UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS (UFO) IN ANCIENT CHINA

• Document Type: FOIA
• Keywords: UFO SPECIAL COLLECTION
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0005516227
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: June 24, 2015
• Document Release Date: January 31, 2011
• Case Number: F-2010-00651
• Publication Date: January 18, 1998

C00042351
English Summaries of Major Ankles
ttrtl7tlflllh .tfrwrw ,1:if1(!iI }' .i/Jf f AFR1Al in
Effaw err 4. JaJ..iatj Attlrgr
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countries the mate actively influence Ike
iXINTRIES OF ASIA: STATE POLICY
aNocatioe Of investments. Vaiaigg of qualified
jWin the necessity of prioritary development of sci-
"encr- and capital-intensive branches which would pay
flbr themselves in the long run. developing countries or
Asia finally succeed in finding such acompromise solu-
tion that foregoes in the long-term perspective a join of
increasing quantities of living and materialized labour.
i.e. is based on combination of labour-, capital- and
science-intensive productions and intended for well-
balanced growth of small-scale, big capitalist and state
sectors.
From this point. the experience of Asian countries is ors
certain importance for developing small (in particular.
co-operative) sector in the USSR. The recently adopted
laws on the state enterprise. the cooperation and the
individual labour activities meant a legal acknowledge-
ment of such objective reality as the multi-sector nature
of Soviet economy. However, the perestroyka in general
has not shaken the monopoly or state property, and this
makes possible negative processes in economy to grow
without hindrance. The state sector still stays apart from
any competition. Only secondary roles are still assigned
to co-operative and self-employed workers. In the
existing conditions they art not able to organise any
important production while co-operators could success-
fully ensure. for instance, a small-series production of
mini-tractors, mini-combinm electronic equipment and
electrotechnial devices, as well as the small enterprises
perform this function in practically all countries of Asia.
But this way is still firmly blocked by a deep-rooted
dogma in our consciousness that proclaimed the state
property to he a prior the height of perfection.
STANDARD OF NON-CAPITALIST DEVELOP.
MENT
M.A.4*.*MOV
One could not deny that the building of socialism in
osaljot.ly of socialist-oriented states was realized under
dard for young sates of the "Wind world." However.
these works were completely out of touch with reality.
ignoring existing problems and difficulties. But recently.
JPltS-t lA-NI-ottt
It January 1991)
wire" nmar. onus distortions of socialist principles in
Soviet As#* n republics came to light, they pa r rlL-d many
iiteoritdbfsocial sciences and party um orkers, unmasked
complexity and contradictions of the real socialism and
*s ways.
to the author"s opinion, we should admit that problems
actually tbeed by The republics of Central Asia and
Kazakhstan are similar to those of developing countries
of the Eat (to some extent this includes also countries
which develop ton the capitalist way). Dangers that
'Eirtaeaten these peoples in general are connected with
accelerated path of historical development, negative
influence of the whale rnderdevelopttent in the pre-
socialist period. the heritage of feudalism. The article
scrutinizes a key problem of this heritage--the conser-
vation and functioning of the traditional society in
Soviet Asian republics.
The socialism built under Stalin's direction was itself a
model of feudal community. Its features were pater-
nalism. hierarchic and caste structure. use of a powerful
compulsion machinery. In Central Asian republics the
hierarchy ofStalin's socialism joined the hierarchy of the
old feudal system. Institutes of traditional society which
still remain attractive for masses. in the epoch of stag-
nation became a good camouflage for money-grubbing
and corruption. Forcibly spread wage-levelling also con-
tributed to the conservation of the feudal type commu-
nity. The wage-levelling of the barrack-like socialism was
close by nature to the feudal levelling and therefore
easily took root in mass conscience.
AFRICA. DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS AND
COMMON PROBLEMS. ON SOCIAL AND E('O.
NOMIC POLICY IN COUNTRIES OF ALTERNA-
TIVE ORIENTATIONS
Scepticism towards possibilities of socialist-oriented
policy in developing c ountnes, which became wide.
spread lately among Soviet researchers, is a stn of
retroactive reaction to the overestimated realities in the
past. However, considering the capitalist and the
socialist orientations of development we should not
exaggerate their difference. which is strict enough in the
political and ideological field but is less important in the
social and economic sphere. This is quite natural.
because the main tasks of overcoming backwardness
faced by developing countries are similar trout identical.
Their essence is the accelerated creation of the potential
far this overcoolin& all possible development of produc-
tive forces, both material and human. This circumstance
inevitably reduces the social and economic difference
between the two alternative lines to non-significant
variations in proportions of certain aims and methods of
policy in countries of both orientations at the present
 000042351
- ~ ~ M~ht'Ie a0/ aerenarily predorniaatu. sad the i=ltaeaa and Within, /Cflpta. They include special reli-
S of political leaders in a historical need for " sious; texts (prayers, hymns, iasttuctions and norms or
S
F...- ' ? `'!wriara orientation. - a+di ions behavioad as well as literary works (epitaphs.
wrote ago to conpore tetwlts acbieved in countries of iclweism and CSri tianity. Tire adoption of Islam by
at "'building of sociaiiim." This is a long?rtatge '''traditions.
'lURKISH ASPECTS OF TRUMAN DOCTRINE
.AND SOME MISTAKES OF STALINIST DIPLO-
MACY
In Nte author's opinion. the degradation of social and Southern apd Eastern Siberia. From the 6th century
p r o nomie situation on the continent in 19i0% connected Turkic peaplles began to form military, political and state
in (bet mainly with objective factors, cannot be maim of tribes. On their territories written texts were
A.Sh. RASIZADE
While Greek events and the situation about Turkey were
the occasion to proclaim the doctrine, its Greek and
Turkish aspects haven't been yet a special subject of
study in our country. However. the Truman doctrine
played a crucial role in American Turkish relations. in
the choiee by Turkey of its place in the post-war world.
and this influenced. of course. the Soviet Turkish rela-
dons as well. The principles of the doctrine still stay the
basis of bilateral relations between Turkey and the USA.
The author tried to reconsider the Soviet interpretation
of the Truman doctrine. Now. when we review out past.
it is awful to show consequences of the wrong approach
by LV. Stalin and his associates to the Soviet policy in
the region.
The Soviet-Turkish relations reached a high level or
tension during first post-war years. in course of the
second world war Turkey took in fact an:i-Soviet posi-
tions. and after the war the Soviet government
denounced the Treaty on friendship and neutrality
between the two countries. signed in Paris in 1925, and
argaested to prepare a new treaty. However. Soviet
proposals that followed. aggravated even more the bilat-
eral relations, contributed to the western orientation of
Turkey. With approval of Stalin. Georgia ant' Armenia
put in skims on the adjacent parts of Turkish territory.
In the course of the diplomatic discussion on the regime
of the Slack Sea straits between USSR. USA. Grat
Sritaia and Turkey. the Soviet party also raised claims
unacceptable for the Tarkm which resulted in drawing up
of a common British-American-Turkish position.
SYN('RETISM OF Ri LIGK)US AND MYTIIOLOG-
K AL "INCEPTS OF PRE-MOSLEM TURKS
I.V. STEBLEVA
The article deals with insufficiently explored problem of
various religious and nsib ningical pre-Islam systems
which functioned among Turkic peoples of Central Asia.
nssional sad heroic poems. didactic parables and
novels).
A most peculiar feature of these works is the interaction--
of various religious and mythological traditions. Sha.
manic texts are influenced by the Manichaean religion
(the tunic fortune-telling book). Manichaan hymns are
created under the influence of Buddhism. The sgncrc-
tism of Manichaean and Buddhist ideas and notions
reaches the level where Mani is identified with Buddha.
Manichaeism receives as well an impact of Christianity:
in the prayer addressed to "Mani-Angel (and) Buddha"
the word equivalent of "magel" means also "apostle."
Turkic Christian texts were influenced by shamanism
(the ritual formula of space description) and Man-
ichaeism which Included in its turn sore features of
normastrianism.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS OF ABU-
L-HASAN AL-MAWARDI (NEW TRENDS OF
STUDIES)
A.A. IGNATENKO
Works created by this eminent Moslem medieval lawyer.
expert on problems of the state, have been studied for a
long time by orientalists. Modern Islamists interpret the
heritage ofal-111awardi, this distinguished theorist of the
Islamic state-caliphate. as being purely theocratic con-
cept.
The notion of "Concord" (w~(/a) takes a key place in his
concept aimed at giving explanation to the existence and
functioning of society. This "concord" is necessary for
people to receive "sufficient matter of their life" in the
course of "development of the world" (imam). Human
society Is considered by the medieval theorist to be
innerly differenti;red: "unity in difference" is a.pre-
condition of "union" (IWiaf y of people performing var?
ion functions in the process of -development of the
world" (tillage. handicraft etc.) and therefore needing
one somber.
Mutual hostility inherent in people by nature requires
the existence of power to consolidate this union using the
"meligion" (din). AI-Mawardi reconsiders the notion of
"religion" interpreting it as any set of smiety-..rgniiing _______
nomis and rules, including even '?dialnnnesty" lku/r') if it
 C00042351
pesbrms the function of uniting people. Norms of the
*Vdigion" interpreted in this way are obligatory bob for
utlll*ts and the sovereign (wm/fk), the supreme ruler
t,P.t lw.i- to take mea n to ensure the community lik.
09Brick calls in wnnstion he authorship of dtrc
' fierittoa to soverewsa wd$.kthrrrth trca.isc wMrsr
,}wrrawauscript is kept in the National Library of Paris.
r :. 'Yaditionally attributed in a1-Mawardi.
~,rtOfuE OFSCALES OF TIME AND SPACE IN M(N7-
f.EU.ING OF HISTORICAL PROCESS
irOMERANTS
?wO
S
.
.
~ 'Rationality or irrationality of the history depends to a
considerable extent on the scale applied to it. This idea
was put forward in 1724 by F. Kant who noted the trend
to all-world political unification. F. Schlegel. leaning
upon the Indian experience. argued that there were no
planetary time. each great culture went the way than
revelation to rational constructions leading to a loss or
creative impulse and to a decline. The model by Kant. in
the final analysis. can be traced back to Augustus and
Jewish promise of Messiah. and the model by Schlegel-
to the Iado?Europan mythologem of four centuries
(golden, silver, copper and iron). These models are not
a usually excluding. Total historical movement has a
complex inner structure including a number of move-
ments. each of them being evident on a certain scale of
articulation of historical time and space. 'The article
distinguishes five scales of the time and the same
number of scales for the cultural space. On the super-
hrge sale of Indian mythology, the history in general is
an illusion and only eternity is real. On a global large
sale accumulated changes (growth of productive orecs.
of population. differentiation of society and intellect.
growing alienation, ecological tension etc.) are first and
foremost. A middle global scale discerns wave moor
ments, the "eternal return." the revival of archaic fea-
tures in the Middle Ages and of the classics in the
modern history. to Chinese historiography this is
expressed by an alternation of dynasties is and }nn. On
a middle local sole the most important are cycles of rise
and decline of various cultures. These movements, while
are different enough. can be considered as being
rorat. easily modelled. They are opposed to explosive
movements directed by a charismatic leader (M. Weber)
or a group or"passionaries" (I-N. Gumilyov). Here only
amhroponorphous sale is possible. There are no tea-
am to explain Mongolian conquests besides those inter
laced in Gengis Khan's personality. It is impossible to
*tacee what new "pussionary" (Hitler. Khomeini) will
titatratc all plans ofsoher-minded people. However. the
eaurse of tiase smoothes away traces of explosions and
as the logic of history is restored to its rights.
PI-I'm M-M
a
JPRS-U[A-PO-001
to January 190
Participants: N.A. IVANOV. M.F. VIDYASOVA. L.S.
VASIIEV. YU.G. ALEKSANDROV. A.D.
DiKARYOV. V.A. YASHKIN. A.V. AKIMOV
This RoumiTabk concerns problems ofdeve opment of
the economic history of the East in the USSR. The article
by *.M.' ifletrov "New Tasks of Ancient Science and
Some Materials for Study of Economic History of the
East" (111$9. No 2) pave rise to the present discussion.
The participants put the question: what is the reason of
wh a log in tle field (history of economy) which was
;j. baditionally considered by the asarxist science as a
piorily? A #umber of solutions is wanted. In the
authors' opinion. use or quantitative methods would
allow so reject some dogmas which aced a be reviewed.
e.g. the dogma of the ".robbery" of the East as a source of
primary capitalist accumulation. The economic back.
wardness or the East was, first of all. a result of the
son-ability of etatist economy to ensure the extended
reproduction, and not that of the "colonial robbery.-
A negative influence on the East. exerted by the West.
was rather that the East actively rejected all western
elements. becoming more and more archaic. However.
one should not consider that modernization of the
eastern economy is inevitably to lead to the death of
traditional structures, preindustrial civilization. The
study of economic history of the East would help under-
standing economic problems of the USSP
Remits orthe study of economic history could be applied
for forecasting trends in the following fields: global
problems, studies of economic growth and analysis of
precedents.
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS (UFO) IN
ANCIENT CHINA
The process of emancipation of thought in China in
19$0s is particularly impressive after the spiritual
vacuum of the epoch of "cultural revolution." The thirst
of the whole society for knowledge based on the eco-
nomic reforms. takes in a number of cases the form of
unofficial science. An example of such organisations is
the scientific societies of UFO fanciers with corre-
sponding periodicals as the revue "Fcidic Tansuo" .
("Studies of Flying Sauces"). The efforts by Chinese
scientists to read in ancient Chinese sources "historical
evidences" of UFO' existence are of particular interest
for Sinologists and experts in science of science. The
activities of adherents of this new scientific trend in
China demonstrate methodology and tasks of the Chi-
nese historical science in general.
The article considers a number of concrete modern
versions or interpretation of historical materials on
extraordinary flying phenomena. A number of works
criticiping the attempts to place a historical basis under
this problem, as a rule. does not dispute the main
modern cnarcept oft SRI asa pnxluct of alien-mind.-
40
 C00042351
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S' ?-f+..
'~fatody Aril i Arnki. Ieaatebtes,
lays aedakhiya vestochnoy litcrattay.
L'.
ILr1-?~gertt,rril
she~q ion or socialist orientation he note.
aplt. ss push or development is t welting dis-
f $cs is Oriental studies orb te. Debates that held
M Otis If Mem at the Oriental Studies Insulate nd
Attics laailate of the USSR Academy of Sciences a
wa ..bu.rartides published in the pages of the cos
MARODY AZII I AFRIKI. AZiYA I AFRIKA SE
?ODNYA god MIROVAYA EKONOMIKA I M
DUNAR DNYYE OTNOSHENIYA' confirnt he
topicality and undeveloped nature hese
Flip
The aoeessibie to researchers; and the opponu
onese f openly and honestly and to disgl
fretriee ferny tithe views on the i
~` 11'she developing countries that
path of development.
s leans Boi
l Io be seen that
:'he majority dike socialist'
of the USSR.
as the
e '' aieitdista and Was~fer
t- "~' saUdd d d
? ~ ~:~fli~ l(tttnt
"'~~~~Ie~rle er
mpweas
sayan
ore finally
y to express
in the press
aliened a need to
dircuh problems
RM
distanee IV reality. S Silence regarding real Problems
swd di tcs and an idealization or the of
ling socialism in national regions that arlier
hac& 'a -9. When ~aat-ions of the pies of
joftisas to taeae stsowMious in n to be
tin subires of the t. they
ell tttggr' iNti1 scientists and patty, en into a
a~.o.>