS.
E-30 J. ONLY AUTHORIZED PERSONS SHOULD BE ALLOWED ACCESS
TO THE CELLS.
E-31 K. THE CELL BLOCK SHOULD HAVE A SECURE TRAVEL ROUTE
TO THE "QUESTIONING" ROOMS;
E-32 L. ONLY ONE SUBJECT SHOULD BE MOVED AT A TIME AND HE
SHOULD BE BLINDFOLDED.
E-33 M. THE HALLWAY OUTSIDE THE CELLS SHOULD HAVE A
SERIES OF FLASHING LIGHTS AS A WARNING TO INDICATE
WHEN A SUBJECT IS BEING MOVED.
IV. THE "QUESTIONING" ROOM
THE "QUESTIONING" ROOM IS THE BATTLEFIELD UPON WHICH
THE -QUESTIONER" AND THE SUBJECT MEET. HOWEVER, THE
-QUESTIONER" HAS THE ADVANTAGE IN THAT HE HA TOTAL
CONTROL OVER THE SUBJECT AND HIS ENVIRONMENT.
ALTHOUGH VARIOUS SITUATIONS MAY REQUIRE SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT OR.ARRANGEMENTS. HERE IS A BASIC LIST OF
DESIRED EQUIPMENT AND A PREFERRED ARRANGEMENT OF THE .
- ROOM AND ITS FURNITURE.
E-4
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E-34 A.
SHOULD BE AT LEAST 3 X 4 METERS WITH ONLY ONE
ENTRANCE.
E-35 B. NO WINDOWS. OR WINDOWS THAT CAN BE COMPLETELY
BLACKED OUT.
E-36 C. SHOULD BE SOUNDPROOFED AND CARPETED.
E-37 D. SHOULD BE FREE OF DISTRACTIONS, WITH BARE WALLS.
THE SUGGESTED COLOR SCHEME IS AN OFF�WHITE FOR THE
ENTIRE ROOM,
E-38 E. SHOULD HAVE A WARNING SIGN OR LIGHT OUTSIDE THE
E-39
ROOM TO PREVENT INTERRUPTIONS WHEN A "QUESTIONING" IS
BEING CONDUCTED.
F. SHOULD HAVE A TWO�WAY MIRROR INSTALLED IN THE
WALL EHIND THE "QUESTIONER" SO THAT THE SUBJECT'S
REACTIONS CAN BE OBSERVED OR PHOTOGRAPHED; HOWEVER,
CERTAIN PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN:
I. DO NOT PLACE THE MIRROR WHERE THE PRISONER
CAN OBSER(./E HIMSELF, THE ACTIVITIES OF THG
-QUESTIONER" BEHIND THE DESK, OR SEE THE
REFLECTION OF THE DOOR.
THE AREA BEHIND THE MIRROR SHOULD BE AN
ENCLOSED. DARKENED ROOM. WITH AN INSIDE LATCH ON .
THE DOOR TO PREVENT ENTRY WHILE OBSERVATION IS IN
PROGRESS.
E-5
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3.
THE PERSON OBSERVING CANNOT SMOKE, LIGHT A
mATCH OR IN ANY WAY INTRODUCE LIGHT INTO THE
DARKENED ROOM DURING OBSERVATION.
E-40 G. SHOULD HAVE BUILT�IN RECORDING FACILITIES, WITH A
HIDDEN SWITCH FOR EITHER ACTIVATING THE RECORDER OR
SIGNALING AN ASSISTANT TO DO SO.
1. THE MICROPHONES SHOULD BE HIDDEN. IN THE
TABLE, WALL. CEILING. ETC.; BUT, IN ANY
LOCATION. MUST BE ABLE TO GIVE A CLEAR
REPRODUCTION OF THE CONVERSATION.
.2. THERE SHOULD BE A BACK�UP RECORDER AVAILABLE
IN CASE THE FIRST MALFUNCTIONS. IT SHOULD BE
LOADED AND READY TO TURN ON WHEN THE FIRST BEGINS
TO RUN OUT OF TAPE.
RECODING THE "QUESTIONING" PERMITS YOU TO
QUESTION THE SUBJECT WITHOUT HAVING TO TAKE
NOTES. THUS LEAVING THE TABLE BARE IN FRONT OF.
HIM WITH NO DISTRACTING PAPERS.
4. ONCE HE HAS BEGUN TO TALK, YOU DO NOT WANT
TO.PREAK THE RHYTHM OF THE "QUESTIONING". THE
SIGHT OF YOU WRITING DOWN HIS EVERY WORD CAN
UNNERVE HIM AND MAKE HIM RELUCTANT TO TALK.
E-6
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�c�
...I �
REMEMBER, YOU ARE "QUESTIONING" THE SUBJECT
BECAUSE HE IS WITHHOLDING INFORMATION YOU DESIRE,
AND YOU MUST DRAW IT FROM HIM. THE MICROPHONES
AND RECORDERS ASSIST YOU IN MAINTAINING THE
MOMENTUM AND ATMOSPHERE OF THE "QUESTIONING-.
6. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RECORD EVERYTHING THAT IS
SAID, ONLY THE CRUCIAL PORTIONS OF THE
"QUESTIONING". REMEMBER THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO
REVIEW THE TAPES AND THEY MAY HAVE TO BE
TRANSCRIBED AT A CATER DATE.
7. RECORDINGS ARE AN INVALUABLE AID IN.
PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SESSION BECAUSE YOU CAN GO
BACK OVER ANY PORTION OF THE "QUESTIONING" FOR
LEADS OR COMPARE ANSWERS GIVEN AT DIFFERENT
TIMES. THEY CAN BE PLAYED SACK TO PREVENT _DENIAL
OF ADMISSIONS.
8. TAPES CAN BE EDITED AND SPLICED, WITH
EFFECTIVE RESULTS, LF THE TAMPERING CAN BE KEPT
HIDDEN. FOR INSTANCE, IT IS MORE EFFECTIVE FOR A
SUBJECT TO HEAR A TAPED CONFESSION OF AN
ACCOMPLICE THAN TO MERELY BE TOLD BY THE
"QUESTIONER" THAT HE HAS CONFESSED.
E-7
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9. RECDROINGS CAN BE USED BY THE "QUESTIONER"
TO STUDY HIS MISTAKES AND HIS MOST EFFECTIVE
TECHNIQUES. EXCEPTIONALLY INSTRUCTIVE
"QUESTIONINGS" OR PORTIONS THEREOF, CAN BE USED
IN THE TRAINING OF OTHERS.
E-41 H. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION OR A VIDEO TAPE
RECORDER IS ANOTHER VALUABLE AID DURING "QUESTIONING".
VIDEO TAPES CAN BE REVIEWED TO OBSERVE THE SUBJECT'S
REACTIONS TO CERTAIN KEY QUESTIONS. AS WITH TAPE
RECORDERS. THERE SHOULD BE A BACK�UP SYSTEM.
E-42 I. THERE SHOULD NOT BE A TELEPHONE IN THE ROOM. IT
IS A VISIBLE LINK TO THE OUTSIDE AND ITS PRESENCE
MAKES THE SUBJECT FEEL LESS CUT OFF.
ALL CONTROLS FOR LIGHTS. RECORDERS. S/GNALS. ETC.
SHOULD BE LOCATED SO THAT YOU CAN EASILY USE THEM
WITHOUT ALERTING THE SUBJECT.
NOT EVERY ROOM NEEDS TO BE FULLY EQUIPPED OR
IDENTICALLY EQUIPPED.
1. FOR SUBJECTS WHOSE POTENTIAL FOR
EXPLOITATION IS NOT VERY HIGH. SIMPLY A ROOM WITH
A RECORDER IS SUFFICIENT.
C' _0
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AS A HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SUBJECT BECOMES MORE .
COOPERATIVE. 'QUESTIONING" CAN BE CONTINUED IN A
ROOM WHICH HAS A MORE FRIENDLY AND INFORMAL
ATMOSPHERE, WITH EASY CHAIRS. CIGARETTES,
BEVERAGES, ETC. IN ORDER TO RELAX THE SUBJECT AND
INDUCE HIS CONTINUED COOPERATION.
E-43 V-
TRAINING OF FACILITY PERSONNEL
ALL PERSONNEL UTILIZED IN THE FACILITY ARE UNDER THE
CONTROL OF THE FACILITY CHIEF FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND
LOGISTICAL mATTERS,.BUt SHOULD ONLY TAKE ORDERS FROM
THE "QUESTIONER" IN MATTERS DEALING WITH THE SUBJECT.
E-43 A. THEY MUST BE THOROUGHLY INDOCTRINATED ON THE
INTELLIGENCE ASPECTS OF THEIR JOBS. THE NEED-TO-KNOW
PRINCIPLE APPLIES.
E-44 B. THEY MUST UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR
PARTICULAR FUNCTION IN THE -QUESTIONING" PROCESS. AND
HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO A SUCCESSFUL EXPLOITATION.
E-45 C. PROCESSING PERSONNEL MUST UNDERSTAND SUBJECT.
HANDLING PROCEDURES AND DESIRED RESULTS.
E-46 D. MEDICAL PERSONNEL (YOU MAY WANT TO HAVE THE
SUBJECT EXAmINED BY A NURSE).
E-47 E. FILES PERSONNEL ARE TRAINED IN ACCURATELY
CHECKING INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE SUBJECT AND
RELAYING THE RESULTS TO THE "QUESTIONER.
1.1
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E-48 . F. EXTERNAL SECURITY PERSONNEL NEED ONLY UNDERSTAND
MATTERS DEALING WITH THE PROTECTION OF THE FACILITY
AND PREVENTING UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY TO THE FACILITY.
E-49 G. INTERNAL GUARD PERSONNEL MUST UNDERSTAND WHAT
PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES THE "QUESTIONER" IS TRYING TO
OBTAIN THROUGH THEIR HANDLING OF THE SUBJECT.
E-50
VI. TRAINING OF INTERNAL GUARDS
E-50 A. MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A THOROUGH BACKGROUND
SECURITY CHECK.
E-51 B. MUST BE PROFICIENT IN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
E-52 C. MUST UNDERSTAND THE LIMITATIONS ON PHYSICAL
CONTACT WITH THE SUBJECT.
E-53 D. MUST. UNDERSTAND THE TECHNIQUES USED AND REASONS
FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF THE SUBJECT.
E-54 E. MUST MOVE SUBJECTS FROM THEIR CELLS TO THE .
"QUESTIONING" ROOMS WITHOUT ALLOWING THEM TO SEE OR BE
SEEN BY OTHER PRISONERS.
THIS SEGREGATION GIVES THE COOPERATIVE SUBJECT A
PLAUSIBLE COVER STORY WHEN HE IS LATER MOVED TO
ANOTHER COMPOUND WHERE HE MUST LIVE WITH OTHER
PRISONERS. NONE OF THEM WILL BE AWARE OF THE LENGTH
-OF TIME HE WAS QUESTIONED OR WHERE HE WAS DETAINED,
AND HE CAN DENY GIVING ANY INFORMATION AT ALL.
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F-0
ARREST AND HANDLING OF SUBJECTS
I. APPREHENSION
F-1 A. THE MANNER AND TIMING OF ARREST CAN CONTRIBUTE
SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE 7QUESTIONER'S '' PURPOSE AND SHOULD
BE PLANNED TO ACHIEVE SURPRISE AND THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT
OF MENTAL DISCOMFORT. HE SHOULD THEREFORE BE ARRESTED
AT A MOMENT WHEN HE LEAST EXPECTS IT AND WHEN HIS
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL RESISTANCE IS AT ITS LOWEST.
THE IDEAL TIME AT WHICH TO MAKE AN ARREST IS IN THE
EARLY HOURS OF THE MORNING. WHEN ARRESTED AT THIS
TIME. MOST SUBJECTS EXPERIENCE INTENSE FEELINGS OF
SHOCK,.INSECURITY, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND FOR
THE MOST PART HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY ADJUSTING TO THE
SITUATION.
F-2 B. AS TO THE MANNER OF THE ARREST. IT IS VERY
IMPORTANT THAT THE ARRESTING PARTY BEHAVE IN SUCH A
MANNER AS TO IMPRESS THE SUBJECT WITH THEIR
EFFICIENCY. THE SUBJECT SHOULD BE RUDELY AWAKENED AND
IMMEDIATELY BLINDFOLDED AND HANDCUFFED. THE ARRESTING
PARTY SHOULD THEN APPLY THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE:
p)
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F- 3
C4 SEARCH
�����=v44.41.����������
SEARCH FOR WEAPONS. EOUIPmENT, OR DOCUmENTS OF
INTELLIGENCE VALUE. ALL MATERIALS OBTAINED
SHOULD ACCOMPANY THE SUBJECT TO THE "QUESTIONING"
FACILITY. NO SOuvENIRS!
�-4 0. SILENCE re6,4 Tfic dr AeliCEdIENS /4 iv To
tots -T., e tjd. CRs et AY �52. gt4C4f4r,
RA44.43N mAINTAIN SILENCE AT ALL TIMES.
AfiVoi� tier
TuGooliGHO4L-00.NerusA-BE ALLOWED TO SPEAk TO EACH
OTHER.. THE ARRESTING PARTY SHOULD BE INSTRUCTED
TO SPEAK TO THE PRISONERS ONLY AS NECESSARY.
THEY ARE NOT TO "QUESTION" THE PRISONERS. THAT
IS THE JOB OF THE "QUESTIONER".
r-s E. SEGREGATE
r-i
MIA/
pRisONERS sHOuLO BE SEGREGATEDe-I-mmef)-1 4A:C%
ISOLATION, BOTH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL,e-mtiGT
BE mAINTAINED FROM THE mOmENT OF APPREHENSION.w
�Te
17,,1 "Ah c r -7 7 .
F SPEED TO THE FACILITy erk.r, � "tC19-r Li :%
PRISONERS SHOULD BE TRANSPORTED TO ThE.
QUESTIONING" FACILITY IN A CLOSED VEHICLE BY WAY
OF A CIRCUITOUS ROUTE TO PREVENT -HIS DETECTING
WHERE Hc IS BEING HELD.
1-7 0, THE ARRESTING PARTY SHOuLD USE ONLY SUFFICIENT
FORCE To EFFECT THE ARREST. No viOLENcE! IF THEY
BREAK THE suBJECT'S JAW, HE WILL NOT RE ABLE TO Aust.'
QUESTIONS DURING THE "OUEST:ONING".
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F-8 H. A 'QUESTIONER" SHOULD NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE
ARREST BECAUSE THE SUBJECT WILL REACT TO HIM QUITE
DIFFERENTLY IF HE HAS NEVER SEEN HIM BEFORE. A
"QUESTIONER" SHOULD RECIEVE A COMPLETE REPORT FROM THE
CHIEF OF THE ARRESTING PARTY WHICH SHOULD INCLUDE A
DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES DURING THE ARREST, A LIST
OF ITEMS TAKEN FROM THE SUBJECT, AND ANY STATEMENTS
MADE BY THE SUBJECT.
II. HANDLING UPON ARRIVAL AT THE FACILITY
F-9 A. SUBJECT IS BROUGHT INTO THE FACILITY BLINDFOLDED
AND HANDCUFFED AND SHOULD REMAIN SO DURING THE ENTIRE
PROCESSING.
F-I0 B. ANY TIME THE SUBJECT IS MOVED FOR ANY REASON. HE
SHOULD BE BLINDFOLDED AND HANDCUFFED.
F-11 C. SUBJECT SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO COMPLY IMMEDIATELY
AND PRECISELY WITH ALL INSTRUCTIONS.
F-12 D. ALL ITEMS BELONGING TO THE SUBJECT ARE
INVENTORIED AND STORED. WITH A COPY OF THE LIST GOING
TO THE "QUESTIONER". 4ON'.-- -7"-C
PATTERN. THISICINICS6 DISORIENT THE SUBJECT AND
. ,
ItEiliamicememet. DESTROY/1W HIS CAPACITY TO
RESIST. �
rsi ) n' �
9f/ ks� �
r!... ! (.7
L-4 DEPENDENCY
HE IS HELPLESSLY DEPENDENT UPON THE "QUESTIONER'
FOR THE SATISFACTION OF ALL BASIC NEEDS.
L-S DREAD (INTENSE FEAR ANXIETY)
SUSTAINED LONG ENOUGH. A STRONG FEAR OF ANYTHING
VAGUE OR UN1-NOwN INDUCES REGRESSION. ON THE
OTHER HAND. mATERIALIZATION OF THE FEAR IS LIKELY
TO COME AS A RELIEF. THE SUBJECT FINDS THAT HE
CAN HOLD OUT AND HIS RESISTANCE IS STRENGTHENED.
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�
tofsweaciaBEEEEisSEE593nt: IF THE DEBILITY-DEPENDENCY-
DREAD STATE IS UNDULY. PROLONGED, THE SUBJECT MAY
SINK INTO A DEFENSIVE APATHY FROM WHICH IT IS
-THis /1_1_4577S tAety
HARD TO AROUSE HIM. A
coc-iv&i-?NiqsL rriti 04Z9-20ZE.-
FIS4610-Mat
L-6
II. .OBJECTIONS TO COERCION
TR"REGRESSItla-6
A. THERE IS A PROFOUND MORAL OBJECTION TO APPLYING
DURESS BEYOND THE POINT OF IRREVERSIRIP PSYCHOLOGICAL
DAMAGE SUCH AS OCCURS DURING BRAINWASHING.
BRAINWASHING INVOLVES THE CONDITIONING OF A SUBJECT'S
"STIMULUS-RESPONSE BOND" THROUGH THE USE OF .THESE SAME
TECHNIQUES, BUT THE OBJECTIVE OF BRAINWASHING IS
DIRECTED PRIMARILY TOWARDS THE SUBJECT'S ACCEPTANCE
AND ADOPTION or BELIEFS, BEHAVIOR, OR DOCTRINE ALIEN
TO HIS NATIVE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT FOR PROPAGANDA
.0
-ris C
)14-
RATHER THAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION PURPOSES. .-494t111
� t.4 --J -L--f'EJI 1_7-1-�FFee-er
IS 'Li_ EC L /9 r't--3) ""1 YTt5L&-1),
rronc,,,,e)1.
L-7 B. SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS FEEL THAT THE SUBJCT'S ABILITY
TO RECALL AND COMMUNICATE INFORMATION ACCURATELY IS AS
IMPAIRED AS HIS WILL TO RESIST. THIS OBI-TEettION flAS
SettET:i7-AGIG-T---1-3Ez-WSFa.--CW---a3ERGZ-uF -TECHNIQUES
,HARE-L-11.G3;eetIFUS-E-G46Zag.,-SUB73-EbitECYTTHAT---�
FI,-,DEIESNOT,--KNOW,WHETHER-HIS-OWN.CONFESSION--1S7.TRUE-OFf
R11 EG:INEED-11ASTERY-OF-ALL--1-(1-S-MENTAL�AND-
Pn'itS-1-GAL--ED.DQVOW---T4AE:MERLIHE-1-1-S-A=ZR-Y-faL-.111- OT,
K-3
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L-8
ON A CONFESSION ISGS�-I-;ED. THE CLASSIC
�APPLY. HE2ESSURE5 ARE LIFTED ENOUGH SO THAT THE
UT IONS
SUBJECT A ROVIDE INFORTION AS ACCURATELY AS
POSSI-BLE. IN CT. THE RELIEF GRANTED THE S STE--C-T AT
T IS TIME FITS N LY INTO THE "OUESTIOLNG PLAN. HE
IS TOLD TH7THE CHANGED TREATMENT IS'A REWARD FOR
TRUTHFU-NESS AND EVIDENCE.AT FRIENDLY HANDLING WILL
C241NUE AS LONG AS HE COOPER TES.
ut. RESERVED -FOR -THOSE-SOBJECTS
Wi4CLIA-ALLg-BEEN-T-RA-I-NED-OR-wHO -HAVE--DEVELOPED -THE -
ART! ITY ID EESIU_NON-rOEFLEZVE----TEGHNI-QUES.--
IV. COERCIVE TECHNIQUES
L-3 A. ARREST
THE MANNER AND TIMING OF ARREST SHOULD SE PLANNED TO
ACHIEVE SURPRISE AND THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MENTAL
DISCOMFORT. HE SHOULD THEREFORE BE ARRESTED AT A
MOMENT WHEN HE LEAST EXPECTS IT AND WHEN HIS MENTAL
AND PHYSICAL RESISTANCE IS AT ITS LOWEST. IDEALLY IN
THE EARLY HOURS OF THE MORNING. WHEN ARRESTED AT THIS
TIME, MOST SUSJECTS EXPERIENCE INTENSE FEELINGS OF
SHOCK. INSECURITY. AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND FOR
THE MOST PART HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY ADJUSTING TO THE
SPTUATION. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT THAT THE ARRESTING
PARTY eEHAVE IN SUCH A MANNER nE TO IMPRESS THE
SUeJECT WITH THEIR EFFICIENCY.
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L-9
DETENTION
- cut hair A PERSON'S SENSE OF IDENTITY DEPENDS UPON A CONTINUITY
- issue
baggy IN HIS SURROUNDINGS, HABITS, APPEARANCE; ACTIONS,
clothing
� RELATIONS WITH OTHERS, ETC. DETENTION PERMITS THE
"QUESTIONER" TO CUT THROUGH THESE LINKS AND THROW THE
SUBJECT BACK UPON HIS OWN UNAIDED INTERNAL RESOURCES. �
DETENTION SHOULD BE PLANNED TO ENHANCE THE SUBJECT'S
FEELINGS OF BEING CUT OFF FROM ANYTHING KNOWN .AND.
REASSURING'.
LITTLE IS GAINED IF CONFINEMENT MERELY REPLACES ONE
ROUTINE WITH ANOTHER. THE SUBJECT SHOULD NOT BE
PROVIDED WITH ANY ROUTINE TO WHICH HE CAN ADAPT.
NEITHER SHOULD DETENTION BECOME MONOTONOUS TO THE
POINT WHERE THE SUBJECT BECOMES APATHETIC. APATHY IS
A VERY EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST "QUESTIONING".
CONSTANTLY DISRUPTING PATTERNS WILL CAUSE HIM TO
BECOME DISORIENTED AND TO EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF FEAR
AND HELPLESSNESS.
IT.IS IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE IF THE SUBJECT HAS BEEN
DETAINED PREVIOUSLY, HOW OF1EN, HOW LONG, UNDER WHAT
CIRCUMSTANCES, AND WHETHER HE WAS SUBJECTED TO
"QUESTIONING". FAMILIARITY WITH DETENTION OR EVEN
WITH ISOLATION REDUCES THE EFFECT.
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� L-10 C. DEPRIVATION OF SENSORY STIMULI
SOLITARY CONFINEMENT ACTS ON MOST PERSONS AS A
POWERFUL STRESS. A PERSON CUT OFF FROM EXTERNAL
STIMULI -TURNS HIS AWARENESS INWARD AND PROJECTS HIS
UNOONSIOUS.OUTWARD. THE SYMPTOMS MOST COMMONLY
PRODUCED BY SOLITARY CONFINEMENT,ARE.SUPERSTITION,.
INTENSE LOVE OF ANY OTHER LIVING THING, PERCEIVING
INANIMATE OBJECTS AS ALIVE, HALLUCINATIONS, .AND
DELUSIONS. P7�'1--16del,7-1-1---'g
.1.3 O' jtPe4JTy.\
ALTHOUGH CONDITIONS � 'CAL. TOJHOSE OSOLXTARY
INEMENT FO HE PURPO OF. NOT
BEEN UPLI � ED FOR SCIENTIF C EXP F1ENT
NUMBER � EXPERIMENTS HAVE p CONDUCTED WI
SUB CTS 0 VOLUNTEERED'TO B "SENS
PRIVATION �NKS"' THEY WERE SUS
ENDED IN WATER AND
WORE BLACK�OUTWHICH-"�CLOSED E ENTIRE H AD/f.
./
AND ONLY/ALLOWED B TOING. THEY HEARD NLY THE -R C)(1N
Z
BREATHING ND SOME FAI SOUNDS OF WATER F THE
10 us,e_ . pe LotiG D
soLlit9ev C_bt�---\ ("`\
Fo 12.Pv\ tzPo-c_zc4
c\k-F a NI LA2_s--7-1 6 NI N.