A ,.. -..0.:4 1i.; I 1 kt _ 1,,,21.,t1-111"11p,--L/')- ..-r Davoica .LJL4uikt '4.1 ratt.;�,�4:71.�Tid � � *or - Purpose: To do_exploratory research upon the relation of component patterns of measurements of physique-(tody typing) to patterns of - personality Characteristics (MKULTRA-134). Initiated: Oily 1961 Contractor: Coat: Status: Actual work is expected to commence in-Septemte 1; _ Cost Account cafe.t.i= /..ffe At, .2 Object Class Date Rein and_RefeterTcos Obligaions Obligations Incurred Liquidated Unliquidated Balance 9 AUG `4 196i 61,0* (When Filled In) - DNS: 2, � tay.10-6) t:nORAIV,111 Vc.2.1 712, LOCYPEICILLIn XULTRA,,Sabproject tjid.cr the vutthozity -_-c-Jtutt4-71 afistiA from t.;:iaD te) tta the-: exte:roff4A auttlor-Ity tn20.0- 5e.cnnut bala,a�overl,_ezd__$.22iia0.414- of tb.e covar_the ctub.).roject ex:penr:ea--t.,r1-1-7-f.Cae:r-'ar.1-11-Ve:Iiit,.t:'?. A91-z1D-Po rfr-IIIS1 C1*-7:!ZZA - blue: 1)11 Orig. Z5 2 - 1- TSD/FASS Z ---TSD/RB Obie _ TiFf MAT Ft.;NMACANA/ABU; - ret2,A7pN AV:Re4Cf J.1711Z P94S4 .70 ALI o.rmr,Nr th,vizej.� 121r6It AUTMOR':iNti OfikaR MEMORANDUM R: Chief, Finance Division VIA TSD/Cludget Officer SUBJECT MICULTRA, Subproject 134, Zn�Ie Ito. Allotment 21254390.3902 1. Invoice No. 1 coverin. the above buhproJoetiattacbod. Payment should be made as follows: check in the amount of 22,00 00 drawn ont � payable to the k3 Z. Please forward the check_to_ChIef, T80/Research Branch through-TSD/Budget Officer by 24 July. 1961, 3._ This is a final invoice. Howavor, since it is anticipated that additional funds will be obligated for this project, the fileeI should not be closed. Attachment: Invotce& Certifications Distribution: Orig Li Z Addressee TSD/Rasearch Branch (VIlen pilled in) CONFIDENTIAL FUNDS POSTING VOUCHER VOUCHER .. 7-12 DATE 2-6 VOUCHER NO. 7-12 DESCRIPTION-ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS 13-33 -----...... 34-39 STATION 40-42 EXPEND 43 F u 45-4 PAT 47-52 �OLIO. REF. NO. 53 54-57 GENERAL 56.67 ALLOT. OR ACCT. NO. COST 60.70 DUE DATE 7t,eo AMOUNT DESCRIPTION- ADVANCE ACCOUNTS 13-27 p.e. No. CODE PROP. NO. PNOJCCV NO. CODE m 0 PER. LIO. ... ' '' AOTANCE ACC T.NO. CA YR LEDGER ACCT. NO. 2.67 CA OBJECT DEBIT CREDIT V S EMI. NO. ......INO..... X REP. NO. CLAS S LtiLl lwJ.06-1-2>-.12/10-3,442-7-6- &c...1 .2a:oevie, Ilk --/,'" /0 3?? . . . U... � 4 4 � ,......... � . L I � I I ... . .. ... 4 . 4 1 . .. I : .. .. � I EXPLANATION OF ENTRY 1 I TOTALS I i 1 1 1 I11qLz.f't . ' 1 PREPA DATE R(VIEWFO NY CERTIcIEO OP PAYMENT OR CREDIT ' !DATE . 1 1 I DATE SIIGNATURC I H or cardrylom OFFICER 1 1 1 FORM &Az. . .49 10.59 EP1.10 USE PREVIOUS (OPTION ,. -. . .. . 1 (O. ACCOUNTING BY INDIVIDUAL FOR ADVANCE 4 Nor: Follow instructiona on R SUOMOTTED BY VOUCHER NO. (Finance use sniy) I IIIKULTRA Sub 134 PERIOD OF ACCOUNTING FRom 1 Sept. 1961 TO 15 Nov. 1963 RECEIPTS DISBURSEMENTS I. CASH ON HAND BEGINNING OF PERIOD B yOuC E DATE DESCRIPTION AMOUNT la, �Rx , EaRT DATE DESCRIPTION 1.1111111111Pri" l' i, . 11 ValiCe See Attacked. Certilicatio IVO CO . 1 1 . AIIMO4IMMI11111111 . , 22 0 - itir 3a, , 22 0 .0 ll A. REFUNDED HEREWITH cAsHI . c CcA fl.o.cvIAAAC I I 5. C'ASIt'ION, MAHE/ ENDd, OF PEN, OD I 11 1 1 11 TOTAL TO ACCOUNT FOR tio2 1 000.00 I I L 111 11DTAL' 1ACCOUNTED FOR I I ' e 000.0 i 1 CERTIFY 'FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE H I, APPROVED I I 1I cer4ifil7Aahe eipendi4ures listed hereonsind OBLIGATION REFERENCE O. CHARGE ALLOTMENT 1-- 138 212513903902 NO. OATE , SP 41 ,61 1 SIGNATURE '1.. I1 DNElf 11,' OF: AP 6027117.8 L 'ROT 1 IN GI: OFFICER 116 1 1 I.00i.ditHhelrlefoiliteli on lAny; pees ileia accauntin's attachment, ,preonfidenti'al were ., incurred natarelthet! not been. Isi:lesue4nd CO feceied'..andiLthet rect' for of nt,icial payment ' I pus* or DATE SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZING 'OFFICER H CERTIF ED FOR 'PAYMENT OR CRED !IH SIGNATURE OF PAYEE, 2 3 i , '1954 ATE i 1 1, 1! Si GNATURE'[OF 1 , CERTIFYING i:.,FF leER I ' I 1 I J , , SPACE BELOW FOR EXCLUSIVE USE OF FINANSE DIVISION 1 Pk7PARED ey if"-N , REVIEWEDI ST 1 I V : VOUCHER No. 7-12 � ,. 23* 99 I DESCRIPTION � ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS 020-42 11 PEN� 5.45 RAN1 47- 00100 52 , 3 II 34. 1 I =I; ALLOT. ICTI ! LEDGER ODE I 'V AM OUNT ESCRI TIO � ITCIPAS 13.3$ 34.39 1 0. EIVIIIntivz.11421. g:iH...4, A0,7,,,. N � I I 47d 14 K. NO. OBJECT DESCRIPTION � ADVANCE ACCOUNTS, IS�24. ' 1 PAYABLE V 1 ,,le*Ip IAA,: 'HIV, . HI ' I lAlvVADV.Ao. 1-IA9M OK PIT C 00 I , I I I I I Il II :I I I VI I' II !I I IIi 11 , ' � I � � I il I I 1 FORWI 282 USE PREVIOUS , Ii-ST toorroms. 1 � ' ' ,........ � 1 ,- � I , 40 V.= A-Stipend B-ClericaX & Tseting Asristance C7Fores D.-Oost 2-Cost lo.d. r- Travel 0-Office Expenses 1H, I 11-Te3tilEquipment J -Books & Journals K-ContingenoieS to Subjeots of Omputation Puialcation ACCOUNTING OF Am'ts Carried over from 71r$7 Tetz___ 840.00 600,00 292 30 35 89 $3,172 50 Allocation for second Year Other Sources $11,400.00 2,000.00 $200.00 7,` Funds from 600.00 37.50 000 H 0.00 J.,2001.00 , 400.00 20000 00 $17,000.00 71r 23:35 221.00 ��11.1111�.01111=1��0 $290.35 Total Alcallable November 18, 1963 Total $Rent $11,400.00 2,200.00 $13,300.00 2,651.00 67! 50 3,65..110 00 1,661600 6161. 00 110- Eto, 406.90 ' 1 4371. 70 1,609.32 422:00 101.93 302.89 2'5.15 1.12296 !_2(..1),46.85 _ 20,462,85 r certify i;)'a. imve becn 'satisfactorily rcy(.1-0 I were Incurred cn Balance as 21_01.1a5a1 - $1,900.00 - 451.00 272.00 ^ 174.00 . 560.24 92.90 171.62 320.07 _LS-5AZ nil Feb 1963 Raceiv Expended: _ Salary-of Priheipal Investigator_ 10;800.00 Clerical-and. Testihg-ASsit. 1�473i22_ - - - Fees-to Subjects --14-980.00 Cost of _Comoutation 160.00 Travel- - -307.70 Office Expenses Test _Eqaoment - Book--and Jotirnars- -- - Total Expenditures -- - Balance be mlied to next year grant 1, 283 63 2,423. 83 197.11 19?.99 $18,827.30 This-is a true statement of ac oun ing _ as-reported to the Fund.- - TPS/ChcrrIcal Receipt is hereby acknowledged of Treasurerls Check_ No. 184788, dated August 1.1, 1961, drawn on the in the amount of to 22, 000. 00, payable hisit_Pinsenso lXvisiore t TSD/Bodget Officer MWLTA$tbtojoct t) Allotment 212,V.13.90.;$902 l� -Invoice No. 1 covering the above subproject la atbached. Payment should be made as follows: heck t the � payable to 22 Oa; OA & Pinata forward titheok to Melt TSD/R search Dranc titiouth 21Diatidget Officer by 7.4 Ally 30_ Thitis a anal invoice. tioweverg ainte it is anticipated that additional funds will ht_oblipted for ttds project, the Mee should not be cloud. Machine/4h Invoke & C.tificstions ChiSL TSD/Resoarch Drench Distribution: Otis is 2, Adlresseo 1 - TSD/FASS .2TSD/RB TSD/R13 For Services a el a a -a-a-a- a - fl� -_ at _1r CERTIFICATIONS (I) It is hereby-certified-that-this is Invoice_i applytng to sub.project of IIKULTRA� that perforce is satieffaakry, that services are being acc-eailhed in accordance -with mutual _agree-mts, that a detailed -agenda of the payments and receipts is_on_file_in Min, that this bill-is just and correct and that-payment_thereof has not yet been made. Date: ".14. Chief;'TSD/Reseurcii Branch' (2) It is hereby_certifiedlthttet_this_inv_oice applies to SubProjeet_i_,_, of MKULTRA which vasmduly approved, and. that the project is being c."1-a-d�out In accordance with the memorandum of 13 April 3.953 from the DC1 to the DD/A, and the extsusion-of-this_authority_in_ subseqtent_memoranda.- Date: _ _ Research Director MDRANDUDI Ti A111111011 � :Fimice S.PZJW.T MULTM, Subnrojeot,___134 UMer the euthoriV Exulted in the_temoradtius dated 13 April 1953 the DCI to tte alA-thtensibil Or-this authority-in sub- sequant _has beta approvek,_=.1422.s00:0.1 ' of tbe ovat-elLProJ et-MUMMA ruad3 have boen ob11te4 to cover -tbn sublyCO.V.Ot I ear*W: 0-9 rza should be_ch.TA,.1..eit to- cc.st. centre 1.139O. 39 AFTROVSD FCR OBLIGATRH- OV FUNDS: Reszarca Direotor Date.: Distributiul: Orig. Es 2 - thirenese 1 - TSD/FASS 2 TSD/RB TEO/Research BranCh Memorandum to: Subject: RecOmmendotion fOrfundin ' June 9, 1961 $22,000.00 After considerable deliberation on the �ropoial, its funding is recommended, despite the superficiality of the proposal and the questionable products which have i�wed from previous research. It is contemplated that Dr. Dr� and Dr can strengthen the research accomplished 0. throug monitorship an close gut once. This is an important area of research and one which we have wanted to start for a long time. We would like to get someone of better stature working in the area, but this appears to be the best we can accomplish at the moment. This work fits into our indirect assessment re uirement and will contribute to the Wechsler-Bellevue work in which D enbaging. Its funding is recommended. eb Enc: 2 (prosoi and comments by I) accordanc$-With your reitiest4-I am cUtatting a revised proposal ,m1 budget-for a study in constitutional Psy-, choiogy. During the one-year period-from September 1, 1961 to-. August 31, 1962, I propose to carry out an extension of the-study which I reported to You last months . he objective of this study is to exploro and (define the nature and_extent of relationships which, on the basis of the pilot studY, Wear to exist between anthrepometric dimen- sions developed_by Sheldon and others and selected psychological dimensions of temperament, perception, leaming, intelligence, - and personality. These psychological dimensions-will be defined largely as they-were in, the-pilot proleet but with certain - changes and additions vhich-Vill be�outlined in this letter. The ',strategy" of this stUdy is to gathek-&-Vide rpge of data, from anthropometrio measurements, through-cognitive. - functions to personality dimensions, on a relativeltsmall number of subjects. Broadly statedi-thes.purpese of this_strategy-is to elucidate and_explain the inter.relatedness of human behavior as it is manifested by an individual on several_different levels of functioning. I- think that constitutional psychology offers --- some promise asArbasid-for the integration Of observations from biologY, psychology, and axiologY into a coherent_pattern of relationships. As yoti-kmow from reading .my laMt report, the artalYsie--- of the pilot MAIO is not completed. Nevertheless, the available analysis points_out the value of several changes-in-thinking and procedure: 1. The pilot project was based in_part on the assnmption that Sheldonlo_method for cla'Ssitying human physiques is psychologically-ineaningfa7.� Attire studies Should View Sheldon's methods more critically, prefe � familiarity with-bis methods Tne tim g of this study m s is step esse jilt et c se wl not ben able to rel:f on thous� of pte-somatotYPed subjects. 2. The pilot project ha i indicated that physical dimensions other than soMatotYpe, such as height and bead size, apparently correlate with peYchologieal ft/notions. I. plan to search the literature for other potentially significant physical dimensions for inclusion in this research. Seeent studies by Teddenham And Veendenberg will be avilable for this purpose,. 3. With regard to the7relatiensh0 between phyeitetee and temperament, the.pilot study made an enobtrusive-but productive break with Sholdenes thUking. The-teed of persisting in Sheldonts view that physique and temperament are two sides -of the same coin, I workel with the idea that the differences between the components of physique and components ot-temporameDt are signifee cant in their own right.- Some of the-highest corrolationt and - most provocative findings emerged from this departure. Those promising results underline the value of revising aDd refining the self-administered tem erament scale. This summer, I-OIen to gather more data_onethis test from somatotyped subjects. Other investigators have been working indopendentle on the task of devising a self.administered rating scale. Teexpect to be able to use theirefindinge, too. 4. The pilot study s6Ught corr64tions'between-CAI3 silb-tests and components of physique. Any-Mt/re study will use Sennderst factorial studies of the Wechslerscales. It 13 uy hope that relationships which were merely-suggestive but not statistically significant will be replaced by correlations which are statistic. ally stronger and psycholOgically more meaningful. 5. Both of the percept/al tasks used in the pilot itUdY dewed signifieMet_correlations with aspects of physique. This suggests that the field of perception may be aneospeciallY fruitful intermediate ground between physique and personality. intend to use-addit(i-zal perceptual tasks and will giveeprimary _ consideration to Yehose which have shown evidence of relatedness - to perscnalitv�variables. 6. The results of the Pilot project indicate several ways in which the battery-of-learnite taskd coeld-be revisede One task, nonsense-syllable learning; should probably be dropped. A conditioning experiment which uses a pleasant stimulus could. theoretically, lead to quite -different relationships with physique. The possibility of finding ether simpler and purer learning tasks will be explored. ?. Participants in the pilot project were given three paperand-peneil personality tests: the-IMPI, the brers-Dritgs, and the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test. (To date, only the MgP1- scores have been included in the statistical analysis). At present time, two other tests are being considered for inclusion in the battery. The Guilferd-Zimmermenn Temperament &a3.� appears - to be closer in conception to Sheldenis ideas than any_eethor standard test of its kind. Moreover, its dimensions are framed in terms of normally functioning adults, the kind of subjects intend to use. Eorschachis ideas about the psychological-moaning of color) movement) and form responses to inkblots appear to _ parallel the dimensions of affecti.conation, and cogniSibli-.-- Holteman's version of Rorschach's test may be a suitable vehicle for testing these relationships, 8. I intend to_calect_preliminary data concerni value orientation) vocational,speoialization) and transcendental and religious Axperiencit.- At this stages these data would be essentially exploratOrYs� MY intention is to develop a batteM of psychological -stales whichiVill_provide as broad a-oross- sectional view of each.subject as is practical. 9. Because-this'study-is primarily concernetLwitR_the_ relationships between somatotype and pysdhologicalfunctions, it is most important to use subjects uho represent the full _ranges of each of he three somatotype scales. - This vill_be_wy_ primary concern in the selection of subjects. I am assured or an adequate supply or subjects from several sources: colleges, service- organizationgt an oPinion-pel.iing concern, and 4 clinical training program.- In addition to group-adminissd tests' I expect to spend the equivalent_of_a full. day in face-to-face_testing of each subject. During the six-month period to be devoted to the collection of-data)_Lplan to test at least 100 subjects and possibly as many as 3.500 - Budget Stipond..!....00-movuvoulw44t44," $10_000 Clerical and-testing assistance.. 1)200 Fees to _ 3)000 Cost of computation.m.......... 1) Cost.of publication,......0000... 600 - 600 Office expenses..tm.... 1)500 Bomatotyping ewipment and other test 2)000 Books and journa1s...m..0mm 300 Contingencies.... $221000 APProximai2-21201 PohedUlo Sept.) Oct.) and Nov. 19611 Preparation of test_batteiy and making arrange-plants for subjects. Dec. 19611 Jani-to_May 1962: Testing and data collection. _ June to ALig. 19621 AnaiYsis of data and reporting of results. _ I hope -that this brief revision wilt facilitate a favorabla decision concerning 0Y proposal. I am looking forward if full attention to this project as noon as et expires at the npd of I .am Pleased that hat _kindly agreed to act as a consultant to me stages of this study Thanks again for yokir consideration and oncourageent. 1. The report as it stands-is poorly organized. (I presume it is not a final product.) It is-hard to get a clear picture of - what he has found. 2 s eample (as he -admits) is far fr Ideal in - size and in_its-highly_selective character. 1. He-has more variables_(60 to 70) than subjects. A complete correlation matrix would contain some 3,000 coefficients. 0 4. I wish he bad reported_some_meana, etc., as a-partial check on the sample. Wechsler_inter--r's_would.be_especially_helpful. 5. The_difference_scores aria ratio scores ate -deceptively - tricky. Correlations -involving them are full Of artifact. They --- cannot be used in factorlamelYsis- 6. Nevertheless, some_of_the_findings are provocative, and more work of_thia_sort_should_be dohe. I would recommend a larger number of aubjecti,_better_representative_of_the general -population. - The data to_be-analyzed_should_be 'experimentallyjindependenti-(e.g., no difference-or_ratio_scores). -Raw" physical measurements -es well as somatotypaa_aould be included._ , 7. should be consulted. He hasAone_consider- able wont MEMORANDUM FOR:---THE RECORD TTS 1. Th les of . MKULTRA, -Subproject 134_ thi Pub ro ect is to t the research is proposal, including an pstImate a u ge , an the results o earlier- pilot studies which led to the present proposal are attached. - Z. The relevance of this study for the Agency, although , frankly exploratory in nature, is in' its potential contribution to clandestine indirect assess ent, e., without the subject's awareness. Previous work by Dr. and his associates, as well as others, has de- a veloped some promising but inexact relationships between body type and temperam ersonality characteristics). It is from this earlier work _ that Mr. will develop his line of research. The departure from e, earlier thin ing w ich examines component patterns of physiques in rela- tion to component patterns of -temperament osal) ap roductive approach.-- Dr. has agreed to on pro so ign an a i ti al analysis:. A by-product o this research will provide 'Dr additional data which will be useful in advancing his program (MKULTR A, Subproject 77). - Fundin and monitoring of this project _will be handled by in the regular manner.�Accounting for the unds e-pena e ow procedures previously established by the Permanent e uipment required for the project will become the property of the 4. The estimated cost of-this-subproject will be $22,000.00 for a period of one year. Charges-should be made against Allotnient No. 2125-1390-3902.- 5. MI% is neither cleared nor witting of true Sponsor, nor is there_any intent to make him wi cleared and_witting consultant to the Distribution: Original_Only Attached: Proposal APPROVED_V3RTOBLIGATIO1-0E-FUNDS - Re sea Date: ORIENTATIONs The contention_that_psychological functions vary in relation to physical structure is as old aS the studY otpsy- ohcaolgy. There has_been_muoh interest In the relationships between physique on_the_one hand and temperament, disease, and - psychosis on_the other. pone studies have beenAione of the re lationship between_physique and intelligence (Naccarati, Sheldon). One investigator .(Morris) has aqempted to relate value-orientation to physique. Very few studies are known to exist of therelationships between physique and snoh cognitive functions as peaception and learning. There-axe-several assnmWons implicit in this 1study. The basic one_is that_an_individual 1�iag�s in any activity in such a way that_his_behavior_is affected_to someextent by each aspect of his total being (as well as .by the nature of the_task, the tine-space-matrix inwhich_it oceure, and the social leanthgs which are imputed to it). One's physiqne is a system which can, for experimental convenience, be conceptualized as a concatena- tion of several functional or structural sub-systems. Sheldonis method offers one-way-of conceptually ar4lyzing the hnnan organtsa. For the purposes-of this studY,it is assnmed that this method is meaningful in terms of_certain psychological variables. These variables are affect, eonation, and cognition. Shpldon refers to the endmorphic component of physique as a measure of its tendency to seek and value affective oxperiences.___Umilarly, the mesomorphic component is thought to correlate with the urge for conative expression and the ectomorphic component is seen by Sheldon as_the_index of cognitive warm's*. :113% 43 endc- morphy, mesomorphy, or ectomorphy cannot exist _independently, neither singly nor in pairs, but only in different proportions to each other, it also appears that neither affect,. conation, nor cognition can-everibe observed withont the active presence of each other,. The psychological act, no matter -how etrikingly.it may appear to be purely affeetive, conative,!orcognitive, must always incorporate at least mthtat quanta of the_other_tWo psychological components. The human robot, the mystic, and the dreamer approach the asymptotic extremes of absence of affect, conation, and_cbgnition, respectively. Different theories Of learning have given differential emphases to. the roles of man's affective, conative, and cognitive qnalities. Theories _emphasizing the roles of_reward_and punish- ment in learning have tended to minimize intrinste meaning in the content of the learning and to make effort sub-serve emotional needs. Such_theories_could be considered primarily affective in their orientation. Pavlovian conditioning is considered a paradigm of "affective" learning. When An explanation of loam- ing emphasizes -drill, repetition, or exercise, it tends to reduce both emotion and meaning to subord&nate and insignificant roles in their influence on the process. This approach is primarily coative. It is illustrated by Thorndikels Lay of Ekercise and authripis emphasis on the necessity for contiviity between stimulus and action for learning to take place. -- The gestalt-psychological approach, in its emphases on the perceived meaning of the material to be learned and on the role of meaning in the learning process tends to minimize the importance of both feelings and strivings. It therefore proposes-a-theory of learn- ing which is primarily cognitive. The gestalt_laws_of organiza- tion emphasize_tbe_noetic pr9cess instead of feelings and strivings. This sequence-of assumptions lies at the_basis_of-the present studys 1. Kant's trichotomous division of-psycholoti al man into affective, conlittiv9, and cognitive aspects is at least heuristically useful. 2.Sheldonis somatotypes function differentially so that endomorphs seek affective experiencto mesomorphs-respond more effectively to conative opportunities, and ectomorphs are most sensitive to cognitive patterns. 3. Valid_distinctions can be made between _learning theories according to the relative Importance they ascribe to the affective, conative, and tOgnitive_aspects or 9rganismic behavior._ _ Building on these assumptions, it follow that if one develops a battery of learning tasks which are sufficiently different from one another as to evoke different levels of affective, conativel and cognitive behpiorl and if 9ne administers this battery-of tasks to somatotyped subjects, the subjects shoild differ significantly in their ability to learn-the different kinds of tasks according to differences in their somatotypes. BYPODIESSS COMUNING IsHABNINGs 1. Conditioning can be viewed_as_the_passive (non-conattve) learning of an intrinsically meaninglees_lcogni- tively weak) relationship (e.g., light Precedes air -puff to eye) in order to attain _a directly physical gratification or avoid a comparable disccefort. Sheldon says endomorphs tend_to_seek physical comfort.___This_Le_ono aspect of their tendency to organize their lives along affecttVely satisfying lives. If he is right,_ then ondomorphs_shculd_learn a pain-reinforced CH,more eaeilY than either iesomorphs or ectomorphs. For-this-pirpose, eye-blink conditioning irastited. 2. Sheldonis description of the somatotoni itemperament (which for tam is.eesentially synony- mous with mesovorphy) indicates a pleasure-in-function in a physical sense regardless of the absence of the possibilities for deriving either cognitive meanings or affective_gratifica- tion frokthe-activity. He sees the mesomorph-as_oriented toward skeleto-muscular action for the sheer pleasnre-of_the act itself. If sof thep performance on a learning -task which emphasizes drill of neuro-muscular responses in which neither fine _cognitive die- criminations'nor affeCtive satisfactions are of moment should correlate positively with mesomorphy. To test this hypothesis, a finger-maze was _used._ 3. Ectomorphy correlates positively with the_abllity to learn cognitive patterns and to order experience meaningfully. Sheldon thinks that as-ectomorphy increases, there is reliance on cognition as the major mode of coping with life's problems. Habit-formation is weak and there is less concern about physical comfort. Knowledge and understanding are more importan than either power and achievement_(the conative goals) or_-_security and comfort (the affective goats). If this is so, then there 51141d be a positive correlation between ec morphy and_both_sensory discriminations and the learning of transferable _principles. In order to test this hypothesis, two kinds of were used, One was a seriesiof-60_"memory-for- designs". problems given concurrently with the conditioning trials. The other-vas a modification of Katonals match-stick experiment. , It is expected that (a) ectourphy_wIll_gniTellie-WItiveLE develop:- 1jtLt.4z erinciele 4, Endopenia should correlate positivelY with the ability to learn nev-senSorimotor patterns which compete with old ones. The reasoning behind this hypothesis is that while mesomorphy provides the needed_sensorimotor skill and_ectomorphy provides the freedom from established patterns of,response endomorphy could be-expected to work against suceesp on this kind of learn- ing task becausuno-affectively meaningful goal is available. The task to_boAlsed for correlation with.endopenia is mirrors- drawing of_a_star pattern. This task will be scored both for time and for accuracy. With regar4 to time, it is hypothesized that sagl because of freedom from_boundedness to established patterns of eye-hand coordination. With regard to accuracy, it is hypothesized that assepenhyallladualiktualh tmat-szr9s15(line-cressings) Ul_mIrrer.uitAaug because skeleto-mascular control. 5. � :4esdoorphs are characterized by aieltion as practical, conative, and-intentional in:their behavior. If so, then mesomorphy should militate against the passive learning of unintentional, apparently useless material. 3oreover, the rola... tive passivity,of endomorphy and the hyperrattontionality of ectogorphy-shoild tend to enhance this kind of learning. As measure of incidental-learning, a 50-item multiple chpice test was devised from WATS items. The WATS vas givenLto_ell_subjects,, and the test _of incidental learning followed the WAIS by about three weeks._ 6. Earacutilis9.1.20.-.2siiitivitLILY-it4xe If ectomorDhp-seek meaning in their cognitive experiences, it might be thought that ectopones would be the most ready to accept and work with material whin is designed to-be as devoid of meazp. ing as possible.Aoreover, if, as Sheldon says, ectomorphs are relatively weak at memorization, then ectopenes might be better at a task of rote memory than other somatotypes. Tg test this hypothesis, four series of nonsense syllables were used. Each series of eight syllables vas learned according to the serial anticipation method. HYP0THESES_COMERNING PEDCEPTUAL FUNCTIMS: Proficiency on the hbedded-Figures Test (Witkinle Form) has been shovn-to correlate significantly with field- independencei which, according to Witkin et al., is more common hr active people who manifest high self-esteem and considerable awareness of their_own motives. According to Sheldon, activity correlates vith_mesomorphy and self-awareness correlates vith ectoL�Jrphy. Endomorphs, being naturally Jee_active_and more extraverted affectively, would supposedly be more-field-dependebt. It is therefore_hypothesized that tixa zugizeitia11.11=aaa � � Peeple differ_ in the extent to vhich_they are tubject to optical illusions. Conceivably, differencesiin_somatotype might cast some:light on the nature of the perceptual difference. Ectomorphy:is_thcmght by Sheldon to anhance!attentlonality and cognitive vigilance. It makes for inhibitims-of�:udgment,and the,exerciseof care in arriving at decisio is-attitude should vork:agalnst the effect-Of an optical illusion. _The more spontanecos-roggensosi_of the ectopent shoulditherefore tewFtc accept the iltugion. It was_therefore hypothesized that musulje. ttawatela� tad& HYPOTHESES CONCERla KG_THE_RELITIONSKIFS- BRUM -PICISIVE VIIPERAXEINT: Sheldonts findings cancerning the relationships between physique and temperament have been critioimed on the grounds that the same pertion-(Sheldon) rated his subjeits for_both soiatotype and temperaments Since the publication of his original study, there have been_no reports of atteapts to either replicate or disprove his findings. This present study includes an initial attempt to devise-an-nobjective" self-rating-scale which obtiates this important objeCtion to Daeldonts-aethod.- A self-rating scale of 178 itoms_was_prepared from Sheldents descriptions of viscerotonial somatotoniap and cerebrotonia. is hypothesized that the following relations will be foundl- 1. 3. I.. Pat viW 110-1141r�lanstiPtP01.0, UN' caatotoniclo BYPOTHESES CONCEBNING-PHY-ECKUB-AND-INTELLIGITCE: Both Naccarati and Sheldon have donestudies_th4t demonstrated low_positilie correlAtions between_IQ and linearity of physique. This finding in itself is of limited interest. Since the tinfe-Wh-en-these studies were donei-much vork has been done on the -meaning of sub-test profiles with the hope of develop- ing profile patterns which correlate with aspects of personality. With varying_dscrees of systematization, psychologists cling to the notion that the specific variances of 8.0-test (mores on such tests asAhe-__WgS_provide information about personality. Working on this assubtions if significant correlations can be shown to exist-betVeen_WAIS sub-tests and somatotype components and between-WATS sub,tests and Wiperament.self-ratings, one should be able to make $044 deductiOns about the vatue of the WAIS for the description of personality. We are_therefore hypothesising that' 1. igateaStrphr....11410,11.Y.M.J.2. 2. SAMPLE: Fifty a4nit male Protestant theological stndents-and mlnisterswere_used_as snbjects. They were_all_photographe4 and somatotyped by_Sheldpn or his assistants.They copstitnted a fairly homogeneoug-gronpin that all are college graduates, all hie had soge-exposnre-to clinical pastoral_traihing as a part- ot their edncation for the-Min/stria and all are of Northern European sto4. We would have preferred tg have chocen_ortr_snbjects on the basis of somatotype, hit because.this yas-not practical, we had to workdith_a_sample which was unselected according to this criterion. In hit "Atlas of-Men", Sheldon: gives the means and standard.deviations for each component, based on_a sample of _ 12,000 subjects, as follows: 21 NMd0morphy 1.10 3.34 Masomorphy 4.11 1.03 Ectomorphy 3.42 1.18 For the 46 subjects frcm whom are -obtained enough tes date. to include in our statistical analysis) the comparable figures are;: C". Endomorphy 4.00 1.27 Mesomorphy 4i17 3.60 Ectomorphy 3.22 1.19 A cowarison of these tables show' that our range of mesomorphy ie much narroverithan Sheldon's norms and thatIour_subjects rank substantially-higher in endolbrphy. The forserish_ortcoming will -- make it tiifficiat_for tit to 4ccept or reject hypotheses involving the influence of.mesomorphy unless the relevant correlations meet rigid tests of statistical significance: EXPERI MEN TA ED_ T,?6'1" BATTgrat Each subject was given a number of tests which includedt 1. Somatotyping. 2. "The-Eost6t-Scale for Temperament"va self=rating-scale based an SheldonlI !Varieties of Temperament". 3.%o trials on the Muller-Lyer Illusion -in a small) hand-size ve41an. w_ _ WitIsinls-form of Gottedbaldt's eobedded:figares test. 5. A full WATS except for the Vocabalary sub-test. The PrioatIonal Testing Service experimental version was _ used but was scored in the standard way. 6. Eight runs on a finger-maze, scored for time) number of blind alleys entered and number of directionalrsversals. This task was presented in two sessions of tcir trials each. 7. Foir series_of,_eight nonsense 9yliables each, presented on_a_memoryArom, scored for_number_of_trials up to but not including two consecutive correct trials. This task was presented in two sessions-of two series each. 8. Sixteen airor draitings of a star, scored-forr_both time and linecrossings. This task was_presnnted_in two sessions of eight trials each. 9.An-especially prepared version of the_Katona matchrstick experiment which employed ton trials_onifpur_different _ problep, scored for time and number of successes. 10. A_meatsure-of incidental learning based on the :VATS, scored for rnaber of correct answers. U. An-eyeblink conditioning experiment, scored for ampli- Aude_of responses on a scale of 0 5 from which an index of_conditioning was derived by_dividing-mean amplitude of response to test trials by mean amplitude of response to_acquisition trials. Th9 standard dev19- tion_of_each subjects response amplitudes to all acquisi- tion trials was computed as an index of variability of responsei 12. A "memory-forrdesigns" task was 4evelop94 primarily to enhanceattentiveness and_cooperation during the per blink conditioning procedure. It is scored for number of correct responses. TREATXENT OUDATA: 1. Preductmoment_correlations are the primary-tools for the anatysis pf data. The matrix of Ithter.corrsiatiOns will be used for computing appropriate multiple and partial correlations 1 and for factor analysis. 2. Special_indices_have_been_computed from the_s9matotyPe _ ratings foremlopenia, mesopenias and ectopenia because of their theoretical significance_in_SheldonIssystem. 3. Similar indices have_been_computed fot_the temperamental components derived from The Boston Scale for -Temperament". ' 4. Difference-scores will be computed betwgent a. bum of somatotype components less sum-of te perament � componentSt- E - ST b. Visceropenial_F"V c. SOmatopeniat M-S d. Cerebropeniat X-C 0. Cerebrosies Xp-Cp f. Viscerosist Ep-Vp g. Somatorosist These difference*scores vgre prepared because it_is_anticipated th4t f9r some cognitive functions, the differences between physique and temperament may be predictive of functions. The derivations and meanings of these scores are explained_tn_the glossary. Other data were collect9d_on_our_subjects without _specific hyp9thesis as to ho y they would correlated with_the_meargres around which the study was planned. They have-been included in the correlation matrix and the factor analysis: 1. Read_tengths. 2. Head widths. 3. Sheidonts nandrion ratings. 4. Sheldon's "gynic" ratings. 5. Thirteen NMPI scoress Ls Fs Ks .D, Pds Mfs Pas Pts Sol Has Si. lams When N at16, the staMard error or a coefficient or correlation is �149 if the population correlation is assumed to be zero. Therefore, coefficients of correlation_vithim this , range will_be_considered,t6:be_of_ipsignificant magnitude. The following table will be used for gauging the approximate level of significance_of_the_coefficients of correlations .05; Levol_ofitignificances .10 .02,01 005 .292 _.347 .314 .419 Correlation coefficient: c246 The present meth-bd of analysis does_not_deal_with the PcssibiiitY that curvilinear relationships-W-exiet between some of our dimensions. It is aa;ly in_the-use of gcores for time that we have made an effort to_avoi(LoarvilinearLftinctions. In those eases such as the time for p_ nco thI the_embedded- figOres test, the finger-m4ze, the mirrorldrawing, etc., the total time_taken_by.each_subjddt was converted_to_its_logarithm for correlational_purposes. _ With only 46 cases, we felt that it vas futile to IattOpt 11111 to estimate _either graphically or statistically the presence of curviliDearity in the thclsWe of relationships .included in this study_c_This study should therefore be evaluated with .he' Iderstanding that there may be many "false negatives" in our results. lit This studr-may east light on the feasibility of replioatlng Sheldon's correlations betveen physique and temperament. By *capering SneldonAs_concepts with a variety of_other psychological functions, patterns_of_order_vd,interdependence-may arise sp that differences between Individuals in learning and perceptual functions may-be_clified._ On_the_other handl.information as to haw to sharpenSheldon's concepts may grow.out of an applica. tion of the data in the opposite direction. It may be possible to devise cognitive tests of temperament which are_difficult to falsify because_they lac* face validity. 2. This study may help to eTtend.constittitional_psychology beyond medical-psychiatric purlieus and to plant it_more stabIY within the realm of_psychology proper. Constitutional psychology may offer some-promise for defining the range; of weal psy- chelogical functions. lIt could cenceivably contribute to a plUralistic psychology of-individual differences. 3. If this study succeed$ in elucidating some_of_the inter. relationships between�structure, cognition, ti personality, it vill provide.exporimental suppgrt for the doctripe of holgsm and may also provide a naw conteptaal approach for-further studies. If it can be demonstrated that significan_ortions _of the variances of .a variety _of mchological functions can be accounted for in terms of strnctgral differences, a more stable basis for psychological system4tuilding_may be aehieveC To this extent, the protiem of explanation would bie shUnte4-te-ths biological, and presumably more controllable level of exiitence. RESULTS; L. The experiment clearly rejects the hypothesis thatendoorphy correlates-vith_eye-blink conditioning (see -Figure 1), _Instead, it shows that:bye...blink conditioning correlates_at_better-than the .05 level_with_ectomorphy,_ and negatively vith_both_ondo- morphy and mesomorphy. The reason for the;failure of the experi- ment to support the hypothesis may be bscause-we-did not distinguith between theLadiant-ancl_abient tendeneies ascribe-Lto_endomorphy and ectomorphy. In chosing a conditioning!experiment_which measured ablent behavior (blinking in order-to_avoid.an_uncomfort- able puff!of:air)___aa_the index of conditioning, we have apparently created a,sitliatien_in:which the-ectomorphls_t9ndeney to with- drsw41 wasevo144.-- 0, the otner hand, the;resTits .3uggest two things; a. Sheidon's claim ttlat eCtomorphs telerata, even seek uncomfortable situations, crampedipostures, and the like_seems dubious. b. TheAuestion arises as to whetherAndomorphs-might condition more_readily than_ectomorehs_when-theCS is-a pleasure-eve?ing one insteadlot_l_discomforting one, In any event,- the results indicate clearly:that ease of blthl!. conditioning correlatessignificantly-(+.34) with aleldonts measure of_ectomorphy and-with self-ratirigt-for the temperamental trait of derebrotonia (f.33). This-is further supported_by an r of +.25 with the_social_introversion scalejof_the_ARPI,_which correlates-+.50 with eerebrotenia. Cther correlations Of_eye- blink conditioiing 'which attain the .05 leieler-better are; a. -.Al with-age b. +.31 with cephalic index c. -.29 with visceropenia (the difference between endomorphy_ and viseerotonia) A. +.40 with the .14f scale a the 14101 In summary, the particulr-kind of CR evoked_by this stxperimsntal setup is associated7vith ectomorphy, introversion, yoilth, rodnd- headodness, It #.0311101.4 SCOT* ea the Kiln, and-a-tendency toward asceticism, 2. According to this seete,d-hypothesis, INS omorphy was-expected to correlate with performance on the fing.or maze. 1W-of the three moastires of perfor-mance- (timo and number of blind alleys -t entered) were-uncorrelited witb mesomorphy; but the_third, matter o dirsetion reversgo1.was find to deoreaso significantly as the nesosorAy of mg subjects increased (r -.34)-(sae Firdre 2). A partial r ruling ant the-effect of FSIQ brings this up to +,38, nearly significant at-the .01 level. Horemver, correlations with endomorpby and-ectomorphy were nil (.+.11_and +.081 respectively), In-lYerforming a fingev-maze task, freedom from direction reversals correlates positively with masomorphy. It also cor- relates positively with two WATS sub.;testsi Arithmetio.(+.33) and Object Assembly (+434). It correlates +.44 with fll scale IQ and +.3? with performance on the ettbe4ded-fignres test. It also correlates positively with two measnres of learning; a. freedom tram line-crossings on mirror drawings iii+7 b, profieiency at incidental leCmings +.35 Significant correlation are faand with fetTir of the Mot i0�J31 a. Kr 2 b. Has 0, pa. .4 de One -suggestive finding is that as the score forT viscerosis (the difference boteeen endopenia and7visceroPshka) grows, the _frequency of direction-reversals increases. The correlation is +.30, which is significant at the .O level. This is one of the several tnlications from thisexperiment,that to - some extent greater than chance, there are: cognitive function which depend_in_part on the relationship between one's physique and one's temperament. Findings of this sort appear to to especially =relevant for the development of a useful -holistic psychology. 'Ctr-present_scores for combinations_of_dimensions (such as vigcerogis)_surfer from 4 weakness vhicb_will be corrected for subsequent analyses of the data. Because they are either ratios or differences of ratios, they tend to exaggerate difra ferences on oneside-ot their mid-points and to minimize dif- ferences on the other side. This flaw has boon corrected for a re-analysis. 3.. No hypotheses were made concerning the kinds of tasks which woad correlate-with ettomorphy. In neither casef Memory-for-- Nsigns and Katona !latch-Stick Problems, were the hypotheses supported. Memorplor-Degigns correlated-0.22 with ectomorphy and 444. with-endomorphy. The fact that data.frocconlY 37 cases were available suggests that with more data, multiple correla. tions for X7D between endomorphy and ectomorphy might well veach a_satisfaetory level of statistical signifieanee (see Figure 3). But of more immediate interest is the -.,39 correlation of endo- ponies this is significant at the .011evel and strongly srUigests that performanee-on this task does vary with phys n a manner not anticipated by our theory. XrD performlnce also correlates positively with rote memory for nonsense-sYllables (+.41) and with all_three_finge maze scores (BA: +.40, DR! +.231 Time: +.47). It was hypothesiied thAt proficiency.in_the Katona Matht� iek Problem _would, correlate with ectomorphY. The experimental results clearly refnte-the hypothesis both ttLxgar1toIispeed and accuracy of performance. Althongh none oLthe_threestMTTI� components_of_physive correlated significantly with either performance scoreonitbis_task, mesomorphy holds a clear edge both 'for speed_and_aoonracy (+.23 and +.2�.i aleldohis "arldictl score, a messur9-of masculinity of physique (the details of which have not been.pwblished yet), correlates +.2e ar4 +.29 with speed and aconracyirespectively. The latter MVPs is signif cant at the 505 level. A stndy of the statistically siolificant_correlations between this-task and the other dimensions inglnde ih this stady evokes-some7elteeMate hypotheses. Because_success-at the match-stick problems correlates with mesomorphic aniric (+.29), and somatotenie(+.33) traits, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that this kind of learning is a specialty-of aggres- sively masenline_men. But_this interpretatioo is complicated _ by the 6bservation that the endomorph who snppresses his secnrity-seeking viscerotonio needs in fuvor of_a_more ascetic orientation seeme-to_do_well on the match-etick problems Conversely, it is the endopene who describes himself as_the_self- ineinlgent viscerotonic who does most poorly with this task (....50). fore again is evidence to suggest that Sheldon's physical and tempgramental conceptIrallza.tions may serve a [pore dynamic role in supporting the substructure of cognitive functions than Sheldon himself -imagined. Our very failure to replicate eldonts high correlations -between physique and temperament _may be the clue to even more interesting relationships. 31ccess-on-this task correlates positively -with Verbal IQ (+133), ?fl-scale IQ (+433)1 Dionysian temperament (+.33), and the sum of andric_-_and un!.c scores (*.31). Tt_correlates negatively with the Christian temperament (-131)) the ratio of viscerotonia to somatotonia (-.35), and the K-seale of the XVI Quick_ performance on the -match-stick problems correlates POitiv01y with WAIS Similarities (t.31), Verbal IQ -(+.30), _ Poll-scale IQ (t.34). It correlates negatively with the index for viscerosis (- 42). 4. Rote learning or nonsense syllables i the only cognitive task which did not sh,sy any correlations of note with_aleldon's coal- ponents of pli,ysictue. Nor, for that matters did it correlate with self-ratings of tempersAent. Through chancelthere happens to be a smidgeon-of igiformation which prevents this skirmish from being a total _defeat for constitutional psychology. Pro- ficiency at the learning of nonsense syllables does correlate:, negatively at better than the .05 level with a secondary measure of physiques Sheldonss recently developed 'Wale, or feminoid score. There are also three positive correttions to be gleaned from the intercorrelation matrix' a. Speed on the finger maze: 4,30 b.-- N6Mory-for-Design3t ' +.41 c. The Pd scale of the MMP/:. +_.33 Our original hypothesis that rote ,learning would correlate with _ ectopenia plAst be_rejected. Because there is no:signifioilnt_ difference between the performances of ectomorphs _and ectopenes on this task, Sheldonts_stAtepat that ectomorphsiaro poor at rote laarningAs_cast into doubt. _ This task Is correlation with Memory-for4Designs_was +.41, This is not surprising in that both tisksAnvolve_rote learning of material_which i_a_presented v1sjia1ly and rehearsed - verbally. An observation_4boul,the performance of oorlsubjects on this task mat-subsequently prove to be ofinterest within the larger picture. Proficiency on this task seems to decrease with age. The:fact_thatLour_correlation wits on1y.27Thence_ not significant at the .05 level, may be due to our relatively narrow age range,from 22 to 39. The mean age is 2e.2 and the standard deviation_is 5.4.- This is obviously skewed-toward the side ef_yonth.T-.Hadwensed_more_older_sebjeets, or had our distribution of ages been more nearly Gaussian,-the evidence for a negative effect of age on rote learning ability might have been rabstantiated statistically. 52 In the ease -of Mirror Drawing, both hypotheses -receive qualified support from the data, ?.ctomorphy correlates +.25 with speed of performance _(see Figure 6) while_ectopenia correlates 26 with that dimension. However, the differences 21 in the correlation of speed along the ectomorphy�ectopenia dimension and along the endomorphy-endovInia dimension are so slight that the question as to which of these tvo dimensions is the better predictor of speed of mirror-drawing is left open. Moreover, the fact that the three indices of physique Which are positively correlated with speed all suppress endomorphy,_and the three which are_negatively correlated with .speed.incinde endomorphy tend to indicate that a more intensive study with a wider range of_somatotypes and more subjects might indicate thkt the endomorphy-endopenia dimension is the best_somatotype indicator of speed or,mirror-drawing. A similar situation obtains with regard_to the_acortracY score for mirrozwdraving (see Figure 7). Our hypothesis that accnracy shoild correlate with mesomorphy is supported (+.36). It is enhancedby the fact th,st mesopenia shows-the highest negative correlation with accuracy (--.26). (These findings are espesially interesting in view of.the narrow range of mesomorphy in onT samPlei It-does not seem nnreasonable to _expect that from a sagple.vhich_represents an average distribution of meso- morphy slbstantially larger correlations milat be obtaine4). pnt again, Wilt we compare those indices-of physique which correlate_positively with accuracy with those utich cor- relate negatively, we find-that with more data, it might have been demonetrated that the ectomorphy-gotopstia dimension is a better predictor of mirrot-draving accuracy than-_the gesomorPhY- mesopenia dimension. In either event, the present-study-indicates clearlythat performance on mirror-drawing, both in terms of speed and accuracy, correlates significantly with somatotypei If one were to_follow_Sbeldonts thinking, one might expect that if_a sccre_on_a cognitive task correlates_with a component of physigne, it could be expected to correlate in the same direction_vith_the_corrosponding aspect otteperaaent. It has already been shodn that this is pot rmcesaarily the case. The scale_for_mirrorTdrawing_accuraey is a striking in stanza of a negation of the_above snpposition. AccitracY_cor- relates positively with mesemorphy trit negatively with somato, _ tonia, its temperamental connterpprt. (In this stndy mesomorft and somatotonia_were_essentially nricorrelated_r+.(4)). In fact, accnracy correlataS-4-.47 with the_differencp between mesomorphy,and_somatotonlai__This finding seems grate plansible when trnslated into_ordinary langnages As'a-personis physical potential for-assertive, aggressive action increases and as his self-rating for his behavior_becomes m9re passive pnd com- pliant, then-his_tendency to perform carefnilY and accnrateLY on an nnfamiliar_and_rather_tricky learningitask will_increase. We feel that this_statistically nnimpeachable.finding is one of thp most provocative resnits_of the present stndy. Like the various stndies_of_the_relationships between perception_and personality done tn_the past twenty Years, it provides a clne as to_hov_to-maP the nexns of_inter-relationships between the varions tnnotions of_the organism. But it goes one step farther than .previous stndies tn that it_correlates a stable physical. measnre with both a cognitive and a personality_measnre. In so doing, it points to how we neY beOadon the base of-Wchological theory - and possibly stabilivs_this base by rooting it in a biological fonndation. The time dimension on mirrorviraving did net or relate at the 05 level with any other measure 41 this study. Eowever the acceracy dimension attained significant levels of correla- tion withgeveral other dimensions. Those not mentioned in _ the previons discussion are: a. The-avoidanee_of-blind alleys on the finger maze (4.30. B. The avoidance of direction reversals on_the finger maze (+.47). c. The greater the difference between the sem of the somato- type-components and the sum of the tee00c**4nt self.. ratings, the fewer the line-crossings-_(4.15). d. The greater the difference between endomorphy and viscerotonia, the-fewer the line-crossings (4..31). e. The greater the difference between ectopenia_and cerebro- penie, the fewer the line-crossings (+.34). t. The greater the difference between mesopenia and somata.. penis' the more frequent the line-crossings (-.35). (This_is_little more than a re-statement of the relation- ship between acceracy and the difference between meso- m9rphy and somatotonia). 6. We mnst reject the hypothesis that profloiency at incidental learning correletes_with mesopenia (see Figure 8). The correla- tion is only *Al but it is the highest positive correlation between a-somatotype rating and this learning task. Moreover, incidental learning correlates -.23 with mesomorphy. - The multiple correlation is +0281 still too�low to satisfy the 5% standard of significance. A more careful study or this relation- ship may yet either support the original hypothesis or strongly Indicate an alternative bnt related one, viz.i that incidental learning correlates_negatively with mesomorphy. The present test of the hypothesis is limited by.,the constricted range 9f masomorphy in-omr sample, the difficulties entalled_in_proomring scores for incidental learning under standardized conditions, and the deficiency of cur present scale of mesopenia. _ This last weakness is the e4siest to improve. This will be done for the_ final report of onr_findings. The only significant correlations of-incidental learning were with finger-we speed-( +.46)� freedom from-direction reversals on'the finger-maze (+.35), and the MIX scale' of the 7. The hypothesis that the_embedded-figures test would correlate with endopenia is not onl decisively rejeoted_bnt_reversed_by our data. Ell_oorrelates_negatively with endopenia (-133) and positively with endomorphy (+03) (see ligurel9). A similar bnt weaker relationship is fbund between UT and-selfratings for temperament. E7T correlates_to_a_significant degree with head size (+.134), three WAIS sub-tests (Di +.341 PC: +.41; BD; +.29), a11 three finger-maze scores 113A; +1,331 DB: +.371 Times +.37)1.781Q (1.36), .4nd the Pa scale of.the_NNPI S-.34). Performance on this particular perceptual task is obvionsly strongly releteci_to_physical, cognitive, tnd personality mearnres. Despite the unquestionalae failnre of our hypothesie, tl3e data indicate that this measure shonld be an especially risen; tool for fgrther study of the inter-relationships _between strnotnre and fnuction Since the york_ofWitkin et al., it� has been known that men consistently oat-perform women on this task. No sagefac&orY explemation-of this difference has yet been proposed. CMr �ride mearnre of head size. (length pins width) corselates at better than the 405 level with proficiency at this-task.__We_also know that men's heads hare abont 7% more cranial capacity than women's. It may therefore be hypothesized that either head size or some other physical attribnte closelyerelated_to it_loranial capacity, inter-pnpillary dittance, etc.) may acconnt for tench of the sex_variance-on-this task. 8. Althongh the data_do_not nneenivocglly ampport_oer hypothesis that resistance to the Mnller-Lyer Iilnsion correlates with ectomorphYi-they.do indicate a significant relationship between somatotype-and snsceptillity to the illnsion (gee Fiore 10). The dimension_of_physigne which best predicts onr enbjects, responses to_this_test_is_endomorphp-endopenia. it there is so little difference _between the correlations between these poles (-.22 and 4.37) tnd those fcmnd betwe9n-ectolorphy and- ectopgnia (.1.25 and -.2) that it behooves ns_to_enspend jndg- vent until a more care is done using more-snbjects and S. better apparatns In the meanwhile, it.is_of interest to note that the dimension of temperament self-ratings which best prew diets response to this_tagk is_cerebrotonia-cerebropenia (4-.41 and -.28), the analogne of ectomorphyeectopenia. In this case, the -difference is significant at better.than the .01 lev0)1� Foroarrnbjects, resistance to the-Nhller-Lyer_IlInSion _ correlates negatively with age (-01), negatively with the ratio of viscerotonia-to cerebroton14-(-.31) and with two MMPI scalee (Lt -.381 Ks.32). It correlates positively with two other 1,01PI scales (it_.36; Sit +.38) and with erldopertia (+,37). HYPOTHESES CONOMNING-PHYSIVE AND rai2ERAVENTi Md932LOY. 3122=g4K- gai2R2124 Viscerotonia +.56 -.38 .39 Somatotonia +.05 +.04 Cerebrotorda -.33 +�04 t. 2e Our first hypothesis is supported by the data; endomorphy cor- relates with_self,ratinge from viscerotonia at far bettor than the .01 level -and It correlates negatively with_the other two soaatotype components at the .01 level. the:case:or:the second hypothesis,- oar -data indicate no correlations at alli We think that this negative result is not due to the:14ck of relationship betweon mesvmorphy and somato- tonia, bnt rather_to_three possible tutors: 1. The narrowirange_of mesoaorVNt in otrAmmple. 2 The crudity of �lir preliminary attempts to develop a scale :for somatetonia. 3. The special nature of our sample which, being composed entirely of ministers and theological 4ndents, may be expected_to_have more conflict and confusion concerning the aggressive aspect of temperament than concerning the other two aspects. The data also reject th@ hypothesized relationships between cerebrotonia and physique. Cerebrotonials correlation with eotomorphy-falls just below the .05 level of significance. But its correlation with mosomorphy is nilAnd with endomorphy is significantly negative. In Summary, out of nineinter.correlationt Seven 'fit' our hypothesensi-ene-clearly ojeets it (WesoAcrphysomatotOnia), and one is equivecal-(eetomorphy-cerebroton10.-7Dot:this last item does ettaip_a significant level. when the effect of height. iq partiallect_omt-of ectomorphy. This raises the r to +.33 -and sugdests that Sheldon's present method for ratire: eetomorphy may tend to alienate it .from celebrotonla by beinc too closely tied to the aspect of height. (The correlation -between ecto- morphy and height is /.77). In view of the shortcoslinos_of our sunple and the acknlowledged deficiencies of our preliminary instrumen.t_for__ measuring temperaont� sie believe thlt the,,present mialts are good !plough to justify a more tfitensive_study with a refined instrame4 on_a_moreirepresentative population. _ Subjects who rate themselves as high in viscerotonia tend to be scoredihigh by Seidon on the gynic scale (i.37). They do relatizely poorly at C (e.29) and DS (".30) on the WATS. On the AMp.I, they score high on :43 (t-.34) and low on is (-.30), Subjects-who rate themselves as high in_aom4otopia make more erreraonithe mirror-drawing test;(+.30)-bUt score more succ93sea_on the match-stick problems (+432). Subjects-yhe rate thems0Ves at high in cereb*tonia _ tend to be: the younger-ones-(T.61). They resist the Ahller-Lyer Illusion (+.41). They do well on the PA sub-.test Of th9 WATS (*.36). They condition readily to the eye-blink procedure (/.33). On the IMPI1 corebrotonia correlates positively with the D (+AO and the _Si (4-.50) scales, but negatively with7the_K_(.! 4), _ He (-.38), and-Ny (-.41) scales. 2 HYPOTHESES COECEIJUNG-PHYSIQUE girt INTEr,LIGENC The WATS Pull-Scale Ig_correlates with endomorphy 0.0 with mesomorphy, and +.2:: with ectomorph/. Althouzh these results do not_attthth�wthtal standard fc.r ztatistieal significance, they groe with the previously reperted findings of both raccarati and Sheldon. It miLl-.1t_thereforeseem reason- able to cencludeAhat_when intelligence is considered 10allY. a small but stablo-correMion obtains between-it and an index of the linearity andforksthenia andior thin-ness of physique, But &heldonis present_method_of rating this aspect of physic/lie, which he callsiectomorphys correlates with FAQ essentialLy because of its common variance witriheight it.77), which, in itself, correlates +.31 with FSIQ, The partial r_botween ectomorphy and-IQ with height=held-constant . TheIptizbetwen height and IQ with ectomorphy held constAnt se220. Therefore height, the simpler measure, accounts more_parsimoni- ously for the7inerement in IQ which-is associated with ectomorphy in our da.ta. ill-se-ale IQ correlat9s at the .205 level or better with performance on only three of our perceptual 4nd learning tasks. These ares 1. EFT.f36:_ IlIlLILlIL_IL I:: LIII 2. Finger-maze blind-alloy avoidance: +.33 3, einger-maze direction-reversal aVoldancel +.44 4. iinar-maze speed: i.43 5. Match-stick speeds +.34 6,, MatCh,..3tiCti 311CCO331 +.33 HYpOTHESES CONCERNING THE BELATIONWIPS BETWEEN WAIS SUB-TEsT SCORES AND PHYSIQUE AND BETWEEN WAIS SUB-TEST SCORES AND_TWERAMENT At the time of thiswritin*, the available scales for endopenias mesePenial ectopenia and their temperamental-counter- parts are weakened_by a rational limitation whioh_prevents them from being used_in a definitive way in order to_do a_thorough check for relationAhips between sub-test scores and both:physique and temperament. Therefore, final statements :concerning this part of the study will have to wait until the revised scales for certain physical and temperamental aspects have_been_cor- - related vith the WAIS data. However_it_seems plansible to expect that vhen the new correlations.are-availables they vill probably be at]�II as high as the present_ones_and_in the same_directions. So the following initial_findings from the presentlY;availtble correla- tion matrix are offered_tentattfelyi 1. Components of phYsique have correlated.signiflcantly with three WAIS enb,tests at the .05 level or betters - Partial r with 4, PA orrelates +.32 with ectoworphynit b. BD correlates +.29 with mesopenia +.20 c. 06 correlates +.33 with ectomorphy. +.12 AS in-the cafe of the correlation between FSIQ and ectomorphys the influence of heights because of_its participation in the score for ectomorphys sess to be-the main physical correlate of.bigh DIS scores. The partial r for:DS and ectomorphy with height rnied ont +.12. To a lessor_degreei- this is also the case in regard to PA and BD. A partial r;for BD and_mesopehia with height ruled out is only +.20. A partial r for PA and ectomorph' vIth-hoight ruled out is only +.19. 2. Foir_sitb-tests correlate at he .05 lovel_or better with components of temperament: Partial. with helcht�D211.1.-cuI a. e_correlates 4.37 with vieceropenla b. D correlates -.30 with visceropenia c DS correlates -.30 with viscerotonia -.22 d. .PA-correlates *.36 with corebrotonia +.36 - The_compntation of pgrtial Os in order_to rnle out the inflnence of height only rodnced the correlation between DS and crebrotonla below the .05 level of significance. At tga_point in the analysis of the d, PA le the only wArs sub-test4hich manifests both a significant correlation with a dimension of physique and a significant correlation with the corresponding dimension of temperament. __There are several other sub-tests which approach these criteria with our presently available scores and whieh_may meet them with the new scores. And again, theproblem of a roftricted_range_of somato- type ratings in onr popnlation may acconnt for the pancity of significant Os in this area. Mical:4=1 The presently available results of this pilot project should be evaluated within the context of these_limitations and cautions; 1. Several of the lumped dimensions which we have-used-for this analysis contain a weakness inherentiin their character as ratios. This has been mentioned earlier in this report. These ratios willibe replaced by difference-scores whiet. more nearly-approximate_linear functions,- and-which should give more-accurate_pictures of the interrelationships_ between the_concepts wtlich these scores:represent-and cur other dimen�ions. 2. The small number of subjects makes it impracticil tocheck for curvilinearity of relationships. The incomplete and detewhat unrepresentative_range of somatotype-scores-in onr sample yaggests that with a mob? normal range or physiques, the obtainedrrelationships could be quite diffgrent. 4. The homogeneous character of oar gample.represents both a strength and aweakness_of_the study. The latter is the qnegtion-of the applicability of the indings to the general poptlatIon, 5. One result of this homogeneity of sample.is the generally high verbalitelligence scores of our subjects. Because subjects fregnently approached or "hit the ceiling" of these sub-tats, numerous correlations which did not meet the standard-tests of significance might conceivably have done so if the ceilings of the sub-tests had been higher. A 00sequent analysts will check for this possibility by using the full ranges of the ETS modification_of the WA S. 6. Although Sheldon's scores have been standardized to a high degree of reliability, it,is possible that with modifica- tions in _weightings of source data from which the somato- type scores are computed, phygical indices -which are psychologically more meaningful may be derived. (An illus- tration of this possibility is the case of ectomorphy which correlates better with ceribrotopia after its high relation- ship with height is partiall0 ant). For _this purpose, both ponderal indices and -trunk indices which, along with height,_are_the main source data for somatotype ratings, will be _included in the next analysis. 7. It maY well, be possible to find learning and perceptual tasks-which_are more purely representativefof-affective, conativio, or cognitive propensities than the ones used in this stftly. NonsUse-syllable learning Is the most strik- ing failure in this respect. Much can be done to improve the first experimental version of the Boston Scale for Temperament. The results of an independent attempt to devise a self-rating scale will soon be available for this purpose. With=these limitations in mind, a rovigw of the fate of our hypotheses concerning learning and physique shows that two of them, the relationship of performance to meso- morphy and the relationship of mirror-drawing errors to. stesomorphy, are acceptable. Only on hypothesis the relatio*. ship between ectopenia and tne learning of nonsense_syllables, is rejected without any possible alternative explanations. Two hypotheses are rejected, bit in each case, anon-hypothesized relation&Iip was established_to a_statistically significant degree: 1. Eye-blink cenditioning did not correlate:with endomorphy_ it did correlate with edtomorphy. 2. MOmory-for-Designs did not correlate with ectomorphy bit did_correlateiith endopenia._ One learnt . task showed a low but suggestive correla- tion consonant_xith_the_hypothesis. This is the relationship between mirrordrawing time and ectomorphY. L Two other hypotheses are rejected, bit alternatives which dovnot_achieve_significant levels of ciorrelation are :suggested by the data: I. Matchstick_test_performance does not correlate with ectomorphy-but does correlate suggestively with meso- morphy. 2. Ipcidental learning does htt correlate with mesopenia bit does_correlate_negatively with mesomorphy-to a sUggest/ve degrees In the case of our perceptual tasks, the Embedded-Figures- - Test correlated positively with endomorphy instead of negatively. This significant correlation flew in the face of the hypothesized relationship. Susceptibility to the Ahller-Lizer Illusion correlated_ with its hypothesized aspect of 1hya1qne, but not to a significant degree. Instead, it correlated significantly with endopenia a related measure Of thenine_hypotheses concerning the:relationships between physique and-temperamentl_three predicted_pesitive correlations and six predicted either no correlations 9r nega!!____ tive ones! Of the first three, one vas supported unequivocally, - one was lust as clearly rejected,- while a third-had-to be re- _ jgoted because-the correlation closely approachedAmt_did:not qUite attain level of A1114ix of the hypotheses at nil, or negstite relationships were accepted. Our 'various hypotheses concerning the relationships between intelligence, physiquel_and temperament were reviewed tentatively. Many suggestive but statistically insignificant relationships were found. Three WAI� sub-tests (PA,_BD, An4-Ds) correlated significantly with physique. Four WAIS sub-tests correlated significantly with temperament (C, DI PA, DS). Only FA correlated significantly with both a component of physique _ and its corresponding'component of-temperament. The law.positive correlation between IQ and linearity (ectomorphy) previously found by both Naccar4ti and gheldon was replicated. A more thorough discussion of the results of this study should await refined statistical analysis. In the meanwhile, it seems apparent that there are significant relationships between - physique and psychological functions at several different levels and that the_present_method of investigating these relation- ships is worthy of further exploitation. .11415.131Z Several 'lumped-parameters were devised-from the scores for somatotype and for-_telperament for the purpose of correlating them with the_scores-mour cognitive and Personality meaTares. Their meanings-within_aleldonts sy- em and the were devised are-listed bdiow: 1. Endopenia_lime;0120011Y7J ec,,Qm9VQW__is the-measure-of the endomorpny distance at which .i-subject stands from the7endeMeTPhie _- extreme# The�tendency toward lean, raw-bonod-mnscularity. 2. Aesopenia ( ') is. thelmoasure of the mes-omerp. distance at which a person stands from thei-mes_morpbio_extreme,___ The tendency-toward weakness and softhesof=physlopte.-_-- 3. Ectopenia (1114 ec_ omorp v�) is the_measure-of the distanceatiwhieh_a_person-stands from theectemorptic,, extreme. . The_tendency toward stocky, wellpidded'mnsculatitY. Dionystinisa t1W.P.-Dat=0J-ISQUidatisiga) is _the. measure of - -Cerebretonia the distance at which a person rates himself fro the cereo__ brotonic'extreme.The impulsive, expressive -ontrgeing temperament. is-the measure of 5. PrometheanisaJ V scero on a the distance-at which a person rates himself from the viscerotonic extreme. The bold, adventuresome, hardy temperament,_ 6. Christianism ( is the measure of soma o on A the distance at which a person rates himself from the scaatotonic extreme. The_Passive, sensitivei self-denying temperament. 7, Viscoropenia_(endostorphy less viscerotonta) is the measure or how greatly a subject's score for endomorphy exceeds his self-rating in viscero,tonia.. Asceticism and the denial of needs forLphysical security. Somatopenta (megomorphy less somatotonia) is the measure tow greatly a subject's score for mesomorphy exceedsihiS--- - - self-rating in somatotonia. Passtvity and_the_denial of assertive propensities. 9. Cerebropenial(egtomorphy less cerobrotonia) is the measure of _ how greatly a subject's score for ectomorphy exceeds his self-rating in cerebrotonia. Forced involvement and the denial of introversive needs. 10. Viscerosis(end9penia_less_Prometheanism) is the measure of - hew greatly a subject's self-ratings for.Promotheanism are exceeded by endoponta. Sybaritic grasptng for pleasure and excitement. U. Somatorosis(me�openia less Christianism) is the measure of how greatly a subject's self-ratings foriChristianism are exceeded by his me^openia. Exaggerated aggressiveness and tension to dominate. 12. Corebrosislectopenia less Dionysianism).is the _measure of how greatly a subject's self-ratings for.Dionysianism are exceeded by his ectopenia. Withdrawal into the_calm of one's inner life.

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MKULTRA SUBPROJECT 134 (13 DOCUMENTS WITH PUBDATES FROM 610529 TO 6401 23)