NEW BOOK ON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: CIA Analysis of the Soviet Navy
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0006086938
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: June 19, 2017
• Document Release Date: June 19, 2017
• Case Number: SC-2007-00006
• Publication Date: November 10, 1972

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TRANSLATIONS ON
USSR MILITARY
AFFAIRS. No. 861
November 10, 1972
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OTRANSLATIONS ON
USSR MILITARY
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Moscow, My s Atomnykh -01 January 1972
NEW BOOK ON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES
Article Type: Excerpts Original Language: Russian Author(s): Vice Adm Anatoliy lvanovich Sorokin
As published in:
Translations on USSR Military Affairs, No. 861, JPRS-57477, Y3.J66:13:57477 on 10 November 1972.
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NEW BOOK ON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES
c).
[Excerpts from book by Vice Adm Anatoliy Ivanovich Sorokin; Mos
Atomnykh4 Russian, 1972, DOSAAF Publishing House, 254 pages]
Title Page
Vice Adm A. I. Sorokin
WE ARE FROM THE NUCLEAR SUBMARINES
(My s Atomnykh)
DOSAAF Publishing House
Moscow-1972
Publication Data
Signed to press: 3 February 1972
Edition of 100,000 copies
TABLE OF CONTENTS
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/wealistArchive/?p_product=JPRSX&p_theme=jprs&p_n... 6/17/2013
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NEW BOOK ON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES
[Excerpts from book by Vice Adm Anatoliy Ivanovich Sorokin; Moscow, MLA
Atomnykh, Russian, 1972, DOSAAF Publishing House, 254 pages]
Title Page
Vice Adm A. I. Sorokin
WE ARE FROM THE NUCLEAR SUBMARINES.
(4y s Atomnykh)
DOSAAF Publishing House
Moscow-1972
Publication Data
Signed to press: 3 February 1972
Edition of 100,000 copies
About the Book and Its Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OCEAN LEGACY
Page
5
We Are Submariners 9
Fathers and Sons 17
From "Potayennoye Sudno" [Hidden Vessel] to Missile-Armed Nuclear
Submarine 27
Threat from the Deep 54
Lessons of the Thredher 60
First Journeys to the White Silence', 63
Flag on the Pole 68
Exchange Between Two Generations 74
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont d)
Page
NOW IT CAN BE TOLD
Transoceanic Orbit 89
The Nautilus Returns a Century Later 96
Watches, Watches, Watches 102
Legend or Fact? 108
Neptune Visits Us 121
Four Hundred Lost Islands 128
Shades of Drake Passage 141
Following the Mirnyy and Vostok 147
The Archduke Philip, Submarine Sirens, and Work 151
"How Is Your Radiation?" 156
Comrades in Arms 161
GUARDING SILENCE
Remember the War! 173
Code "Sever" (North] 184
The "Westerners" Shall'not Pass 192
Volodya Kamyshin, Signalman from the Red Banner 197
"I Entrust My Son to You!.." 201
Days and Nights of the Astronauts of the Deep .. 205
Finding Oneself 211
Navy Routine 226
A Five-Ocean Navy 243
About the Book and Its Author
The first edition of the book We Are from the Nuclear Submarines,
by Hero of the Soviet Union Vice Adm I. Sorokin, came out 3 years ago.
It was so warmly received by its readers -- young sailors and all other naval
personnel -- that it is simply unobtainable today.. For this reason the book
is being published in a second, enlarged and revised edition.
Kt will be of equal interest to young boys dreaming of a life at sea
and those who are already quite at home on the sea.
This book deals with today's heroic life of men who man the instruments
and machinery of today's ominous undersea vessels -- missile and torpedo-
armed nuclear submarines. Hero of the Soviet Union Vice Adm Anatoliy Ivano-
vich Sorokin tells his story vividly, with ability and enthusiasm.
These men deserve to be 'publicized, men who, have reached the North
Pole under water, who have girdled the planet submerged, who have conquered
the Arctic and Antarctic.
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The valor and gallantry of today'. navy is inseparable from that of the
Great Patriotic War. Soviet fighting men of different generations have com-
mon traditions and common paths. Bold aesaults by Kolyshkin, Shchedrin, Gad-
zhiyev, Fisanovich, Alekseyev, Shabalin -- many, many navy men who have
written golden pages in the history of the Russian Fleet -- these traditions
are being continued and built upon by the new generation of seamen.
"Life always has room for deeds!" This idea, based on a thorough
study of combat experience and navy service, runs through Sorokin's entire
story.
Is it not so?
Who does not know the names of our, famed submariners?
The entire world is familiar with the nuclear submarine Leninskiy
Komsomol. A new generation of Soviet Seamen holds.high.the sacred banner of
our navy's fighting tradition.
The world thrilled at history's first world-girdling voyage by a
group of nuclear submarines, directed by the author of this book..
In recent years more than 1500sailors, petty officers, officers,
admirals and generals have been decorated for successful performance in com-
bat training. Many have been named Hero. .:of the Soviet Union: V. A. Kasato-
nov, A. I. Sorokin, A. P. Mikhaylovskiy,-V.'. T. Vinogradov, N. I. Usenko, and
others.
A. I. Sorokin is an experienced submariner. Re has dedicated more
than a quarter of a century to the submarine service. He has an intimate
knowledge both of the history and capabilities of the ships he has com-
manded. For this reason there is great weight and meaning to his words
directed to the lovers of military adventures: "We have never attacked
first... But if we are'attacked -- our response will be devastating..."
?
The Communist Party and Soviet ;government, consistently pursuing a
peaceful Leninist foreign policy, at the.sa 1 time are aware of the military
danger caused by the aggressiveness of the imperialist powers, and the
United States in particular.
?
The 24th CPSU Congress emphasized that: the.Soviet Union will con-
tinue waging a resolute struggle against imperialism, will offer firm
resistance to aggressor intrigues and :acts' ofsabotage. The party will
continue enhancing the vigilance of the Soviet people, strengthening our
homeland's defensive might. Missile-carrying nuclear submarines of course
constitute the principal naval striking force in a modern war.
Soviet submariners are ever on,guardl,
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This book tells of the difficult deeds and today's heroism of navy
life, the stern romance of the naval profession.
Excerpt from Chapter
Submarine development pro c e ed e d principally in the direction of
improving seaworthiness and handling, increasing surfaced cruising speed,
range, maximum depth of dive, beefing up ,torpedo and artillery armament,
improving radio communications and sonar equipment.- Speed and range sub-
merged improved little, as it was assumect-that passage to combat operations
areas and approach to engagement would be Affected principally with the
submarine surfaced. ?
Large submarinea were highly seaworthy, and had a surfaced range of
12,000-20,000 nauticalmiles. They were capable .of remaining at sea 45 to
50 days without refueling or reprovisioning. In order to reduce time
required to reach combat operations areas:, to be able rapidly to patrol
large areas of ocean and to move in fast for. engagement withthe enemy, these
submarines had a rather high surface, cruiiing speed -- 17-22 knots, while
their cruising speed submerged was only 814 knats. Maximum depth of dive was
100-120 meters. Their.. main weapon was the .torpedo; a submarine could carry
from 25 to 30 torpedoes.- All submarines carried one or two 100-150 mm guns,
plus one. or two small-caliber guns or machineguns.-
? Submarines began to be equippeCwithhydroaCoustic surveillance
instruments hydrophones, while later,*Iring_the.war, submarines were
equipped with sonar gear and special- underwater acoustic communications
equipment.
Beginning in 1942, initially on German and later on those of other
nations, submarines were equipped witivspecial.search --fttraCking",-- radar
receivers, for prompt detection of enemy surface ehips and aircraft conduct-
ing radar submarine search operations.- These receivers were able to deter-
mine when radar was in operation and the bearing to it. This equipment was
further improved during and after the tiar:e
It usually takes years to grasp the .full eignificance of major
scientific and engineering breakthroughs.: For this reason we did not
realize that we were entering a new age of4nava1 performance, an age of un-
precedented speeds and power.
Scientific and engineering advancee.at the beginning of the fifties
made it possible to power submarines with propulsion plants which transform
them from vessels which periodically submerged for limited periods of time
to genuine submarines capable of remaining under water indefinitely, and
with a high submerged cruising speed. This.Occurred as a consequence of
rapid advances in nuclear physics..
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Soviet theoretical and experimental research on start-up, operation
and monitoring of atomic reactors was conducted by a team of physicists and
engineers under the direction of Academician I. V. Kurchatov. This research
made it possible to proceed to the design of more Sophisticated reactors.
Stationary power plants were first designed, followed by mobile propulsion
units-- for submarines and the icebreaker Lenin.
The process of building a new fleet ?was not a simple one. Future
historians will say: "The most efficient solutions were not found immediate-
ly on the difficult road toward building a qualitatively new navy"...
Experience had demonstrated, however, thatthe missions of a modern-
day navy can be handled most effectively by submarines, aircraft and surface
ships armed with missiles and long-rangeltoming torpedoes, with extensive
utilization of all other naval arms. At the Same time experience had shown
that there are areas of naval combat oPeratiOns where nuclear-powered sub-
marines and missiles cannot fully reOladesurfaciships and aircraft carry-
ing conventional weapons.
"It was necessary essentially'totOipletely'rebuild the'navy," wrote
Flt Adm N. D. Sergeyev, Navy Chief of Staff. ,"One could not expect success-
ful results from thie building program if'the:Soviet Union did not possess
a highly developed shipbuilding industry, engineering industry, metallurgical
industry, chemical industry, electrodicsf:and automatic control -technology,
if we did not produce highly-qualified.kientists, designers, engineers,
. ?
technicians, and workers. '
In the mid-fifties the Central-COmMittee:CPSU carefully examined the
probleate of naval development.' At thistite Soviet industry began building
nuclear submarines. Our fleets began receivingships and planes armed with
nuclear-tipped missiles, and equipped with electronic communications and
target search gear.
A new stage begin in develOpment: Of the navy and its operations art.
The enormous destructive power of nuclear weapons and the great range of
the rockets carrying these weapons defined .the nature of modern ocean opera-
tions, where submarines and navalaviationiteive become the Main naval
arms, and nuclear weapons the princiPal.:Meansa'achieving the objectives
of an operation."*
New equipment and technology required new skills
Everybody went back to school,. from captain tO ordinary
cluded. We all studied the basis of thenewtechnOlogy
engineering and its naval aPpliCations. -
and knowledge.
seaman, myself in-
- nuclear power
Now 'a brief description of the "heart' of the atomic submarine....
* In the collected volume Korabli-aeroi:(Hero Ships), DOSAAF Publishing
House, 1970, pp 210-24.
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A nuclear reactor -- the basis of any nuclear propulsion plant --
makes it possible to utilize the thermal energy of reaction from the fission of
uranium nuclei, for conversion into mechanical and 'electrical energy.
The nuclear propulsion plant on a.modern submarine is a complex
consisting of a reactor and its assOciated'Units, pipe systems and instru-
men..a. The system also includes equipment-forsupplying'the submarine with
fresh and distilled water, electric power, heat and breathing air.
A submarine nuclear propulsion plant, regardless of its design features,
consists of two parts: reactor, and propulsion machinery. In addition every
submarine carries auxiliary (reserve) powerplants: relatively low-power
diesel generators, storage batteries, and electric propulsion motors. Bat-
tery charging can In done with the:diesel:generators or propulsion turbines
operating with reactor on. The auxiliary, propulsion plant provides reactor
startup from a cold state.
,
An auxiliary propulsion plant may also be needed, in the opinion of
American designers, in case of a reactor malfunction.
The reactor part of the propuiaion system consists of the reactor
proper, a source of thermal energy,:reactorcontrol'syatem, heat exchangers,
circulating pumps, auxiliary first limp equip-
ment, biological shielding, and a'reaitoe:codipartMent radiation monitoring
system
The machinery section consists Of _Conventional steam,tuibines, which.
convert energy to mechanical work, tutbogeneritora, main and auxiliary
condensers, oil, condensate and feed-water pumps, second (working) loop
equipment, propeller shift lines'etc..
The ability td approach an enemy unnoticed and to launch a sudden at-
tack is the most important feature of the submarine. For this reason sub-
marine designers have always concentrated their efforts on periecting this
feature.
A nuclear propulsion plant, in:addition'to Speed, provides 'a submarine
with excellent concealment, CS it'does:Sdt,need to surface to recharge
batteries. Usually battery charging tOr.a_4iesel-powered,eubmarine requires
5 to 6 hours, while recharging time extends to 8-10 hours and more if the
batteries are Completely down. Nuclear, submarine cruising at shallow depths,
where it can use its extensible antennait0. commUnicate with command center,
its periscopes,' celestial navigation equipment or radar gear is reduced to
a minimum. -
A modern submarine produces almost 100 times the power output of a
prewar model; maximum depth of dive has increased more than fivefold, and
submerged cruising speed has increased 3-4-fold. Missile-armed submarines
are capable of destroying surface ships at a. range of hundreds of kilometers,
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and they can fire ballistic missiles from a-submerged position at strategic
targets from a distance of thousands' of kilometers.
Today's submarines differ dramatically from those ofearlier years!
Diesels and electric motors have been replaced by a powerful nuclear
propulsion plant. This enables a modern submarine to travel as fast under
water as on the surface -- at express-train speed. Possessing such a power-
ful heart, submarines when necessary can girdle the globe submerged, without
coming up even to fuel.
The external appearance of aUbmarinee, has also changed.
The greatest influence on, submarine architecture has been exerted by
nuclear propulsion plants, speed,' Maneuverability, and ballistic missiles.
The shape "seen" by designeminnature: in whales and dolphins --
was the most advantageous. A_ dolphin,' for can move at speeds up to
55 kmh. Could this capability not be exploited? ?
Experiments conducted by the designers of nuclear submarines were in
some ways,similar to testing by aircraft;40eigners.:
An enormous increase in prop4sion4lant-output and speed required
a more sephisticated Owe.
Nuclear submarines increasingly,approaclied the perfect "aerodynamic"
shape -- the teardrop.
Scientists were well acquainted:with the shape which produced
minimum resistance when moving through a homogeneous liquid or gas. In par-
ticular, such shapes were extensively employed and are employed in airship
design. At the dawn of submarine engineering -- at the end of;the last
century -7 submarines as a rule had a cigar-shaped hull with a low length to
width ratio. These were "pure" submarines: with an electric motor,
torpedoes and a very short range..!.
At the beginning of the 20th Century they were superseded by so-called
"diving" submarines. They had along rangesurfaced.positiQn and sub-
merged only briefly for an undetected approach. to target and attack. Im-
provement in "diving" submarine hull design continued in this direction up to
the middle of World War II,, when therapiVaeVelopment,of radar surveillance
equipment. and ASW compelleci technicians" And coneequently submarine designers
equipped with the latest scientifie?advancew.to revise the matter of selec-
tion of principal cruise,configurationin:fevOr.oficruise submerged, provid-
ing submarines with good concealment and .reduced vulnerability.
?
The development of nuclear ,propulsion plants and missiles which could
be fired while submerged accelerated the,pEocess of evolution of a new-type
submarine hull and produced somewhat of &return to earlier shapes, but at a
higher level of development .o naval architecture.,
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Nuclear propulsion plants do not require atmospheric oxygen to
operate.
The use of atomic energy successfully solved the problem of a
"single engine" for submarines.
Nuclear propulsion plants Make.it:poesible to increase substantially
a submarine's propulsive power andaslaHresult.substantially to improve a
submarine's operational qualities.. This has resulted not only in an in-
creased maximum speed submerged but also average overall speed at sea, since
the fuel supply is practically unlimited: -
The use of nuclear propulsion pleats increases a submarine's range
and its autonomy of operation. The duration of continuous operation of a
nuclear submarine submerged is determined primarily by the physical stamina
of the crew.
Since the end of World 'War II the principles of naval organization.
and, views on navy combat utilization haVe:thanged.radically.
Ballistic mitisilas have become the ;principal weapon of the warships
of the missile-nuclear ageijn the Unanimout.opinion of military experts.
Experts' claim that it is missilee-whichprovide naviei with the Capability
,? ? ?, ?
of launching strategic strikes. ' ?
., ? v. ? ?
Nuclear submarines carry nuclear withead missiles:, and All 'old con-
cepts Of "sea power" have' become 'relative. The figures cited by
experts are rather eloquent. Naval Weaponry has made a leap from TNT to
atomic and hydrogen bombs. 'An atOlitexplosion is equivalent tothe
explosion of'conventionAl boMbe'With:a chatgeMaasured.not in tons or even
in thousands of tong, bUt-rather4a millions of tons of.explosIVa.. One is
incapable of conceiving of such mignitudisAmegaton is the weight of all
explosives used against Germany'inthejOrm:of bombs and shells during the
4 years of the war, multiplied 10 times: A single megaton bomb is
equivalent to 50 atomic bombs'enidcarthaOne dropped' on Hiroshima.
The nuclear propulsion plantandilUtleatweapons together have in-
creased striking power 4-miliionfOld. 4..-largaunit [soyedinealye] of
nuclear submarines armed With guided missiles can at great,speed'and with-
out stopping cross' seal ind'Oceans washing' an entire continent...
The Americans maintain giant nuclear submarines in the ocean depths,
armed with nuclear-warhead Missiled. These missiles can be launched under
water, which complicates searchrand attack by ASW forces. -These missiles
have a range of several thousand kilometers. In view of the fact that more
than half the earth's population lives-ao-further than 100 kilometers from
the shores of the oceans' and 'seas; one can imagine the collosii power in
the hands of modern submarines.: This mak-as them the backbone of the navy,
the basis of its inexhaustible combat potential.
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Torpedoes with nuclear warheadS have increased the submarine's combat
capabilities. In the Past it has required five to 10 torpedo hits to
destroy a battleship, aircraft carrier, or even cruiser, while with a modern
torpedo carrying a nuclear warhead", not even a direct hit is required. If a
torpedo detonates within the "critical radius," computed in kilometers,
depending on warhead size, no armor or'structural protection will be able to
keep a ship from going down.
According to the foreign preps, present-shipboard strategic weapons
complexes in the U.S: and' British navies:constitute the Polaris system. A
few years ago this system was widely prodliimed by the bourgeois press to
be a weapon which will not become 'Obsolete even- in the seventies. But in
view of rapid development of antimissile 'defense systems, Polaris has indeed
become obsolete. It is about to be supplanted by the Poseidon missile. With
practically the same effective range wthe,Polaris A-3 (4600 kilometers),
the new-missile carriesa "cassette" warhead which contains aa.many as 10
separate warheads in place of. one $00.-kilOton, warhead.. Each of these is con-
siderably smaller than the-overall force_pf,the Polaris warhead,,but has a
better capability of penetrating an antimiagile defense system. In addition,
the new missile can hit up toA.O.diffeirent targets. ? -
w. ? , ? - ?
By initiating,development.of th0308e1don and planning to stop produc-
tion on the Polaris, the 'Americana haVe"let:down" their British allies,
whose submarine constructionwprogrard is,.based.On-the:Polaris A:.3. This faced
the lords of the Admiralty with a dilemMO7 either invest huge sums in the
production Of the Polaris missiles., they1..need,.:Or:spend even more on adapting
their submarines for the Poseidon.....
According to the foreign press, -,1b-hieUnited States has begun studying
the possibility of, arminunew?tyPes,of nuclear. submarines with ICBMs with a
range,of10:thousand kilometers.
Scientists
Scientists and.engineers Nere,for-Ced-tO.sAve a great;many technical
problems in designing missile-carrying nuclear submarines.: missile weight,
size, fuel, launching and guidancee-systems4 extremely complex missile-
associated equipment, location ofmissile:lire?control instruments, etc. A
mere listing of this problems: cover-several pages..
A submarine, which is sumerged,,,reeeives.a missile launch signal.
Automatic preparation of,all.systims?for,launch is initiated, during the
process of which pressure bathe launcha,and missile is equalized with
pressure ,outside the submarines the missile .hatches open, and the control
system firing circuits are readied. Electronic computers compute the
necessary firing data:
On command missiles are fired from the submarine at specified inter-
vals; the missiles rise to the surfacoNath the initial imparted velocity
and then continue through the.airytoward.the target on a programmed flight
trajectory.
??, .
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A ballistic missile is firellrots A:launching tube, one of many
carried by a missile nuclear submarine.. :In the lower part of the launching
tube, on the first American nuclear submarines, for exsmale, comrressed-air
reservoirs were provided for firing:out .the mist:ilea-. Subsequently these
cylinders were replaced by steam-and-gai4repsure generators.
, .
The missile rises to the surface and.emerges in a ,vcrtical path, after
which instruments guide it to the:target,'-which may be thousands of kilometers
distant.
"Will the nuclear submarine become'the primary naval vessel?" leading
Western naval experts ask,
And they answer: "The nuclear submarine has a number of advantages
over the large aircraft carrier, but it also .has some disadvantages.
"Let us begin with the carrier. The advantage of the aircraft
carrier lies in the fact that it Possesses the capability of establishing air
superiority at the desired time ia'a specified area of combat Operations.
After enemy alr poifer'hii:been neutralized, Carrier-based aircraft can
deliver a bomt or missile strike-die0'inside 'enemy territory. Utilizing its
powerful radio equipment, an aircraft carrier is capable of maintaining
reliable communications', gaining local "air superiority" and jamming enemy
transmitisions: The aircraft carrier's lergi Carrying capacity means that
both conventional and nuclear weapons CAMI be carried on board; a carrier can
therefore, be utilized in limited conflicts in many parts of the world, which
is extremely important during 'initial .periode td-political crises. Techno-
logical idvancee now make it possible to build VTOL aircraft; the aircraft cariar
of the future will be smaller in size and will be less expensive to build
and operate.
"Drawbacks of theairtraft,:carrierJnclude: large. size, consequently
possibility of detection ai:a.COfiiideraliler_distence; vulnerability to air and
submarine attack,.tO a 001eat'blitit:wisitand to:cheolical.attack; an air-
craftcerrier'mUit.:be accompanied by a.:large-aulber Of escort Vessels, which
could be utilized tO:aidleT'otheiliiissiOne.;iti Particular Protection of lines
of communication. ,
' "1k large missile-carrying nuclear 40Marine f.iat the following advaniages:
it is difficult to detect and4eitroy,at:g"great depth; it cannot be detected
by radar; ' its crew is not vulnerableto chemical attack; the total.destruc-
tive force of its 16 miesilee'ltrequiVelent to .that of thiordAanoe carried by
all aircraft based On a:large aircraft carrier..
- "A missile-carrying-nuclear eubmarinellas the following disadvantages:
it cannot be utilized in a.limited. war;-it-can be destroyed by a small ASW
vessel; it is costly to build.
view of the abOve,One.4..an aseett'thart large missile-carrying
nuclear 'submarine le-ca0Able:of-Performingthe missions of a strategic bomber
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force. The ballistic missiles carried by nuclear submarines offer advantages
which fully justify the cost of building, maintaining and operating these
craft. For this reason nuclear, submarines- at the present time supplement but
in the future will supplant large aircraft carriers and will occupy the status
of principal naval vessel.
"Countries whose navies contain both nuclear powered and conventional
submarines will always* have the capability of selecting optiial strategy,
depending on the nature of any future 'military conflict."
The above statement is from an official NATO naval journal.
The Soviet Union cannot remain indifferent to the war preparations
of the imperialists. Under these Conditions i'oe believe that our principal
mission is to increase with unabating persistence the combat might of our
army and navy, as well as their preparedness to defeat any aggressor if
war it imposed on us.
-.111.e arsenal of' oia"modern'Aried'FOrCes'hras'become enormously mbre
powerful. The Strategic MI:one-Troops-otter a solid shield Of defense of
our nation's peaceful labors; missile-carrying supersonic aircraft fill our
'skies; the craws of Soviet nuclear aubmatineii missile cruisers and destroyers
are improving their combat.readiness-in the world's oceans and seas. Our
arsenal ranges from missileo.Werhead'atiategic:miasiles-to the most sophisti-
cated'infantry weapons. -No aggressiot iiCapable'of standing against the
Misfit OUthese'weapani;WhicifouenatiOnhatientrUilted to the heirs of the fthting
traditions of our war heroes...
Today the Soviet Navy is armed with nuclear ammunition and missiles.
A combination of the variOda-kinds:Of.ne4:ara7traditiontlweapona and the
diversified carriersof theie'Veapeona hii.tranigormed the modern navy into
the moatuniversal armed forces branch anaensures-their successful per-
formance not only of.theiliVY's traditional missions -- destruction of enemy
naval forCei4-disrUptiom_of enemy lineS of.-communication, protection of
friendly lines of commtinicatien?aseistineeto'ground forces in coastal
areas -- but Also totally new strategic missions, such as destruction of
enemy military installatiOni,'MahOOWer 0.WOffen8iVe nuclear misaileS'and
bases.
Until recently 'Surface ahiOs And'Aiegtelpowered submarines cod-
stituted-Our Navy'4'maittatiiki4'powerNOw the tole Of main striking
force, capable of operating.both.agaiOstaea'and shore targets, has shifted
to nuclear lubmarines and-haVal-'aViationoirMed'Oith powerful. nuclear-tipped
Missile weapons
"The basis' of Our' naval' poWer,'"Jtates:Flt'Adm.SU S.G. Gorshkov,
"issthe'most sophisticated; modernwarshipauclearsubmarines.. Thay.com-
bine ImMense?firepower, mobility,'ConetilMentand'the capability of remain-
ing at seafor'an'unlidited time, attacking the enemy from a position sub-
merged-and at" great dietattes.:Long cruises: by Soviet ships persuasively
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confirm the reliability of ,Soviet equipment and weapons, the excellent com-
bat, physical and morale-TsyChological training of our crews."*
American experience iwoperating-nuclear submarines has shown that
nuclear submarines spend up to 80 percent of their time at sea under water,
and as much as 98 percent on some long pitroli. One must remember that
during World War I submarines Were submerged only 5 percent of .the their
total time at sea, with the remaining 95 percent spent on the surface. In
World War II total time submerged did increase somewhat, but nevertheless
did not exceed 30-35 percent.
Thanks to atomic energy and excellent electronic equipment, our
nuclear submarines are capable of reaching any point in the world ocean
and accurately hitting'both land and sea targets. Atomic submarines have
become the most modern warships. The following capabilities make nuclear
submarines an ominous weapon: capability of remaining submerged practically
indeftnitelys the capability of running missions of any distance or extent,
unprecedented firepower, great speed,'and-thecapability of hitting targets
thousands of kilometers distant.
? Few people, know what the control center on a nuclear submarine
looks like.
.
Once: the. commander of. the. nuclear submarine Leninskiy Komsomol,
Anatoliy Yakovlevich Zhukov, and a newspaperman had a very interesting con-
versation in my presence. I should like topresent that conversation, for
it will enable the reader to gain a clearer picture of the equipment and
layout of a nuclear submarine.
. Yakovlevidvbegant "ThereAs-coniiderably'more instruments-
tionA.n a nuclear submarines control center-thanqm board any Aircraft.
It contains everything necessary tooperatiithe'Submarineandits weapons."
,"As a submariner, what type:of,eurficeehip do you cohsider to be
yourLmost important 'assistant'?"
"ASWrcraftand,naval-aviation."
"And your most,dangeroui'enemy?"::
? "AN submarines."
"Why?"
,
?
"Under. water you hear the enemyationer,_and this means.you prepare
sooner for the attack.'_Herein.lies'an important advantage 'of. submarines
over the most sophisticated.,, surface warships,.?: . ?
* Pravda 28 July 1968.
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"Does this meanthat ASW
technical problems?"
. ? .
one of-the most important military
. .
"Definitely. Seawater is essentially impermeable to the electro-
magnetic waves used by all modern radar detection systems. Seawater also
almost totally absorbs all other types of radiation. Sophisticated sonar
gear is needed in order to find a submarine. But the velocity of sound
propagation in water depends on the state of the medium: density of the sea-
water, its salt content and temperature. For example, sound waves, just as
light waves, refract when they pass through layers of differing density.
This forms so-called 'shadow zones,' where sound waves for all practical pur-
poses do not propagate. Consequently, in order to locate a submarine the
crew of a surface vessel must know where and at what depth such a reflective
layer has formed. ASW ships are greatly hindered by "temperature jump
layers" -- a phenomenon in the ocean depths where water layers which are in-
homogeneous in temperature reflect sound waves. It would seem to be a simple
problem: measure water temperature, density, salinity,, quickly (today's war-
ships contain plenty of computers!) compute where and at what depth one
might encounter reflecting layers -- and you've got your submarine! It is
much more .difficult than this,:lowever. 'One can_measure water. salinity,
temperature, and density quickly and accurately.- But very soon all these
values change appreciably; this means that the-place, depth and dimensions
of reflecting layers change. In addition, sonar operators are frequently
hindered by schools of fish, groups of whales, dolphins and other marine
animals. The ocean produces a great many different sounds, which at times
are confusing. Sometimes this cacophony misleads even experienced operators...
These are merely a few of,the, difficulties encountered in ASW. But sub-
mariners enjoy considerable advantages over the crews of surface ships. As
I have stated, it is easier for us to hear.a surface ship, to determine on
the basis of the noise it produces its class, speed, and course. On a sub-
marine we have literally everything: automatic recording of water temperature,
salinity, density. We can determine the dimensions of a protective layer
much faster than can a surface ship; we can slide under it and take an ad-
vantageous- attack ?position-.-
"AnatolivTakovlevich, can?a,submarine-heara.surface Ship without
any, special. . 7
? ",Sometimes, particularly whena surface ship is searching for us.
The ship's sonar aends out.sound,,Puipes:pf.:sUfficient.forcethat it frequent-
ly sounds likesowtwne Ispounding::on the submarine huliwith.a light hammer.?
."What other eAternal?sounde,Can:SUbMariners.hear?"
"Oncej heard the sound: ofywater4o0ring over thellull'- you know,
like alurgling sound. .Probably,at that:moment the sub was cutting through
some kind of mysterious?current.",g,
!!Do frequently fish, and if so what is
thtlyrepult?",:::
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-
?Sometimes But there is' no,dahger."
"What if you encounter 4 whaler'
"Are you kidding? A whale will hear us a mile off,'and we can pick
him up even further --:there is plenty of time to avoid encounter."
"What dangers lie in wait for the submariner?"
"A depth greater than'theaubmarine isAesigned to withstand. In such
a case the submarine's strong hull is unable to withstand the enormous pres-
sure. An example of this is the lops of:the:American nuclear submarines
Thresher and Scorpion. Icebergs are also dangerous, particularly the sub-
merged portion which, as is well-known,:44 considerably larger than what can
be seen above the surface."
"What sort of emergency and escape geardo submariners have?"
"Special gear and suits enabling them to rise to the surface from
great depths. In addition there ,is various communications equipment. With
this equipment pubmariners Can quickly radio ,their coordinates and the
cause of the emergency -- in short everything necessary to repair or raise
a submarine. We also have special rescue ships which are constantly ready
to come to our aid..."
4
'
Zhukov was then asked .a more muhdine queition: 'Where does all the
garbage go?"
"The, submarine Containgla special device for ejecting all garbage and
traskRverboard. It is necessary make sure that empty cans are pierced
full of holes."
'Why?"
To keep them_from,floating-tothe,,surface. Cans can tell a.lot, but
most importantly we would reVealOurposition, yioleting.tprinciple of
,
subearine,activity.77 cOhcealment.1,TSiewould'eignify mission failure...
- ? .
But, we were not.,the,gneVM40 ihyented.Cen.ainking.. World War I.taught
?., .
submariners to pay'attehtion'tO.sUch
"Anatoliy YakoyleviCh, in,additia?6missiles, we know ;hat nuclear
submarines carry long-range homing torpedoes. 'What is the principle behind
homing?"
"Such a torpedo ciintaiha:daiiices.*hiCh are capable of searching for
, 41, ? ?
and tracking,itarget. - This is 'Why a modern submarine Can fire torpedoes
from practically any position." ? -
"'We know that a speed of 15 to 30 knots is' considered maximum for
conventional propulsion plaate.Are there any,kadicall new, ideas capable
- -
?
,
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of surmounting this barrier? DO you not agree that: it is this limit which is
holding back man's conquest of the world ocean?" .
"To the extent that submariners must master the world ocean, one must
consider problems of submarine design. ,What are these problems? First of
all there is depth, and then there is submerged speed. Engineers have
already achieved certain results. For example American experimental
submarines dive to 600 meters and can travel under water at speeds in ex-
cess of 70 kmh. Such speed is a good attribute for combat. Depth is more
important for peaceful purposes. Famed marine explorers Jacques Picard and
Don Walsh, in the bathyscaphe Trieste (remnants of the American nuclear sub-
marine Thresher were retrieved with the'; aid of this device), reached the
bottom of the Mariana Trench, the world's deepest, reaching a depth of
35,800 feet! The Triesteboa stsasuperstrong hull, is completely equipped
for submarine exploration and hasasimple, 'roil-speed motor. Explorers of the
ocean depths do .not need 'cosmic' speed. Surface ships are another matter
altogether. }Jere it is ,indeed important,to_Move as rapidly as possible.
The conventional screw, OT more precisely the engines which turn it, are
already-obsolescent. What could:replace .them? Water-jet propulsion,
hydrofoils, air cushion vehicle, jet propulsion... As far as I know, this
is the extent of ideas'at,present..," , '
Let us continue our ,",tour" of theHnsidlear powered ballistic missile
submarine..
?
.. , The forward compartier.o!Itains,the.torpedO4Aunching ecolipment and
? ..., ,? -. ., -..
torpedoes, Aft of this,atithe_.torpedoMin'a.APArters. The second compartment
clit4 upper deck.contains-theOffideraquarters and wardroom,. galley, petty
officers' and ? enlisted men'S'_meSsWhicfscan-he quickly converted for showing
movies.. Forward of the reacior.roomeheart of he shin .--:.is the
. . .
propulsion plant main control panel,:-...__ ,
. . ..
. The ship's control center is the,SiibMarine s brain, The Submarine
. ,
and. its . weapons are .controlled f rOm::,!lefe., , It ..contains a periscope station
and torpedo fire, control,, control statiii#S,. jOi: rudder And hydroplanes,
movement: and systems.. Aft - , - .0f: the reaCior.:roati':is the engine room-.
-..,-. .., . .
A:suhmarine s physidal layout maidiffer from one type to another.
Crew quarters may be located in the "after aomPartment, while o nuclear.
powered guided missile submarines the launching tubes may, he located im-
mediately aft of the control :center. 'Equipment location configurations may
differ, depending on the submarinek. design. -
? . ? ? ? '?-?? ? ? " ? ? ' ' ".
The. development ?nuclear powered submai-tnes constituted a revolu-
., - -
tion,in undersea navigation. Soviet scientists and seamen have made it
serve peaeeful.Purpos*, The whole World' with and has thrilled
to the exploits' of the'nucidareuhmarine-Limin. It is well suited for
operating in the Arctic: a:strong-hu14.appwerfpl propulsion plant; it can
cruise for an per wittiout'refueling. Experience in operating.
. . ?
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,
this:submArine,hes provided scientists with much valuable .information, which
,will'Makci'WpOtsib/etoibuild improved nuclear submarines in the future.
In theliAtire:nuclear-fueled:ships.Will: 'probably be able to operate. year-round
At least..ip ths_yestern and eastern parts of..the
. .
'theAreatjaniiiw4riter 4u1e4HVerne'made many prophetic predictions;
':::in somethings he watt:Vrongi-bUtfor the mOst part-he:havbean right: the
. . , _ ,
:might of.lian*noWs no:00ounds.
-h
0
Who knows What ships .will,,.be:'Cruising the acean-dePths-20 to 50 years
hence..
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A' FIVE-OCEAN NAVY
In the mid-fifties a new destroyer slid down the ways at an American
shipyard; it had been christt.med the John. Paul Jones after a pirate credited
with founding the U.S. Navy. There is nothing surprising in this. Famous
American scholar Charles Lee Lewis'notes that "the U.S. Navy placed slave
ships under its protection, under the slogan of struggle for 'seamen's
rights'... Frequently slavers hoisted the U.S. naval flag; thus the 'Stara
and Stripes' became a symbol of the slave trade." .
The idea of hegemony over the seas and oceans is no recent American
notion. Today they prefer either to ignore slogans borne on the banners
flown during the War ofIndependence, when the American Navy actually was
born, or to interpret thee in the manner of theologians, arguing that the
atomic mushroom cloud over defenseless 'Hiroshima was evidence of evangelical
meekness. '
At the beginning of this century ,Theedore Roosevelt, who built. up the
American Navy to the.world's thirdrmocit,powerful, affectionately dubbed it a
ftsticie! with which to smash the skulls of dissenters.
This "stick" ? had- much_work to 40.-411-;those who for- one!reason or
another were not filled with.ardent love for:the American trusts and
mon0P0149 fell into the. category "diiienter."
The historyofthe American. Navy was, truly "glorious." This was
demonstrated:time and again bylthel4S.,..Nsvy-particularly:during the
suppressiewof-thelossr Rsbellionlm:Chintw":..Neither,the Rua, nor the
Vandals,' nor ,,Genghis Khan, nor Tamerlane lierpetrated-'such.acts,of,cruelty,"
wrote A. Babel', "as were verpetrated-WthWwar .
Then caMe the turn' of Cuba.and HAiti."The. United States left behind
-thousands of.widowq,andtorphansvenimosityihatred,. and deepair."" This was
written,by,an.4mericanw*,c9neipoyary ta,Ahaaa,2:eyanta... 18 it surprising
that.-evea:?today.,Asneran,:yarshipa:,ate:.greatedloy.Corses in Latin America?
_ _ _ .
-
? ? .
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'It is not only two navies which face each other on the seas and
oceans -- it is two ideologies,..twophilosophiel.... ?
The Soviet naval maneuvers code-named Ocean, held in April-May 1970,
thrilled foreign observers. ?
For the first time in our nation's history the Red-Banner Arctic Fleet,
the Pacific Fleet,.the,Black Sea Fleet, and the Twice Red-Banner Baltic Fleet
carried out extended, coordinated exercises-over an enormous area, covering
the Atlantic, Pacific and adjoining seas..
. . _
Problems were elaborated at these exercises which are of great im-
portance for further improving the 'combat readiness Of Soviet.naval personnel;
at the same time the maneuvms constituted a severe test of military
proficiency. -
This test was passed with,henor. .
Foreign newspapers, the American New' YorkTimes. and British pally
TeleArapkin particular, contairied:yerbosereports on,the,:"puzzling" move-
ments of an armada.of Soviet naval ships in the North Atlantic.
Correspondents questioned Flt.Adm_SU.A.-G. Gorshkov, Commander ]in
Chief of the.Soviet_Navyt. , .
. The Commander in Chief: cOmmened matter-of-factly on this event:
"A group of Soviet naval ships is indeed presently located in Atlantic
waters. How,many.shipa.aroinvolvetZ, Inloreign.prees.reporta, AS you have
rightly commented,.it,is called, an armada. 'It all depends on one's point.
of reference. If one considers the,,strengtk,pUthe Soviet Navy and, the
total number of Soviet warships, I would net Call this. A particularly large
group,' let alone an armada. Thu ie a normal large unit[soyedineniye] on
a training cruise at eea..,,,N0X-48400re anything: puzzling in the fact that
our warships are in that part of.the,ocein...:The Soviet Union is a maritime
power which posseseeka modern navy...-. I04; eqUippekwith,newyarshims,
girst7clees weapons, and our men,areexcellentreeamin For-this reaSon we
are able-to run cruises on a regularbasio. tothose parta.of the world's
oceans and seas where we deem it necessary...
?rI believe thai.the'surprisel indicated in the news releases Of
foreign news agencies, in newspaper artieles-ind'editorials on the ,
appearance of Soviet War0410 in 011,NOrth;;AtlanticAttests tothefaCt that
US. and tritish.pavall,leaders (apparently,the.tourgeois press refle4s
theiropinion). have not yet ri4 thempelves,14 tradit4ona1 idees,of,undis-
puted rule of the seamfbithe traditional igesterMs nal* powers,,' although
these ideashave long sinte,beeM.pittolmotby,rialittes.. This. heightened
intereei,in the cruiee beint.undertaken by .outaiitpetreflecti,the unjustified
pretensions on the.partrof the Western POwets to,rule.thepesa as in the past.
Please note that.when_a group of Western warships undertakes a'Ailli14,.
bourgeotapbseryere do not raise *Aug and cry, while a normal traiqtpu
cruise by Soviet warships disturbs their tranquility. They take to .their
."
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typewriters and begin convUleively composing-urgent telegrams, news
reports, Commentary, full of idle conjecture. .Hardly a praiseworthy
activity. NATO naval leaderivapperently Are'still unable.to accept the loss
of their past monopoly rule of the seas. 'Like it or not, howeveri they must
come to grips with the real facts of the present balance of power on the
seas..."*
The Commander. in Chief has come tight to the point: our navy has in-
deed changed and is constantly taking delivery on increasingly, sophisticated
nuclear powered submarines and surface ships.. In recent years alone the
propulsion plant output of Soviet submarines ,has 'grown severalf old. And this
means that the navy's combat potential has greatly 'increased, along with
greater cruising range and our ships' autonomy of operation; Today Soviet,
warships cruise in all parte of the world-ocean,?under the Arctic ice cap
and in tropical waters. Day by day our navy men are vigilantly serving in
those ocean areas where required by the interests of the Soviet state.
EverY"daY'radiOgrame coke-tO-the'homeland from dietanelatitudes.
Here As. One Of them:
"...The ships of our detachment are piercing a sudden blanket of fog
with their 'bass foghorn notes. With the fog. came rain. ,We are extremely
grateful, as we baVe;goile'20'days without rain. 4.ettong galejnithigh seas
had'cOieed'thOlides'ind-decka With salt.''Sili.is:the eternal eneMilif all
seafarers,' The ran is now Wasting the ship clean.-
"The Aetichment, of'Wershilia'undet, thecOmMand.of Rear Mm S.
lam is in . ? .
its thirevioniti'ai. sealtehindfii0:*theviiiit paid by the guided
missile cruisergrost:WiOhe island of Martinique, - an oveteeie'de5artment
of FtinCe..:--The-islind.,auihOtitietinot'td ipetkofAtie residents of its
principal' eity.and4Ort,:F6#4e-FranCe,litee-tedHthe Soviet seamen warmly
and hospitablyf
"Combat training resumed after Martinique. -Again our ..'companion'
appeared on the horikoh the. American patrol vessel- Thomas Gary;. But
several days later.it.suddenly disappeared,..:Aud.the following morning .
Capt 2nd .Bank Nikolay Ivinovich iyabinskiyekeeUtive officer of the.grosnyys
squinting slyly, itidillotiaywell'haire:Miesili'praCtiCe,
'The Americ4Mi had.been.,divOted by our submarines and their mother ship,
the robot. The Grosnyy:fired Without any eavesdroppers.
-
, "First two targets the 'adze of a sea-going launch were lowered into
the valet and anchored. 'They,Were'placed4 fair distance from one another:
the'milsi/e-was to find its 'Own target.,./44hisize that although the
exercise area was off-seip4aneeextia Measures were :taken-trilinsure safety
of navigation; ' ' ' A
* Inventive, 4 April '1969.
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"Finally the cruiser, proceedinivon attack Course,.reached the
firing point. Antennas rotated on masts and bridges.. Soon the cruiser's
commanding officer, Capt let RankAleksandr-Petrovith Ushakov, gave the order
into the microphone: 'Firel''
"The missile rose from the:launCher with aA3hriek,_trailing a tongue
of flame, blinding in spite of the?btig4:sunlight, and turned toward the
target.
? "Within minutes the report came: Target destroyed.'
"There is nothing to photograph, came a report from the Soobraaitel'-
nyy, which was closer than any of the others to the target area and was the
first to reach the target location after the missile had done its job. 'The
target has sunk.'
"There remains only one'fhini io-Say:,ihe'.*missife scored a direct hit.
The crew of the Groanyy were deservedly ,proud ,of this performance, not only
because of the direct hit (the Cruiser had never scored any other kind),
but bec'ause' this Performance took place in unfamiliar waters, after many
months at sea.
"After the firing exercisee Groznyy, as well as'its companions,
the Soobrazitelgnyy and the Bedovyy, rendezvoused with the ToboZ and our
submarines.
_
"The detached force set 'course for the coast of Attica."
?
Dozens of such telegrams tifing :their way daily to the 'shores of our
homeland. "
While inspeciing.a ship-during.avisit to one Of-the fleets, the
Commander in Chief of :the'SciViet-JiaVy..;:notiCeci;. .eItigant little !itch-doctor
,
mask hanging :from the?overhead.-
_4
'"WhOse'Mask.is:thait?.
"Mine, admiral sir."
?,
Your name?
"?ergey Bondarev."
. -
"Well Sergey. What countries have, you vial ted?"
,
''Bondarev quickly listed abomt1.5 countries End continents.
He then' ilia ed i- "I' May haVe'forgotten
.,
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"Been in the navy long?" the Commander in Chief queried.
"This is my second year."
The Commander :in Chief turned:to a-member of the Military Council,
Chief of the Navy Political Administration, Adm V. M. Grishanov, who was
listening to this conversation With: CUri9Sity.'
"We write and talk about a new navy:- Here it is," the Commander in
Chief nodded toward Sergey. "The'lad-has- only, been in fora year and a half
and has already sten the .world...."' -
Sergey BondareV is not cneofaluckyr:few.
his mates have had.a similar experience.'
Thousands and thousands of
Our navy has truly become a five-ocean navy.
Lovers of military adventures observe with terror the growth of
Soviet naval power, and,:particularly our growing nuclear-submarine fleet.
TimeMaga#0,A#1.144shed,hy:AoClcefeller:tenter,WNOWJork-4110
printed in4misterdam.,recentiy,carried a major article cm the Soviet Navy.
Quoting ,Si_G?Gorshkoles.,statement,that "..,?the flag of the Soviet Navy to-
day wavei proudly over the world'S'oceanS; sooner or later theUnited
States must acceptthe.fact.that.it nO2:10ngerrules the seas4" Time.statea
with some bitternesp.that."to the extreme regret of the Pentagon, every
word is true,!! . :
That, is ajather ploquent.adMisspn! And toLthelsorrowof the
American and. Nag admirals, it,1.?,44-.,90Jective atatementt the Soviet Navy
today constitutes a truly formidable force. It cannot be ignored.
"But atteipts.to.iacribe to.theSoviet Union intentionswhich it does
P
not have,,",?statea,th?entral CoMMittee,report.Lta the 24thCPSU Congress,
nOt,deceive .thePeoples .ofthe,worid_,We_dp-soiemnly-declare that
we have nO territorial claims on anybody;-we threaten nobody and are not
planning,to;attackanyodyi,westand for; the.-ft.and independent develop-
ment of all, peoples. But"4et,no.nition:apekto?speak to.ue_in-the;Ianguage
of ultimatums and force.
"We have everything 1.1,need policy of peace, military
apc1,1,0,14aritYHA toensure,the_inViolability
of our borders against any and'ail-enCioichMents and to defend the con-
quests of soCialisM.-
TheSovit people are-respelydetermined to give all their
strength and energy to the.caUpe'of.thejurther Prosperity of our great
homeland. They will continue tosmanifestunabiting concern for strengthen-
ing the defeneiv*,aapOility.p't our nation-a0;our. Armed Forces. Military
till4W4lone,:d.eyAlppecttoihehil0e0.t,4egreis capable
, ?
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fighting ardor of aggressors .and securing out country against potential
threats.
The Aimed Forces of the Soviet, Union have always been a loyal
,guardian .of -the conquests of the October Revolution. Today army and navy .
personnel are perfecting their combat skill* in day-by-day difficult,
tary labor, in, order - to be: prepared .at all times to carry out the homeland's
command' With honor. ? ?
:should like to say thefollOviing,to those who plan on -joining us.,
who Are conditioilingt,heirehsrScief and will for navy service: "Love of the
sea i`.'E,1:0 lifelong affair'. He who has given his heart to the sea becomes
foreveri-SubjeCt of His MaSeaty'the Ocean.' And this is a fine thing!"
3024
CSO: 1801-W
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