COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES, SURFACE SHIPS, LAND TARGETS, AND TROOPS
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
0001430734
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
U
Document Page Count:
32
Document Creation Date:
June 19, 2017
Document Release Date:
June 19, 2017
Sequence Number:
Case Number:
SC-2007-00006
Publication Date:
November 14, 1986
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Body:
APPROVED FOR RELEASE
CIA HISTORICAL RELEASE
PROGRAM
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Central Intelligence Agency
Washington. O. C. 20505
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT COMBAT REGULATIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY:
Combat Actions to Destroy Enemy Submarines,
Surface Ships, Land Targets, and Troops
AR 70-14
14 November 1986
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is a translatiol or
part of a 12-chapter book on Soviet Navy combat regulations, classified SECRET
and published by the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1983. This fourth report in
the series covers the methods used by Soviet submarines, surface ship
combatants, and naval aviation to destroy enemy SSENs, aircraft carrier groups,
ASW forces, and pertinent land and coastal targets, with the main emphasis being
on the elimination of enemy SSBNs and aircraft carriers.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this document
should be handled on a strict need-to-know basis within recipient agencies.
Dep 3 Director for Operations
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TOPIECIPAL
Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Director of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Director of Soviet Analysis
Director of Scientific and Weapons Research
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. 1983
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Intelligence Information Special Report
SUBJECT
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DATE 14 November 1986
Combat Regulations of the Soviet Navy: Chapters 6-8, Combat Actions to Destroy
Enemy Submarines, Surface Ships, Land Targets, and Troops
SOURCE
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of Chapters 6-8 of the
SECRET 1983 edition of the USSR Ministry of Defense's combat regulations for the
Soviet Navy. Chapter 6 covers the methods that Soviet SSBNs, cruise missile
submarines, naval attack aircraft, and coastal missile-artillery troops use to
knock out enemy land and coastal targets. Chapter 7 provides details of how
Soviet ASV forces, made up of surface ships, submarines, aircraft, and
helicopters, operate and coordinate their actions against enemy SSBNs and ASW
forces in open ocean areas and littoral seas. Chapter 8 discusses the combat
actions of a variety of Soviet combatants (submarine reconnaissance-strike
groups, surface ship strike groups, guided-missile and torpedo boats, aircraft,
etc.) against enemy aircraft carrier groups, ASV forces, and general-purpose
surface ships. The main focus of the chapter is the destruction of the enemy's
aircraft carriers by the above-named Soviet forces in groups or singly, and also
in cooperation with Soviet Long-Range Aviation and Strategic Rocket Forces.
End of Summary
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USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
Copy No.
COMBAT REGULATIONS
OF THE NAVY
FOR
DIVISION, BRIGADE, REGIMENT, AND SHIP
Put Into Effect on 26 January 1983
as Per Order No. 039
of the USSR Minister of Defense
MOSCOW
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
1983
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TABLE OF CONTENTS*
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CHAPTER 1: THE NAVY AND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ITS COMBAT EMPLOYMENT IN
OPERATIONS
The Nature of Modern Wars and the Navy's Mission
The Combat Employment of the Forces of the Navy and the
Fundamentals of Naval Combat
Combat Service
CHAPTER 2: CONTROL OF FORCES
General Provisions
Control Posts
The Organization of the Monitoring of the Situation
The Organization of Communications
The Employment of Automated Control Systems
The Fundamentals of Command and Staff Work in the Control of
Forces
CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL WORK
CHAPTER 4: THE COMBAT ACTIVITY OF THE DIVISION, BRIGADE, AND REGIMENT
Submarine Division (Brigade)
Surface Ship Division (Brigade)
Naval Aviation Division (Regiment)
Naval Infantry Division (Regiment)
Coastal Missile-Artillery Troop Division (Brigade, Regiment)
CHAPTER 5: THE COMBAT ACTIVITY OF THE SHIP
The Preparation of the Ship for Combat Actions
The Ship's Levels of Combat Readiness
The Ship in Sea Transit
The Organization of the Ship's Defense and Protection
The Ship in Combat
Comment: Although Chapters 1-5 and 9-12 are not included in this
document, their titles and subsection titles have been provided for
information purposes.
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CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS . . . 7
CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES 13
CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS 20
CHAPTER 9: JOINT COMBAT ACTIONS OF NAVAL LARGE UNITS AND THE LARGE
UNITS AND UNITS FROM OTHER BRANCHES OF THE ARMED FORCES
Combat Actions in Debarking Amphibious Landing Forces
The Cooperation of Troops Attacking along Coastal Axes
The Cooperation of Troops Defending Coastal Axes
CHAPTER 10: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DEFEND BASING AREAS AND SEA LINES
OF COMMUNICATION
The Defense of Basing Areas
The Defense of Sea Lines of Communication
The Fundamentals of Convoy Duty
CHAPTER 11: THE BASING AND REBASING (REDEPLOYMENT) OF LARGE UNITS
AND UNITS
Basing
Rebasing (Redeployment)
CHAPTER 12: THE SUPPORT OF COMBAT ACTIONS
Combat Support
Special Technical Support
Rear Services Support
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CHAPTER 6: COMBAT ACTIONS TO HIT ENEMY LAND TARGETS AND TROOPS
311. Combat actions to hit [pa porazheniyu] enemy land targets and troops
are conducted in the operations of formations Coleyedineniya] or in a naval
operation (combat actions) to destroy enemy land targets, and also in joint
operations in which the Ground Forces cooperate on maritime axes with large
units of missile and multipurpose submarines, large units of surface ships
(small combatants), and large units (units) of naval aviation and coastal
missile-artillery troops independently and in cooperation with large units and
units from other branches of the Armed Forces.
312. Large units of missile submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles
conduct combat actions in combat patrol areas (on combat patrol routes) and in
combat action areas defined by the limits of the effective range of their
missile weapons.
In order to preclude mutual detection and interference when weapons are
employed, dividing zones [polosy] are designated between adjacent combat patrol
areas (routes) and combat action areas.
In a period of threat or when combat actions are conducted with conventional
weapons, the combat stability of missile submarines takes on special
significance, resulting in the organization of protection and cover for their
combat patrol areas (routes) and combat action areas and also direct protection
for the submarines.
313. Combat actions by missile submarines with ballistic missiles are
conducted, as a rule, by single submarines independently or with protection from
multipurpose submarines, and the missile submarines deliver nuclear missile
strikes against important enemy land objectives (targets).
Missile submarines armed with cruise missiles conduct combat actions, as a
rule, within type or mixed groups and deliver missile (nuclear missile) strikes
against coastal targets that have a weak air defense (PVO) system and also
against-Ships moored in ports, bases, or inner harbors or near the coast.
Firing against land targets using cruise missiles is carried out, as a rule,,
in one salvo,from maximum taking taking into account elevations that exceed the
missiles' cruising altitude.
314. Missile submarines deliver strikes against land targets upon receipt
of an order [specifying either] "at a designated time" or "immediately." When
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designating the time of missile launch, the established communications program
and the time required for prelaunch preparation are taken into consideration.
When an order calling for a missile launch at a designated time is received, the
first missile is launched precisely at the specified point in time.
When an order calling for an immediate missile launch is received, a
submarine launches its first missile as soon as the prelaunch preparation of the
missile system is completed.
315. Ensuring the specified readiness to launch missiles and precisely knowing
one's own position and corrections to the indicated course of the missile submarine
with an accuracy ensuring a successful missile strike are essential conditions for
performing the assigned task and are the constant concern of the submarine
commander.
If the conditions of the situation make it impossible to refine the
navigation data for firing, the missile launch is carried out on the basis of
dead reckoning data.
/
316. In a surprise initiation of nuclear war by the enemy, submarines mayl
deliver missile strikes directly from their main or dispersed basing points. ,
317. Procedures for reporting by missile submarines in transit, In combat
patrol areas (on combat patrol routes), and in combat action areas provide for
the observance of maximum concealment and are specified in the combat
instructions to the submarine commanders.
Missile submarines report on the accomplishment of their combat task as soon
as possible after missiles are launched. The report specifies the time when
launches were completed and the number of missiles launched.
318. After all missiles are launched, missile submarines head for the
missile reloading points [punkty perezaryadki raket] nearest to them or they are
used as multipurpose submarines to perform other tasks.
319. Missile submarines deploy singly or in groups in cruising formations
which best meet the requirements of concealment, readiness to employ weapons,
and reliable defense from enemy actions.
320. Missile submarines in sea transit, in combat patrol areas (on combat
patrol routes), and in combat action areas must avoid encounters with enemy
surface ships, auxiliaries, submarines, and aircraft.
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They may employ their weapons against surface ships, submarines, and
auxiliaries prior to the accomplishment of the !pip taa_02y_tot_49.11_51q.nr
or when evasiariiiiiiPossible.
321. The combat actions of missile submarines are supported during sea
transit, in combat patrol areas (on combat patrol routes), and in combat action
areas by specially assigned submarines, surface ships, aviation, and other
forces and means, which perform tasks of conducting reconnaissance, destroying
enemy ASV forces and diverting them in false directions, suppressing and
deceiving (dezinformatsiya] the enemy's systems for monitoring the situation in
the theater of military operations and his antimissile systems, conducting
diversionary actions on secondary axes, and relaying especially important combat
control signals and data on the situation.
The basis of air defense for submarines at sea is land-based fighter
aviation within the tactical operating radius of the fighters and their means of
control. In certain eases, air-capable ships with fighter aviation and surface
ships with surface-to-air missile systems may be used to perform air defense
tasks. The air defense of submarines in combat patrol areas (on combat patrol
routes) and in combat action areas located near our coast may be augmented by
the forces and means of front air defense (PVO) forces and of formations
(ob"yedineniya) of the Air Defense Forces.
322. Ensuring that missile submarines are secure from the strikes of enemy
submarines is achieved by carrying out measures providing cover and deception
[C&D, maskirovka] for them, by carrying out measures to conceal their actions,
and by providing ASV support when exiting basing points, when deploying, and
when on combat patrol.
ASV support to missile submarines is carried out by providing cover
(prikrytiye] and protecting their combat patrol areas (routes) and combat action
areas and by providing direct escort for missile submarines.
Cover consists of actions by ASW forces along threat axes at ranges which
ensure that [our] missile submarines can withdraw from the search swath [polosa]
of enemy submarines, or that enemy submarines are destroyed or diverted in false
directions.
Protection of areas consists of actions by multipurpose submarines to search
for, divert, and destroy enemy ASW forces near the combat patrol areas (routes),
combat action areas, and deployment areas of missile submarines.
Escort for missile submarines, as a rule, is carried out by multipurpose
submarines and can be a close or a distant escort.
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A close escort stays within the range of reliable hydroacoustic
communications: in this ease, the multipurpose submarine follows in a single
formation [stroy] with the missile submarine and carries out actions to defend
it.
A distant escort is provided by the actions of a multipurpose submarine in a
single combat formation with a missile submarine, operating ahead along the
missile submarine's course or on a threat axis at a range which allows the
missile submarine to avoid being detected by enemy ASW forces in advance.
323. Defense of large units, groups, and single missile submarines when
they are exiting base and dispersing (returning to base) under conditions of an
increased threat from actions by enemy ASW forces or from a mine threat, as a
rule, is organized by providing a screen for each missile submarine
individually. ASW ships, aircraft (helicopters), minesweepers, and other forces
are employed to provide a screen.
As a rule, the commander of the large unit of surface ships providing the
escort service is designated commander of the escort, and the submarines and all
forces making up the escort are subordinated to him during this period.
324. Large units and units of naval missile-carrying and attack aircraft may
deliver strikes againstArwal.Ium...mtaanfnucleartackriatiticlat
defense
both in the coastal zone and in the depth of enemy territory by employing
missiles, aerial bombs, and other combat means with nuclear and conventional
warheads independently and in cooperation with missile submarines and surface
ships and also with units and large units of front and long-range aviation.
325. Large units and units of naval missile-carrying and attack aircraft, /
as a rule, deliver simultaneous massed strikes against enemy land targets.
In conducting protracted operations against land targets, follow-on strikes
may also be delivered by groups, subunits, and units of aviation, when it is
impossible to allocate a sufficient quantity of forces and when operating
against enemy targets that have weak air defenses.
326. When strikes are delivered against enemy land targets by naval
missile-carrying and attack aircraft, one must consider the dimensions,
strength, and radar contrast of the targets, the nature of the ground relief,
the destructive characteristics of the weapons being employed, the air defense
system, and the possibility that the enemy will create false targets.
327. When delivering strikes against land targets, combat formations of
large units, units, and subunits of naval missile-carrying and attack aircraft
must, as a rule, ensure the maximum possible density of fire in the strike, the
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reliable suppression of the radioelectronic means of enemy air defense systems,
and also the elimination of unintentional interference.
328. In general, support to aviation against enemy counteraction is begun
before the strike groups approach the line where enemy radar means will detect
them. This is accomplished by destroying and suppressing his means of detecting!
airborne targets and of vectoring fighters through the employment of specially
assigned groups of aircraft and also by conducting diversionary actions to
divert air defense forces and means away from the strike groups' flight
direction.
To ensure that aircraft get through the flight route and to support them in
the strike area, individual and group onboard means of radioelectronic warfare
and various tactical methods of strike and support groups are employed to reduce
the effectiveness of enemy counteractions, and the results of strikes by other
types of aviation and missile forces in the strike areas or in adjacent areas
are also exploited.
329. Shipborne attack aircraft, as a rule, conduct combat actions against
enemy land targets and forces in cooperation with surface ships and large units
and units of other types of aviation.
The targets of such strikes may be antilanding forces and means, personnel
and weapons in defended positions, antiaircraft means, batteries of coastal and
field artillery, missile launchers, command posts, and other objectives
(targets) within range of shipborne attack aircraft.
330. Large units and units of coastal missile-artillery troops may deliver strikes
against enemy means of nuclear attack, naval bases, ports, airfields, weapons,
and troops located on the coast by employing missiles with nuclear and
conventional warheads and artillery independently or in cooperation with surface
ships, naval aviation, and the missile troops and artillery of the ground
forces.
Deployment areas for mobile coastal missile units are selected, as a rule,
to be beyond range of the enemy's tactical missiles, taking into account the
terrain and readiness to make a rapid march to new areas.
331. Large units of missile-gunnery ships can deliver strikes against enemy
land targets and troops to destroy, defeat, disable, or neutralize them through
the employment of missiles and guns independently or in cooperation with
aviation, ground forces, and coastal missile-artillery units.
332. The main targets of nuclear missile, missile, and missile-gunnery 1
strikes by surface ships may be enemy control posts, means of nuclear attack,
coastal missile launchers and artillery, antilanding installations, troops,
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division reserves, battalion resistance centers, platoon and company defended
positions, concentrations of tanks and other combat equipment, and also aircraft
(helicopters) and installations at coastal airfields.
333. When tasks are assigned to surface ships operating against land
targets, the following are designated: the main and alternate targets for
strikes, the coordinates of aiming points, the dimensions and characteristics of
target protection, the height of targets above sea level, the location of our
own forces in the area at the time of the strike, and the axes of their
subsequent actions. In addition, the main and alternate areas for firing
positions are provided, and the types of fire and the means of fire support and
observation are specified.
334. Small missile-armed ships and guided-missile patrol boats armed with
short-range cruise missiles are assigned targets which have a radar contrast and
are located near the coastline.
335. In joint operations with ground forces on maritime axes and when
amphibious forces are landing, missile-gunnery ships within ship strike groups
and detachments of fire support ships perform the tasks of destruction by fire
against the enemy and also destruction of his landing ships and landing forces
on the beach.
336. Multipurpose submarines may conduct combat actions against coastal
targets and stationary naval targets (objectives) by using torpedos and ASW
missiles.
Torpedos with nuclear and conventional warheads may be used against targets
located right at the water's edge. ASW missiles may also be used against
targets located in a coastal area (pribrezhnaya polosa].
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CHAPTER 7: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SUBMARINES
337. Combat actions to destroy enemy submarines are conducted in operations
(combat actions) of formations [obuyedineniya] and in naval operations (combat
actions) to destroy the enemy's missile submarines and his groupings of ASW
forces and to defeat his naval forces in closed and littoral seas and in ocean
areas; combat actions are also conducted as part of antisubmarine support
(defense) for actions by forces and in other operations (combat actions) by
large units (soyedineniyal and units of antisubmarine forces independently and
in cooperation with large units and units of other types of forces of the Navy
and of other branches of the Armed Forces.
Units of the Strategic Rocket Forces may be employed in the combat actions. gti
338. Antisubmarine forces include divisions (divizii] (brigades) of ASW
ships and multipurpose submarines, regiments (independent squadrons
(otdel'nyye eskadril'ill of ASW aircraft and helicopters, and also other large
units of submarines and surface ships armed with the means to detect and destroy
submarines.
When at sea, every submarine (surface ship, aircraft, helicopter) with the means to
detect and destroy submarines must, regardless of the task to be performed, .be ready
to conduct combat actions to destroy enemy submarines independently, within a large
unit (group), and in cooperation with other types of forces of the Navy.
339. Combat actions to destroy enemy submarines in the ocean (at sea) are
conducted, as a rule, by groupings of mixed ASW forces making widespread use of
fixed and positioned means coordinated by time and place with the actions of
large units (units) of other types of forces of the Navy and of other branches
of the Armed Forces.
Groupings of mixed ASW forces are organized, as a rule, around divisions and
brigades of ASW ships.
340. Prior to the initiation of military actions, the search for enemy
submarines is carried out in the course of antisubmarine search operations and
systematic search actions.
Antisubmarine search operations are conducted by formations and large units
of various types of forces in order to ascertain the underwater situation in
closed seas or in broad sea (ocean) areas.
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Systematic search actions are conducted in order to ascertain the underwater
situation in limited areas and to sustain a daily monitoring of the activities
of the probable enemy's submarines. They are conducted by large units (groups)
and by single submarines, surface ships, and aircraft (helicopters) in the form
of brief sample searches [kontrornyye poiski] of areas, lines, and zones
(routes), [carried out] upon request or in picket patrols.
341. Depending on the circumstances, combat actions by large units (units)
of ASW forces are conducted in areas, along antisubmarine lines (barriers),
along a specified axis, or upon request, and include the search for and
destruction of enemy submarines.
Combat actions in an area consist of [...]
[There are 23 lines illegible here in the original.]
[...] conducted in a specified zone or along a specified route.
Combat actions upon request consist of coordinated actions by large units,
units, groups, or individual submarines, ships, or aircraft (helicopters)
ordered into an area where an enemy submarine has been possibly located on the
basis of data from other forces or means.
342. A naval battle by a group of ASW forces and individual submarines
[There are 24 lines illegible here in the original.]
344. Combat actions to destroy enemy multipurpose submarines are conducted by
large units (units) of ASW forces on both the main and supporting axes of
actions by forces in naval operations and in the operations (combat actions) of
formations. The main goal of such combat actions is the destruction of eneqy
multipurpose submarines before they can occupy positions to employ weapons I
against our naval forces on the ocean (at sea) or at their basing points.
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345. The combat formation of large units, units, and groups of ASV forces
must ensure a high degree of effectiveness in the search for and destruction of
enemy submarines in the shortest possible time.
346. Tactical cooperation must provide for the unification and coordination
(with respect to targets, place and time) of the efforts of ship and aviation
search-strike (poiskovo -udarnyye] groups and of groups and individual
multipurpose submarines, aircraft, and helicopters, taking into account data
from the system for monitoring the underwater situation and the actions of
supporting forces and neighboring units.
When organizing tactical cooperation, the following should be provided for:
the coordination of areas, maneuvering plans, times, and methods for actions by
forces when searching for submarines; measures to ensure rapid and precise
vectoring of forces against enemy submarines which have been detected and
tracked; the coordination of the actions of forces when delivering strikes
against them; security measures when conducting combat actions with the
employment of nuclear and conventional weapons; the exchange of information on
the situation and actions by forces; and the organization of warning,
identification [opoznavaniyel, and target designation.
347. When an underwater target (targets) is detected, the contact must be
classified rapidly so that weapons can be employed immediately.
If, at the time when military actions begin, contact is held on several
underwater targets having the characteristics of submarines but among which it
is impossible to reliably identify the enemy submarines, weapons are employed
against all the targets.
Delaying an attack on a detected enemy submarine may allow the submarine to
deliver a preemptive strike. As a rule, an attack must ensure that the enemy
submarine is destroyed by the first salvo. In order to destroy an escaping
enemy submarine, pursuit [presledovaniye] of the submarine is organized, during
which a series of successive attacks on it are carried out.
348. The direct control of ASW forces in one area (on one line) is
exercised by the commander of the search forces, designated from among the
commanders of the surface ship large units. The commander of the search forces
exercises control over attached ships and aircraft (helicopters) after they
cross a specified line and two-way communications are established.
349. Large units of submarines conduct combat actions against enemy
submarines independently or within a grouping of mixed ASW forces, operating as
groups of submarines or individually.
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The combat formation of submarines includes search-strike groups and
individual submarines armed with torpedos and antisubmarine missiles.
Submarines with cruise missiles may be included in search-strike groups to 1
provide combat stability from strikes by enemy surface ships.
Large units (groups) of submarines conduct independent combat actions in
areas where the circumstances make it impossible or inadvisable to conduct joint
actions with mixed ASW forces. In this connection, nuclear-powered submarines
are used primarily in distant areas with a strong ASW defense, at the exits from
enemy submarine basing points, in straits, narrows, and the approaches to them,
I
and also under ice. Diesel submarines conduct combat actions in areas with a
weak ASW defense and also on the approaches to our own coast.
350. Submarines conduct a search by employing all detection means. The
speed, submergence depth, detection means, their operating regime, and the
methods of maneuvering must be specified based on the assigned tasks, the
condition of the situation, and the expected ranges of mutual detection in order
to achieve the maximum possible search effectiveness and to create favorable
conditions for employing weapons at the outset of and during combat actions.
During the search, the combat formation of submarines must ensure that an
area is swept [obsledovaniye] in the designated period of time with a given
probability [of detection], and must preclude mutual detection and destruction.
The combat formation of diesel submarines must also allow them to charge
their batteries while observing concealment of action and to search in the
designated area.
351. Upon detection of an enemy submarine, an attack on it is carried out
in the shortest possible time by means of a salvo which ensures its certain
destruction. After employing its weapons, the submarine performs an evasive
maneuver, evaluates the results of the attack, reports it to the command post,
and continues to perform its assigned task.
Upon receipt of an order to redeploy, a submarine proceeds to the new area
(line, zone, route) over calculated or assigned routes and occupies it within a
prescribed period of time.
352. Alarge unit of ASW surface ships conducts combat actions against enemy
submarines independently or within a grouping of mixed ASW forces in type or
mixed ship search-strike groups.
As a rule, a type ship search-strike group includes ships of one type (or
subtype), while a mixed group includes a ship search-strike group with attached
submarines or ASW aircraft (helicopters)*
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353. The composition of ship search-strike groups is determined by the
large-unit commander on the basis of the assigned task, the area of operations,
and the combat capabilities of the ships in the large unit. In order to
increase its combat stability, especially when operating in distant areas,
missile-gunnery ships, air-capable ships, and special air defense (P110) ships
are included in the composition of ship search-strike groups.
When ship search-strike groups are formed, the capabilities of automated
control systems must be utilized, and any unintentional interference with the
operation of ships' sonars must be precluded.
The order (order] (or formation (stroy]) and the nature of the search-strike
group's maneuvering must ensure an effective sweep of the combat action area,
mutual vectoring, and joint attacks on a detected enemy submarine with
convTltional or nuclear weapons, and must preclude mutual destruction and also
ensure reliable control and combat stability.
354. The commander or chief of staff of a brigade (divizion*) of ASW ships
is designated the commander of a ship search-strike group. In certain cases,
one of the ship commanders may be designated the commander of the ship search-
strike group.
355. Shipborne ASW helicopters are employed in the search for enemy
submarines, as a rule, from ships which have a group of helicopters based aboard
them. Shipborne helicopters from ships which have a single helicopter based
aboard them are employed mainly to confirm and classify contacts gained by other
means, to regain a contact and pass it from one group of forces to another, to
support the establishment of sonar contact based on the detection of a
submarine's wake, and to issue target designation to the ships of the search-
strike group so they can employ antisubmarine weapons.
The actions of shipborne ASW helicopters are controlled by the commander of
the large unit (group) or by the commander of the ship, when operating singly.
Ship commanders are responsible for maintaining the prescribed readiness of
* Translator's note: In previous chapters and in this chapter the Russian term
divizi a has been translated as "division," while the Russian term divizion
plural form: diviziony) has been left in its transliterated form. A
diviziya is a tactical large unit made up of large Soviet combatants such as
Kiev-type aircraft carriers, cruisers, nuclear submarines, etc., which the
Soviets refer to as "ships of the first rank." A divizion is a tactical large
unit made up of smaller-size combatants such as destroyers, diesel submarines,
escort ships, minesweepers, torpedo boats, etc., these being classified as
"ships of the second, third, or fourth rank," depending on their size. But in
a ground forces context, a divizion is a missile/artillery battalion.
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their helicopters and ensuring their safety when taking off from the ship and
landing on it.
356. A ship search-strike group employs weapons against an enemy submarine
to destroy it when combat actions begin or, upon receipt of an order (specifying
employment] immediately upon establishing contact and classifying the target.
357. When several search-strike groups are conducting combat actions
simultaneously, a detected submarine is destroyed by the group (ship) which
first detected it. The remaining search-strike groups continue the search in
areas assigned to them or conduct the search on the flanks of the attacking
group.
The commander of the search forces specifies the order of the relief of
search-strike groups in order to continue pursuing a submarine until it is
destroyed.
358. When a submarine is detected by shipborne helicopters beyond the range
of the ship's weapons, the initial strikes are made using the helicopters'
weapons. The initial attacks by the ship are based on target designation from
the helicopters and are carried out using ASW missiles or multi-torpedo salvos
at long ranges.
359. When orders are received to employ nuclear weapons they are used
first. In this case, the commander of the large unit (group) re-forms his ships
in a timely manner into an order [order] (or formation (stroyi) which ensures
effective employment of nuclear antisubmarine weapons and the safety of his own
ships and helicopters from destruction by them.
360. When conducting combat actions, ASW ships must keep their means of
protection from the enemy's submarine weapons in readiness for immediate
employment.
A ship which has detected an enemy submarine must consider itself under
attack by missiles and torpedos and take protective measures, while
simultaneously acting to destroy the enemy submarine as quickly as possible.
361. Units of ASW aviation conduct combat actions against enemy submarines
using search, search-strike and strike groups, single aircraft, and helicopters
independently or within a grouping (group) of mixed ASW forces in areas, on
lines, and also at the request of other forces that have detected a submarine.
Groups of aircraft (individual aircraft) performing final reconnaissance and
providing jamming and cover against strikes by enemy fighters may be included in
the combat formation of ASW aviation to increase its combat stability.
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362. As a rule, units (groups) of ASV aviation conduct a search for
submarines through a simultaneous sweep of designated areas. They are capable
of ascertaining the underwater situation in broad ocean (sea) areas in a short
time and of rapidly increasing their capabilities to search for enemy submarines
on the most important axes.
363. ASV aircraft and helicopters search for and track submarines with the
aid of search and sighting [poiskovo-pritselinyye] systems. Acoustic and non-
acoustic means form the basis of these systems and include radio sonobuoys,
radars, search magnetometers [poiskovyye magnetometry], thermal imaging systems
(teplovizory], sniffers (gazoanalizatory], and, on helicopters, sonars.
364. ASV aircraft and helicopters deliver strikes against enemy submarines
using homing and remote-controlled [teleupravlayemyye] torpedos, bombs, and
missiles at the outset of combat actions or on command.
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CHAPTER 8: COMBAT ACTIONS TO DESTROY ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS
365. Combat actions to destroy enemy surface ships are conducted in the
operations (combat actions) of formations [obnyedineniya] and in naval
operations (combat actions) to destroy enemy aircraft carrier groupings, to
defeat his naval forces in closed and littoral seas and ocean areas, to disrupt
his ocean and sea transportation, and to destroy enemy groupings of ASW forces;
in antilanding operations; and during supporting actions and other operations
(combat actions) by large units [soyedineniya] and units of submarines, surface
ships, naval aviation, and coastal missile-artillery troops independently and in
cooperation with large units and units from other branches of the Armed Forces.
Large units and units of long-range aviation and of the Strategic Rocket
Forces may be employed in the conduct of combat actions. In coastal zones
[pribrezhnyye zonyl large units and units of front aviation, rocket troops and
artillery, and front air defense troops may be employed in the conduct of combat
actions.
366. Submarines conduct combat actions against enemy surface ships and
auxiliaries in large units, groups, and singly, conducting a search and
delivering missile and torpedo strikes while being vectored from a fleet
(flotilla, squadron) command post and using data from their own reconnaissance
and surveillance means.
367. Submarines carry out echeloned deployment in frontage and depth in the
zone of probable enemy movement so as to ensure the timely detection of the
enemy and the vectoring of as many submarines as possible toward the enemy to
deliver strikes.
368. In general, a combat formation [boyevoy poryadok] of submarines
includes a reconnaissance-strike group of multipurpose submarines armed with\
torpedos, ASW missiles, and short-range cruise missiles, one or several strike
groups of submarines with medium- and long-range cruise missiles and torpedos,
and also single submarines.
369. A reconnaissance-strike group performs tasks of searching for the
enemy, transmitting data on the enemy to the fleet (flotilla, squadron) command
post, issuing target designations to the submarines of strike groups, and
delivering strikes against the main targets and the screening forces of the
enemy in accordance with combat instructions.
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The submarines of a reconnaissance-strike group search for the enemy in
their assigned areas (or lines) in a concealed manner, using all their
reconnaissance and surveillance means. During the search, individual submarines
periodically check the entire area, while submarines operating in a group
maneuver according to assigned [course] legs and speeds.
During the search, submarine commanders, taking into consideration the
hydrological conditions in the area, select a submergence depth calculated to
ensure that enemy ships and auxiliaries are detected at maximum range and that
their (Soviets'] submarines produce minimal noise.
Diesel submarines are permitted in a surfaced condition only when their
batteries cannot be charged using the snorkel due to weather conditions or when
a submarine must be in a surfaced condition to perform its task. In all such
cases all concealment measures must be observed, and readiness for a crash dive
must be ensured.
370. A strike group of submarines with medium- and long-range cruise
missiles performs the tasks of delivering a joint strike against enemy aircraft
carrier groups, detachments of combatants, landing detachments, and convoys.
The departure areas of the strike group must be separated from the
deployment areas (lines) of the reconnaissance-strike group by a distance no
greater than the range of its cruise missiles.
The composition of the strike groups is determined so that the most
effective [polnotsennyy] missile salvo can be mounted to ensure destruction of
the main target and preclude unintentional interference with missile guidance
systems.
Strike groups of torpedo-armed submarines [torpednyye podvodnyye lodki]
perform tasks of destroying surface ships and auxiliaries and are located away
from the designated line for detecting the enemy at a distance which ensures
that they can be vectored against the enemy within the limits of the entire zone
of his probable movement.
The distance between strike groups in a combat formation must ensure that
the first strike group can deliver follow-up torpedo strikes until the enemy
approaches the next [strike] group.
371. Based on data from reconnaissance-strike submarines or on vectoring
from a command post, submarines in strike groups close on the enemy and carry
out follow-up attacks. In pursuing Epresleduya] the enemy, they also perform
reconnaissance tasks and provide target designation to other forces.
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