SOVIET RESEARCH ON RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

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• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0005310539
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• Original Classification: U
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• Document Creation Date: June 23, 2015
• Document Release Date: September 11, 2009
• Case Number: F-2008-01303
• Publication Date: November 9, 1959

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 68
(b)(1)
(b)(3)
SOVIET RESEARCH ON RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY?
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CIA/S1 45-59
9 November 1959
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20 NOV 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
APPROVED FOR
RELEASED DATE:
05-Sep-2009
CONIIDETIAL
So-02-1g2670,--
CONFIDENTIAL
Scientific Intelligence Report
SOVIET RESEARCH ON RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY
NOTICE
The conclusions, judgments, and opinions
contained in this finished intelligence report
are based on extensive scientific intelligence
research and represent the final and con-
sidered views of the Office of Scientific Intelli-
gence.
CIA/SI 45-59
9 November 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
ONFIDENTI
PREFACE
Research on radiological safety is important not only for
the protection of persons working immediately with radiation
and radioactive substances, but also for others who might either
accidentally or by intent be exposed to radiation. In radiologi-
cal safety, the primary objective is to prevent or minimize ex-
posure of workers and scientists to radiation. Soviet practices
in maintaining a radiological safety program have been very
lax in the past, a factor which contributed to serious overex-
posures to radiation. Although the chief subject of this study
is the research being carried out by the Soviets on radiological
safety, the related topics of current safety practices, radiation
disease therapy, and radiobiology are also reviewed.
Extensive background information, consisting of both classified
and unclassified publications, has been used in this study. In-
formation as of May 1959 has been included, but later material
has been considered.
111
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ... iii
PROBLEM 1
CONCLUSIONS 1
SUMMARY 1
DISCUSSION 2
Introduction 2
Maximum Permissible Dose 3
Administrative Controls and Regulations for Work with
Radiation 4
Protective and Detector Equipment 6
Dosimetry 7
Waste Disposal, Environmental Monitoring, and Fall-Out 7
Radiation Disease 7
Accidental Overexposures . . .... .. 7
Soviet Objectives 8
Clinical Aspects . . . . . . 8
Prophylaxis of Radiation Injury 9
Treatment of Radiation Disease .... 11
Radiobiology 13
General 13
Radiogenetics 13
Mechanism of Action of Radiation 14
Radiosensitivity and the Central Nervous System. 17
Immunological Response to Radiation 19
FIGURES
Following Page
1. Side View of Protective Clothing Worn by Worker When
Handling Radioactive Material at Moscow Physical In-
stitute ..... . . . . ..... 6
2. Front View of Same Worker 6
3. SG-42 Gamma-Radiometer with a Scintillation Counter 6
4. Radiation Counter 6
SOVIET RESEARCH ON RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY
PROBLEM
To assess the status of Soviet research and practice bear-
ing on radiological safety.
CONCLUSIONS
1. A large-scale, well-balanced program for
radiological safety is evident in the Soviet Un-
ion at the present time. This program is
based mainly on a close scrutiny of Western
research, and investigations are directed along
similar lines.
2. Many leading medical research institutes
are engaged in full- or part-time research on
various aspects of radiological safety, and sev-
eral hundred scientists are connected with the
program as research and administrative per-
sonnel. Control of radiological safety prac-
tices and related research is centralized in two
major organizational segments of the Min-
istry of Health, USSR.
3. The qualitative level of Soviet radiobio-
logical research related to radiological safety,
although mediocre at first, has shown marked
improvement since 1957, and is now more
consistent with the level of U.S. studies on
the mechanism of action of radiation, radio-
genetics, and the prophylaxis and treatment
of radiation disease. The chief difference be-
tween Soviet and Western investigations is in
the greater emphasis given by the Soviets to
the effects of radiation on the central nerv-
ous system.
4. The Soviets now subscribe to the inter-
nationally recommended levels of radiation
exposure, but Soviet safety practices with re-
spect to regulations, dosimetry, monitoring,
and radioactive waste disposal are less strict
than those of the West. The Soviets have
not permitted radiological safety practices to
delay priority objectives of their atomic energy
program.
5. Future lines of related radiobiological re-
search will rely on the physical sciences to a
greater extent. This change in emphasis
should enhance investigations on the effects
of radiation on sub-cellular particles, nucleic
acids, macromolecules, immunogenesis, and
cellular functions.
SUMMARY
The Soviets heretofore have not permitted
? overexposure to radiation to deter them from
carrying out research and development in
high-priority fields where radiation hazards
exist. Nevertheless, in the past 4 years the
Soviets have made great progress in raising
the level of radiological safety and in pursu-
ing medical research supportive to this end.
The Ministry of Health centrally controls
Soviet radiological safety practices and re-
lated radiobiological investigations through its
planning committee, through a Central Com-
mittee on Medical Radiology, and through the
occupational disease research institutes. Cur-
1
rently, the Soviets are subscribing officially to
the recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiation Protection. They
apparently are taking pains to enforce good
work safety practices within the USSR al-
though there is not yet available to the So-
viets a smooth-working, highly trained cadre
of health physics personnel. Several years will
be required to attain the level of safety prac-
tices existing in the West. The Soviets are
taking full advantage of openly published
Western radiobiological research and are now
emphasizing training in radiological safety.
Although the quantity of published Soviet
radiobiological research began to increase rap-
idly in 1955-56, its quality was mediocre until
1957-58 when some progress was made in im-
proving research quality and eliminating the
research lag. This improvement, based par-
tially on a close study of Western research,
has produced a fairly well-balanced program
of research along lines similar to those being
pursued in other countries. In radiobiology,
the Soviets have given up the attempt to re-
strict research to Pavlovian methodology and
are making progress in other areas such as
the mechanism of action of radiation. As re-
cently as early 1958, the Soviets probably were
2 to 3 years behind the West in many of their
studies on radiological safety and radiation
effects. Currently, however, this is a much
more difficult area to judge, and it is more
likely that the Soviets now stand in the posi-
tion of being well conversant with most West-
ern radiobiological research and able to carry
out work along similar lines with very little
delay.
Published Soviet research on radiation
shielding in the biological medical field has
been relatively sparse and not particularly im-
aginative. Soviet equipment useful in radio-
logical safety is often similar to or copied from
Western equipment. It is usually not "con-
sumer-designed" but is adequate. The more
recent trend has been to enforce stricter rules
and regulations in radioactive areas and to
follow Western practices as outlined at the
Geneva conferences and in other published
material. Increasing Soviet interest is being
shown in research on dosimetry, shielding,
monitoring programs, and waste disposal.
Biophysics has been relatively unimportant
in the USSR until recent decisions of the sci-
entific leaders emphasized the great need for a
large number of personnel adequately trained
in this subject. This is based on the realiza-
tion of the future importance of biophysics to
science. If this new emphasis properly inte-
grates biophysics with present lines of re-
search, the entire Soviet effort should improve
greatly. In particular, the Soviets may be
expected to increase their contributions in re-
search on subcellular particles, nucleic acids,
macromolecules and complexes, immunogen-
esis, and many cellular functions.
The Soviets have offered little new or useful
research in radiation disease prophylaxis and
treatment, and their work has been largely
repetitive of Western research. More recent
information indicates that relatively intense
effort is being put into finding chemical com-
pounds useful for prophylaxis against radia-
tion disease although little progress has been
made. The Soviets have insisted on the im-
portance of the central nervous system in the
pathogenesis of radiation injury, but much of
their evidence has not been confirmed in the
West. Nevertheless, they have succeeded in
demonstrating that the central nervous sys-
tem is more susceptible to the effects of radi-
ation than was previously supposed. The im-
portance of the central nervous system in the
mediation, regulation, and repair of radiation
damage cannot be fully assessed at this time,
but Soviet data suggest the need for further
study by Western investigators.
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
The Soviets have benefited greatly from
Western radiobiological research presented at
2
congresses and meetings. At these meetings,
the Soviets themselves have presented little
new worthwhile information either on re-
c,oNFIDENT/AL
search or on radiological safety practices. The
Soviets have participated increasingly in inter-
national conferences in this field, beginning
with the first Geneva Conference on Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy (1955) , which served
the useful purpose for the Soviets of empha-
sizing many of their research gaps. The year
1955 saw a marked upsurge in the quantity of
Soviet research material in the fields of radi-
obiology and radiological safety; and during
that year, at least two major Soviet confer-
ences were held on these subjects, possibly to
select material to present at Geneva. Taking
advantage of Western criticism as well as
Western information presented at Geneva in
1955, the Soviets embarked upon a major pro-
gram of expansion of training of qualified per-
sonnel. The Soviets made relatively respect-
able presentations and contributions during
1958 at the International Radiation Research
Congress held in Burlington and again at
Geneva, although no significant new data was
presented by them. In addition, they have
continued their stress on the central nervous
system effects of radiation.
An additional facet of Soviet participation
at international meetings and UN affairs has
been the marked penchant of the Soviets for
relating their present actions to political ob-
jectives. Thus, many Soviet public statements
at these and other meetings have been in-
tended primarily for this effect, and, partic-
ularly in technical material, the Soviets have
failed to substantiate many of their claims.1-7
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE
Officially, the USSR subscribes to a policy
of maximum permissible radiation exposure
which is at least as low as that of the United
States. This official attitude has always been
promulgated by the Soviets. Yet, before 1958,
the Soviets were quite lax in application of
rigid radiation health standards in their nu-
clear 'energy research and operations. They
relied on practices unacceptable to the West,
and their provisions for personnel protection
in one of their atomic power plants in 1956
were completely inadequate by U.S. standards.
Furthermore, the past record of radiation ex-
posure to personnel puts the Soviets in a very
unfavorable light when compared with the
U.S. exposure records. Starting some time in
1958, the Soviets have made greater efforts to
enforce rigid radiation health standards, and
the present official Soviet attitude is that per-
sonnel protection is to be considered of para-
mount importance. This attitude is being en-
forced by placing health physics or radiation
safety personnel (usually medical personnel)
in charge of persons working directly with
radiation. This change from former practice
has resulted in many complaints by So-
viet physicists, chemists, and other research
workers, voiced particularly at the 1958 Ge-
neva conference, to the effect that stringent
radiation safety procedures were hampering
the nuclear energy program. These regula-
tions are no more stringent than those in
effect in the United States, so it is unlikely
that Soviet atomic energy development will be
hindered. It seems probable that the Soviets
are now making a real effort to comply with
the recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP).
The thinking of the world scientific com-
munity has undergone a gradual evolution so
that officially acceptable maximum permis-
sible doses have been revised downward con-
tinually since about 1953. Currently, most
available printed material on the maximum
permissible dose still lists 0.3 roentgen (r) per
week as the upper acceptable dose limit.
Further, most radiological health units in the
United States and in the USSR are still geared
to work at the level of 0.3 r per week. Despite
this, most Soviets in responsible positions real-
ize, as do Western investigators, that the 1958
recommendations of the ICRP will eventually
be accepted as the official dose limit for the
countries involved in major uses of nuclear
energy.
The latest ICRP recommendations may
be summarized as follows: First, the idea
of a weekly maximum permissible dose has
been dropped in favor of the formula, D = 5
(N-18) , where D is the tissue dose in rem,*
and N is the age in years. For a person who
is occupationally exposed at a constant rate
from age 18 years, the formula implies a max-
* rem = roentgen equivalent mammalian.
?IDENTIAL 3
CONFIDENTIAL
imum weekly dose of 0.1 rem. The Commission
recommended that this value of 0.1 rem per
week be used as the maximum value for pur-
poses of planning and design. Within the
limitations of the above formula, an occupa-
tionally exposed person may accumulate the
maximum permissible dose at a rate not in
excess of 3 rem during any 13 consecutive
weeks although this 3 rem may be received as
a single dose. The Commission further rec-
ommended that an accidental high exposure
of 25 rem or less occurring only once in a life-
time need not disqualify a person from con-
tinuing occupation in this field. Doses higher
than 25 rem are to be regarded as potentially
serious and referred to competent medical
authorities for appropriate remedial action
and recommendations on subsequent occupa-
tional employment. The Commission recom-
mended that for planned emergency expo-
sures* the individual should not receive doses
higher than one half the accidental dose of
25 rem stipulated above and subject to the
same qualifications. Women of reproductive
age shall not be included in planned emer-
gency exposure. All the above figures are for
total body exposures and further recommen-
dations are available for limited exposures of
various portions of the body.
A group of biologists and geneticists within
the Soviet Union is trying to have the official
Soviet maximum permissible dose set as low
as twice natural background. This is a prac-
tically unworkable suggestion from the stand-
point of enforcement, measurement, and phys-
ical management. A further stipulation of
the Soviets is that no pregnant woman is per-
mitted to work where there is any chance of
exposure to radiation.8-28
Soviet listings of maximum permissible con-
centrations (MPC) of the various radioiso-
topes in the body, in water, and in air are
essentially similar to those of the Western
countries, with a few unimportant exceptions.
16 20-22 25
* Planned emergency exposure is a term used to
denote the planning of action for potential or an-
ticipated emergencies, with emphasis on designat-
ing persons who may have to be subjected to doses
up to 25 rem.
4
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND REGULA-
TIONS FOR WORK WITH RADIATION
In the past, the Soviets have relied rather
extensively on simple administrative and se-
curity control where there is a radiation haz-
ard. This practice has often been noted by
visitors to be rather inadequate. More re-
cently, the Soviets are augmenting these pro-
cedures and following U.S. practices in this
field.
The Soviets, despite their statements and
avowals to the contrary, have had a history
of poor control in radiological safety, as evi-
denced by statements of persons from other
countries observing Soviet practices and by
admissions of the Soviets themselves in their
various meetings and self-criticism in publi-
cations. This poor safety record has been a
result of their emphasis on priority develop-
ment of the atomic energy industry and a lack
of personnel trained in radiation hygiene pro-
cedures. The Soviets recognize this fully and
in the past year have begun to take serious
measures to overcome this handicap. This
includes establishing departments of radiation
hygiene in various medical institutes as well
as the planning for a new institute called the
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Radi-
ology which is to be built in 1959 near Moscow.
Another related facility is the new Institute
of Radiation and Physico-Chemical Biology,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, with V. A. Engel'-
ga,rdt as acting director. The first institute
is in charge of all Soviet health physics, do-
simetry training, and research planning for
these fields. The second institute is to em-
phasize research on radiation genetics and the
mechanism of action of radiation. Eventually
the additions of training programs and in-
crease in personnel will certainly be felt in the
management and enforcement of safe radia-
tion procedures. Apparently the primary re-
sponsibility for radiation safety codes of prac-
tice in the USSR rests with A. A. Letavet, head
of the Scientific Research Institute for Labor
Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Ministry
of Health, Moscow.14 In addition, F. G. Krot-
kov is in charge of the Central Committee on
Medical Radiology of the Ministry of Health.
This Central Committee is a powerful coun-
terpart of the U.S. National Commission on
Radiation Protection (NCRP). This Com-
mittee, Letavet, and the Institutes mentioned
are the chief arbiters of Soviet practice in
radiological safety. Supportive research is
conducted by a large number of investigators
in many research institutes. (See appendices
A and B.) 8 12 14 15 18 25 26 29-53
An excellent summary of the Soviet current
official position on radiological safety and on
the necessary research to be done in this field
has been given by F. G. Krotkov."
With the development of the atomic in-
dustry and the adaptation of radioactive ele-
ments into different branches of the nation-
al economy, science, engineering, medicine,
and biology, the number of people subjected
to a steady radiation grows from year to
year. At the same time the radioactive con-
tamination of the outer medium or environ-
ment can increase, as a result of which the
population of large cities and of industrial
centers and to a smaller extent of farm
areas can be subjected to chronic radiation
with small doses. , Atomic and hydrogen
bomb tests play a role in the variation of
the natural background of radiation deter-
mined by cosmic radiation and the presence
of radioactive elements in the earth's
crust . . .
Recently local increases in the natural
background have been observed. This cir-
cumstance cannot but cause a sense of
alarm on the part of hygienists, inasmuch
as an increase in the natural background is
an immutable proof of radioactive contam-
ination of the outer medium.
The danger of biological action of ioniza-
tion of radiation is not only in somatic
changes but also in genetic action . . . The
problem of genetic norms of radiation is,
in our days, truly a problem of world signifi-
cance. Unfortunately, it is necessary to
state that we do not possess faultless data
for a strict scientific substantiation of ge-
netically allowable doses for radiation. This
is indicated by the report of a group of
eminent specialists recently published by
the World Health Organization . . .
It is difficult as yet to speak about the
real extent of danger for humanity and its
posterity from changes in the natural back-
ground . . . The experimental path for the
solution of this problem is difficult and com-
plex because it requires prolonged observa-
tions on a large number of laboratory ani-
mals with subsequent statistical processing
of the resulting data. As regards the ob-
servations on people, a very long period of
time is required for scientifically substan-
tiated conclusions and generalization . . .
Protection against radioactive contami-
nation of the outer medium assumes special
hygienic significance. Inasmuch as the
problem of the allowable concentrations of
radioactive substances in the outer medium
cannot be considered as finally solved it is
necessary to strive that radioactive impuri-
ties from reactors and other objects of the
atomic industry should not enter into the
atmospheric air, water and soil. Radioac-
tive wastes which unavoidably form in reac-
tors and in establishments of the radio-
chemical industry should be collected, stored
and removed in such a manner that there
would be no contamination of the outer me-
dium. . .
The task of the organs of sanitary control
includes the fulfillment of sanitary control
of the elimination, storage, and decontam-
ination of radioactive wastes. As a result
of the rather incomplete review of the state
and prospects of the development of radia-
tion hygiene of this new scientific discipline
which was brought to light by the scientific
progress of the times, one can separate as
the primary tasks the following: I) system-
atic observation of the state of the natural
background and of its changes as a result
of the radioactive contamination of the
outer medium on account of the peaceful
utilization of atomic energy and tests of nu-
clear weapons; 2) fulfillment of strict san-
itary control of the entry of radioactive im-
purities into the atmospheric air, soil and
water in order to detect the causes of the
radioactive contamination of the outer me-
dium and their elimination, if it is a matter
of controllable sources of radioactivity; 3)
IAL 5
CONFIDENTIAL
systematic investigations of foodstuffs, par-
ticularly milk and milk products, fish and
canned fish, for the content of radioactive
substances in general and radiostrontium
(Sr90) in particular; 4) participation of
hygienists in the development of norms: i.e.,
in establishing allowable concentrations of
radioactive substances in the air, water and
foodstuffs; 5) solution of problems of de-
activation of water in case of radioactive
contamination of water reservoirs; 6) par-
ticipation in the solution of the problem of
elimination and decontamination of radio-
active wastes, gaseous, liquid and solid; 7)
participation in the development of legisla-
tion oriented toward the protection of the
population from prolonged action of ioniz-
ing radiation as a result of the fallout of
the radioactive precipitation, and radioac-
tive contamination of the outer medium;
8) scientific practical solution of problems of
utilization of radioactive isotopes in the
solution of hygienic tasks.
The Main State Sanitary Inspection of the
USSR; the Main Administration of the Militia
of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the
USSR; the Division of Labor Protection of
the All-Union Central Council of Trade Un-
ions, USSR; and the Ministry of Health, USSR
are all intimately concerned with standards
for radiological safety.53
The standards for arrangement, installa-
tion, and use of X-ray equipment in the USSR
have been published by the Ministry of Health
and are very similar to Western standards.15
For people working with isotopes and other
types of radiation, the rules are quite similar
to Western rules, one exception being that all
persons working with radioactive substances
must undergo special courses of training pre-
scribed for protection against radiation; in-
struction is supposed to be repeated every six
months. All new workers before being ac-
cepted must pass a medical examination
which is repeated twice a year with a com-
plete blood analysis each time. In addition,
Soviet testing procedures here include a neu-
rological examination as a routine part of
the medical examination. The criteria of the
blood examination are quite specific for an
6
acceptable return to work. These are: a min-
imum of 60 percent hemoglobin, 3.5 million
red blood cells and 5,000 white cells per cubic
millimeter. Also, the examination must not
disclose disturbances of the endocrine system,
or any neurological abnormalities.
Rules and regulations have also been pub-
lished on levels of radiation for transportation
of radioisotopes in the USSR, for working con-
ditions with radioisotopes and for radioisotope
laboratories, "hot" laboratories, industrial es-
tablishments and other institutes and research
establishments using radiation. These stand-
ards are practically identical to those of the
West.53
PROTECTIVE AND DETECTOR EQUIPMENT
The Soviets have developed an excellent
total-coverage plastic suit for persons entering
highly contaminated areas. These ventilated
suits, called pneumo-suit LG-1 or pneumo-
suit LG-2, are useful for protection against
widespread surface and atmospheric contam-
ination. The suit consists of three basic parts:
thin overalls of a special design, a light trans-
parent helmet, and an air supply (a hose with
either movable or stationary ventilator). A
"Lepestok" respirator is provided for use in
cases where only the respiratory passages need
protection. This Lepestok portable respirator
weighs only 10 grams and is said to be 99.9
percent effective. Western observers have felt
that, in general, the Soviet devices, equipment,
and techniques for handling isotopes and ra-
diation, ventilation procedures and equip-
ment, air lock devices, safety interlocks, alarm
systems, dosimetry systems, and integrating
dosimeters have only recently become avail-
able and are still relatively crude in compari-
son with similar Western items. Nevertheless,
they seem to be readily available now and will
lead to a relatively adequate protection effort.
The Soviets have spent much time in devising
good equipment for the removal of radioactive
particles from laboratory and industrial en-
vironments as well as from atomic plant gas-
eous effluents. A healthy sign of Soviet prog-
ress in the field of radiological safety is the
emphasis on inspection by their own personnel
of the actual operating practices in all types
FIGURE 1. Side view of protective clothing worn by worker when
handling radioactive material at Moscow Physical Institute.
FIGURE 2. Front view of same worker. Note helmet.
FIGURE 3. SG-42 Gamma-Radiometer with a
Scintillation Counter:
1 ? case with counter; 2 ? control panel
3? battery supply.
FIGURE 4. Radiation Counter.
of industrial and research establishments
using radiation.
The Soviets now have large numbers of
various types of instruments for detection,
dosimetry, and irradiation. These will not be
described in detail since descriptions are
easily available and since they match or sub-
stitute for equivalent Western items. The
instruments include integrating dosimeters,
neutron detectors, alpha-beta-gamma dosime-
ters and detectors, pencil dosimeters, film
badges, various types of X- and gamma-roent-
genometers, and microroentgenometers, many
types of X-ray equipment, cobalt irradiation
equipment (so-called cobalt-bombs) and quite
recently teletherapy units for cobalt-60, neu-
tron sources, cyclotrons, betatrons, and other
much more sophisticated equipment, the lat-
ter being most useful for purposes other than
medical and radiation safety investigation.
Although the Soviets occasionally import ther-
apeutic radiation machines, they have ade-
quate production of their own equipment, and
supply machines to other Soy Bloc countries.
This high production capability also applies
to radioisotopes, which the Soviets freely ex-
port. The Soviets have generally followed the
West in shielding research and practice. They
are well aware of the current types of shield-
ing involving concrete, lead and other metals,
multiple interfaces or layers of metals, and
boron-impregnated materials which are par-
ticularly useful for neutron protection. While
they have published on future developments
such as nuclear aircraft, their shielding re-
search tends to be conventional, and no major
developments seem to be underway at present.
34 56 57 59 71 72 80-82 86 87 93 96 100 101 106
DOSIMETRY
Only a very few of the top Soviet scientists
are particularly capable in this aspect of ra-
diological safety. Much of the published ma-
terial, even as recently as 1958, still reflects
some major misconceptions with respect to
dosimetry. Only those persons who have a
good physics background seem to have the
complete grasp of the principles necessary for
good dosimetry. However, one of the results
of the 21st Party Congress has been the deci-
sion that physicists must contribute to biology
and provide adequate support in biophysics
and especially in such fields as radiological
physics which may lead to better practices in
dosimetry. The better Soviet work on dosim-
etry has followed consistently the lead of
Western scientists, particularly British and
American. No new ideas have been advanced
by the Soviets in this field.1 14 29 35 48 53-116
WASTE DISPOSAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING, AND FALL-OUT
Despite the Soviet public over-emphasis on
the dangers of waste disposal and fall-out ex-
pressed at the Pugwash Conferences, UN Meet-
ings, and in the Soviet press and radio, most
responsible Soviet scientists readily admit pri-
vately that the stand of the UN Scientific
Committee on Radiation places fall-out and
waste disposal in the proper perspective. So-
viet published literature and participation at
the various international scientific meetings
reveal extensive research in the fields of waste
disposal, methods of waste disposal, environ-
mental monitoring of particulate and other
effluents, aerial sampling techniques and the
usual ground or soil, water, flora and fauna
sampling techniques. Soviet data are now
available on fall-out statistics for strontium-
90 at many locations within the USSR, as well
as on activities of isotopes in various soil,
water, and biological samples. In addition,
the Soviets indicate they are conducting rela-
tively detailed studies of environmental radi-
ation backgrounds, including fall-out, as well
as contamination by atomic energy installa-
tions. Hydrobiological research is underway
to evaluate concentrations of radioisotopes
from waters and reservoir's by various food
chains, plants, and microscopic aquatic organ-
isms. Few data have been published by the
Soviets on the higher food chains in such an-
imals as sheep and cattle.24 76 117-181
RADIATION DISEASE
Accidental Overexposures
An important part of the medical radio-
logical safety effort has been and continues
to be channeled into finding methods, usually
chemical, for treating radiation disease, or for
preventing the development of radiation dis-
ease after exposure to radiation. While the
primary effort in radiological safety should be
directed toward prevention of any exposure to
radiation, the practical necessities require that
the physician be prepared to treat persons ex-
posed to various levels of radiation. The Uni-
ted States in initiating its atomic energy in-
dustry laid down various stringent practi-
cable, working rules for handling radiation
and radioactive materials. The consequence
of this has been that since 1945 up through
July 1956 there was a total of 16 radiation
accidents in the United States in the atomic
energy industry with 59 people overexposed,
including two deaths. Since that time, there
have been at least two accidents in which six
people have been overexposed and one of these
has died. For the period from 1 August 1945
to July 1956, the accident rate in the atomic
industry was about half the general industry
accident rate. For the 9 years ending 1 De-
cember 1955, of 200,000 employees, 99.4 per-
cent received less than 5 rem per year (this
5 rem per year is the most recent ? 1958 ?
level suggested by the ICRP as being a safe
maximum permissible dose) and only 0.01 per-
cent or 19 people out of the 200,000 received
over 15 rem per year.182
The above data contrast strongly with So-
viet experience in the same field. Excluding
estimates of thousands of probable casualties
resulting from atomic disasters and accidents
with atomic weapons which have occurred in
the USSR, over one thousand cases of over-
exposure of Soviet workers have been reported
in published Soviet literature through 1958.
This figure (about 1,040) may include some
duplication, since the Soviets are very careful
to omit any reference to patients' identities,
place of exposure, amount and type of expo-
sure, total dose, type of radiation, and out-
come of therapeutic procedures. The Soviets
give only the types of therapy used and gen-
erally indicate that treatment was "success-
ful." Apparently, since about 1957, such
overexposures are no longer prevalent in the
USSR. In fact, one Soviet physician traveling
in the United States felt called upon to make
just such a comment." 182-198
8
Soviet Objectives
Soviet objectives with respect to radiation
disease are: to provide substances for the pre-
vention and therapy of radiation injury; to
study the pathogenesis of radiation sickness
and to relate changes of immunological proc-
esses to pathogenesis; to determine the carcin-
ogenic role of ionizing radiation in tumor de-
velopment; to intensify work in radiation ge-
netics and the biophysical aspects of radiation
biology; and to apply radiobiology to an un-
derstanding of fundamental problems of liv-
ing systems. Because the Soviets have tried
so many therapeutic substances for radiation
disease on an empirical basis, it is difficult to
separate out therapeutic practices from actual
clinical research on therapy and prophylaxis
of radiation injury. For this reason, we shall
consider clinical and laboratory research.
Clinical Aspects
It is well known that whole-body irradiation
with X- or gamma-rays can cause radiation
sickness and that this can occur in acute or
chronic forms, depending upon exposure. Less
emphasized are the facts that radiation disease
can result from internal or external exposure
to alpha or beta rays, from exposure of limited
body areas to heavy doses of radiation, or from
chronic exposure to lower doses of radiation.
Further confusion exists from the failure to
differentiate between somatic and genetic
effects or to realize that each of these has a
short- and a long-term component. The short-
term somatic effect of radiation is that clini-
cal entity known as radiation disease, which
shows up in various forms depending upon
dosage, dose rate and physical condition of the
recipient. The short-term genetic effect may
consist either of sterility or production of
badly damaged but still viable germ cells. The
long-term somatic effect may show up in any
of several ways, one example being the pro-
duction of leukemia or the production of a
bone tumor from deposited isotopes such as
strontium or radium. The long-term genetic
effect may be the production of an hereditary
deficiency or derangement which may lead
either to damage or death in future genera-
CONFIDENTIAL
tions. These are illustrations of the various
possibilities and may help to clarify the vari-
ous effects of radiation.
The Soviets have described a large number
of clinical cases of radiation disease and thus
have had sufficient experience with it and
sufficient knowledge of Western literature on
the subject that they are familiar with the
general clinical picture, course and pathology
of the disease. The Soviets usually classify
radiation disease into four clinical stages: (1)
increased functional activity, (2) a latent
period in which the stimulation of the first
stage is counteracted by, (3) the dystrophic
(degenerative) processes, and (4) recovery.
Soviet opinion remains divided on the utility
of this classification. It seems characteristic
of the Soviets that they consider the time be-
tween actual irradiation and onset of symp-
toms as a time in which the central nervous
system is being stimulated to produce the
subsequent pathological changes in various
tissues.
One of the most publicized and character-
istic aspects of Soviet work in this field is
that of persistent emphasis on the central
nervous system (CNS) effects of radiation.
While some of the early work published by
the Soviets lacked either necessary data or
statistical significance, and while the Soviets
even as recently as 1958 continued to make
public some indefensible statements and
claims concerning the role of the central nerv-
ous system in radiation disease, recent Soviet
work seems to demonstrate conclusively that
there are CNS effects at levels far below those
widely quoted in Western literature in the
past. Further support for this type of effect
has been forthcoming from recent U.S. and
Western research. It is interesting that dur-
ing the last few years the tenor of many. Rus-
sian papers dealing with this problem has
changed. It apparently is no longer neces-
sary to relate all physiological research to
Pavlovian "nervism" and allusions to the lat-
ter are made much less frequently in connec-
tion with experiments with radiation path-
ology than heretofore. Nonetheless, much
effort continues to be devoted to clarifying
the role of the CNS in radiation disease.
As is true with most of their medical re-
search, the best Soviet work has been done
in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev in a few in-
stitutes such as the Institute of Biophysics of
the Academy of Sciences, the Department of
Biophysics of Moscow State University, the
several institutes of roentgenology, radiology
and oncology, the institutes of labor hygiene
and occupational diseases, the oncological re-
search institutes and institutes of hematology
and blood transfusion. As a matter of fact,
the latter type of institute has historically
played a very important role in the Soviet
clinical treatment program for those persons
overexposed to radiation. These institutes,
particularly the Moscow institute under A. A.
Bagdasarov, were used as the central points
for treatment of all Soviet cases of overex-
posure to radiation. One of the primary rea-
sons for this centralization of treatment was
the fact that this institute was the best
equipped in the entire Soviet Union to provide
the complex necessities required in treating
radiation disease. In the last two years or
so, there has been a gradual decentralization
of treatment into other institutes which are
properly equipped and supplied for such ther-
apy. These institutes probably include a few
of the military medical institutions.
Prophylaxis of Radiation Injury
Several attempts have been made to show
a protective effect by giving less than lethal
doses of radiation before irradiation with
either lethal or sub-lethal doses. For exam-
ple, the Soviets have given dogs doses of 3.3,
3.6, 6.6, and 7.3 millimicrocuries of cobalt-60
per kg. body weight. This pretreatment
seemed to protect some dogs from absolute
lethal doses of X-ray; the investigator postu-
lated an immune reaction effect. This work
is interesting and should be pursued further
since the data must be considered preliminary.
Other studies on the use of irradiation to pro-
tect against subsequent irradiation have
given equivocal results. While several Soviet
investigators have claimed a stimulating
effect from low doses of radiation, the gen-
eral tendency in the USSR and in the West
is to consider that all radiation produces ad-
verse effects and that there is no adaptation
CONFIDENTIAL 9
to radiation. It is now recognized in the West
that research of this type must be carried out
under rather rigorously pre-determined con-
ditions and the criteria for prophylactic effect
must lend themselves to reproducible study.
The Soviets have not yet reached this point
in their published research on prophylactic
agents and this inadequacy is compounded by
their shortcomings in statistical control and
analysis of experiments. Only in 1958 and
1959 have the Soviets evinced interest in the
need for such control and for uniformly re-
producible experiments. Thus, to a large ex-
tent the research discussed below is less
meaningful than it should be, because the
criteria of prophylactic effect are sometimes
influenced by the investigator's failure to pro-
vide adequate control studies."9-2"
For general body prophylactic protection
against irradiation, the Soviets have investi-
gated such ideas as the state of nutrition
prior to irradiation, the general physical con-
dition of the test subject, hypoxia, hypother-
mia and a long list of various chemical sub-
stances which have been tried, usually on an
empirical basis. The pre-irradiation use of
blood or blood products as well as shielding
of various portions of the body have also been
studied. Hypoxia produced by lowered baro-
metric pressure, by chemicals such as cyanide
or by shifting the composition of inhaled air,
or by hypothermia, and even by natural hi-
bernation, has been demonstrated to prolong
the life span of irradiated animals if it occurs
before irradiation. However, claims concern-
ing the absolute protective effect, that is, a
decrease in overall mortality rate, have been
much less well-substantiated. These prophy-
lactic techniques, if given after irradiation,
almost uniformly worsen the radiation effect.
Shielding of various portions of the body has
often produced a good measure of protection
against irradiation. This technique has shown
that the body increases its production of
erythropoietin which stimulates the produc-
tion of red blood cells and may prevent post-
irradiation anemia. So far, this technique
has not proved particularly useful clinically
in radiation disease. The use of blood or blood
products such as packed erythrocytes, throm-
bocytes or white blood cells has been claimed
to produce beneficial results but the data are
insufficient to substantiate this claim. Some
Soviets have suggested that ethanol offers
protection against radiation, however, others
have found, as have Western investigators,
that ethanol actually increases the ill effects
of radiation. The general consensus of the
Soviets is that some anesthetics and narcotics,
if given before irradiation, may have some
protective effect, particularly nembutal, amy-
tal and ether. If given afterward, these
agents did not offer protection or therapy,
but seemed to worsen the damage. Soviet
investigators indicate that hedonal, urethan,
and phenamine probably do not offer a pro-
tective effect at any time. Morphine, nem-
butal and ether may provide some degree of
prophylaxis. This effect is assumed to be at
least partially an hypoxic one. Novocain
has also been claimed to show a significant
prophylactic action.
About eighty substances have been reported
by the Soviets to have some prophylactic ef-
fect against irradiation. These are listed in
appendix C. Of all these substances proba-
bly the most effective has been cysteineamine
(also known in the USSR as mercamine, be-
captan, or betamercaptoethylamine). How-
ever, certain Soviet studies have shown that
quite possibly this compound produces tu-
mors in mammals. Many other compounds
have been tested and found to be unsatisfac-
tory. Current Soviet testing, particularly un-
der N. V. Luchnik and S. Ya. Arbuzov, repre-
sents a major screening program for com-
pounds providing a protective effect. Luch-
nik and his co-workers seem to have reason-
able and reproducible experimental tech-
niques for determining the protective effect
of compounds upon irradiation damage.
Luchnik has suggested that his data show
there are different mortality peaks which vary
according to the radiation dose and which
apparently reflect death from different causes.
He believes that different protective agents
which act on these separate causes of death
may change the mortality peak. This is con-
sistent with U.S. views regarding the three
major types of radiation death: the gastroin-
testinal, the hematological, and the CNS
deaths. Protection of the skin from radia-
10 CONFIDENTIAL
tion damage has received considerable atten-
tion both here and in the USSR, because it
is of such importance to the therapeutic uses
of radiation. Some Soviets have claimed
good skin protection with such agents as
stickleback fat, decomposed butter, fish oils,
vitamin-containing ointments, methionine
ointment, naphthalan oil, plasters, Shostakov-
skiy balm, aloe emulsion, tezan emulsion,
methylated derivatives of certain fatty acids,
novocain block, and tissue therapy a la Fila-
tov.* Their Ointment No. 2 is an aloe emul-
sion and the Ointment No. 4?U is methylated
linolenic acid. Of these, the aloe and tezan
emulsion offered some protection, the latter
being somewhat better, especially if used re-
peatedly before every exposure to radiation.
The newer work on methylated derivatives of
fatty acids is promising but only preliminary.
8 202-232
Soviet research on prophylaxis for in-
ternally deposited radioisotopes is practically
nonexistent. Some attention has been di-
rected toward the therapeutic removal of
radioisotopes and toward good working rules
and habits in preventing deposition of
isotopes.
Treatment of Radiation Disease
Despite press and radio claims of successes
in treating radiation disease, Soviet scientific
descriptions of the treatments reveal that they
follow Western suggestions for therapy, with
more emphasis on blood transfusions. The
Soviets, although emphasizing immediately
practical therapeutic and prophylactic meas-
ures using chemical compounds, are aware
that the long-term approach to a rational
therapy or prevention of radiation disease is
through detailed knowledge of the mechanism
of action of radiation. Thus, the Soviets pub-
lish actively in both these fields and keep
abreast of Western developments.
* Tissue therapy was originated in 1933 by Aca-
demician V. P. Filatov who died in 1956. Tissue
therapy is based on the therapeutic application of
tissue kept in a state of "survival." These are con-
ditions of a delayed and lowered vitality. The idea
of the therapeutic properties of these stored tissues
suggested itself in Filatov's work on corneal opac-
ities. The acual therapeutic value of this entire
method has never been adequately documented.
Soviet work on the therapeutic removal of
radioisotopes from the body has been rela-
tively scanty and only recently have articles
begun to be published on some of the newer
methods of therapy such as chelating agents.
The investigators responsible for most of this
current activity are those in the Moscow In-
stitute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases under A. A. Letavet, Ye. B. Kurl-
yandskaya and Yu. I. Moskalev. Much of
this material is repetitive of research that
has appeared previously in the West. The
compounds investigated include ethylene-
diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), hydroxyapa-
tite with disodium phosphate, hexametaphos-
phate (this compound is extremely toxic),
sulfosalicylic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid eu-
phylline (theophyllinethylenediamine), ortho-
phenylenediamine, yatren (5-sulfonic-7-oxy-
quinoline), cincophen and some miscellane-
ous materials such as parathyroid hormone
and liver extract. Some of the compounds
mentioned recently in U.S. literature seem
not to have been investigated as yet by the
Soviets; these include rhodizonic acid, DTPA
(diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) and
BAETA (2, 2'-bis- [di- (carboxymethyl) amino-
diethyl ether]) .233-240
Other therapeutic measures against radia-
tion disease include the following:
a) hygienic supportive measures such as
rest, graded exercise, fresh air, high-quality
and high-calorie diet, or if necessary, paren-
teral diet, and vitamins such as thiamine,
riboflavin, pyridoxal, niacin, cobalamine,
citrin, rutin, vitamins C and K, and para-
aminobenzoic acid. Citrin and rutin (not
considered vitamins in the West) are sug-
gested by the Soviets as blood capillary
strengthening "vitamins."
b) for replacement of blood loss or for
anemia or other types of blood destruction
the Soviets have investigated whole blood,
blood serum, polyglukin, sinkol', polyvinyl-
pyrrolidone, and parenteral solutions such as
TsOLIPK-5, and LIPK-43, hydrolysin (L-
103), aminopeptide-2, such blood products as
red cell mass, white cell mass, and throm-
bocyte mass, hemoglobin preparations of vari-
ous sorts, "colloidal infusion," bone marrow,
NTIAL 11
CON LuENT
cobalt ion and calcium ion and properdin, as
well as the cattle blood products BK-8, LSB,
and ACS. The latter two have been with-
drawn from production and distribution. The
BK-8 is a product prepared by V. A. Belitser
and K. I. Kotkova. Another Soviet study in-
dicated that use of packed red cells or blood
transfusions is not desirable, and in fact may
be dangerous from the 5th through the 15th
day of radiation disease. Other substances
found useful for anemia include iron prepara-
tions, liver preparations, kampolon, anti-
a,nemin, niacin, cobalamine, pyridoxal, vita-
min C, folic acid, hepatocrine. Therapy for
the leukocytopenia, or decrease in white cells,
resulting from radiation disease, has been the
subject of much Soviet study with various
conflicting results. Some Soviets suggest that
bone marrow stimulants such as pentoxyl,
sodium nucleinate, metacyl, leucogen and
tezan-25 are not useful after the irradiation.
U.S. workers have not had good results with
this type of agent. Others suggest that these
agents should be used immediately, while
most of the Soviets suggest that the agents
should be used later when the marrow is able
to respond to stimulation. In addition the
Soviets have used liver preparations, vita-
mins, and the tissue therapy method of Fila-
tov with such preserved tissues as skin, um-
bilical cord, and eye, and have claimed bene-
ficial therapeutic effects not only for the
leukocytopenia but also for the general body
response.
c) control of infections and toxemias is ac-
complished by means of antibiotics, tissue
therapy, properdin and, where necessary, anti-
toxins and vaccines. Some Soviets have sug-
gested that penicillin, biomycin (chlortetra-
cycline or aureomycin), levomycetin (D-
chloramphenicol) , streptomycin, and ekmo-
line (a triprotamine fish tissue extract) have
useful properties in treating infections dur-
ing the period of radiation disease. However,
more recently some Soviets reported that bio-
mycin may be toxic after irradiation and that
streptomycin is probably the most useful
single broad-spectrum antibiotic, with peni-
cillin next best. U.S. data indicate that strep-
tomycin is best, and that? chlortetracycline
and terramycin (oxytetracycline) are some-
12
what helpful particularly if given with strep-
tomycin. Other U.S. data indicate that peni-
cillin, neomycin, polymyxin and certain other
antibiotics are not useful in radiation disease.
d) management of radiation-induced nau-
sea and vomiting has been investigated using
bromides, diphenhydramine, urotropin, cys-
teineamine, cysteineamine salicylate, cys-
teineamine chloride, menthol, valerian, novo-
cain, camphor, sodium hyposulfite, dimedrol,
caffein, barbiturates, arninazine (chloropro-
mazine). Some Soviet data have suggested
that anesthetics of various sorts, novocain,
hypothermia, barbiturates, ethanol, and other
narcotics and CNS depressants will aggravate
radiation disease.
e) repair and prevention of skin damage
has been attempted with aloe emulsions,
stickleback oil, fish oils, vitamins, methionine
ointment, tissue therapy, Shostakovskiy balm,
novocain block, tezan-25 ointment, fibrin film,
penicillin ointments, and ointments of the
methyl esters of such fatty acids as oleic,
linoleic, and linolenic, the latter preparations
being called linol and linolen.* Apparently
the most effective of these are the linolen oint-
ment and the methionine ointment.
f) supportive therapeutic substances have
included zymosan, yeast extracts, hormones,
such as synesterol, diethylstilbestrol, somato-
tropic hormone, adrenotropic hormone, cal-
cium ion, calcium gluconate, sodium hyposul-
fate, sodium chlorophyllin, yeast, tissue ther-
apy, calcium glycerophosphate, caffein, am-
phetamine, phytin, phosphren, lipocerebrin,
pantocrine (powdered reindeer horn), gin-
seng and ginseng extracts, extracts of Schiz-
andra chinensis, plus hyaluronic acid-protein
complexes prepared from the lens of the bo-
vine eyeball. A few others have been sug-
gested as having some therapeutic effect but
this has not been shown adequately. These
include metrazol, phenatine (benzedrine plus
niacin) , strychnine, adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) , cervical vagosympathetic novocain
block, glycogen and insulin, casein, saccha-
rose, and many parenteral solutions.8 27 189 195
202 204 205 208 213-215 219 222-224 226-232 241-287
* Linolen is the methyl ester of linoleic acid and
linol is a mixture of the methyl esters of oleic and
linoleic acids.
General comments concerning the above
research seem appropriate here. First, the
Soviet tendency is to make invidious com-
parisons of their work with previous work
published by scientists of other countries,
particularly from the United States. This is
especially true for those articles dealing with
therapeutic management of patients who
have received radiation either for treatment
or from industrial overexposure. The second
major point is the lack of any adequate stand-
ard of judgment concerning the therapeutic
effect of many of the agents used. Quite
often the primary and almost sole judgment
as to whether or not an agent is effective in
treating radiation disease is a simple state-
ment to the effect that this substance was
found to be effective or found to give a bene-
ficial effect. Most of their judgments are
qualitative in nature rather than objectively
judged against some reasonably described
and acceptable standard. This may result
partially from the Soviet lack of background
in statistical analysis. Finally, we ought at
least to compare some of the methods and
therapeutic agents used with those used in
Western countries, including the United
States. Those measures which are consid-
ered to provide a generalized improvement,
e.g., adequate diet and fluids including the
proper use of vitamins and food supplements,
plus antibiotics, blood replacement where
necessary, hormones, anti-nausea or anti-
motion sickness drugs, and tranquilizers are
all widely recognized as useful. One can take
issue, however, with the Soviet use of some
of their products such as BK-8, LSB, tissue
therapy, pantocrine, ginseng, Schizandra
chinensis, camphor and other similar proprie-
tary measures. Investigators in the West have
also used a large number of therapeutic
agents, but have noted that dubious thera-
peutic agents which may harm even normal
or healthy persons are even more question-
able for treatment of radiation disease. There
are signs that the Ministry of Health and its
organizations are making attempts to com-
bat the use of unproven and perhaps danger-
ous therapeutic agents. There has been a
noticeable withdrawal from production of sev-
eral therapeutic agents in the USSR. The
TIAL
most recent example is LSB which was with-
drawn from production in March 1959.
RADIOBIOLOGY
General
Supportive to the program of radiological
safety in any country is basic research in
associated areas of radiobiology. It is here
that the mechanism of action of radiation is
studied with the hope that eventually some
rational adequate therapy might be devel-
oped for radiation disease. Radiobiology in-
cludes research on toxicology, absorption, ex-
cretion and forced excretion of many of the
radioisotopes which have become important in
recent years as a result of atomic energy de-
velopments. It also includes research di-
rected toward understanding the extent and
nature of background radiation, the extent of
build-up of radiation or radioactive isotopes
from uses of atomic energy, the potential
genetic and somatic dangers of the gradual
increase of radiation to the human popula-
tion, and other topics of a like nature. With-
out adequate radiobiological research there
could be no long-term program for progress
in radiological safety. An area currently re-
ceiving attention and of major import to
radiological safety is that of the relative bio-
logical effectiveness of various types of radia-
tion. The Soviets are insistent that the cen-
tral nervous system is extremely important
in any body reaction to irradiation. While
many of the claims advanced by the Soviets
in this field are lacking in support and are
presently questionable, it seems quite certain
that there are definite central nervous effects
from irradiation, perhaps more than was
thought previously in the West.
Radiogenetics
Basic Soviet research in genetics received
a major setback during the period of rigid
Lysenkoism. However, since that time there
has been a gradual resurgence of classically
oriented geneticists in the USSR, primarily
into the field of "radiation genetics," a Soviet
euphemism for the study? of modern genetics.
During this resurgence of classical geneticists,
Lysenko himself has retained his position as
head of the Institute of Genetics with the
CONFIDENTIAL 13
uuDITIDENT?harfr?
result that the classical geneticists have been
required to work in other institutes, with
major support for classical genetics most re-
cently coming from biochemists and biophysi-
cists. For example, the Institute of Bio-
physics, Academy of Sciences, has for the last
three to four years supported the classical
geneticist N. P. Dubinin and some of his fol-
lowers. In addition, such people as V. A.
Engel'gardt have been lending major support
in the Academy of Sciences to various classi-
cal geneticists. One of these, Timofeyev-
Resovskiy, has been working in the Institute
of Biology, the Ural Affiliate of the Academy
of Sciences in Sverdlovsk. Dubinin has sup-
ported work by other geneticists and has be-
gun major research in the new "science city"
near Novosibirsk where he was selected to
head the new Institute of Cytology and
Genetics. However, he has more recently been
criticised by Pravda. Information presently
indicates that he has been spending about
half his time at that new location, the re-
mainder of his time being spent at Sukhumi,
the primate research colony, and in the Insti-
tute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences, in
Moscow. The most recent support for the
"classical geneticists" in the USSR has come
from the physicists who would like to see
established an adequate physical basis for
genetics research and for handling genetic in-
formation. Thus, it seems possible that, while
Lysenko will retain his position at the Insti-
tute of Genetics, the basic research in genetics
in the USSR will be conducted under the
heading "radiation genetics" and will be of a
more conventional nature.
The importance of genetics research in
radiobiology has been emphasized by the re-
cent discussions concerning the long-term
hazards of fallout and the gradual increase
in background radiation now occurring on
the surface of the earth.* There is evidence
* There is presently no answer as to whether
there is a threshold, that is, some point before
which radiation has no effect on genetics, or a
linear response to radiation, that is, all radiation in
addition to the natural radiation background is
harmful. Discovery of a definite threshold effect
either in mice or in primates does not mean that
such findings can be extrapolated directly to man.
Nevertheless, in the absence of human data, such
a discovery would be used as a tentative yardstick
in estimating future hazard of fallout.
that the Soviets are now beginning a long-
term primate genetic research program with
low doses of radiation. One Soviet Geneva
paper did present some data on primate ge-
netics but the research was carried out with
a small number (7) of monkeys, and the re-
sults are inconclusive. Other Soviet studies
in radiation genetics are being carried out on
microorganisms as well as on mammals. If
sufficient priority is attached to the long-term
primate genetic studies the Soviets may well
regain some of the ground lost in the field
of genetics.24 288-328
Mechanism of Action of Radiation
Research in this field supports the most
important long-term possibilities for under-
standing the nature of radiation and its ac-
tion upon the body, with the hope that a
rational explanation of the action will lead
to a rational method for therapy, or preven-
tion of radiation disease. A good share of the
work on mechanism of action on radiation is
potentially useful for early detection tests of
radiation damage. Thus, as research proceeds
further toward actual delineation of the mi-
nute cellular or sub-cellular process occurring
immediately after irradiation, the investiga-
tors acquire not only knowledge concerning
the mechanism but also methods for early
detection of changes induced by radiation.
We shall consider two major aspects of the
mechanism of action of radiation. First are
the primary physical and biophysical proc-
esses involved in the absorption of energy
from radiation or radioactive particles. Sec-
ond are the subsequent tissue, cellular, chem-
ical and other changes within the organism.
The initial absorption of energy by a living
organism may be direct or indirect. The se-
quence of events and the direct and indirect
effects are described in a 1958 report of the
United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation.24 The target
theory, first proposed by Lea, served to focus
initial early research attention on the pri-
mary process of ionization and a direct effect
of radiation on the cell. The next major step
was the recognition of the presence of an
indirect effect in which the microstructures
need not be hit directly by an ionizing particle.
14 CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
These indirect effects are apparently mediated
by the action of radiation on water, the pri-
mary solvent in biological systems. Addi-
tional indirect effects may result from the
action of radiation on other chemicals within
the cell. A further direct action of radiation,
besides that of ionization of a "radiosensitive
target," is that of excitation of the orbital
electrons of substances within the? cell.
No single mechanism can be the basis of
action of all forms of radiation injury, since
a cell is a highly organized system with a
diverse constitution and structure among its
parts. In any event, it should be recognized
that the physical chemical processes develop-
ing as a result of the direct action of the
ionizing radiation are the most important but
only the initial link in the long chain of path-
ogenic mechanisms which lead to radiation
disease. An important role is subsequently
played by the response reactions of the or-
ganism. Soviet research in general recog-
nizes the above concepts and subscribes to
them.
More recent Soviet research has included
investigations of the mechanism of action of
some antimitotic chemicals such as the chlor-
ethylamines. Some Soviets consider that the
mechanisms of action for these chemicals are
similar or identical to that for radiation, while
other Soviets and most Westerners consider
that there are some distinct differences. An-
other interesting area of research started pri-
marily by the Soviets and now arousing inter-
est elsewhere is the study of electronic para-
magnetic resonance of irradiated materials.
While this research is in its early phases, it
could lead to interesting discoveries as to the
details of biophysical processes involved in
energy absorption in tissues. Other Soviet
research has included studies on cellular
adaptation to irradiation (apparently there
is none) , studies of the oxidative production
of toxins in tissues, and an interesting concept
by V. A. Engel'gardt given at Geneva concern-
ing a multiplying chain mechanism to explain
the extensive effects of ionizing radiation from
the small energy input.24 27 241 329-347
One of the major facets of the Soviet re-
search effort in radiobiology is the continued,
insistent emphasis upon the role of the cen-
tral nervous system in producing actual radia-
tion damage. Several years ago, the predomi-
nant Soviet attitude was that the central
nervous system was responsible for the media-
tion of all radiation biological effects. Cur-
rently, the Soviets still emphasize that the
central nervous system plays a dominant role
in production of effects within the body but
the real emphasis is on the nervous system's
integrative role. Another claim by the Soviets
has been that radiation in small doses will
produce beneficial stimulation, that minute
amounts of radiation may even be necessary
for life. Most Soviets now recognize that
such a claim arose from mistaken interpreta-
tions of stimulation produced by the action
of low doses of radiation on microorganisms.
They now realize that this reaction is a defi-
nite early sign of radiation damage, a sort
of phasic response to stress and seems to sup-
port their claim of no threshold response to
radiation. Soviet work on paramecia also has
suggested that there is no threshold for radia-
tion damage. In general, there is little good
evidence one way or the other for a thresh-
old effect. Theoretical consideration of the
mechanism of action of radiation led one So-
viet, A. V. Lebedinskiy, to suggest that the
so-called "sigmoidal response curve" does not
imply a threshold of response to radiation but
rather demonstrates a summation of reparable
and irreparable components of radiation in-
jury. Since there is "always" an irreparable
somatic component there is no such thing as
a threshold, he concluded. A further portion
of this assumption is that as a total dose in-
creases the reparable fraction decreases. The
evidence of a direct relationship between dose
and damage at very low doses is still unsatis-
factory. There has been considerable West-
ern and Soviet research on the changes of
macromolecules such as proteins, enzymes or
nucleic acids after irradiation. Some Soviets
have suggested that irradiation produces an
immediate, non-specific shock reaction from
protein denaturation, with specific suppres-
sion of functions of adaptation but mainte-
nance of basic vital functions. The specific
suppression of function is assumed to be he-
reditary, and is believed to be responsible for
15
CONFIDENTIAL
the later effects of radiation. This research
is interesting and may prove fruitful for a
better understanding of how the actual tissue
effects of biological damage from radiation
are produced.
Other Soviet research is concerned with the
possibility that the primary absorption of
energy by the tissues occurs in macromole-
cules and that there is a direct effect from
depolymerization of the macromolecules and
an indirect effect from the resultant produc-
tion of radiolysins. The evidence presented
by the Soviets, like that of Western investi-
gators, seems to show conclusively that nu-
cleic acid metabolism, for instance, is affected
by irradiation. The phosphorus turnover in
nucleic acid is suppressed by irradiation of
normal or tumorous tissue. The enzyme
ribonuclease is inhibited and the conversion
of ribonucleic acid (RNA) to deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) is upset. The depolymerization
of nucleic acids also seems to bear some direct
relationship to the degree of radiosensitivity
of tissue. Apparently some radioresistance of
nucleic acids is related to the strength of the
protein-nucleic acid bond. In normal tissue,
this bond is quite strong and radioresistance
is relatively high. In tumorous tissues, this
bond is easily split and the tissue is therefore
more sensitive to irradiation.
There are good Soviet data indicating the
operation of humoral and toxic factors in
irradiation leukopenia, red blood cell hemoly-
sis and depression of mitosis in implanted tu-
mor cells. The red cell hemolytic factor was
thought to be an unsaturated fatty acid and
it was suggested that the production of this
factor was closely related to radiation injury.
Although the results were tentative, the work
on inhibition of mitosis seemed to indicate
that irradiation of the head produced a reflex
stimulation of adrenalin which provided the
mitotic depression. Also receiving attention
is the radiosensitivity of resting tissues as
compared with that of mitotically active
tissues. The fact that active tissues are more
radiosensitive would seem to be related to cell
division and the state of nucleoproteins but
the exact mechanism is still not known. So-
viet and Western work seems to indicate
rather conclusively that alteration of the
phosphorylative processes, ?the oxidative me-
tabolic processes, and high energy metabolism
are affected by the irradiation process, but
are not the source of the major part of the
tissue damage resulting from irradiation. One
major test that the Soviets are currently using
for early detection of radiation damage in-
volves the fluorescence of tissues within peri-
ods of a half hour or so after irradiation with
doses as low as 25 r for mice. The group
developing this technique patterned after
earlier U.S. work, is that of M. N. Meysel'.
This work has been done in microorganisms
as well as in mammals and the finding of
fluorescence (using an acridine dye) of ir-
radiated tissues after about a half hour is
relatively consistent and seems to arise from
the degradation products of macromolecules
such as DNA, RNA, or nucleoprotein com-
plexes. There is also a Soviet report on the
effects of radiation on nucleic acid metabolism
and nucleic acid content of various tissues.
Although a good deal of emphasis in the
past has been given by Soviet investigators to
the study of whole-body reactions, that is,
whole animal organisms as opposed to studies
on isolated or model systems, a relatively re-
cent trend has been the increasing use of mod-
els and isolated systems by the Soviets. Some
of this work was summed up at Geneva by
G. M. Frank, et al. Frank suggested that the
study of radiation action phenomena may be
accomplished with models first, and then with
a gradually increasing approach to the total
organism. He feels that a number of biologi-
cal reactions hitherto considered peculiar to
an entire organism can be reproduced in vitro
in isolated tissues. An example is irradiation-
induced diminution of elasticity of large blood
vessels which he obtained when irradiating
either the entire animal or an isolated blood
vessel. Another method for study which he
considers even more promising but also more
difficult and requiring much better training
in the physical sciences is the study of physi-
cal-chemical changes in the tissue of the en-
tire living organism. Western investigators
have found such approaches very useful in
recent years.10 24 33 73 188 231 250 329 333-334 336-337 341
345 848-374
16 CONFIDENTIAL
Radiosensitivity and the Central Nervous
System
Sensitivity of different types of tissue to
radiation constitutes a topic on which there
are major disagreements between Soviet and
Western investigators. In the past the So-
viets have made attempts to demonstrate that
the central nervous system is the most radio-
sensitive of all tissues. Failing to present
concrete, adequate data to support this thesis,
the more recent Soviet trend is to implicate
the central nervous system in the mediation
of the radiation effect. The Soviets consist-
ently emphasize the role of the central nerv-
ous system as an integrating unit in deter-
mining the locus and the extent of radiation
reaction, as well as the nature and type of re-
covery. Two lines of research in which cen-
tral nervous system effects are considered
most important are studies on radiosensitivity
of young organisms and research on the var-
iation of radiation response with changes in
the phylogenetic scale. The Soviets have sug-
gested the use of physiological tests of smell,
taste, balance, sight and touch for determin-
ing slight radiation damage. These sugges-
tions follow naturally from the Soviet tend-
ency to use reflex techniques in determining
physiological status and from their bent for
insisting on the greater sensitivity of func-
tional tests as opposed to morphological tests.
There is, however, not complete unanimity
among the Soviets concerning the central
nervous system's sensitivity to radiation.
Many subscribe unquestioningly to the fact
that the most sensitive tissues to radiation
are those of the hemopoietic system, followed
by those of the gastrointestinal tract. This
parallels Western findings. An example of
Soviet research on the CNS is contained in an
article by A. M. Kuzin, of the Institute of Bio-
physics in Moscow, in the January 1958 issue
of a U.S. journal. Kuzin emphasized CNS
changes after irradiation (carried out at 50 to
100 r) and suggested that electroencephalo-
graphic changes were noted with 1 roentgen
(an unfounded claim actually made on the
basis of straight-line extrapolation) . Further
studies of CNS damage from irradiation dem-
onstrate conclusively that doses of the order
of 50 r will produce definite measurable CNS
reflex changes, but no coherent quantitative
picture is yet available.
Other types of research on CNS response to
radiation include studies on interoceptive
reflexes, conditional reflexes, light-eye re-
flexes, and flexor reflexes. The Soviets sug-
gest that reflex changes indicate damage in
the diencephalon and reticular substance.
So far as is known, no equivalent work is
underway in the U.S. Interestingly enough,
most of this research of the Soviets shows
quite good work at levels of 100 r or greater
but poor, inadequately controlled work at
levels below this, with unjustified extrapola-
tion from studies at the high dose levels to
"expected" changes at very low dose levels. It
is the unjustified extrapolation to which
most Western investigators object strenu-
ously. This point was particularly noticeable
in the Soviet presentations at the latest
Geneva Conference on Peaceful Uses of
Atomic Energy. But it has also been true of
many papers in the 1956-57, and -58 period.
More recent Soviet works show more reserve
about making unjustifiable conclusions, and
instead, give good simple presentations of the
data observed.
The Soviets have studied many patients
irradiated therapeutically and have taken
many EEG tracings. Their conclusions are
that the initial EEG reaction to irradiation
represents an increased cortical activity with-
in about 10 minutes and a subsequent variable
amount of cortical inhibition and later nor-
malization of activity. A typical kind of con-
clusion or inference drawn by the Soviets is
that the data indicate that during acute radia-
tion disease, disturbances in the activity of
the vitally important systems leading to lethal
outcome, are caused by the disturbance of the
regulatory function of the central nervous
system.
The Soviets often use irradiation for ther-
apy of conditions which they feel are a result
of CNS changes but which Western clinicians
consider essentially unrelated to the CNS.
Thus, 30 patients with frostbite of fingers,
___LIINVIDENTTAr? 17
toes, wrists, hands, feet, and knee joints were
treated with irradiation with what were called
good results. The author concluded by say-
ing that these results "proved both local and
general favorable effects of X-ray therapy
on disturbed blood circulation in injured
tissue by alleviating blood vessel spasms, by
improving trophic activities, and regulating
fundamental nerve processes." This use of
irradiation is, at best, ineffective. Other re-
search involving CNS effects includes investi-
gation of olfactory sensations, studies of the
ultra-slow rhythms of the electrical potential
of the brain, changes in the electrical resist-
ance, capacitance, and impedance of the CNS,
and morphological investigations of the cen-
tral nervous system. Even in conditional re-
flex research it is notable that there is no
unanimity among Soviet authors or investi-
gators as to (i) whether irradiation produces
an initial increase or decrease of a positive
conditional response, (ii) the duration of such
alterations in various animals and (iii) nu-
merous other subtle phenomena. In the case
of bioelectric phenomena, 500 to 1,000 r seems
to have a distinctive effect on the bioelectric
activity of the cerebral cortex and also on
peripheral nerve action currents and the re-
activity of internal receptors.
In summary, it is difficult to reach a defi-
nite conclusion as to any CNS radiation effect
threshold that has been established experi-
mentally by the Soviets. They have called
attention to the fact that the central nervous
system can be damaged by doses of radiation
at lower levels than was previously supposed
in the West. These results have also stimu-
lated Western work along these lines, and in
1958 and 1959, a very small beginning was
made in the U.S. toward research of a similar
nature. An indication that even the Soviets
are not completely convinced about very low
dose changes in the CNS was given by Lebe-
dinskiy when he said that contrary to material
appearing in print and contrary to other
claims by other Soviets, the CNS changes were
used only experimentally, not in industry to
detect radiation damage in persons poten-
tially exposed to radiation. The following
omissions are present in a substantial part of
the published reports: (1) Lack of statistical
analysis of results; (2) inadequate discussion
of instrumentation and dosimetry, particu-
larly as to depth dose; (3) limited use of con-
trols; (4) little information on the general
conditions of animals after a given irradia-
tion; (5) limited presentation of experimental
data; (6) failure to report negative experi-
ments. On the other hand, the Soviets have
certainly obtained a number of results which,
if confirmed, will be of the greatest theoretical
and practical interest. Among the major
findings are: (1) Evidence that there may be
a pathologically increased afferent flow to the
CNS contributing to early and late pathology
and that treatment should be directed toward
this phenomena. (2) Indications that func-
tionally the CNS is very sensitive to radiation.
Many of the findings reported above could be
interpreted as resulting from small random
disturbances in a variety of cortical networks
and possibly all parts of the CNS, including
peripheral receptors. The variability in qual-
ity of Soviet published work is much greater
than in the United States. There is probably
no single Soviet investigator who has not at
one time or another published some work in
which either the data or the conclusions are
unacceptable by Western standards.24 195 202 231
245 272 288 339 344 364 375-401
Additional Soviet research on radiation
effects on the body has been done in experi-
mental animals. Clinical observations have
been made on patients exposed to therapeutic
radiation and to accidental radiation over-
exposures. These include determining the
effects of radiation and deposited radioisotopes
in bone, for short-term and long-term expo-
sures. Studies have also been done on the
other systems of the body i.e., the cardiovascu-
lar system, the hemopoietic system, the en-
docrine system, as well as individual organs
and tissues. Much of this work is similar to
U.S. research. The publication and research
effort has been expanding so rapidly in the
last two to three years in the USSR that the
Soviets are now in a position to begin making
major contributions in this field and to initiate
original lines of research.24 27 184 188 231 236 244 262
263 272 278 288 334 335 338 339 344 345 365 371 378 397 402-476
18 CONFIDENTIAt
CONFIDE
Immunological Response to Radiation
Another area in which radiation effects are
very important is that of the immunological
responses of the body. Although Soviet re-
search lags substantially behind that of the
United States, some Soviet findings are of
interest. Irradiation and infection act syn-
ergistically in weakening body defenses. Ap-
parently even under the stress of one insult
the body tries to respond to the second, but in
so doing loses ground against the initial in-
sult. Another action of radiation is to sup-
press the body's natural defenses or immu-
nity against many pathogenic organisms. A
decrease in natural immunity often leads to
autoinfection. This infection is undoubtedly
a serious complication of radiation disease,
but is not responsible for the major pathology
of radiation disease as has been suggested by
a few Soviet research workers. Some of the
diseases which have been found to occur more
readily after irradiation are: influenza, whoop-
ing cough, diphtheria, paratyphoid, lepto-
spirosis, colon bacillus infections, and various
anaerobic infections. One Soviet investigator
suggested that the technique of lowering dis-
ease resistance by irradiation of animals be
used as a laboratory procedure for infectious
disease research. Another worker described
an increase of natural immunity (measured
by an increase in complement-fixing activity)
after irradiation of 'rabbits with ultraviolet
rays. This seenis rather unusual and needs
further confirmation and study. In addition
to depressing natural immunity, irradiation
seems to increase body sensitivity to bacterial
toxins. This may be one reason for the ob-
servations that infections are more severe in
the presence of radiation disease. However,
one Soviet investigator claims that irradiation
has no effect on tetanus intoxication or the
prophylactic and therapeutic actions of anti-
tetanus serum. Other Soviet workers feel
that autoinfection is overstressed, and that it
is not really important in radiation disease.
These investigators consider that the impor-
tant basis for radiation diseases is the cir-
culation of tissue disintegration products and
a production of autoallergy. It is conceded,
however, that the prevention of infectious
disease is important after radiation sickness
begins.
Most Soviet work on the interaction be-
tween irradiation and immunological re-
sponses demonstrates a decrease in immunity
and a suppression of formation of antibodies,
possibly through action of the central nervous
system. A few Soviet investigators claim
that ultraviolet, X- and gamma-irradiation
in small doses provide stimulation of immu-
nological processes. This needs confirmation
and requires better control conditions than
those provided. Soviet investigators feel that
certain areas of study ox) the mechanism of
action of radiation are susceptible to closer
analysis using immunological techniques.
CONFIDENTIAL 19
?UNCIASS,EFTLIr?
APPENDIX A
RESEARCH INSTITUTES*
Khar'kov Institute of Medical Radiology
Physicotechnical Division
M. N. D'yachenko
B. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Department, AS USSR,
Novosibirsk
Director - N.?. Dubinin
(also at the Institute of Biophysics, AS, USSR, Moscow)
C. Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion
Director - A. T. Astanov
S. D. Kalenova
V. I. Kalugina
G. S. Levin
Z. G. Teplyakova
A. Yu. Tilis
D. Institute of Internal Medicine, AMS USSR
Laboratory of Biophysics
Head - M. N. Fateyeva
N. I. Gorbarenko
V. S. Klimov
Ye. P. Stepanyan
. Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery, AS, zakh SSR, Alma-Ata
Director - A. N. Syzganov
S. B. Balmukhanov
F. Institute of Physics, AS, USSR
Radiation Genetics Laboratory
M. A. Arseneva
G. G. ?Tinyakov
G. Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Ministry of Health RSFSR
A?.rGagfiig? Kr9tkw
A, N. Bragina
V. N. Gue'kova
V. M. Kupriyanbva
L. R. RoManov
Ye, S. Romanova
E. P. Storozhenko
H. Bashkir Medical Institute imeni 15th Anniversary of Komsomol, Ufa
Chair .o? Pharmacology
Head - D. N. Lazareva
R. N. Abdullina
A. Ya. Lagno
*The numbers are taken from "A Directory of Medical and Biological Research
Institutes of the U.S.S.R.," U. S. Depart6nt of Health. Education, and Welfare,
1958. The letters are arbitrary.
A-1
I. The 14th Medical School
Director - L. A. Bradman
J. Military Medical Service
I. B. Beylin, Col.
V. M. Burmistrov, Major
N. V. Butomo, Major
V. I. Filatov, Major
L. A. Klyucharev, Lt. Col.
A. N. Kornilov, Capt.
L. S. Kreyin, Lt. Col.
S. D. Kustanovich, Major
I. A. Kuz'menko, Lt.^
V. F. Layne, Major
M. K. Markaryan, Col.
N. I. Matuzov, Major
M. N. Nemkin, Lt. Col.
B. L. Polyak, Col.
Ya. G. Rubinshteyn, Lt. Col.
V. I. Samtsov, Lt. Col.
S. N. Sergenev, Major
N. I. Shcherbakov, Lt.
L. I. Shishlyannikova, Lt. Col.
G. M. Tsygankov, Col.
Ya. I. Veksler, Major
Ye. G. Milk, Lt. Col.
K. Haan Medical Institute.imeni the Red Army, Krasnodar
Department of Pathologic Physiology
Director - I. A. Oyvin
T. S. Barkagan
Ye. Ye. Chebotarev
L. Experimental Laboratory of the North-Caucasus Military District
Ya. I. Veksler (Rostov-dp-the-Don)
M. Ukrainian Scientific Research Sanitary Chemical Institute, Kiev
N. M. Binus
M. B. Gintsburg
Ye. M. Pandre
N. Institute of Biophysics, AMS, USSR Moscow
Director - A. V. Lebedinskiy
P. D. Gorizontov
B. M. Isayev
N. A. Kurshakov
M. N. Livanov
V. A. Sanotskiy
0. Kazakh State Medical Institute imeni V. M. Molotov, Alma-Ata
Director - I. S. Koryakin
Chair of Roentgeno7Radiology
S. B. Balmukhanav?:
A42
WICLASSIFIED
P. Institute of Radiation and Physicochemical Biology AS USSR Moscow
Director - V. A. Engel'gardt
Q
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Radiology, AMS USSR, Moscow area
Director - (not yet named--new institute)
(1) Laboratory of Biophysics
(2) Laboratory of Medical Physics
(3) Laboratory of Microbiology
(4) Laboratory of Genetics
(5) Laboratory of Radiobiology
R. Odessa Pharmaceutical Institute
Director - A. G. Trotsenko
Chair of Biological Chemistry
V. A. Leshchinskiy
I. V. Savitskiy
S. Leningrad State University
Chair of Human and Animal Physiology
M. N. Maslova
40 Astrakhan State Medical Institute imeni A. V. Lunacharskiy, Astrakhan,
RSFSR
Director - S. V. Zakharov
P. E. Ergort
N. P. Goncharenko
F.'S. Karimova
I. V. Shvartser
T. A. Timofeyeva
(1) Department of Normal Physiology
Yu. N. Uspenskiy
(2) X-ray Department
K. G. Aslanov
57 Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology, Radiology, and Oncology,
Ministry of Health, Azerbaydzhan, SSR
Director - M. M. Alikishibekov
I. T. Abasov
Sh. M. Beybutov
113 Kalinin State Medical Institute, Kalinin, RSFSR
Director - R. I. Gavrilov
K. P. Ivanov
S. Ye. Manoylov
124 Kazan Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians imeni V. I. Lenin
Director - L. M. Rakhlin
Clinic of Nervous Diseases
Head - I. I. Rugetskiy
U. Sh. Akhmerov
155 Ukrainian Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology imeni
M. I. Sitenko, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR
Director - N. P. Novachenko
A. A. Kravchenko
A - 3
ED
162 Institute of Biochemistry, AS,: Ukrainian SSR Kiev
Director A. V. Palladin
0. P. Chepinoga
S. 7.'Epshteyn
I. Yu. Khilobok
M. A. Kolomiychenko
167 Institute of Physiology imeni A. A. Bogomolets, AS, Ukrainian SSR, Kiev
Former Director - A. F. Makarchenko
Present Director - A. M. Vorobtyev
N. M. Amdurskaya
A. I. Danilenko
R. Ye. Kavetskiy
R. D. Nikitenko
L. B. Stolyarova
1. Biophysics Laboratory (or Department)
Director - A. A. Gorodetskiy
Ye. Ye. Chebotarev
N. I. Kerova
0. A. Khomutovslkiy
N. F. Lipkan
I. M. Shurlyan
N. D. Stetsenko
L. Ya. Zhoga
2. Laboratory of Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology
N. V. Iltchevich
V. A. Kozak
3. Laboratory. of Endocrine Functions
T. K. Valuyeva
4. Laboratory of Morphology
Chief - A. I. Smirnova-Zamkova
T. N. Oleynikova
5. Laboratory. of Compensatory and Defense Functions
Chief - R. Ye. Kavetskiy
Ye. IC Samiandzhan
173 Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health,
USSR, Kiev
Director - A. I. Arutyunov
(1) Department of Pathomorphology
Chief - B. S. Khominskiy
I. A. Brodskaya
(2) Department of Roentgenology
Chief Ya. I. Geynisman
I. P. Merkulova
175 Kiev Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians, Ministry of
Health, Ukrainian SSR
Director - I, P. Kal'chenko
0. A. Khomutovskiy
A-4
179 Kiev Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases AMS, USSR,
Kiev
Director - L. I. Medved'
M. A. Khvoynitskaya
G. G. Lysina
V. A. Mislenko
182 Kiev Scientific Research Roentgeno-Radiological and Oncological
Institute, Ukrainian SSR
Director - I. T. Shevchenko
(1) Biochemical laboratory
Head - N. M. Romanyuk
N. Ya. Dzyubko
(2) Laboratory of Experimental Cancer
Head - S. P. Sizenko
V. V. Markovich
(3) Laboratory of Radioactive Isotopes
Chief - R. Ye. Kavetskiy
Ye. P. Sidorik
Yu. A. Umanskiy
184 Kiev Medical Institute imeni A. A. Bogomolets, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR
Director - Ye. F. Shamray
(1) Chair of Pathological Anatomy
Chief - Ye. I. Chayka
V. G. Pinchuk
(2) Chair of Roentgenology and Radiology
Chief - N. F. Zarkevich
L. N. Triumfova
(3) Chair of Biochemistry
Chief - Ye. F. Shamray
L. N. Triumfova
216 Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute RSFSR
Director - P. G. Podzolkov
Yu, M. Lubenskiy
I. A. Terskov
Chair of Hospital Surgery
Head - A. M. Dykhno
a. Laboratory of Biophysics
N. V. Gorbatyuk
225 Institute of Evolutionary Physiology imeni I. M. Sechenov, AS, USSR,
Leningrad
Former Director - The late L. A. Orbeli
Present Director - A. G. Ginetsinskiy
Z. I. Barbashova
Z. V. Denisova
Laboratory of Histophysiology
Chief - Ye. A. Moiseyev
M. S. Konstantinova
A-5
226 Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, AS, USSR, Leningrad
Director 7 K, M. Bykoy (Deceased 1959)
Laboratory of Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity
Chief - F. P. Mayorov
N. Ya. Lipatova
B. V. Pavlov
236 Central Scientific Research Roentgenological, Radiological and
Oncological Institute, Ministry of Health, USSR, Leningrad
Director - M. N. Pobedinskiy
Scientific Director - Yu. K. Kudritskiy
I. B. Bychkovskaya
V. F. Cherkasov
I. N. Davydova
I. V. Fedorova
L. A. Kachur
Ye. I. Komarov
0. G. Matveyev
A. Nevler
V. A. Petrov
A. B. Polezhayev
Ye. A. Prokudina
A. M. Rusanov
L. F. Semenov
I. V. Shifter
K. B. Skvirskaya
S. V. Strutsoyskaya
Ye. V. ttekhin
(1) Department of Radiosurgery
Head - K. N. Chochiya
A. I. Strashinin
(2) Department of Pathological Anatomy
Head - L. V. Funshteyn
E. I. Shcherban?
Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy
Director - L. V. Funshteyn
L. A. Cherkasskiy
(3) Department of Experimental and Pathological Morphology
Head - G. S. Strelin
L. A. Kashchenko
? A. D. Pushnitsyna
Laboratory of Experimental Morphology
Director - G. S. Strelin
S. N. Aleksandrov
K. F. Galkoyekaya
Yu. G. Zil'berg
(4) Bacterial - Serological Laboratory
Director - P. N. Kiselev
P. A. Buzini
E. V. Karpova
K. I. Nikitina
N. M. Okulov
V. A. Semina
V. N. Sivertselm
A-6
CIA3SIFiED
(5) Experimental Therapy Department
Head - T. K. Kondrat'yeva
N. K. Poplavskiy
(6) Biochemistry Department
Head - S. Ye. Manoylov
B. M. Grayevskaya
R. Ya. Kaylina
A. M. Kononenko
L. V. Mytareva
A. S. Orlov
N. Y. Ponomarenko
A. I. Strashinin
(7),Second Diagnostic Cabinet
Chief - K. B. Shimanovskaya
238 Institute of Experimental Medicine, AMS, Leningrad
Director - D. A. Biryukov
A. A. Antonov
V. B. Isachenko
M. N. Livanov
E. M. Semenov
Ye. M. Semenova
240 Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AMS, USSR Leningrad
Director - P. A. Beloshapko
(1) Clinical - Diagnostic Laboratory
Head - N. L. Vasilevskaya
N. M. Andriyasheva
(2) Biochemical Laboratory
Head - A. D. Braun
Z. N. Zhakhova
241 Institute of Oncology, AMS, USSR Leningrad
Director - A. I. Serebrov
(1) Gynecological Department
Head - A. I. Serebrov
M. B. Golubitskaya
(2) Laboratory of Experimental Oncology
Head - L. M. Shabad
S. N. Ardashnikov
Ye. L. Prigozhina
I. G. Spasskaya
249 Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Hematology and Blood
Transfusion
Directors - A. D. Belyakov and A. Ye. Kiselev
Scientific Director - A. N. Filatov
Biochemistry Laboratory
Former chief - N. N. Blokhin
I. S. Luganova
L. S. Rotfel'd
A-7
--IXTettESST51233---
250 Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Ministry of Health, RSFSR, Leningrad
Director - Z. E. Grigor'yev ? -
N. K. Bakhusov
I. D. Makulova
264 First Leningrad Medical Institute imeni I. P. Pavlov Ministry of
Health, RSFSR
Director - A. I. Ivanov
T. V. Krestinskaya
(1) Chair of Histology and Embryology
Chief - G. S. Strelin ,
T. N. Tuzhilkova
L. Ya. Zhorno
(2) Chair of Normal Physiology
Chief - A. I. Naumenko
N. N. Vasilevskiy
268 Leningrad Order of Lenin State Institute for Advanced Training of
Physicians imeni S. M. Kirov
Director - N. I. Blinov
(1) Chair of Medical Radiology
Head - M. N. Pobedinskiy
V. V. Kholin
M. Ya. Kozlov
S. S. Sokolov
V. N. Vorob'yev
A. G. Zemlyanov
(2) Third Surgical Clinic
Head - N. I. Blinov
S. S. Sokolov
V. I. Trubachev
V. N. Vorob'yev
A. G. Zemlyanov
(3) Pathology Department
Head - P. V. Sipovskiy
Z. A. Vlasova
270 Leningrad State Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases imeni
L. L. Girshman, Leningrad
Director - B. P. Kalashnikov
274 Leningrad State Pediatric Medical Institute, Ministry of Health, RSFSR,
Leningrad
Director - N. T. Shutova
(1) Department of Biochemistry
I. I. Ivanov
M. M. Stepanova
(2) Department of Pharmacology
Chief - V. M. Karasik
A. M. Rusanov
A-8
278 Main Military Hospital imeni N. N. Burdenko, Ministry of Defense/
Leningrad
Former Director - I. N. Kurgannikai
Present Director - N. N. Nevskiy
P. V. Kinonov
V. K. Polenko
P. V. Simonov
A. A. Zhepn
(1) Radiotherapy Department
Head - A. N. Gamaleya
V. D. Arutyunov
(2) Experimental Laboratory
Head - A. A. Gyurdzhiyan
280 Military Medical Order of Lenin Academy imeni S. M. Kirov,
Leningrad
Director - P. P. Goncharov
Scientific Director - M. S. Maslov
Ye. G. Zhuk, Lt. Col, Medical Service
(1) Department of Pharmacology
(2) Chair of Normal Anatomy
I. D. Lev
(3) Laboratory of Nutrition _ A. N. Liberman
(4) Clinic of Military Field Surgery
Chief- A. N. Berkutov
Chzhu Chzhun Lin
G. T. Golikov
326 Institute of Animal Morphology imeni A. N. Severtsov, AS, USSR,
Moscow
Director - G. K. Khrushchev
B. L. Astaurov
V. Ya. Brodskiy
T. A. Detlaf
Z. N. Faleyeva
E. Ya Grayevskiy
A. F. Ivanitskaya (Ivanitsova)
M. M. Konstantinova
L. I. Korchak
A. A. Neyfakh
I. M. Shapiro
M. I. Sorokina
I. A. Suyetina
N. M. Tul'tseva
T. M. Turpayev
327 Institute of Biochemistry imeni A. N. Bakh, AS, USSR, Moscow
Director - A. I. Oparin
V. P. Blokhina
G. A. Deborin
A. G. Pasynskiy
N. M. Sisakyan
M. S. Volkova
A-9
328 Institute of Biophysics,
Director - G. M. Frank
N. A, Aladzhalova
V. M. Alekseyeva
0, G. Arakeloy
M. L. Belgovskiy
V. N. Benevolenskiy
A. V. Bibergal'
L. P. Breslavets
Ye. V. Budilova
N. P. Dubinin (see
L. Kh. Eydus
N. A. Gabelova
Ye. A. Ganassi
M. M. Gromakovskaya
Ye. A. Ivanitskaya
M. B. Kalamkarova
0. L. Kanavetz
L. P. Kayushin
L. L. Khamaide
V. V. Khvostova
N. V. Kondakova
M. M. Korotkov
B. K. Lemazhikhin
L. B. Levinson
Ya. A. Liberman
N. N. Livshits
Ya. V. Mamul'
U. Ya. Margulis
M. N. Meysel'
P. F. Minayev
G. V. Nizhnik
G. K. Otarova
N. V. Pankova
V. I. Plokhoy
Ye. G. Plyshevskaya
A. I. Polivoda
S. Ye. Rapoport
IINCIASSIFIED
AS USSR, Moscow
institute
A. L.
D. M.
L. S.
V. N.
A. A.
A. D.
M. V.
V. A.
N. B.
E. N.
K. S.
K. I.
S. R.
(1)
B)
Shabadash
Shifrin
Shtern
Sidorov
Slepov
Snezhko
Sokolov
Sondak
Strazhevskaya
Tolkacheva
Trincher
Zhuravlev
Zubkova
Radiobiology Laboratory
Head - A. M. Kuzin
E. N. Kolody
N. I. Shapiro
.A-10
UNC
(2) Laboratory of the Biophysics of Radiation
Ya. L. Shekhtman
K. N. Yemellyanov
331 Institute of Genetics, AS, USSR, MOSCOW
Director - T. D. Lysenko
I. Ye. Glushchenko
Kh. F. Kushner
N. N. Kuznetsova
M. D. Pomerantseva
K. S. Sukhov
Cytology Laboratory
0. P. Domareva
0. N. Kitayeva
I. A. Nechayev
N. I. Nuzhdin
0. N. Petrova
M. V. Volkovich
332 Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, AS, USSR, Moscow
Former Director - A. G. Ivanov-Smolenskiy
Present Director - V. S. Rusinov
Assistant Director - I. V. Strelichuk
K. I. Pogodayev
(1) Radiobiology Laboratory
I. A. Piontkovskiy
(2) Laboratory of Vegetative Conditional Reflexes
Chief - A. A. Pavlovskaya
L. N. Khruleva
333 Institute of Microbiology, AS, USSR, Moscow
Director - A. A. Imshenetskiy
Deputy Director - N. D. Yerusalimskiy
A. M. Pasechnik
Le A. Seliverstova
(1) Division of Development and Variability of Microorganisms
Head - A. A. Imshenetskiy
(2) Division of Agricultural and Soil Microbiology
Head - Ye. N. Mishustin
(3) Division of Geomicrobiology
Head - S. I. Kuznetsov
V. A. Ekzertsev
L. D. Shturm
(4) Division of Taxonomy
Head - N. A. Krasil'nikov
(5) Division of Experimental Morphology and Cytology?
Head - M. N. Meysel'
A-11
UNCLA3ZIFiD
334 State Institute-of Natural Sciences imeni P. F. Lesgraft, AS, USSR,
Moscow
Director - A. M. Samarin
M. A. Khenokh
E. M. Lapinskaya
357 All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Antibiotics, Ministry
of Health, USSR, Moscow
Director - M. A. Guberniyev
S. I. Alikhanyan
361 All-Union Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Moscow
Director - Ye. A. Vasyukova
K. A. Tret'yakova
(1) Department of Morphology
Chief - Ye. I. Tarakanov
Ye. B. Pavlova
(2) Radiation Laboratory
Chief - D. E. Grodzenskiy
A. Ye. Rabkina
366 All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants, Ministry of Health, USSR) Moscow
Director - N. Ya. Itskov
Ya. A. Aleshkina
B. IC, Roatotskiy
384, Moscow Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians,
Ministry of Health, USSR
Director - V. P. Lebedeva
N. A. Krayevskiy
N. N. Litvinov
R. I. Makarycheva
(1) Department of Radiation Disease
Chief - A. V. Kozlova
L. M. Omel'yanenko
(2) Chair of Radiation Hygiene
Chief -F. G. Krotkov
V. A. Arkayev
A. V. Terman
(3) Military Chair
V. A. Arkayev
(4) Second Department of Roentgenology and Radiology
Chief - Yu. N. Sokolov
L. N. Mushina-Udgodskaya
L. N. Udgodskaya
Yu. G. Yudin
(5) First Chair of Roentgenology and Radiology
Chief - S. A. Reynberg
(6) Chair of Medical Radiology
Chief - V. K. Modestov
S. Ye. Shnol'
A-12
392 Central Order of Lenin Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion,
Moscow, Ministry of Health, USSR
Director - A. A. Bagdasarov
G. M. Abdulayev
V. A. Agranenko
O. V. Aksenova
B. F. Beliyayeva
M. P. Bogoyavlenskaya
G. M. Boldysheva
N. Ye. Lagutina
N. V. Nikolayeva
R. I. Rodina
L. S. Rogacheva
Ye. V. Shamshina
L. L. Shepshelevich
M. G. Shitikova
S. B. Skopina
S. V. Skurkovich
F. R. Vinograd-Finkel'
1. Radiobiology Laboratory
Head - M. O. Raushenbakh
I. B. Gurevich
398 Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene imeni
F. F. Erisman, Ministry of Health, RSFSR
Director - A Z. Belousov
L. B. Dolivo-Dobrovol'skiy
M. G. Durmish'yan
V. Po Godin
V. G. Golubev
S. I. Gorshkov
V. I. Kondror
G. A. Malov
Yu, V. Novikov
V. F. Oreshko
M. A. Pinigan
B. A. Polivoda
Ye. N. Ryumina
V. M. Zakharov
F. S. Zavel'skiy
L. V. Zhidkova
(1) Division of Radiology
S. I. Gorshkov
(2) Division of Hygiene
N. N. Khvostov
399 Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health,
USSR, Moscow
Director - N. N. Priorov
Laboratory of Biochemistry
Chief - B. S. Kasavina
Ye. B. Spektor
A-13
UNCL1SSIFfl
4o6 Institute of Biological and Medical Chemistry, AMS, USSR, Moscow
Director - V. N. Orekhovich
T. Grunt
Ye. M. Kedrova
L. V. Orlova
V. P. Polyakov
V. M. Rodionov
V. D. Uspenskaya
0. G. Zamyatkina
1. Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry
N. K. Lebedeva
08 Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaleya,
AMS) USSR) Moscow
Former Director - G. V. Vygodchikov
Present Director -S. N. MUromtsev
Deputy Production Director - Stepanchenok
1. Department of Medical Microbiology
Chief - V. L. Troitskiy
A- P. Duplishcheva
M. A. Tumanyan
A. V. Izvekova
L. A. Zillber
V. A. Artamonova
410 Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, AMS) USSR) Moscow
Director - N. N. Blokhin
414 Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, AMS) USSR)
Moscow
Director - A. A. Letavet
A. S. Arkhipov
G. A. Avrunina
E. F, Baranova
N. L. Beloborodova
E. A. Bodrovaya
L. N. Burykina
N. K. Byalko
E. A. Drogichina
I. A. Gelfon
I. N. Golovnikova
S. M. Gorodinskiy
Ye. D. Grishchenko
N. G. Gusev
E. I. Ivanov
M. A. Kazakevich
T. A. Kochetkova
E. B. Kurlyandskaya
V. S. Kushneva
M. S. Lapteva-Popova
T. B. Linevich
A. N. Marey
A-114-
V. V. Nikitenko
V. G. Osipova
G. K. Parkhomenko
Ye. K. Red'kina
A. A. Rubanovskaya
M. N. Ryzhkova
A. 0. Saytanov
Ye. A. Solov'yeva
V. I. Stepanova
N. Yu. Tarasenko
L. G. Tsenterova
V. F. Ushakova
N. V. Vershinin
N. I. Vinogradova
? N. I. Volkova
(1) Section of Labor Hygiene
Chief - L. K. Arkhipov
(2) Clinic
a. Radiologic Section
Chief - M. N. Toleyva
b. X-Ray Diagnostic Section
Chief - K. P. Mblokanov
422 Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, ANSI USSR Moscow
Director - V. N. Chernigovskiy
Deputy (Scientific) Director - A. A. Volokov
(1) Laboratory of Infectious Pathology
Chief - A. Ya. Alimov
G. N. Kryzhanovskiy
(2) Laboratory of Radiobiology
Chief - N. N. Lebedev
423 Institute of Nutrition, AMS, USSR, Moscow
Director - O. P. Molchanova
Radiobiology Laboratory
Chief - G. P. Yeremin
Consultant - G. K. Shlygin
M. F. Nesterin
424 Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ministry of Health, RFSR,
Moscow
Director - L. ? G. Stepanov
Laboratory of Pathomorphology
Chief - Ye. N. Petrova
M. N. Kuznetsova
427 Institute of Pediatrics, AMS, Moscow
Director - O. D. Sokolova-Ponomareva
(1) Radiobiology Laboratory
Head - L. A. Shparo
T. V. Fokina
T. D. Mirimova
A-15
mcussuIED
(2) Department of Development of the Brain
Chief - B. N. Klosovskiy
Yu. I. Barashnev
Ye, N. Kosmarskaya
428 Institute of Pharmacology, Experimental Chemotherapy, and
Chemoprophylaxis, AMS, USSR, Moscow. (Also known as: Institute
of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy)
Director - V. V. Zakusov
G. Ya. Kivman
1. Laboratory of Specific Pharmacology
Head - V. V. Zakusov
G. S. Koroza
429
State Scientific Research Institute of Physiotherapy, Ministry
of Health, USSR,- Moscow
Director - A. N. Obrosov
M. E. Manikov
Ye. I. Rozenblit
431 Scientific Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health,
USSR, Moscow
Director - D. D. Fedotov
Department of Neurology
Chief - I. K. Zyuzin
IC S. Zaychkina
433 Institute of Therapy, AMS, USSR, Moscow
Director - A. L. Myasnikov
Ye. V. Erina
N. I. Gorbarenko
V. S. Klimov
V. Ye. Ostapkovich
E. P. Stepanyan
Biophysics Laboratory
Head - M. N. Fateyeva
Ye. A. Denisova
436 Moscow Oblast Scientific Research Clinical Institute imeni
M. F. Vladimirskiy, Moscow, USSR
Director - P. M. Leonenko
Department of Pathomorphology
Chief - S. B. Vaynberg
Yu. G. Yudin
452 First Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute imeni I. M. Sechenov,
Moscow
Director - V. Kovanov
G.: A. Avrunina
N. G. Darenskaya
M. P. Domshlak
Yu. G. Grigoriyev
M. N. Livanov
A-16
UNCLACGIVIED
(1) Department of General Hygiene
V. la. Gblikov
1- /- GUsarOV
(2) Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases
Head - V. A. Rakhranov
V. S. Minasov
(3) Faculty Therapeutic Clinic
Chief, - V. N. Vinogradov
A. L. Syrkin
454 Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute, Ministry of Health, RSFSR,
Moscow ,
Director - G. N. Beletskly
Department of Roentgenology and Radiology
Director - N. A. Shekhter
N. A. Zhizhina
457 Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov
President - I. G. Petrovskiy
L. B. Levinson
N. V. Pankova
G. G. Polikarpov
N. I. Shapiro
(1) Physiopathology Institute
0. V. Popov
(2) Faculty of Agricultural Biology
E. G. Lomovskaya
Ye. I. Vorob'yeva
(3) Department of Animal Biochemistry
Chairman - B. A, Kudriashov
A. V. Golubtsova
E. V. Moiseyenko
M. I. Safronova
(4) Department of Biochemistry
G. V. Andreyenko
G. G. Bazaziyan
M. V. Kirzon
NL G. Pshennikova
(5) Department of Genetics
S. I. Isayev
(6) Department of Biophysics
Chief - B. N. Tarusov
E. S. Elkhovska
K. D. Kalantarov
V. G. Khonazuk
V. I. Korogodin
Yu. A. Kriger
A. S. Molchalina
I. A. Notuzova
G. V. Sumarukov
Chair of Histology
N. V. Belitsina
? Ye. S. Kilpichnikova,
L. V. 01'shevskaya
(7)
A-17
UNCLS5IY.
State Institute of Oncology imeni P. A. Gertsen Moscow
Director - A. N. Bovikov
(1) DepartMent of X-Ray Diagnosis
(2) Department of Clinical and Experimental Anesthesiology
(3) Department of Virology
(4) Department of Histopathology
(5) Division of Radiation Therapy
(6) Department of Roentgenology
470 State Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology
imeni V. M. Molotov, Ministry of Health, RSFSR, Moscow
Director - I. G. Lagunova
V. V. Dmokhovskiy
K. M. Malenkova
V. S. Matov
D. S. Mitskevich
(1) Organization and Methodology Section
Chief - V. P. Vikturin
A. V. Frolova
I. Ye. Pasynkova
T. S. Selstskaya
E. Ye. Troitskiy
(2) Radiology Department
Chief - A. V. Koilova
A. P. Belousov
M. Ya, Chaykovskaya
N. N. Garvey
I. S. Kas'yanov
A. A. Klimenko
N. P. Mordvinova
A. I. Morozov
A. Z. Nagrodskaya
O. S. Sergel'
A. V. Shubina
I. B. Tsybul'skiy
G. N. Yelapt'yeva
M. P. Yeleazarova
G. A.,Zubovskiy
Ye, A. Zuykova
Roentgenotherapeutic Department
Chief - L. D. Podlyashchuk
A. I. Ruderman
V. B. Zayrat'yants
L. M. Sherman
Pathomorphological Department
Chief - B. N. Mogil'nitskiy
Department of Experimental Pathology
Chief - V. P. Shekhonin
V. B. Zayrat'yants
4137 Odessa Scientific Research Institute of Dermatology and Venereal
Diseases imeni Ye. S. Glavche, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR
Director - S. I. Natuskov
idl
(3)
(4)
(5)
MIGLASSIFIED
1. Department of Dermatology
Chief - G. I. Lauda
A. M. Kharchenko
I. N. Vinokurov
494 Odessa Medical Institute, Ministry of Health, Ukrainian SSR
Director - A. N. Motenko
(1) Chair of Roentgenology and Radiology
Head - Ye. D. Dubovyy
D. Baldandozh
K. G: Tagibekov
(2) Chair of Pharmacology
Head - S. V. Tsyganov
(3) Propadeutic Surgical Clinic
Head - I. Ya. Meyneka
K. G. Tagibekov
498 Ukrainian Experitental Institute of Eye DiSeases and TiSsue
Therapy imeni V. P. Filatov, Odessa
Former Director,- V. P. Filatov, deceased 1956
Present Director - N. A. Puchkovskaya
I. F. Kovalev
554 -Biological Research Station imeni A. O. Kavalevskiy,AS, USSR,
Sevastopol', Crimea, RSFSR
Director - V. A. Vodyanitskiy
G. G. Polikarpov
561 Smolensk Medical Institute, Smolensk, RSFSR
Director - G. M. Starikov
V. A. Shkapina
571 Stalinabad Medical Institute imeni Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna),
Stalinabad, Tadzhik SSR
Director - Kh. D. Gadzhiyev
Ii. Kasymov
589 Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy, Sukhumi
Director - 1. A. Utkin
Scientific Director - B. A. Lapin
1. Laboratory of Radiology
L. F. Semenov
591 Institute of Biology, Ural Affiliate, AS, USSR, Sverdlovsk
Director - N. V. Timofeyev-Resovskiy.
V. G. Kulikova
N. V. Luchnik
E. A. Timofeyeva-Resovskaya
A-19
UNCLASSIFIED
596 Sverdlovsk Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,
RSFSR
R. V. Bessarobova
T. Kazantseva
V. A. Mikbaylova
I. Ye. Okonishnikova
G. A. Frokopenko
A. A. Yudeles
1. Laboratory of Radiobiology
O. I. Komarova
666 Tomsk Medical Institute, RSFSR
Director - S. P. Khodkevich
(1) Chair of Surgery of the Sanitation Faculty
Head - K. N. Cherepnin
V. N. Agafonova
(2) Chair of Pathological Anatomy
Head - I. V. Toroptsev
N. V. Sokolova
702 Voronezh Roentgeno7Radiological and Oncological Institute, RSFSR
Director - M. P. Abakumov
I. I. Grigor'yev (Sochi)
720 Institute of Physiology, Armenian AS Yerevan
Radiobiology Laboratory
T. T. Adunts
I'S. M. Avakyan
G. G. Demirchoglyan
A. B.Tsypin
V. A. Tumanyan ?
726 Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion, Ministry of Health,
Armenian SSR
Ddrector - R. O. Yeolyan
S. N. Allaverdyan
I. A. Yerzinkyan (Possibly in institute 729)
729 Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology and Oncology,
Ministry of Health, ArmenianSSR, Yerevan
Director - V. A. Fanardzhyan
R. K. Arutyunyan
A. G. Beglaryan
I. G. Demirchoglyan
K. A. Kyandaryan
M. A. Movsesyan
S. A. Papoyan
;
S. G. Shukutyan
I. A. Yerziayan (See institute 726)
A. A. Zagatskaya
A-20
UNCLACGIFIED
APPENDIX B
RESEARCH PERSONNEL
(The numbers are keyed to the institutes listed in appendix A.)
ABASOV: I. T. - 57
ABDULAYEV, G. M. - 392
ABDUIAYEV: M. D.
ABDULLINA: G. Z.
ABDULLINA: R. N. -
ABGAROV: V. I.
ADUNTS, G. I?
ADUNTS: T. T. - 720
AGAFONOVA: V. N. - 666
AGARKOV: F. T.
AGLINTSEV: K. K.
AGRARAT: V. Z.
AGRANENKO: V. A. - 392
AEHMEROV: N. Sh. -124
AKSENOVA: O. V. - 392
AIADZHALOVA: N. A. - 328
"ALEKSANDROV: S. N. - 326
AIEKSANDROVA: M. F.
ALEKtANDROVSKAYA: M. M.
ALEKSIYEVA: V. M. - 2E3
ALESHKINA: Ya. A. - 366
ALIKHANYAN: S. I. - 357
ALLAVERDYAN: S. N. - 726
AMIRAGOVA: m. d.
AMOSOV: I. S.
ANDREYENKO: G. V. - 457
ANDREYEVA: O. S.
ANDREYEVA Ye. I.
ANDRIYASHiVA: N. 14.-240
AMDURSKAYA: N. M. - 167
ANTONOV: A. A. - 238
ABAKELOV: O. G. - 328
ARBUZOV: S. Ya.
ARDASHNIKOV: S. N. r 241
.ARC EW V. A. - 384
ARKHIFOV: A. S. - 414
ARKHIPOV: L. K. - 414
ARLASHCHENKO: N. I.
ARSEN'YEVA: ...A, - F
ARTAVONOVA: V. A. - 408
AMYUKHIVA: N. I.
ARUTYUNOV: V. D. - 278
ARUTYUNYAN: R. K..- 729
ASIANOVI K. G. - 40
ASTAUROV: B. L. - 326
AVAKYAN: Ts. M. - 720
AVRUNINA: G. A. - 414, 452
AYRAPETYANTS, M. G.
AZERBAIDZHAN: M. M. - 57
BAGRAMYAN: E. R.
BAKHUSOV: N. K. - 250
BALABUKHA: V. S.
BALASHKO: Yu. G.
BALASHOVA: A. N. .
BALDANDOZH: D. - 494
BALMUKHANOV: S. B. - El 0
BARAKINA: N. F.
BARANOVA: E. F..- 414
BARASHNEV: Yu. I. - 427
BARBASHOVA: Z. I. - 225
BARKAGAN: T. S. - K
BAVRO: G.' V.
EAZAZ'YAN: G. G. - 457
BEGLARYAN: A. G. - 729
BELEN'KAYA: S. Ye.
BELGOVSKIY: VI. L. -328
BELITSINA: N. V. - 457
BELITSKIY: A. S.
BELIYAYEVA: B. F. -392
BELLE: Ya. S. -
BELOBORODOVA: N. L. - 414
BELOUSOV: A- P. - 470
BELOUSOV: A. Z. - 398
BELOUSOVA: 0. I.
BELYAYEVA: B. F. - 392
BENEVOLENSKIY: V. N. - 328
BENTSIANOVA: V. M.
BERKUTOV: A. N. - 280
BERKUTOVA: I. D.
BESSAROBOVA: R. - 596
BEYBUTOV: Sh. M. - 57 .
BEYLIN: I. B. .-J
BIBERGAL': A. V. - 328
BINUS: N. M. - M
BIRYUKOV: D. A. - 238
BLINOV: V. A.
BLOKHIN: N. N. - 211.9.,410
BLOKHINA: V. D.
B-1
BLOKHINA: V. P. - 327
BOBKOV: A. I.
BOCHKAREV: V.
BODROVAYA: E. A. - 414
BOGOMOLETS: O. A.
BOGOYAVLENSKAYA: M. P.-392
BOLDYSHEVA: G. M. - 392
BORISOV: Ye. V.
BORISOVA: I. G.
BOVIN: V. V.
BRADMAN: L. A. - I
BRAGINA: A. N. - G
BRAUN: A. D. - 240
BRESLAVETS: L. P. - 328
BRODSKAYA: I. A. - 173
BRODSKIY, V. Ya. - 326
BRUMSHTEYN: V. N.
BRYUKHANOV: O. A.
BUDILOVA: Ye. V. - 328
BUDKO: L. M.
BUDNITSKAYA: Ye. V.
BUKETTOYAROVA: Z. M.
BURLAKOVA: E. V.
BURMISTROV: V. M. - J
BURYKINA, L. N. - 414
BUTOKO: N. V. - J
BUZINIp P. A. - 236
BYALKO: N. E. - 414
BYCHKOVSKAYA: I. B. - 236
CHAREULIp Ye. I.
OHAYKOVSKAYA: M. Ya. -470
CHEBOTAREV: K. Ye.
CHEBOTAREV: Ye.Ye.-10r.167
CHEPINOGA: 0. P. - 162.
=RERUN: K. N. - 666
CHERKASOV: V. F. - 236
CHERKASSEIY: L. A. - 236
CHERNICHENKOp V. A.
CHESNOKOVA: A. P.
CHOCHIYA: K. N. - 236
CHUBAKOV: A. A.
CHUCHUKALO: A. I.
CHZHU CHZHUN LIN - 280
DANILENKO? A. I. - 167
DARENSKAYA? N. G. - 452
?DAVIDOVA, I. N. - 236
DEBORIN, G. A. - 327
DEMBROVSKIY? NL A.
DEMIRCHOGLYAN, G. G. - 720
DEMIRCHOGLYAN, I. G. - 729
WISOVA, Ye. A. - 225-433
DENISONOVAI Z. V. -225,
DETLAF) T, A. - 326
DEYNEKA, I. Ya. - 11.914
DMOKHOVSKIY, V. B. - 470
DOLIVA-DOBROVOL'SKAYA? L. B.
DOLIVO-DOBROVOLSKIY, L.B.-398
DOLGACBEV, I. P.
DOMAREVA, 0. P. - 331
DOMSHLAK, M. P. - 452
DROBKOV, A. A.
DROGICHINA) E. A. - 414
DRYZ'KO? G. F.
DUBININ? N. P. - B, 328
DUBOVYY, Ye. D. - 494
DUPLISHCHEVA, A. P. - 408
DURMISWYAN) M. G. - 398
D'YACHENKO? M. N. - A
DYKHNO, A. M. -216
DZANTIEV) V. G.
DZYUBKO N. Ya. 182
EKZERTSEV0 V. Z. - 333
IWGORT? P. E. - 40
ELKHOVSKAYA? E. S. - 457
EMANUEL', N. M.
ENGEL'GARDT? V. A. P
EPSHTEYN? S. F. - 162
ERINA, Ye. V. - 433
ENLEKSOVA? E. V.
EYDUS, L. Kh. - 328
FALEYEVA, Z. N. - 326
FANARDZHYAN) V. A. - 729
FARBER, V. B.
FATEYEVA, M. N. - D, 433
FAYNSHTEYN, F. E.
FEDOROVA, I. V. - 236
FEDOROVA) T. A.
FEDYUSHIN, M. P.
FILATOV, V. I. - J
FILLIPPOVAI Yu. N.
?arreterseaRn?_
FISHEVSKAYA, E. A.
FOKINAI T. V. - 427
FRADKIN) G. Ye.
FRANK, G. M. - 328
FROLOVA? A. V. - 470
FUNSBTEYN, L. V. - 236
GABELOVA? N. A. - 328
GALANIN? N. F.
GALKOVSKAYA, K. F. 236
GAL'TSOVA? R. D.
GAMALEYA? A. N. - 278
GAMBASHIDZE0 G. M.
GANASSI, Ye. A. -328
GARSIASHVILI? E. T.
GARVEY, N. N. - 470
GELTON? I. A. - 414
GENIS, Ye. D.
GERSHENZON, S. M. - 351
GINSBURG, I. S.
GINTSBURG, M. B. - M
GLAKOVSKAYA? K. F. - 236
GLAZUNOV, I. S.
GLUSHCHENKO, I. Ye. - 331
GODIN, V. P. - 398
GOLDBERG, M. Bo
GOLIDSHTEYN? L. M.
DOWDSHTEYN, M. I.
GOLIKOV, G. T. -J,280
GOLIKOV, V. Ya. - 452
GOLOVNIKOVA) I. N. - 14.114
GOLUBEVp V. G. - 396
GOLUBITSKAYA, M. B. - 241
GOLUBTSOVA, A. V. - 457
GONCHARENKO? N. Po 40
GORBARENKO, N. I. _,.I:, 433
GORBATYUK? N. V. - 216
GORBUNOVA, I. M.
GORIZONTOV, P. D. - N
GORODETSKAYA? S. F.
GORODETSKIf, A. A. -167
GORODINSKIY? S. M. - 414
GORSHKOV) S. I. - 398
GRAFOV, A. A.
GRANIL'SHCHIKOV, V. P.
GRAYEVSKAYA, B. M. - 236
GRAYEVSKIY) E. Ya. - 326
GRIGOWYEV, I. I. - 702
GRIGOWYEV, Yu. G. - 452
GRIGORYANTS? A. N.
?
B-2
?
GRINYUK, N. A.
GRISHCHENKO? /e. D.-414
GRODZENSKIY) D. E. -361
GROMAKOVSKAYA, M. M.-328
GRUNT, T. - 406
GRUZINA? P. L.
GUREVICH, I. B. - 392
GUSAROV, I. I. - 452
GUSEV? N. G. - 414
GUSEV) V.
GUS'KOVA? V. N. - G
GYURDZHIYAN) A. A.-278
IGNATIEV, A. I.
IL'CHEVICH? N. V. -167
IL'YINA, L. I.
ISACHENKO, V. B. - 238
ISAYEV, B. M. N
ISAYEV, S. I. - 457
ISTOMINA) A. G.
IVANITSKAYA? A. F.-326
IVANITSKAYA, Ye.A.-328
IVANITSKIY, A. M.
IVANOV, A. Ye.
IVANOV, I. I. - 274
IVAN0V0 K. P. - 113
IVANOV, N. I. - 414
IVANOVA? T. A.
IZERBINA, A. G.
IZVEKOVA, A. V. - 408
KABGRNEYEVA, L. I.
KACHUR, L. A. - 236
KAIAMKAROVA, M. B.-328
KALANTAROV, K. D. -457
KALASHNIKOV, B. P.-270
KALENOVA, S. D. - C
KALINOVA? R. S.
KALUGIN, K. S.
KALUGINA, V. I. - C
KANAREVSKAYA, A. A.
KANAVETZ, O. L. - 328
KARAVAYEV, F. M.
KARELINA? Z. M.
KARIMOVA, F. S. - 40
KARPOVA? E. V. - 236
KASAVINA, B. S. - 399
KASHCHENKO, L. A.-236
KAWYANOV? I. S. -470
KASYMOV, Kh. 571
KAULEN, D. R.
KAVETSKIY, R. Ye.-167-1.82
KAYUSHIN0 L. P. - 328
KAZAKEVICH? M. A. - 14.114
KAZANTSEVA) T. I. - 596
KEDROVA? Ye. M. - 406
KEIRIM-MARKUS, I. B.
KEROVA? N. I. - 167
KEYLINA, R. Ya. - 236
KHALFEN, E. Sh.
KHAMAIDE, L. L. - 328
KHANIN, A. G.
KHARCHENKO? A. M. - 487
KHENOKH, M. A. - 334
KHILOBOK, I. Yu. - 162
KHOLIN, V. V. - 268
KHOLNOYA, E. A.
KHOMUTOVS'KIY, 0. A.-167-175
KHONAZUK, V. G. - 457
KHOZAK, L. Ye.
KHROMOV, B. M.
KHRULEVAI L. N. - 332
KHVOSTOV, N. N. - 398
KHVOSTOVA, V. V. - 328
KHVOYNITSKAYA, M. A. - 179
KINONOV, P. V. --278
K1RICHINSKIY? B. R.
KIRPICHNIKOVA, Ye. S. - 457
KIRZON, M. V. - 457
KISELEV? P. N. - 236
KISHKOVSKIY? A. N.
KITAYEVA? O. N. - 331
KIVMAN, G. Y. - 428
KIEMPARSKAYA? N. N.
KLIMENKOp A. A. - 470
KLIMENKO? 0. S.
KLIKOV? V. S. - D, 433
KLIMOVA, A. Ya.
KLIMOVA? Ye. N.
ELOSOVSKIY, B. N. - 427
KIYUGHAREV? L. A. - J
ECCHETKOVA? T. A. - 414
KOLEWK00 A. B.
KOLODY, E. N. - 328
KOLOMIYCHENKO, M. A. - 162
KOMAROV, Ye. I. - 236
KOMAROVA? 0. I. - 596
KOMETIANI, P. A.
KONDAKOVA N. V. - 328
KONDRAT?41A? I. N.
KONDRAT'YEVA? T. M. - 236
KONDROR? V. I. - 398
KONNOV? A. I.
KONONENKO, A. M. - 236
KONSTANTINOV, A. A.
KONSTANTINOVA? M. N. - 326
KONSTANTINOVA, M. S. - 225
KONSTANTINOVA? V. V.
KOPYLOVA) Ye. N.
KORCHAK, L. I. - 326
KORENEVSKIY, L. I.
KORNILOV, A..N..- J.
KOROGODIN? V. I. - 457
KOROL9? S. A.
KOROTKOV? M. M. - 328
KOROZA, G. S. - 428
KOSMARSKAYA, Ye. N. 427
KOVALEV, I. F. - 498
KOVALEV, Ye. Ye.
KOZAK, V. A. - 167
KOZLOV, M. Ya. - 268
KOZLOVA, A. V. - 384-470
KOZLOVA? I. A.
KOZNOVA, L. B.
KRASIVNIKOV, N. A. 333
KRASNOVA, A. I.
KRASNYKH, I. G.
KRAVCHENKO, A. A. - 155
KRAYEVSKIY, N. A. - 384
KRESTINSKAYA, T. V. - 264
KREYNIN, L. S. J
KRIGER, Yu. A...- 457
KRISS, A. Ye. - 333
KROTKOV, F. G. - G, 384
KRUSHCHEV, V. G.
KRYZHANOVSKIY? G. N. - 422
KUDRIASHOV, B. A. - 457
KUDRIISKIY, Yu. K. - 236
KULESHOVA? V. A.
KULIKOVA0 G. G. - 591
KUPRIYANOVA, V. M. - G
KURLYANDSKAYA, E. B. -414
KURSANOV, A. L.
KURSHAKOV? N. A. - N
KUSHNER, Kh. F. - 331
KUSHNEVA, V. S. - 414
KUSTANOVICH, S. D. - J
KUZIN? N. - 328
KUZ'MENKO, 1. A. - J
KTIZNETSOV, S. I. -.333
KUZNETSOV, V. I.
KUZNETSOVA, L. V.
KUZNETSOVA, M. N. - 424
B-3
KUZNETSOVA? N. N. - 331
KVALASHVILI? A. A.
KVASOVA, S. I.
KYANDARYAN, K. A. - 729
LAGNO) Z. Ya. - H
LAGUNOVA? I. G. - 470
LAGUTINA, N. Ye. - 392
LAPINSKAYA) E. M. - 334
LAPTEVA-POPOVA, M. S.-414
LARINA? M. A.
LAYNE, V. F. -
LAZAREVA, D. N. - H
LEBEDEV, N. N. - 422
LEBEDEVA? G. D.
LEBEDEVA, N. K. - 406
LEBEDEVA, O. P.
LEBEDINSKIY) A. V. N
LEBEKHOV P. I.
LEMAZHIK6, B. E. - 328
LEMBERG, V. K.
LESHCHINSKIY, V. A. -
LETAVET, A. A. - 414
LEV, I. D. -280
LEVIN, G. S. -.0
LEVINSON, L. B. - 328-457
LEVOCHKIN, F. G.
LEYPUNSKIY, O. I.
LIBENZON, R. Ye.
LIBERMAN, A. N. - 280
LIBERMAN, Ya. A. - 328
LINEVICH? T. B. - 414
LINKAN, I. F.
LIPATOVA, N. Ya. - 226
LIPKANI N. F. - 167
LITVINOV0 N. N. - 384
LIVANOV? M. N.-N? 238-452
LIVSHITS, N. N. - 238
LOMONOS? P. I.
LOMOVSKAYA? E. G. - 457
LOPATNIKOVA, Z. F.
LUBENSKIY? Yu. M. - 216
LUCHNIK, N. V. - 591
LUGANOVA, I. S. - 249
LUK'YANCHENKO? B. Ya.
LUK'YANOV? G.
I'VOVA) M.
LYAPIN? Ye. N.
LYSINA? G. G. - 179
MAXARYCHEVA, R. I. - 384
MAKULOVA? I. D. - 250
MALENKOVA, K. M. - 470
MALOV, G. A. - 398
MANAMTAVRISHVILI? D. G.
MAMUL9? Ya. V. - 328
MANIKOV: M. E. - 429
NANOYLOV, SO Ye. - 236-113
NARCHUK, R. Ya,
MABEY, A. N. - 414
MARGULIS? U. Ya. - 328
MARKARYAN, M. K. J
MARKOVICH, V. V. - 182
MASLOVA? M. N. - S
MATOV, V. S. - 470
MATUZ0V, N. I. - J
mATvEYEv,, o. G. - 236
MAYOROV? F. P. - 226
MAYZEROV, Ye. S.
IJETWIK, M. R.
PIWNICHENKO, A. V.
NOEULOV? A. I.
MERKULOVAp I. P. - 173
METER$ I. D.
MENSEL M. N. - 333-328
MIKHAYLOVA, N. G.
11INHAILOVAI V. A. - 596
MIEHAYLOVICH? Boris
MIZHAYLOVICH, S. M.
NIgIASHEVSKIY, V. Ye.
MINASOV, V. S. - 452
MINAYEV, P. F. - 328
M1RIMOVA, T. D. - 427
NER'SALIMOV, M. M.
MISHUSTIN, Ye. N. - 333
MISLENKO, V. A. - 179
MITSNEVICH, D. S. - 470
MODESTOV, V. K.
NECIWNITSKIY, B. N. - 470
NMISEYENKO, E. V. - 457
NDISEYEV? Ye. A.
MEICHALINA, A. S. - 457
MDLOKANOV, K. P. - 414
1400DVINOVA, N. P. - 470
mal0Wp Ye. G.
NOROZOV, A. I. - 470
MONOZOV, B. B.
MOSHARIV, A. I.
MOSNAINVp Yu. I.
MOTTEOVA, I. A. - 457
MOVSESYAN: M. A. - 729
MUSHINA-DDGODSKAYA, L. N.-
?
UNCLACCIFIED
,MERATT V. N.
.MrTAREVA,L. V -
NAGRODSKAYA, A. Z. - 470
NAVASHIN, M. S.'
NAZARISHVILI, a. P.
NAZAROV, V. A.
NECHAYEV, I. A. - 331
NEMKIN, M. N. J
NENTSOVA, O. L.
NESTERIN, M. F. - 1.23.
NEVIER, A. - 236
NEVSKAYA, G. F.
NEYFAKH? A. A. - 326
NIKITENKO, R. p. 167
NIKITENKO, V. V. - 414
NIKITINA, K. I. - 236
NIKOLAYEVA, N. V. .,392
NIZHNIK, G. V. - 328
NOVIKOV? Yu. V. - 398
NOVIKOVA, A. P.
NUMDIN, N. I. - 331
OGANESYAN? A. A. - 729
OKONISHNIKOVA, I. Ye.-596
OKULOV, N. M.. - 236
OLEYNIKOVA, T. N. - 167
OL'SHEVSKAYA, L. V. - 457
OMEL'UNENKO, L. M. - 384
ORESHKO, V. F. - 398
ORLOV, A. S. - 236
ORLOVA, L. V. - 4o6
OSIPOV? Ye.
OSIPOVA, V. G. - 414
OSTAPKOVICH, V. Ye. - 433
OTAROVA, G. K. - 328
OYVIN: I. A. K
PALLADIN, A. V. -162
PANDRE, Ye. M. -
PANKOVA, N. V. - 328-457
PAPOYAN, S. A. - 729
PARKHOMENKO, G. M. - 414
PASECHNIK? A. M. - 333
PASYNKOVA, I. Ye. - 470
PASYNSKIY, A. G. - 327
PAVLOV, B. V. - 226
PAVLOVA, Ye. ?B. - 361
384 PAVLOVSKAYA? T. Ye.
B-4
PERUMOVA, N. D.
PETERSON, O. P.
PETROV, R. V.
PETROV, V. A. - 236
PETROVA, A. S.
PETROVA, O. N..- 331
PETROVICH, I. K.
PETROVSKY, I. G. - 457
PIGALEV, I. A.
PINCHUK, V. G. - 184
PINIGAN, M. A. - 398
PINUS, A. A.
PIONTKOVSKIY, I. A. -332
PITSKHELAURI, G. Z.
PLOKHOY? V. I. - 328
PLYSHEVSKAYA, Ye. G.-328
POBEDINSKIY, M. N.-21G-236
PODLYASHCHUK, L. D. - 470
POGODAYEV, K. I. - 332
POLENKO, V. K. - 278
POLEZHAYEV? A. B. - 236
POLIKARPOV? G. G.-457-554
POLIVODA? A. I. - 328
POLIVODA? B. I. - 398
POLUBOYARINOVA, E. I.
POLYAK, B. L. - J
POLYAKOV, V. P. - 4o6
POKERANTSEVA? M. D. - 331
PONOMARENKO, N. Ye. - 236
PONOMARKOV?'V. I.
POPEL?, L. V.
POPLAVSKIY, N. K. - 236
POPOV, O. V. - 457
POSHERSTNIK: S. Yu.
PRIGOZHINA, Ye. L. - 241
PROKOFEYEVA-BELGOVSKAYAAA.
PROKOPENKO, G. A. - 596
PROKUDINA, Ye. A. - 236
PRUSHIN, Ya.
PSHENNIKOVA, M. G. - 457
PUSHNITSYNA? A. D. - 236
RABINOVICH, R. M.
RABKINA? A. Ye. - 361
RAEHMANOV, V. A. - 452
RAPOPORT: I. A.
RAPOPORT, S. Ye. - 328
RAUSHENBAKH, M. O. - 392
RAVDONIK, K. S.
RAZGOVOROV, B. L.
RED KINA? Ye. K. - 414
REYNBERG, S. A. - 384
RODINA, R. I. - 392
RODIONOV, V. - 406
ROGACHEVA, E. D.
ROGACHEVAI L. S. 392
ROGOZKIN, V. D.
ROKOTOVA: N. A.
ROMANOV, L. R. - G
ROMANOVA, Ye. S. G
ROMANTSEV, Ye. F.
ROMANYUK, N. M. - 182
ROSTOTSKIY? B. E. - 366
ROTFELT, L. S. - 249
ROZEN, V. B.
ROZENBLIT, Ye. I.
ROZMAN? I. M.
RUBANOVSKAYA, A. A. - 414
RUBINSHTEYN, Ya. G. - J
RUDERMAND A. I. - 470
RUSANOV? A. M. - 236-274
RUSETSKIY, I. I. - 124
RYUMINA, Ye. N. - 398
RYZHKOVA, M. N. - 414
SAFRONOVA, M. I. - 457
SAKHATSKAYA, T. S.
SAMOKHVALOVp N. V.
SAMOSHKINAp N. A.
SAMTSOV, V. I. - J
SAMUNDZHANp Ye. M. - 167
SANOTSKIY; V. A. - N
SAUROVp M. M.
SAVITSKIYp I. V. - R
SAYTANOVp A. O. - 414
? SBITNEVAp M. F.
SCHASTNYYp V. A.
SEITZ, I. F.
SELETSKAYAp T. S. - 470
SELIVERSTOVAp L. A.-333
SEMENOV: E. M. - 238
SEMENO4p L. F. - 236-589
SEMENOVA, Ye. M. - 238
SEMENSKAYA, Ye. M.
SEMGINp V. N.
SEMINA, V. A. - 236
SEREBROVp A. I. - 241
SERGEL?, O. S. - 470
SERGENEV, S. N. J
SERGIEVp G. B.
SEVERTS0Vp A. N. - 326
SHABAD, L. M. - 241
SHABADASH, A. L. - 328
SHAL?N0V? M. I.
SHAMOV, V. P.
SHAMSHINA? Ye. V. - 392
SHAPIRO, I. M. - 326
SHAPIRO, N. I. - 328-457
SHATERNIKOV? V. A.
SHCHEPOT'YEVA? Ye. S.
SHCHERBANI E. I. - 236
SHCHERBAKOV, N.-I. J
SHCHERBAKOV, V. L.
SHEKHTER, N. A. - 454
SHEKRIMAN, Ya. L. - 328
SHEPSHELEVICH, L. L. - 392
SHERMANs L. M. - 470
SHERSHEVERp S. M.
SHIFFERs I. V. - 236
SHLYHIN, D. M. - 328
SHIKHODYROV, V. V.
SHIMANOVSKAYA, K. B. -236
SHISHLYANNIKOVA, L. I. -J
SHITIKOVAp M. B. - 392
SHKAPINAp V. A. - 561
SHLYGIN, G. K. - 423
SHNOW? S. Ye. - 384
SHPARO, L. A. - 427
SHRAMENKOp A. I.
SHTERNp L. S. - 328
SHTUKKENBERGp Yu. M.
SHTURMs L. D. - 333
SHUBINAp A. V. - 470
SHUKURYANp S. G.
SHUKUTYANp S. G. - 729
SHUR'YANp I. M. ?-? 167
SHVARTSERp I. V. - 40
SICHARENKOp O. A.
SIDORIKp Ye. P. - 182
SIDOROVp V. N. - 328
SI4ONENK00 D. L.
SIMONOVp P. V. - 278
SIMONOVICHp N. M.
SINENKOp L. F.
SIPOVSKIYp P. V. - 268
SISAKYANp N. M. - 327
SIVACHENKO, T. P.
SIVERTSEVAp V. N.- 236
SIZENKOp S. P. - 182
SKLYANDSKAYAp Ye. I.
SKOPINAp S. B. - 392
SKURKOVICHp S. V. - 392
B-5
SKVIRSKAYA, K. B. - 236
SLEPOVI A. A. - 328
SUNK?, V. G.
SMIRNOVA-ZAMKOVA, A. I.
SNEZHKO? A. D. - 328
SOBOLEV, V. I.
SOKOLOV, M. V. - 328
SOKOLOV, S. S. - 268
SOKOLOV, Yu. N. - 384
SOKOLOVA, N. V. - 666
SOLOV'YEVAI Ye. A. - 414
SONDAK0 V. A. - 328
SOROKINA? M. I. - 326
SOSOVAp V. G.
SPASOKUKOTSKIY2 Yu. A.
SPASSKAYAp I. G. - 241
SPEKTOR? Ye. B. - 399
STEFANOVAp M. 14. - 274
STEPANOVAp V. I. - 414
STEPANYANs Ye. P. - DI 433
STETSENKO, N. D. - 167
STOLYAROVA, L. B. - 167
STOROZHENKO, E. P. - G
STRASHININ, A. I. - 236
STRAZHEVSKAYA, N. B. - 328
STRELINp G. S. - 236-264
STREL'TSOVA, V. N.
STRUTSOVSKAYA, S. V. .* 236
SUKHAREV, V. V.
SUKHOVp K. S. - 331
SUMARUKOVp G. V. - 457
SUYETINAp I. A.- 326
SYRKINp A. B.
SYRKINp A. L. - 452
SYROMYATNIKOVAp N. V.
TAGIBEKOVp K. G. - 494
TARASENKOs N. V.
TARASENKOp N. Yu. - 414
TARUSOV, B. N. - 457
TEPLYAKOVA, Z. G. C
TERMANp A. V. - 384
TERSKOVp I. A. - 216
TILISp A. Yu. - C
TIMOFEYEVAp T. A. - 40
TIMOFEYEV-RESOVSKIYp N.V.-591
TIMOFEYEVA-RESOVSKAM,E,A.-
TINYAKOVp G. G. - F
TKACHp V. K.
TOLEYVAp M. N. - 414
TOLKACHEVA, E. N. - 328
TOMSON, N. N.
TOPURIYA, Sh. R.
TOROPOVA, G. P.
TOROPTSEVp 1. V. - 666
TRET"YAKOVA) K. A. - 361
TRINCHER, K. S. - 328
TRIUMFOVA, L. N. - 184
TROITSKIY, E. Ye. - 470
TROITSKIYp V. L. - 408
TRUBACHEV: V. I. - 268
TRUSOVA: N. E.
TSENTEROVAp L. G. - 414
TSVERAVAp Ye. N.
TSYBUL'SKIY,, I. B. ?- 470
TSYGANKOVs G. M. - J
TSYGANOV, S. V. 494
TSYPIN, A. B. - 720
TUL'TSEVA: N. M. - 326
TUMANYANp M. A. - 408
TUMANYAN: V. A. - 720
TURPAYEVp T. M. - 326
TUZHILKOVAp T. N. - 264
UDGODSKAYAp L. N. - 384
UMANSKIY, Yu. A. - 182
USHAKOVA? V. F. - 414
,USPENSKAYA, M. S.
USPENSKAYA: V. D. - 406
USPENSKIY: Yu. N. - 40
UTE/MIN: Ye. V. - ?236
VAKHTANGISHVILIp T. A.
VALUYEVAp T. K. - 167
VANNIKOV1 L. L.
VASILENKG, Yu. K.
VASILEVSKAYAp N. L. - 240
VASILEVSKIY: N. N. - 264
VASILEYSKIY0 S. S.
VEKSLER: Ya. I. - J, L
VEMHVADZE: R. Ya,
VERKHOVSKAYAp I. N.
VERSHININp N. I.
VERSHININp N. V. - 414
VIKTURIN: V. P. - 470
VINOGRAD-FINKEL'I F. R. -
VINOGRADOVA? N. F. - 414
VINOKUROVp I. N. - 487
VLASOVAp Z. A. - 268
JNCLA3SIFIW
L. F.
VOLKOVAp M. S. - 327
VOLKOVAp N. I. - 414
VOLKOVICHp M. V. - 331
VOLODINAp I. A.
VOLOKHOVAp N. A.
VOROWYEVI, V. N. - 268
VOROB'YEVAp Ye. I. - 457
VOSKRESENKIY: S. P.
YAKOVLEVp V. G.
YANSON, Z. Ya.
YARMONENKOp S. P.
YARUILIN, Kh, Kh.
YEFREMOVAp G. P.
YEFREMOVA: T. M.
YEGOROVAp A. P.
YELAPT'YEVA, G. N. - 470
YELEAZAROVA, M. P. 470
YELISEYEVAy A. G.
YEMAYKINA) B. P.
YEMEWYANOV, K. N. 328
YEREMINt G. P. 423
YERMOLAYEVAp N. V.
YERZINKYANp I. A. - 726-729
YUDELES: A. A. - 596
MIN: Yu. G. - 384-436
ZAGATSKAYA1 A. A. - 729
ZAKHAROVp V. M. - 398
ZAKUTINSKIY$ D. I.
ZAMYATK1NAp O. G. - 406
ZARETSKAYAs Yu. M.
ZAVEL'SEIY, F. S. 398
ZAMBEINA T. S. ?? 431
ZAYRAT'UlfITSp V. B. - 470
ZEDGENIDZEp G. A.
ZELENSKIYp N. V.
ZEMLYANOVp A. G. - 268
ZHAKHOVAI Z. N. - 240
ZHEBRAK: A. R.
ZHGENTIp V. K.
ZHGUN, A. A. - 278
ZHIDKOVAp L. V. - 398
ZHIZHINAp N. Z. - 454
392 ZHOGA1 N. A. - 167
ZHOGOVAp V. M.
ZEORNO, L. Ya. - 264
ZHUKp Ye. G. J, 280
B-6
ZHULANOVAp Z. I.
ZHUHAVIEVp K. I. - 328
ZIL'BERp L. A. - 408
ZIMBERGA Yu. G. - 236
ZLOBINSKIYp B. M.
ZUBKOVAp S. R. - 328
ZUBOVSKIY,0 G. A.-470
ZUYKOVAp Ye. A. - 470
ZYKOVAp A. S.
ZYUZINp I. K. - 431
UNCLASSIFIED
APPENDIX C
bUBSTANCES-IDWATIGATED FOR PROPHYLACTIC1WE
fat
crocus
thiourea
tyramine
cysteine
ephedrine
phenatine
glutathione
unithiol
adrenaline
thiophenatine
propylphenamine
ant ianemin
properdin
phthivazide
cysteineamine
cystineamine
cysteineamine chloride
cysteineamine ascorbate
? cysteineamine nicotinate
cysteineamine salicylate
N-acetylcysteineamine
triacetylcysteineamine
tetramethylcystineamine
tetraethylcystineamine
B-B-dimercaptoethylamine
chondroitin sulfate
5-oxy-4-methyl-uracil
5-amino-4-methyl-uracil
5-amino-4-methyl-cytosine
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2-6-diamino-5-nitro-4-methyl-pyrimidine
antireticulocytotoxic serum of Bogomolets (ACS)
vitamins (A, Bi, B6, B12, C, folic acid, niacin)
S-2-B-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (Apr)
preparation-88 (116-hexamethylenebistrimethyl ammonium iodide)
anikhain (piperidylethanol diphenylacetate hydrochloride)
para-aminopropiophenone and derivatives
preserved tissue (therapy by Filatov method of biogenic stimulators)
hyaluronic acid (and its protein complexes)
pentoxyl (2,6-dihydroxy-4-methy1-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine)
metacyl (216-dihydroxy-4-methyl-pyrimidine)
preparation-96 (bis-,49-diethylaminoethylester of mesodiphenylsuccinic
acid dihydrochloride)
sodium nucleinate (sodium salt of purified nucleic acids obtained by
hydrolysis of yeast)
leucogen J2-0( -phenyl-c4-carbethoxymethyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic aci.g7
Tezan-25 pyrimidine derivative of unknown structure)
AGAINST IRRADIATION
yeast
uracil
validol
kampolon
phenamine
pynestrol
cobalt salts
acetylcholine
methylphenatine
methylthiourea
phenylethylamine
methoxytyramine
diethylstilbestrol
beta-cytosterol
amino-mercaptocaproic acid
mercaptocaproic acid
methylphenatine
phenylphenamine
para-aminobenzoldisulfide
B-mercaptoethyldiethylamine:
sodium chloraphyllin
cholinolytic Agents
isothiouronic derivatives
pyrogallol derivatives:
thiodiazole derivatives
para-aminobenzoic acid (PARA)
mercapto-caffein-ethylamine
zymosan (a yeast extract)'
dithiocarbamino-acid-ammonia
somatotropic hormone (STH)
chlorpromazine ("aminazine")
C-1
Di Di
8. JPRS-NY/Report 266. 25 Feb 58, Radiobiology in the USSR. Utilization
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Radiation Screening and Handling Devices," Atotnaya Energiya,
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V Narodnom Khoz 4-12 A r 57)
Gamma-Ustanovki Radiometri a I
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158. Leipunskii, O. I., "Radioactive Hazard from Continous Atom
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159. AIR. IR-316-58, Bad Soden Team, USAFE,? 14 Jan 58, Plankton as
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160. UN. A/AC. 82/GR. 47, Isaev, B. Mo, and Simonenko, D. L. (eds.),
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165. Fremont-Smith, Frank, The Mental Health Aspects of the Peaceful
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166, Sams, Crawford F., "The Medical Aspects of Radiation Fall-Out-
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167. Rand. RM-1956, AF-9o31467, 31 Jan 0, Latter, Albert L., and
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169. JPRS-NY-L-441. 26 Nov 58, Lebedeva, G. D., "Plankton - An
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DO EN Di'
170. 3PRS-M-L-442. 26 Nov 58, Zhogova, V. 111-, "Certain Data Concerning
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171. Clark, Evert, "Pioneer Indicates Restricted Radiation," Aviation
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173. Marey, A. N., "Hygienic Evaluation of Radioactive Strontium As a
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175. JPS-L-577-N. 15 Dec 58, Doliva-Dobrovoliskayal L. B., and
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176, Xrassovsky, V. I., "The Soviet Exploration of the Ionosphere by
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199. IAC 669928. AEC-Tr.-2964, Kiselev, P. N., Buzini, P. A., and
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201. JPRS-NY-L-432. 26 Nov 58, Aleksandrova, M. F., "Blood Reaction
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202. JPRS-NY-289. 10 Mar 58, Voyenno-Meditsinskiy Zhurnal (Medical
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203. JS-NY-i-282. 7 Aug 58, Shitikova, M. G., "Blood Destruction
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208. Yale. University News Bureau Report 63, 26 Sep 58, Luchnik, N. V.,
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209. 4kRS-DC-L-764. 19 Sep 58, Semenov, L. F., and Prokudina, Ye. A.,
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210. JPRS-DC-L-766. 19 Sep 58, Domshlak, M. P., Ivanov, I. I.,
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212. AIR. IR-1693-581 AP-1187127, 3 Sep 58, Radiation Sickness
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216. Grayevsky, E. Ya., and Konstantinova, M. M., "The absence of
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219. AIR, IR-6949-58, AP-1205924, 14 Oct 58, Soviet Remedy Against
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227. JPRS-L-515-N. 4 Feb 59, Yakovlev, V. G., and Ivanov, I. I.,
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members Soy Dele ation to VI SessiOn of-UF'Scientific Committee
on Atomic Radiation OFF USE
D-27
-WNG47466-I-F-1-93
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